Portugal's jobless graduates flee to Africa and Brazil
Thousands of young unemployed professionals are escaping Portugal's crippling economic crisis by finding jobs in former colonies, such as Brazil and Angola. The reversal of traditional migration patterns is fuelling talk of a "lost generation".
Natalia Santos has had enough. She occasionally laughs as she tells me her story but there is hardness in her olive-green eyes.
Nobody could accuse the 29-year-old teacher from Porto of lacking initiative. She has done more than most to find full-time work in Portugal.
Over the past six years she has applied to 362 schools, yet despite glowing references, she has never landed a job that lasted more than nine months.
Natalia has been forced to accept a string of short-term contracts on the minimum wage of around 500 euro per month.
In the fallow periods in-between, she helps her unemployed parents to grow fruit and vegetables.
Young and jobless in numbers
of young people are
more likely to be jobless
are not in education or training
Youth unemployment is highest in
North Africa - 27.9%
Natalia also went to Poland for a year, on the Erasmus European volunteering scheme. She wanted to work - even if it was unpaid apart from expenses.
She hoped that the experience would help her back in Portugal, but it didn't. So she applied for a position in Ireland but then the economy there crashed.
Undeterred, Natalia tried another tack and went back to university to train as a special needs teacher.
But recent cuts in the education budget mean that most schools are now restricted to just one special needs teacher instead of four or five.
So no luck there either.
"I feel very frustrated sometimes and very disappointed," she says.
"But I won't give up. I'll go abroad because I am not going to wait for Portugal to give me something."
Natalia is about to join the growing brain drain.
One in 10 graduates now leaves the country, leading many to talking about Portugal's "lost generation".
"This is the biggest emigration wave since the 1960s," says Filipa Pinho of the government's newly established Emigration Observatory.
Portugal has traditionally exported some of its manpower - it has a diaspora around the world of three million. But in the past, it was blue-collar workers and villagers who left for a better life. Now it's the skilled and well-educated.
And if 50 years ago young Portuguese left to seek their fortune in richer parts of Europe, today they are packing their bags for booming Brazil, Angola and Mozambique.
It is a historic role reversal, because for decades Portugal lured immigrants from its former colonies in Latin America and Africa.
Ms Pinho admits that her agency's statistics lag behind trends, but according to the Observatory, the number of Portuguese registered at consulates in Brazil jumped by some 60,000 between 2009 and 2010.
As for Angola, in 2006, only 156 Angolan visas were issued to southbound Portuguese, but in 2010, the figure was 23,787.
Today, there are around 3,000 Portuguese companies in Angola. Some of these belong to Antonio Bagal, a 32-year-old entrepreneur from Lisbon.
Flushed with success, he's now got his eye on a much bigger emerging market - Brazil.
Back in Portugal for a family wedding, he explains that when he started working in the Angolan capital Luanda a few years ago, most of the expats were in their 40s and 50s.
Now, though, more young people are arriving.
"Most of them have good degrees, masters, even PhDs," he says, "and the new thing is that many of them don't want to come back. Right now Angola is developing really fast, it needs skilled people to build the infrastructure."
A civil engineer earning 900 euros ($1,300, or £800) a month in Portugal could earn four times as much in Angola, he says.
But Brazil is also eager for Portuguese engineers and architects, he says, because there is a construction boom ahead of the 2014 World Cup and the Olympics in 2016.
When David Bernado, a Portuguese businessman based in Sao Paulo set up a Facebook page entitled Jobs for Foreigners in Brazil, it attracted 20,000 people in less than a fortnight. Most were young Portuguese aged 24 to 35, and more than half were women.
The numbers of young Portuguese leaving for traditional migrant destinations have also risen.
In the past two years there has been a 6.3% increase in Portuguese moving to the US, a 16% increase in those moving to Canada and a 4.8% increase in those heading to Australia.
But Antonio says that in the country's former colonies, the economies are growing at dizzying rates and the added advantage is that you don't have to speak English.
While I'm in Lisbon, I get an email from Miguel Paula, a 29-year-old who has just been laid off from his administrative job in the Portuguese parliament.
His 25-year-old wife used to work for an advertising company specialising in pharmaceutical products, but she has just been replaced by an unpaid intern.
They are now planning to move to jobs in Maputo, Mozambique. Miguel says that his best friend has just relocated to Macao - the Las Vegas of the Lusophone world.
Natalia has no doubt about who is blame for the crisis, which has destroyed her career aspirations.
"Banks. They made mistakes and now they say we have to pay. But I disagree, I don't want to pay," she says.
"I prefer to leave everything behind - family, friends, my culture - everything than to pay for a crisis I didn't cause."
This episode of Generation E was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Monday 29 August at 1545 BST. It is part of a week-long series which continues on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 30 August at 1545 BST. Listen again via the BBC iPlayer.