<http://purl.org/dc/terms/description>
"Empirical or statistical methods have been introduced into meteorology and oceanography in four distinct stages: 1) linear regression (and correlation), 2) principal component analysis (PCA), 3) canonical correlation analysis, and recently 4) neural network (NN) models. Despite the great popularity of the NN models in many fields, there are three obstacles to adapting the NN method to meteorology\u2013oceanography, especially in large-scale, low-frequency studies: (a) nonlinear instability with short data records, (b) large spatial data fields, and (c) difficulties in interpreting the nonlinear NN results. Recent research shows that these three obstacles can be overcome. For obstacle (a), ensemble averaging was found to be effective in controlling nonlinear instability. For (b), the PCA method was used as a prefilter for compressing the large spatial data fields. For (c), the mysterious hidden layer could be given a phase space interpretation, and spectral analysis aided in understanding the nonlinear NN relations. With these and future improvements, the nonlinear NN method is evolving to a versatile and powerful technique capable of augmenting traditional linear statistical methods in data analysis and forecasting; for example, the NN method has been used for El Ni\u00F1o prediction and for nonlinear PCA. The NN model is also found to be a type of variational (adjoint) data assimilation, which allows it to be readily linked to dynamical models under adjoint data assimilation, resulting in a new class of hybrid neural\u2013dynamical models.  Copyright 1998  American Meteorological Society (AMS). Permission\nto use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational\nworks is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in\nthis work that is determined to be \u201Cfair use\u201D under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act\nor that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17\nUSC \u00A7108, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the AMS\u2019s permission.\nRepublication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form, such as on a web site\nor in a searchable database, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the\nabove statement, requires written permission or a license from the AMS. Additional\ndetails are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy, available on the AMS Web site\nlocated at (http://www.ametsoc.org/) or from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or\ncopyright@ametsoc.org."@en
<https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0041821>