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"Making its public debut with the release of the HTC Dream/G1, Google's Android mobile operating system has provided the search giant with a massively successful mobile ecosystem that, whilst doesn't directly generate revenues through licensing, it provides smartphone manufacturers with a free, powerful and\u00A0customisable software platform - generating millions of dollars in sales - and also helps possibly the world's biggest\u00A0advertising\u00A0company dominate another advertising vertical.\r\n\r\nIt took just two two years for Android to become the world's most popular smartphone platform, eclipsing Nokia's Symbian operating system as Apple, HTC and Samsung began to make significant inroads into Nokia's market share, a time when it was powering nearly 60% of all smartphones sold.\r\n\r\nIn the US, Android holds a 41.8% share of the market, followed by Apple's iOS platform with 27%, highlighting the dominance and significant recent growth of both platforms. However, the significance of Apple's share should not be underestimated, as the company has been be able to build its market presence with just one device - the iPhone - which is iterated once a year to a newer, more powerful model.\r\n\r\nGoogle, on the other hand, relies on support from mobile vendors which have committed to the Android ecosystem to help build their smartphone portfolios. Samsung's Galaxy S line of smartphones, numerous flagship devices from HTC and Motorola's Droid range (in the US) have assisted Google's attempts to popularise its Android ecosystem, a varying range of Google-powered handsets that fuse touchscreen technology with powerful applications and integrated services.\r\n\r\nWith Android's success, Google has faced its fair share of problems. Over the past year, Google has found itself embroiled in privacy issues, sued over its use of Oracle's Java implementation, the\u00A0Android platform implicated in patent infringement lawsuits targeted at companies that use its software to power its handsets, all whilst other companies begin to fork their own versions of the platform, further fragmenting the ecosystem.\r\n\r\nWith 550,000 Android devices are\u00A0activated every day, through a network of 39 manufacturers and 231 carriers,\u00A0Google may well continue to build its presence in the smartphone and tablet market, but its dominance is far from certain. These are some of the issues Google faces in its struggle to remain the top smartphone platform provider.\r\nPatent Issues\r\nWhilst Google hasn't been directly named in a patent infringement lawsuit by Apple, its operating system has formed the basis of many lawsuits served by its major technology rivals. Apple has accused both Samsung and HTC of utilising software (features found within Google's Android platform) that infringe on patents associated with its iPhone and iPad devices and Microsoft pursuing legal action against Motorola, again for using the same software - both companies have sought sales and import bans on devices that are judged to be infringing on said patents.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApple has successfully won injunctions on sales of Samsung's smartphones and tablets in Europe and Australia and has been able to ban the import of some HTC phones in the US.\r\n\r\nReacting to the problems that faced smartphone vendors when they used its mobile operating system, Google's David Drummond, Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer, posted a blog post on the problems faced by these companies:\r\nAndroid and other platforms are competing hard against each other, and that\u2019s yielding cool new devices and amazing mobile apps for consumers.\r\n\r\nBut Android\u2019s success has yielded something else: a hostile,\u00A0organised\u00A0campaign against Android by Microsoft, Oracle, Apple and other companies, waged through bogus patents.\r\nDrummond continued to accuse its rivals of &amp;quot;banding together&amp;quot; to acquire Novell's patent portfolio, a group that included Apple and Microsoft), and Nortel's powerful set of wireless patents, which saw Apple, Microsoft and RIM form a consortium to outbid Google and purchase the\u00A0portfolio\u00A0for\u00A0around\u00A0$4.5 billion dollars.\r\n\r\nNot only has Microsoft competed against Google for\u00A0lucrative mobile patents, the Redmond-based software giant has also used its intellectual property to leverage licensing deals, forcing Android handset makers to license its patents and pay the company a fee on every Android device they sell. In May, we reported that HTC pays Microsoft $5 on each Android smartphone it sells:\r\nIt has long been known that Microsoft has regarded Linux-based operating systems (such as Android) as infringing on its intellectual property. But it\u2019s thought that the reason why Microsoft has pursued Android handset-makers rather than Google itself, is because it\u2019s easier to do that than take on the might of Google. And also, it\u2019s partly because it puts a price on a big rival platform that is otherwise free to use.\r\n\r\nIndeed, back in October, Steve Ballmer\u00A0noted that \u201CAndroid has a patent fee. It\u2019s not like it\u2019s free.\u201D But up until now, it wasn\u2019t clear how much that patent fee amounted to.\r\n\r\nThe report also reveals that Microsoft is actively pursuing other Android handset makers and it\u2019s believed they\u2019re seeking up to $12.50 in some cases.\r\nFour smaller mobile companies have publicly announced they have begun to license Microsoft's intellectual property also.\r\n\r\nMicrosoft's actions obviously frustrate Google; it's Chief Legal Officer noted that in some cases, handset makers were paying more to license Android (a free platform), thanks to Microsoft's patent claims, than they were for the company's own OS - Windows Phone 7.\r\n\r\nHe writes:\r\nPatents were meant to encourage innovation, but lately they are being used as a weapon to stop it.\r\nCompared to its rivals, Google's mobile patent portfolio is small; Businessweek reports that Google has applied for or received a total of 307 mobile-related patents, compared with 3,134 for\u00A0Research In Motion, 2,655 for\u00A0Nokia, and 2,594 for Microsoft.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoogle buys Motorola Mobility\r\n\r\nFeeling heat from its rivals and being outbid in its attempts to secure more of a foothold in the patent race, Google did something that not even the most seasoned mobile industry expert would have been able to predict - it bought mobile vendor Motorola Mobility, formally entering the smartphone business, acquiring 17,000 patents that the company had registered.\r\n\r\nGoogle CEO Larry Page was quick to point out the move was not only to &amp;quot;supercharge&amp;quot; the Android ecosystem, but to better position the company from anti-competitive threats from its rivals:\r\nWe recently\u00A0explained how companies including Microsoft and Apple are banding together in anti-competitive patent attacks on Android. The U.S. Department of Justice had to intervene in the results of one recent patent auction to \u201Cprotect competition and innovation in the open source software community\u201D and it is currently looking into the results of the Nortel auction. Our acquisition of Motorola will increase competition by strengthening Google\u2019s patent portfolio, which will enable us to better protect Android from anti-competitive threats from Microsoft, Apple and other companies.\r\nHowever, Google's Eric Schmidt has moved to reiterate that the company's Motorola purchase was also because of its product lineup:\r\n\u201CWe did it for more than just patents,\u201D Schmidt said in a conversation with Salesforce.com Inc. Chief Executive Officer Marc Benioff. \u201CThe Motorola team has some amazing products.\u201D\r\nAs it stands, Google's position in the market has not changed as a result of actions in the courts by its rivals. The search giant has still not been formally involved in direct legal action - although it could should new devices born from the Motorola acquisition be judged to infringe on the intellectual property of overs - with its recent public and business actions assisting in asserting its position in the market amongst its rivals.\r\n\r\nHowever, wins by Apple or Microsoft in the courts could start limiting supply of Android devices, reducing consumer confidence in the platform. In such a competitive market, any potential blip could impact its growth and give its rivals an edge, something that Google will be preparing for behind the scenes, ready to deal with should the worst happen.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAndroid Fragmentation\r\nDuring its first two years in existence, Android was quickly iterated to ensure it could maintain a feature-set worthy of competing with its Apple rival, iOS.\r\n\r\nGoogle worked quickly to release Android 1.5 (Cupcake) through to 2.3 (Gingerbread) - named after all sorts of delicious dessert offerings - including new features and new services. However, its quick update cycle and a reluctance from carriers to push updates meant that users were often left on older firmware releases despite the fact there was often one, or maybe more, updates available for that specific handset.\r\n\r\nRecognising this, Google - over the past 9-12 months - put a plan into action which would see fewer updates over a yearly period, only issuing new releases to fix bugs or add small features that would not disadvantage the user greatly should their mobile operator device to make them available.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWith Ice Cream Sundae, the rumoured name for the next version of Android, Google intends to amalgamate its codebase and release updates for smartphone, tablet and Google TV using the same platform, reducing development time but also making it easier for consumers and partners to deal with updates.\r\n\r\nWhat once used to be a major issue for Android has now been rectified but a new form of Android fragmentation is set to impact Google's Android brand, and it can almost do nothing about it.\r\n\r\nAmazon, Baidu and others...\r\n\r\nGoogle created and maintains Android to be open-source, the codebase is available to other mobile companies and even you and me. Due to its open nature, Google makes certain assertions to ensure that vendors keep it close to Google's own builds, providing them with official certification if they keep certain services built into the operating system, for example.\r\n\r\nHowever, a number of other companies which Google now considers competitors are beginning to create their own forks of the Android operating system, stripping it of everything that is Google-related to push their own products and services.\r\n\r\nPerhaps the most dangerous of these competitors is Amazon, the world's biggest online retailer, a company that doesn't just sell physical goods but is a leader in cloud-storage, runs its own application store and has a number of very competitive media deals with the major music and film studios.\r\n\r\nAmazon is due to release its own tablet device in November, initially bringing to market a 7-inch device, followed by a 10.1-inch model, that will run a completely customized version of Google's mobile operating system. Techcrunch's MG Seigler managed to get his hands on the upcoming 7-inch device and noted how far removed its operating system is from what you would expect from Google:\r\nThe interface is all Amazon and Kindle. It\u2019s black, dark blue, and a bunch of orange. The main screen is a carousel that looks like Cover Flow in iTunes which displays all the content you have on the device. This includes books, apps, movies, etc. Below the main carousel is a dock to pin your favorite items in one easy-to-access place. When you turn the device horizontally, the dock disappears below the fold.\r\n\r\nAbove the dock is the status bar (time, battery, etc) and this doubles as a notification tray. When apps have updates, or when new subscriptions are ready for you to view, they appear here. The top bar shows \u201CYOUR NAME\u2019s Kindle\u201D and then the number of notifications you have in bright orange. It looks quite nice.\r\n\r\nBut the key for Amazon is just how deeply integrated all of their services are. Amazon\u2019s content store is always just one click away. The book reader is a Kindle app (which looks similar to how it does on Android and iOS now). The music player is Amazon\u2019s Cloud Player. The movie player is Amazon\u2019s Instant Video player. The app store is Amazon\u2019s Android Appstore.\r\n\r\nGoogle\u2019s Android Market is nowhere to be found. In fact, no Google app is anywhere to be found. This is Android fully forked. My understanding is that the Kindle OS was built on top of some version of Android prior to 2.2. And Amazon will keep building on top of that of that over time. In other words, this won\u2019t be getting \u201CHoneycomb\u201D or \u201CIce Cream\u00A0Sandwich\u201D \u2014 or if it does, users will never know it because that will only be the underpinnings of the OS. Any visual changes will be all Amazon.\r\n\r\nThey are not working with Google on this. At all.\r\nGiven Amazon's huge presence in many western markets, the retailer's threat is a very credible one. With a reported 5 million tablets already waiting to be shipped (when it does launch), the company is betting big on its tablet, pricing it at an aggressive $250 to not only undercut its Android device-making rivals but also come in half the price of the market leading iPad.\r\n\r\nIf consumers buy into Amazon's Android experience, expectations of how the platform should appear and operate will be different between tablet owners, split between those with a dedicated Google Android OS build and those with Amazon's. It is tempting to say &amp;quot;don't worry, Android is Android, surely it doesn't matter&amp;quot; - but if Amazon is seen to be pushing a better performing and better looking fork of the software, Google's fragmentation issue becomes a problem once again.\r\n\r\nAs smartphone market analyst says:\r\nAmazon will use Android to flog Google.\r\nIn China, Google's major search rival Baidu has released its own Android-based smartphone operating system Baidu Yu (meaning &amp;quot;easy&amp;quot;), integrating its own search and applications to better provide services for Chinese consumers.\r\n\r\nGoogle will not &amp;quot;certify&amp;quot; Amazon's or Baidu's devices, but the companies will not care, they have millions of users between them that they will want to tempt to their own platforms, without the help of Google.\r\n\r\nThe stripping of Google products and services from Android's offering reduces the company's ability to make money from advertising and value-added services on those devices, but it does drive Android usage overall, so it might not be all bad for the search giant.\r\nSmartphone Competition\r\nPerhaps the most obvious of Google's threat to its Android dominance is the emergence of rival platforms.\r\n\r\nApple's iPhone is now the best selling smartphone worldwide and with reports that the company will introduce a new model in the coming weeks, as well as a cheaper 'iPhone 4-like' device aimed at the low to mid-range market, the company is set to boost its market share, possibly clawing it back from Google.\r\n\r\nMicrosoft is set to launch its new Mango firmware update, adding over 100 new features to its Windows Phone smartphone lineup. HTC has already introduced two of its new Mango-enabled smartphones and with Nokia and more than five other vendors including Samsung ready to launch their own, the software giant is ready to spend millions of marketing dollars to further push the new, improved platform.\r\n\r\nGoogle has its own updates coming but after the company announced its acquisition of Motorola Mobility, it is expected that other vendors will look to rival platforms should Google suddenly decide to assert more control over the Android ecosystem.\r\nConclusion\r\nAs I noted above, Google could still profit from the fact that its rivals are utilising its smartphone and tablet platform, because usage of Android devices will still increase. If Android is still dominating the market, despite the fact Google services aren't actually included on these devices, other\u00A0manufacturers\u00A0could be drawn to the platform for its proven track record.\r\n\r\nGoogle's issues are beneficial to the company, they are coming as a result of its success in the mobile industry. The company needs to ensure it can\u00A0adequately prepare for an onslaught from its rivals over software patents, making sure to\u00A0capitalise\u00A0on Android use, despite the fact the search giant doesn't play a major hand in their release.\r\n\r\nA company of Google's size isn't only aware of these issues but it has also formed contingency plans should it face issues as a result of actions by its rivals. It's whether Google chooses the right course of action, helping to build its platform further, instead of seeing partner devices stricken from the market as a result of its own software infringing patents."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
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