Angry exchanges between players, abusive chants by spectators. These are the images most people associate with racism in sport.
But discrimination and inequality affect British sport at all levels.
|Mick King, youth trainer:
"What's been absent is willingness on the part of professional football clubs to target young Asian players and meet them on their own terms."
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A lower proportion of people from ethnic minorities take part in sport,
compared with the national average.
A study by the English Sports Council, Sport England, revealed that many
people from ethnic minorities were keen to give sport it a go - but said they
did not have access to facilities.
Some also cited racist incidents which had put them off - one in ten men of
African or Caribbean origin said they had had a negative experience in sport
because of their ethnicity.
Sport England is trying to increase the profile of sport and its health and
social benefits in ethnic minority communities around Britain.
The council awards grants of up to £5,000 to organisations which encourage
ethnic minority participation in sport. Local athletics groups and
organisations like Sheffield's Pitsmoor Somali Club are among those who have
already benefited from extra cash.
Some sports have already been successful in achieving a broader racial mix of
participants, but there is still room for improvement.
Basketball: Growing in popularity
Basketball is hugely popular with young black players, partly because of its
accessibility to those living in inner cities.
Black American role models such as Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson have also helped to promote the game and make it fashionable.
Two years ago, a fifth of the 4,000 players registered at National League
level were from an African or Caribbean background. However only 1.4% were
The game also suffers from stereotyping.
Researchers from Leeds Metropolitan University spoke to spectators at several
league basketball games. They discovered that while 82.3% of spectators
though basketball was a ‘natural' sport for African-Caribbeans, only 65.1%
considered it a ‘natural' sport for Asians.
The researchers also concluded that the national structure of basketball in
the UK was dominated by a white hierarchy.
Sporting Equals, a partnership between Sport England and the Commission for
Racial Equality (CRE), believes the picture is similar in many other sports.
Their strategy is to tackle inequality in management and club structures to
bring better racial equality and less discrimination at all levels.
"The high profile sports obviously get more coverage," says Novlette Rennie,
Sporting Equals' project manager.
"But in terms of the internal workings of an organisation we sometimes don't
hear about what happens behind closed doors."
Click here to watch an interview with Novlette Rennie
In March, the former head of the CRE Lord Ouseley called on the Football
Association to explain why there were no black members on the FA's council.
He claimed that the game was run "by an old boys network," and bemoaned the
lack of representation of ethnic minorities on county associations.
Charter for sport
All this could change as the Football Association prepares to sign up to
Sporting Equals' Racial Equality Charter for Sport.
By signing the charter, organisations pledge to fight racism and promote
racial equality at all levels of their sport.
"We're really pleased that the Football Association is coming on board," says
"As one of the most high profile sports in Britain, I think it's really
important that the FA demonstrates its commitment publicly. Then when we do
hear examples of racism taking place, people will be confident that the FA
will be taking action."
Around 30 national associations have already signed up to the charter and are
making moves to improve racial equality in their sports.
Another seven - including governing bodies for cricket, hockey, basketball and
tennis - are working their way through a set of standards to help them work
towards better racial equality.
"Rugby League, for example, has produced and translated an information leaflet
that targets a number of ethnic minority communities," explains Novlette.
"Some sports have given coaching scholarships for ethnic minorities and are
looking at mentoring programmes for people to go on to committees and
"They are also looking at role models and some have actually reviewed their
publicity and promotional material to reflect the diversity of our society."
Sporting Equals is also actively promoting the grant scheme to help groups
providing sporting activities.
"The success of that is beginning to make a difference," says Novlette. "But
we've still got a long way to go."