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"U.S. Presidential Libraries\nIn honor of the opening of the George W. Bush Presidential Center in Dallas, AD visits the libraries of each of the other former commanders in chief\nThe William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is set within a 28-acre public park on the bank of the Arkansas River, in downtown Little Rock. The main building, designed by New York\u2013based Polshek Partnership Architects (the firm changed its name to Ennead Architects in 2010), is a bridgelike glass, steel, and aluminum structure elevated high above the river. Opened in 2004, the edifice was awarded LEED Silver certification for its environmentally sensitive design, and has subsequently obtained LEED Platinum designation for its operations and management.\nThe Clinton Center's main exhibition area is a sunlight-filled gallery with interactive permanent displays of the president's two terms in office. The center also contains temporary exhibition spaces, an education and media center, and a great hall for symposia and receptions, as well as a caf\u00E9 and gift shop.\nThe Clinton Center complex incorporates two historic structures: the 19th-century rusted-iron Rock Island Railroad Bridge (at far left), which has been converted into a pathway for pedestrians and cyclists, and the Choctaw Station (at far right), refurbished to house offices for the Clinton Foundation and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service.\nThe George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is situated on 90 acres of the Texas A&amp;amp;M University campus in College Station, Texas. Designed by architecture firm Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum, the 69,049-square-foot building opened to the public on November 7, 1997. Joining the former president and his wife, Barbara, at the dedication were Bill and Hillary Clinton, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Lady Bird Johnson, Nancy Reagan, and George W. and Laura Bush.\nThe George Bush Museum, which completed an $8.3 million renovation in 2007, houses a replica of the White House Situation Room, with videos and interactive monitors that re-create key moments of the 1990 Gulf War.\n\"The judgment of history is left to you, the people,\" Reagan said at the dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum on November 4, 1991. The Spanish Mission\u2013style structure is set on a spectacular 300-acre site in Simi Valley, 45 minutes northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The Reagan Library, with over 265,500 square feet of interior space, houses 63 million pages of presidential, gubernatorial, and personal papers and 60,000 gifts and artifacts, as well as the grave site of the 40th president.\nThe entrance to the Reagan Library boasts marble floors, the presidential seal, and a monumental photograph of the Great Communicator.\nThe Air Force One Pavilion, dedicated on October 21, 2005, was inaugurated by former first ladies Nancy Reagan and Laura Bush. The Boeing 707, which flew every president from Nixon to George W. Bush, is 152 feet long, 43 feet in height, and has a wingspan of 146 feet.\nThe Reagan Library commands a mountaintop perch with stunning views of Southern California and the Pacific Ocean.\nOpened on October 1, 1986, the Carter Presidential Center is a classical modernist design set on 35 beautifully landscaped acres a few miles from downtown Atlanta. The campus includes the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum\u2014the subject of a $10 million renovation in 2009\u2014as well as the Carter Center, the former president's public-policy institute, which is affiliated with nearby Emory University.\nThe modernist rotunda of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, designed by architecture firms Jova/Daniels/Busby of Atlanta and Lawton, Umemura &amp;amp; Yamamoto of Honolulu.\nThe renovated Carter museum features soaring walls of glass, a vertiginous display of archival boxes filled with some of the center's more than 27 million pages of presidential papers, and an exhibition showcasing the other presidential libraries. Among the museum's highlights are a presentation entitled \"A Day in the Life of the President,\" which follows Carter through a day in office (December 11, 1978) and a new section on his post-presidency achievements, including the Nobel Peace Prize he was awarded in 2002.\nThe Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is located in downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan, the hometown and onetime congressional district of the former president. The 54,000-square-foot triangular structure was designed by the local architecture firm Marvin DeWinter Associates and is set among 20 acres along the Grand River. Permanent exhibitions include a reproduction of the Oval Office as it was during Ford's term and a display on the nation's 1976 bicentennial.\nOpened to the public in July 2003, the museum's re-creation of the Ford-era White House Cabinet Room features a Georgian-style mantel and neoclassical molding. In addition to the president's chair, the names of the then\u2013cabinet offices are etched onto brass plates affixed to 14 chairs around the table.\nThe museum also features a gallery depicting the former president as a young man, working as a teenager in his father's paint-and-varnish company and becoming a star football player.\nThe Gerald R. Ford Library is located on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, the former president's alma mater, and is the only presidential library that is separate from its museum. The two-story redbrick-and-bronze-glass building, dedicated in 1981 and the work of Birmingham, Michigan, architecture firm Jickling, Lyman and Powell Associates, was designed to complement nearby campus structures.\nOn a hot day in July of 1990, the dedication of the Nixon Presidential Library &amp;amp; Birthplace brought out more than 50,000 Nixon family, friends, and supporters to a nine-acre site in the Southern California city of Yorba Linda. Republican leadership was well represented: From left to right are the Fords, the Reagans, the Nixons, and the Bushes.\nNixon's modest birthplace, which was built by his father in 1912, the year before the 37th president was born.\nThe Domestic Affairs Gallery of the Nixon Library showcases Nixon's achievements in office, such as enforcing the desegregation of southern schools, the National Cancer Act, and landmark environmental legislation. In the center of the room is the presidential limousine\u2014a low-slung, 1967 Lincoln Continental\u2014used by Nixon while he was in the White House.\nThe facility includes a replica of the East Room of the White House that is used, much like the original, for dinners, speeches, and entertainment events.\n\"It's all here, the story of our time, with the bark off,\" Lyndon B. Johnson said at the May 22, 1971, dedication of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, located on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. The monumental, almost-Brutalist structure, designed by architect Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings &amp;amp; Merrill, is ten stories in height, with thick, bare travertine walls. The 140,000-square-foot center attracts approximately 125,000 visitors each year.\nThe former president and Lady Bird Johnson during a visit to the LBJ Library construction site on April 8, 1971.\nThe Great Hall of the LBJ Library features a ceremonial staircase and four floors of glass-enclosed archives.\nThe John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, designed by architect I. M. Pei, is anchored atop a 9.5-acre site at the tip of Columbia Point Peninsula overlooking the entrance to the Boston Harbor. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis played a major role in selecting Pei and throughout the development of the building. The library, which was dedicated on October 20, 1979, features a triangular nine-story tower in precast concrete along with a glass-and-steel contemplation pavilion that is 115 feet in height.\nA re-creation of a 1960 presidential-campaign office in the museum at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.\nThe library's dramatic location overlooking Dorchester Bay in Boston pays tribute to the former president's lifelong love of the water and sailing.\nThe Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, in Abilene, Kansas, is a flat-roofed modernist structure built of Kansas limestone. It holds interactive displays of Eisenhower's two terms in office (1953\u201361) as well as information on American life in the '50s\u2014from the advent of television to the age of nuclear anxiety\u2014and highlights such Eisenhower accomplishments as the interstate highway system. The library, dedicated in 1962, contains nearly 26 million pages of manuscripts, 335,000 still photographs, and more than 28,000 volumes of books.\nDisplayed on the library grounds is this bronze statue depicting Eisenhower during World War II. Created by sculptor Robert L. Dean Jr., it shows the general sporting one of his cropped officer's coats, which became known as an Eisenhower, or Ike, jacket.\nThe complex includes Eisenhower's boyhood home, where his family lived from 1898 until the death of his mother, Ida, in 1946.\nThe museum displays a presentation on the civil rights movement and highlights Eisenhower's signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since Reconstruction.\nKnown as the Place of Meditation, the chapel, which Eisenhower helped design, contains the graves of the former president, his wife, Mamie, and their firstborn son, Doud Dwight, who died of scarlet fever as a young child. The president was buried there on April 2, 1969. In the first year, 764,000 visitors came to pay their respects.\nHarry S. Truman in front of the Harry S. Truman Library in his hometown of Independence, Missouri. Dedicated on July 6, 1957, and designed by Louisiana architect Edward F. Neild, the 100,000-square-foot edifice holds more than 16,000,000 pages of manuscript materials, 112,000 photographs, and 1,000 hours of recordings. (In the entrance is a monumental mural, Independence and the Opening of the West, by renowned Kansas City artist Thomas Hart Benton.)\nThe library's reconstructed Truman-era (1945\u201353) Oval Office, featuring the then\u2013cutting-edge technology of radio and television.\nA life-size bronze sculpture of Truman in the Legacy Gallery\u2014part of a $22.5 million restoration that was completed in 2001\u2014overlooks the eternal flame in the courtyard, where the former president and his wife, Bess, are buried.\nFranklin D. Roosevelt at the dedication of the first federally sanctioned presidential library on June 30, 1941. FDR raised $376,000 to build the library, which, along with his presidential records, he then turned over to the U.S. government. As Robert D. W. Connor, the national archivist at the time, said, \"Franklin D. Roosevelt is the nation's answer to the historian's prayer.\"\nThe FDR Library occupies Roosevelt's historic residence, Springwood, in Hyde Park, New York. The only facility in the presidential library system created for a sitting president, the library includes this FDR-designed study. Roosevelt used this room to deliver a number of his fireside chats to the nation during the dark days of World War II.\nTo build his presidential library, Roosevelt worked with architect Henry Toombs, who had designed the nearby Val-Kill estate for Eleanor Roosevelt as well as Top Cottage, the president's retreat in Hyde Park. Toombs is credited for the library's Dutch Colonial\u2013style design, though the principal architect was New Deal favorite Louis A. Simon. Made of Hudson Valley fieldstone, the FDR Library contains 17 million pages of documents, 22,000 books and pamphlets, 130,000 photographs, and 700 reels of film. Every year, 1,500 researchers use the center, making it one of the busiest in the presidential library system.\nThe Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on August 10, 1962, is a classical stone structure in the former president's hometown of West Branch, Iowa. At 47,169 square feet, it is the smallest of all the presidential centers. In addition to the archives and museum, the grounds also include the cottage where he was born, a Quaker Meeting house, and a blacksmith shop, as well as the graves of the former president and Mrs. Hoover.\nIn the lobby of the museum is a mixed-media sculpture by Iowa artist Richard Pinney that combines objects and photographs related to the former president.\nThe Hoover Museum includes a replica of Hoover's suite at the Waldorf Towers hotel in New York, where the former president spent the final years of his life."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
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