Tiny pop-up 'cell playgrounds' fold themselves
US researchers are building tiny, 3D electronic scaffolds with an unusual new technique, aimed at combining biological and electronic systems.
They make flat silicon cut-outs and stick them onto a stretched rubber platform at carefully chosen points.
When they let the rubber shrink again, the silicon folds into its designed shape like a children's pop-up book.
The technique could be used to make "jungle gyms" for growing, monitoring and stimulating live cells in the lab.
Speaking at the American Physical Society's March Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, the team revealed they have successfully coaxed cells to grow and travel along the shapes.
They also unveiled a striking new segmented umbrella shape. Other examples were included when the technique was published in the Science journal in January.
John Rogers is a professor of materials and engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
He told reporters at the conference the inspiration came from close to home: "I live in the Midwest and when you think about how you build barns, you build things in two dimensional space - and then you raise them into the third dimension."
The method also shares some principles with the Japanese paper art form kirigami, where paper is both folded (as in origami) and cut.
By changing the starting pattern of silicon and carefully choosing the points of contact, Prof Rogers and his team assembled a "library" of different shapes. They boast nicknames like "basket", "tilted table", "inverted flower" and "starfish".
"It begins to look like paintings by Dali," Prof Rogers said.
All of them are less than 1mm across, and the device-grade silicon used to build them is just 0.001mm thick.
That means they could be particularly useful in a cell biology laboratory - offering a "functional interface" with a growing tissue of cells.
But the team also simply enjoyed the design challenge.
"In some ways, it's exploratory, academic research, to see what we can do in terms of 3D geometries," Prof Rogers told the BBC.
Nonetheless, he and his colleagues have already tested whether cells can grow on the structures, with some success.
And importantly, these little contraptions are made from the same stuff as regular electronic components. There is potential, then, not just to grow cells into a specified 3D shape, but also to record electronic signals from them - or send signals to stimulate them.
This contrasts with anything that could currently be made by a 3D printer, Prof Rogers said.
"We wanted to do things in a way that's compatible with established electronic technology - in high-quality semiconductor materials, not just plastic or ceramic.
"This might provide an opportunity to monitor and stimulate the cells as they grow."