The Russian lower house of parliament has passed a controversial bill to tighten controls on non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
Human rights activists have held protests against the bill
The bill - criticised by human rights groups and the West - passed its third and final reading in a 357-20 vote in the Duma, dominated by pro-Kremlin MPs.
The government says the bill is needed to ensure the security of the state.
It says NGOs are being used by Western governments and foreign spies to fan revolution in the former Soviet Union.
The bill is expected to be passed by the upper house - the Federation Council - before being signed into law by President Vladimir Putin.
It is one of the most controversial bills to be debated in the Russian parliament since President Putin came to power.
The Kremlin has been leading the call for tighter controls over the activities and finances of NGOs.
If adopted, the new legislation would provide just that, making Russian and Western NGOs more accountable to the state.
Human rights groups have accused the Kremlin of trying to strangle civil society and of legislating to extend its own power.
There has been widespread criticism of the draft law in Russia and abroad, including from the US Congress and the Council of Europe. President Putin amended the original bill, telling MPs to scrap the requirement for foreign groups to re-register their branches in Russia as local entities.
But prominent Russian NGOs have complained that even in its revised form, the bill would severely hamper their activities and represents a danger to democracy.