Steven Sotloff: The race to conceal his Jewish identity from IS
When the Islamist militia IS posted a video last month threatening to kill captive American journalist Steven Sotloff, the situation was dire enough. But there was one secret that could potentially have made things even worse: Sotloff was Jewish and a dual citizen of Israel and the US.
To try to hide that fact from his IS captors, a group of Sotloff's friends and volunteers worked around the clock to keep the captors from discovering his secret.
Sotloff's captivity itself was also largely a secret. IS held Sotloff for a year, but even many of his friends did not know he had been abducted. But then, the extremist group posted a video of journalist James Foley's beheading, during which Sotloff appeared. They threatened to kill him next.
His friend Gregg Roman called Sotloff's father to offer any assistance.
"He said, 'Do what you can do to help our son,'" says Roman, who went to university in Israel with Sotloff.
"I said, 'I'm going to make sure that no harm comes to Steven because of his identity.'"
Roman, who directs the Jewish Community Relations Council in Pittsburgh, assembled a group of friends and various web experts for one mission: To clean the internet of any mention that Sotloff was Jewish or Israeli.
One man recruited for the task was Michael Bassin, an American Jew based in Tel Aviv who travels throughout the Middle East as a trade consultant.
"In the Arab world, they've been taught very little about what Jewish people are actually like," Bassin says. "They are taught they are sinister, they have really poor intentions. Being a Jewish person and being a nice guy do not go hand in hand. So if they found out he was Jewish and Israeli, that means he was a spy and it would have expedited his murder. That was the belief."
List to the original radio broadcast on PRI's The World, a co-production with the BBC.
Roman says volunteers worked in shifts to monitor the internet around the clock, and his group swiftly contacted American media outlets to remove any reference to Sotloff's Jewish background.
That included one piece in The New York Times. "The reference was removed in 27 minutes," Roman says.
The effort also went far beyond media accounts. The volunteer group asked friends of Sotloff to remove tags of him in Facebook photos, and it successfully petitioned Facebook to remove Sotloff's profile, Roman said.
It persuaded a rabbi in Los Angeles to remove a sermon online about Sotloff's Jewish background, and even contacted members of the synagogue to ask them to keep quiet.
One volunteer even went to Sotloff's old university in Israel and removed a graduation photo of him from the wall, Roman says.
All in all, Roman says, there were some 4,000 online mentions of Sotloff's Jewish and Israeli identity the group worked to remove.
"Maybe we overreacted in some cases," Roman says. "But whatever it was that we did, it worked."
Or did it?
A security expert familiar with the Sotloff case says he believes the volunteers had good intentions, but that their efforts were pointless. IS held Sotloff for a year, he says, and his captors could have seen whatever was online about Sotloff during that time. The expert spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not permitted to discuss the matter publicly.
Bassin says the fact that Sotloff was kept alive for a year gave his fellow volunteers the feeling that they could still do something even after his captivity was made public.
Indeed, Sotloff's captors may not have known about his Jewish and Israeli identity. An Israeli news channel aired a taped conversation with a man it identified as a recently released French captive held along with Sotloff. The man said Sotloff's Jewish identity was secret during their time in captivity together.
And on 2 September when IS released a video of Sotloff's beheading, his executioner made clear that his death was in response to US strikes on Islamic State militants - there was no mention of Sotloff's religion or Israeli citizenship.
In the end, Bassin believes his group spared Sotloff from being killed for his religion.
"Steven was brutally executed," he says. "But at the very least he was not executed because he was a Jew."
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