India rupee: Illegal cash crackdown failed - bank report
Indians returned almost all of the high-currency notes banned in last year's shock government crackdown on illegal cash, the central bank says.
It said 15.28tn rupees ($242bn) - or 99% - of the money had made its way back into the banking system.
Ministers had hoped the move would make it difficult for hoarders of undeclared wealth to exchange it for legal tender.
The news that it did not will raise questions about the policy, which brought chaotic scenes across India.
Banks ran out of cash after the ban on 500 ($7) and 1,000 rupee notes, which accounted for about 85% of the money in circulation.
At others, police were called in to manage long queues of anxious customers hoping to change their savings.
Many low-income Indians, traders and ordinary savers who rely on the cash economy were badly hit.
Viewpoint: Currency gamble was a big mistake
By Vivek Kaul, Economic Analyst
Has demonetisation been a success or a failure? As per the RBI data, it's safe to say that demonetisation has been a failure of epic proportions.
The RBI report says that illegal notes worth 15.28tn rupees ($242bn) had been deposited in banks up to 30 June. This basically means that almost 99% of the "demonetised" money was deposited into banks and wasn't really destroyed.
As far as detecting counterfeit currency is concerned, nothing much seems to have happened on this front either.
Over and above this, the government's policy caused a huge cash shortage, with people having to spend many days standing in ATM lines trying to withdraw their own money.
As far as the Modi government is concerned they are unlikely to admit it was a big mistake and will continue to put a positive spin on it, as they have since last November. Things will not change on that front.
Politicians, analysts and ordinary Indians have argued for months over whether Prime Minister Narendra Modi's so-called demonetisation gamble was a success or failure.
Now the data finally provides the answer, on page 195 of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) annual report.
Agriculture, the rural economy and property - which rely largely on cash transactions - were sectors hit by the ban.
It also contributed to a slowdown in economic growth.
But some analysts did point out the policy did have some positive aspects, including injecting cash into the banking system which had brought the cost of loans down.
"While this shows that demonetisation exercise has not yielded a large one-time gain, it has led to financialisation of dormant savings and helped bring down lending rates," one economist in Mumbai told Reuters.
Few observers think the bank figures will damage the government, which has fended off criticism of its cash crackdown while making electoral gains, including a sweeping victory in crucial Uttar Pradesh state in March.