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"  CLICK, CLACK. CLICK, CLACK. The clatter of aluminum carabiners clipping and unclipping fills the air on this late summer afternoon. Pendulous clouds drape the upper slopes of Spruce Knob, the highest peak in West Virginia, and threaten rain. At the moment, though, only a fine mist penetrates a canopy of oak and locust at the base of Nelson Rocks, where guide Josh Armstrong and I watch nine climbers, led by guide Jason Cain, scale a 100-foot-high quartzite cliff on ladder-like rungs anchored in the rock. Each climber wears a harness with a pair of carabiners on lanyards clipped to a steel safety cable that runs alongside the rungs. At 6-foot intervals, when a climber reaches one of the eyebolts that anchor the cable to the cliff, he or she detaches one carabiner from the cable, clips it back on the cable above the bolt, and then does likewise with the trailing carabiner. Click. Clack. &amp;quot;You&amp;#039;re up,&amp;quot; Armstrong says. He isn&amp;#039;t a rock-climbing guide in the traditional sense. No rope runs \u00ADreassuringly through his expert hands to my climbing harness. He can&amp;#039;t catch me if I fall\u2014and falls are heavily discouraged. Slipping off the metal rungs might cause more \u00ADinjury than a fall while roped and on \u00ADbelay in conventional rock climbing. &amp;quot;We don&amp;#039;t have a dynamic rope to catch us, or someone on the ground to absorb the shock of our fall,&amp;quot; Cain said before the climb. &amp;quot;We are falling on stainless-steel cable. Doesn&amp;#039;t stretch much. These lanyards? Not going to stretch much. We can generate a lot of force with a fall. It&amp;#039;s \u00ADgoing to hurt. So no falls.&amp;quot; No falls. Okay. A familiar nervous anticipation overtakes me. I have a fair amount of experience on rock, though it&amp;#039;s been a while since I&amp;#039;ve ascended anything higher than a 30-foot climbing wall. But with all this metal support, I&amp;#039;m confident enough to clip both carabiners to the steel safety cable, grab a rung, and start to climb. I won&amp;#039;t unclip for 5 hours. The Tools of Via Ferrata Rock Climbing &amp;amp;gt;  A fixed anchoring system like the one at Nelson Rocks is known as a via ferrata\u2014Italian for &amp;quot;iron road.&amp;quot; It stays put while the climbers move on: no ropes to lug, no specialized gear to buy, no esoteric techniques to learn. These networks of ladders, cables, and bridges were developed in the \u00ADDolomites during World War I, when they were used to move supplies and infantry through \u00ADotherwise impassable terrain. After the war, mountaineers took over the routes, and today, hundreds of via ferratas enable even raw beginners to access dramatic ridges and peaks in the Alps and Pyrenees. On this side of the Atlantic, however, via ferratas are practically \u00ADunknown. The route at \u00ADNelson Rocks is one of only a handful in the U.S. and Canada, although Whistler Blackcomb in British \u00ADColumbia and other ski areas have discovered that the iron roads can complement summertime ziplines and waterfall canyoneering.  At the Nelson Rocks Outdoor Center, the 1750 feet of \u00BE-inch aircraft-grade stainless-steel cable (tensile strength: 11,800 pounds), the 115 stainless-steel rungs, and the 145 iron bolt hangers that went into building the via ferrata open one of the most unusual geologic formations in the East to exploration. Parallel fins of exposed \u00ADTuscarora quartzite rise high above the North Fork Valley like the bony plates on the back of a stegosaurus. Just 220 feet separate those fins, and in an inspired feat of amateur engineering, the via ferrata&amp;#039;s builders link them with the route&amp;#039;s most spectacular feature\u2014a suspension bridge spanning the distance.  &amp;amp;gt; The Route Begins &amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;gt;   The route begins near the southern end of the west fin. Soon trees that towered above me at the base appear below as nubs in a green shag carpet. Near the top of the fin, which has narrowed to less than 6 feet, I enter a cleft in the rock, take a few steps, and emerge in a portal with a spectacular view on the other side of the cliff\u2014the east fin, rearing up out of the hardwood forest, and below, the spindly suspension bridge that spans the gap. The bridge is composed of wire handrails, an overhead safety \u00ADcable, and 2 x 4s spaced 16 inches apart. From the portal I step off a rung, scramble along a ledge, and then climb onto the bridge. It&amp;#039;s like walking on a ladder laid flat\u2014if that ladder were swaying in the wind 150 feet above the ground, bucking with each step.  Not everyone who attempts the via ferrata has the nerve to walk these planks, so an escape route just before the bridge leads to a hiking trail back to the base. Although the bridge is scary fun, the truth is that in building it, as with every aspect of the route, overkill ruled.  Stu Hammett, a lanky 53-year-old who speaks in a clipped Tidewater cadence typical of southern Maryland, bought Nelson Rocks in 1997, just three years after a 40-foot climbing fall left him partially paralyzed. But he was determined to climb again and to own land in the North Fork Valley, which he had come to love on climbing trips. With the help of special braces, he got back into the sport. A story in the local paper alerted him to the sale of the Nelson Rocks property, making the other\u00AD dream possible.  An initial stab at opening the crag to climbers on a fee basis failed to cover costs. Then in 2001, Hammett read an article about a via ferrata that had just opened at Torrent Falls in Kentucky. &amp;quot;I knew right away that&amp;#039;s what I&amp;#039;d build,&amp;quot; Hammett says. &amp;quot;I got a quote from a French via ferrata builder and I said, &amp;#039;There&amp;#039;s no way I&amp;#039;m paying that price.&amp;#039; This is West Virginia, where we know how to do things ourselves.&amp;quot; Hammett hired seven self-\u00ADdescribed &amp;quot;dirtbag&amp;quot; climbers from up the road at Seneca Rocks to do the build, which began in February 2002. &amp;quot;I wanted something that would still be there when the rock wore away to dust, but it was all built by seat-of-the-pants engineering,&amp;quot; Hammett says. They planned the via ferrata around established climbing routes and to take advantage of the formation&amp;#039;s features. Working from the ground up, the builders drilled and glued in 115 rungs that can each support an estimated 9000 pounds.  To build the bridge, a team on top of the west fin dropped a static line and a 6-mm cord, which a second team hauled across the gap and to the top of the east fin. Once the static line was taut, the east fin crew pulled the cord across as the west fin crew attached carabiners to link the line and the cord at 15-foot intervals, creating a trolley system. When the carabiners were attached, the west fin crew hauled the trolley back and clipped in a \u00BE-inch galvanized steel cable, which the crew on the east fin pulled across the gap. &amp;quot;The cables were so heavy, they would&amp;#039;ve sagged,&amp;quot; says Doug Downs, who helped build the route. &amp;quot;We didn&amp;#039;t have the tools or the manpower to pull a big sag out of the cable.&amp;quot; Once that cable was secure, the process was repeated until all the cables were in place. The carabiners were unclipped, and the crew rode across on pulleys to complete the bridge. The bridge load is carried by eyebolts anchored with acrylic \u00ADadhesive in holes 18 inches deep. It took two climbers on rappel to bore the holes\u2014one to wield a hammer drill and the other to press against the driller&amp;#039;s back, gaining leverage by stuffing climbing cams into cracks and pulling hard on the attached ropes. There are 10 anchor holes; each required 90 minutes to drill. &amp;quot;It was a three-dimensional puzzle to put the anchors in the right place so that when the cables were tensioned, they were in the proper relationship,&amp;quot; Hammett says. &amp;quot;We&amp;#039;d be up late drinking beer and trying to solve the next day&amp;#039;s problems. There were arguments, some sore feelings, but it was one of the most exciting times of my life.&amp;quot; Mainstream climbers and managers of public land agencies are uneasy about marring rock with anything man-made. When sport climbing, which uses permanent \u00ADanchor bolts, came to the U.S. from Europe in the late 1980s, it sparked controversy among traditional climbers. The conflict \u00ADeventually faded. Still, says Brady Robinson of the climber advocacy group \u00ADAccess Fund, gluing rungs and bolting cable into rock with the intent of making money is &amp;quot;shocking to plenty of climbers. But via ferratas are not \u00ADinherently bad. You just don&amp;#039;t want one in pristine wilderness or \u00ADuntracked forest.&amp;quot;  By locating the outdoor center on private land, Hammett escaped opposition. But the via ferrata still raises questions, even with Downs. &amp;quot;I&amp;#039;ve always battled with whether the via fit in my ethical boundary,&amp;quot; he says. &amp;quot;Are we allowing people who shouldn&amp;#039;t be up there to be up there, or are we furthering conservation by bringing people somewhere they wouldn&amp;#039;t be able to go, so they can see it and support its protection?&amp;quot;  Whether I could have scaled the crest of the east fin without the metal rungs is questionable. The headwall guarding it is \u00ADintimidating: 60 feet high and overhanging. Climbers are forced to lean back slightly, which tires the arms. As I climb, I pause to watch as the cloud deck that \u00ADshadowed us all day breaks apart, and sunlight turns dull-colored rock to gold.  I had intended to stand, arms outstretched, when I reached the apex. But the perspective here is dizzying. The block appears to be suspended in midair, and though I&amp;#039;m still safely clipped to the via \u00ADferrata, I have an overpowering sensation of being airborne\u2014and a case of vertigo. The best I can manage is a surfer&amp;#039;s crouch. So I move my carabiners past the bolts one at a time and head for solid ground. Click, clack. Click, clack.  &amp;amp;gt; The Tools of Via Ferrata Climbing &amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;gt;  "^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
<http://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/outdoors/a12788/rock-climbing-the-iron-way-via-ferrata-comes-to-the-usa-6705766/>