Egypt is a major regional media player. Its press is one of the most influential and widely-read in the region, and its TV and film industry supplies much of the Arab-speaking world with shows from its Media Production City.
The state is a major media force and runs many TV and radio stations, websites, newspapers and magazines. The biggest media company is said to be owned by the intelligence agency.
In recent years the authorities have been increasing controls over traditional and social media. There is little room for criticising the government in traditional media, including via privately-owned outlets.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) says Egypt is one of the world's biggest jailers of journalists. It says there are frequent raids and arrests and that legislation has makes it possible to imprison journalists and close websites "for sharing independently reported information".
Television is the most popular medium. There are two state-run national TVs, as well as state-run regional and thematic networks.
Egypt is a big force in satellite TV. Most leading Arab pay TV networks have a presence at Media Production City in Cairo. Egypt was the first Arab nation to have its own satellite, Nilesat.
Around 57% of Egyptians are online. Mobile platforms account for the largest share of users. Facebook, YouTube and WhatsApp are popular platforms. For politics and online campaigning, Egyptians prefer Facebook and Twitter.
Citizens can be arrested and criminally charged for social media posts and online content, says Freedom House.
A 2018 cyber crime law allows the authorities to block any website deemed to threaten national security or the economy.
- Al-Ahram - state-owned daily, the oldest newspaper in the Arab world
- Al-Ahram Weekly - in English
- Youm7 - private daily
- Al-Misri al-Yawm - private daily
- Al-Shuruq - private daily
- Al-Watan - private daily
- Egypt Independent - in English, sister paper of Al-Misri al-Yawm
- Daily News Egypt - private, in English
- National Media Authority (NMA) - state-run, operates domestic and satellite networks, including Nile News, Nile TV International and Nile TV thematic channels
- Dream TV - private, via satellite
- Al-Mihwar - private, via satellite
- Al-Nahar - private, via satellite
- ON E - private, via satellite
- Al-Hayah - private, via satellite
- CBC - private, via satellite