"The Net interprets censorship as damage, and routes around it" - John Gilmore, Electronic Frontier Foundation
The Beijing trial of businessman Lin Hai, accused of distributing 30,000 e-mail addresses to a pro-democracy journal, emphasises China's position at the epicentre of a conflict over the free flow of information on the Internet.
A totalitarian state trying to impose order and control on the anarchic Net always promised to be a battle royal, and it is being waged on several fronts:
Websites: China channels Internet access for its one million users, who have to register with the police, through government-controlled servers in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. This means it can block access to sites it considers subversive.
But last weekend hackers breached the servers' firewalls, a form of Internet security, according to a Wired News report. They instructed the software to ignore the list of banned addresses, which the hackers said included ones at the BBC, ABC, MSNBC and Wired.
E-mail: The authorities may deter dissidents from using e-mail to further their cause by finding Lin Hai guilty and imposing a stiff sentence. But in practice, e-mail can be anonymous, encrypted and hard to intercept. The hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow is developing an e-mail plug-in which will allow Chinese users to receive e-mails of banned Web pages.
Newsgroups:China has blocked access to newsgroups. Users could get round this with an international call to an Internet Service Provider outside China.
Official sites:The Chinese government is exploiting the Internet as a propaganda tool. In October, it launched a site defending its human rights record. But it was instantly hacked and replaced with a page denouncing it as propaganda and providing a link to Amnesty International.
Political hacking appears to be the most potent threat to the authorities' attempts to censor the Internet. Many official government sites are using outdated and insecure software and workstations, giving hackers ample opportunity to make their point on sites to which every Internet user in China would have access.