خصائص الأحماض والقواعد- بحث. - كيمياء - Twinkl
الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء ... الكيمياء هو علم من العلوم التي استفادت منها البشرية؛ حيث يدرس علم الكيمياء المادة، وتركيبها، وعناصرها، وتفاعلاتها، ونواتج تداخلها ...
الأحماض والقواعد\- كيمياء\- خصائص الأحماض والقواعد\- بحث.

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- [1st](/resources/first-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Labels](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/labels-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Morning Work](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/morning-work-first-grade-k-2nd-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/record-keeping-and-student-tracking-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-first-grade-usa) [Signs](/resources/first-grade-usa/classroom-management-first-grade-usa/signs-classroom-management-first-grade-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/language-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Phonics, Sight Words & Spelling](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/phonics-word-recognition-and-spelling-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Reading](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/reading-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa) [Writing](/resources/first-grade-usa/english-language-arts-first-grade-usa/writing-english-language-arts-first-grade-usa)



[Math](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-first-grade-usa) [Counting & Cardinality](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/counting-and-cardinality-math-first-grade-usa) [Fractions, Decimals & Percentages](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/fractions-decimals-and-percentages-math-first-grade-usa) [Geometry](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/geometry-math-first-grade-usa) [Math Games](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/math-games-math-first-grade-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-first-grade-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-first-grade-usa) [Operations & Algebraic Thinking](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/operations-and-algebraic-thinking-math-first-grade-usa) [Place Value](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/place-value-math-first-grade-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-first-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-first-grade-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/first-grade-usa/math-first-grade-usa/word-problems-math-first-grade-usa)



[Science](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/science-first-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/first-grade-usa/science-first-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-first-grade-usa) [Life Science](/resources/first-grade-usa/science-first-grade-usa/life-science-science-first-grade-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/first-grade-usa/science-first-grade-usa/physical-science-science-first-grade-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/first-grade-usa/science-first-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-first-grade-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [Countries](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [History](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/history-social-studies-first-grade-usa) [States & Capitals](/resources/first-grade-usa/social-studies-first-grade-usa/states-and-capitals-social-studies-first-grade-usa)



[Art](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/art-first-grade-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/free-first-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-first-grade-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/holidays-festivals-and-special-events-first-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/music-first-grade-usa) [PE](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/pe-first-grade-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-first-grade-usa) [STEAM](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/steam-first-grade-usa) [Technology](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/technology-first-grade-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-first-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/florida-standards-first-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-first-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/k-2nd-usa/first-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-first-grade-usa)
- [2nd](/resources/second-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Morning Work](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/morning-work-second-grade-k-2nd-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/record-keeping-and-student-tracking-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-second-grade-usa) [Signs & Labels](/resources/second-grade-usa/classroom-management-second-grade-usa/signs-and-labels-classroom-management-second-grade-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/language-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Phonics, Sight Words & Spelling](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/phonics-word-recognition-and-spelling-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Reading](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/reading-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa) [Writing](/resources/second-grade-usa/english-language-arts-second-grade-usa/writing-english-language-arts-second-grade-usa)



[Math](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-second-grade-usa) [Counting & Cardinality](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/counting-and-cardinality-math-second-grade-usa) [Fractions, Decimals & Percentages](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/fractions-decimals-and-percentages-math-second-grade-usa) [Geometry](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/geometry-math-second-grade-usa) [Math Games](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/math-games-math-second-grade-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-second-grade-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-second-grade-usa) [Operations & Algebraic Thinking](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/operations-and-algebraic-thinking-math-second-grade-usa) [Place Value](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/place-value-math-second-grade-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-second-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-second-grade-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/second-grade-usa/math-second-grade-usa/word-problems-math-second-grade-usa)



[Science](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/science-second-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/second-grade-usa/science-second-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-second-grade-usa) [Life Science](/resources/second-grade-usa/science-second-grade-usa/life-science-science-second-grade-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/second-grade-usa/science-second-grade-usa/physical-science-science-second-grade-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/second-grade-usa/science-second-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-second-grade-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [Countries](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [History](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/history-social-studies-second-grade-usa) [States & Capitals](/resources/second-grade-usa/social-studies-second-grade-usa/states-and-capitals-social-studies-second-grade-usa)



[Art](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/art-second-grade-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/free-second-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-second-grade-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/holidays-festivals-and-special-events-second-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/music-second-grade-usa) [PE](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/pe-second-grade-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-second-grade-usa) [STEAM](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/steam-second-grade-usa) [Technology](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/technology-second-grade-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-second-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/florida-standards-second-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-second-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/k-2nd-usa/second-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-second-grade-usa)
- [3rd](/resources/third-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Labels](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/labels-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Morning Work](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/morning-work-third-grade-3rd-5th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/record-keeping-and-student-tracking-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-third-grade-usa) [Signs](/resources/third-grade-usa/classroom-management-third-grade-usa/signs-classroom-management-third-grade-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/language-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Reading](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/reading-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa) [Writing](/resources/third-grade-usa/english-language-arts-third-grade-usa/writing-english-language-arts-third-grade-usa)



[Math](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-third-grade-usa) [Algebraic Thinking](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/algebraic-thinking-math-third-grade-usa) [Decimals](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/decimals-math-third-grade-usa) [Fractions](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/fractions-math-third-grade-usa) [Geometry](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/geometry-math-third-grade-usa) [Math Games](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/math-games-math-third-grade-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-third-grade-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-third-grade-usa) [Number Sense](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/number-sense-math-third-grade-usa) [Percentages](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/percentages-math-third-grade-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-third-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-third-grade-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/third-grade-usa/math-third-grade-usa/word-problems-math-third-grade-usa)



[Science](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-third-grade-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa/famous-scientists-science-third-grade-usa) [Life Science](/resources/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa/life-science-science-third-grade-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa/physical-science-science-third-grade-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/third-grade-usa/science-third-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-third-grade-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [Countries](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [History](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/history-social-studies-third-grade-usa) [States](/resources/third-grade-usa/social-studies-third-grade-usa/states-social-studies-third-grade-usa)



[Art](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/art-third-grade-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/free-third-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-third-grade-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/holidays-festivals-and-special-events-third-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/music-third-grade-usa) [PE](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/pe-third-grade-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-third-grade-usa) [STEAM](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/steam-third-grade-usa) [Technology](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/technology-third-grade-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-third-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/florida-standards-third-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-third-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/third-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-third-grade-usa)
- [4th](/resources/fourth-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Labels](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/labels-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Morning Work](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/morning-work-fourth-grade-3rd-5th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/record-keeping-and-student-tracking-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa) [Signs](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa/signs-classroom-management-fourth-grade-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/language-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Reading](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/reading-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa) [Writing](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa/writing-english-language-arts-fourth-grade-usa)



[Math](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Algebraic Thinking](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/algebraic-thinking-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Decimals](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/decimals-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Fractions](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/fractions-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Geometry](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/geometry-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Math Games](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/math-games-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Number Sense](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/number-sense-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Percentages](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/percentages-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-fourth-grade-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/math-fourth-grade-usa/word-problems-math-fourth-grade-usa)



[Science](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-fourth-grade-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa/famous-scientists-science-fourth-grade-usa) [Life Science](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa/life-science-science-fourth-grade-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa/physical-science-science-fourth-grade-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/science-fourth-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-fourth-grade-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [Countries](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [History](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/history-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa) [States](/resources/fourth-grade-usa/social-studies-fourth-grade-usa/states-social-studies-fourth-grade-usa)



[Art](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/art-fourth-grade-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/free-fourth-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-fourth-grade-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/holidays-festivals-and-special-events-fourth-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/music-fourth-grade-usa) [PE](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/pe-fourth-grade-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-fourth-grade-usa) [STEAM](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/steam-fourth-grade-usa) [Technology](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/technology-fourth-grade-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-fourth-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/florida-standards-fourth-grade-3rd-5th-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-fourth-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fourth-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-fourth-grade-usa)
- [5th](/resources/fifth-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Labels](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/labels-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Morning Work](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/morning-work-fifth-grade-3rd-5th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/record-keeping-and-student-tracking-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa) [Signs](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa/signs-classroom-management-fifth-grade-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/language-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Reading](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/reading-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa) [Writing](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa/writing-english-language-arts-fifth-grade-usa)



[Math](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Algebraic Thinking](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/algebraic-thinking-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Decimals](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/decimals-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Fractions](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/fractions-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Geometry](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/geometry-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Math Games](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/math-games-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Number Sense](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/number-sense-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Percentages](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/percentages-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-fifth-grade-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/math-fifth-grade-usa/word-problems-math-fifth-grade-usa)



[Science](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-fifth-grade-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/famous-scientists-science-fifth-grade-usa) [Life Science](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/life-science-science-fifth-grade-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/physical-science-science-fifth-grade-usa) [Science Projects](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/science-projects-science-fifth-grade-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/science-fifth-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-fifth-grade-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [Countries](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [History](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/history-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa) [States](/resources/fifth-grade-usa/social-studies-fifth-grade-usa/states-social-studies-fifth-grade-usa)



[Art](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/art-fifth-grade-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/free-fifth-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-fifth-grade-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/holidays-festivals-and-special-events-fifth-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/music-fifth-grade-usa) [PE](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/pe-fifth-grade-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-personal-social-health-and-wellness-education-fifth-grade-usa) [STEAM](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/steam-fifth-grade-usa) [Technology](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/technology-fifth-grade-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-fifth-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/florida-standards-fifth-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-fifth-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/3rd-5th-usa/fifth-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-fifth-grade-usa)
- [6th](/resources/sixth-grade-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/awards-and-certificates-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bell Work](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/bell-work-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/calendars-routines-and-daily-schedules-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Labels](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/labels-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/record-keeping-student-tracking-and-assessment-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/rules-and-behavior-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Signs](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-usa/signs-classroom-management-organization-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa) [Language](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/language-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Reading](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/reading-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/speaking-and-listening-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/visual-aids-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Writing](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/ela-sixth-grade-usa/writing-ela-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Math](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa) [Addition & Subtraction](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/addition-and-subtraction-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Algebraic Thinking](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/algebraic-thinking-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Decimals](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/decimals-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Fractions](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/fractions-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Math Games](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/math-games-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geometry](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/geometry-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Measurement & Data](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/measurement-and-data-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Multiplication & Division](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/multiplication-and-division-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Percentages](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/percentages-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Problem of the Day](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/problem-of-the-day-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/visual-aids-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Word Problems](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/math-sixth-grade-usa/word-problems-math-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Science](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/earth-and-space-science-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/famous-scientists-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Life Science](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/life-science-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/physical-science-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Science Projects](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/science-projects-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/science-sixth-grade-usa/scientific-practices-science-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa/civics-and-government-social-studies-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Countries](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa/countries-social-studies-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa/culture-and-diversity-social-studies-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa/economics-and-finance-social-studies-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/sixth-grade-usa/social-studies-sixth-grade-usa/geography-and-environment-social-studies-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Art](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/art-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/free-sixth-grade-usa) [Health Education](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/health-education-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/holidays-events-sixth-grade-usa) [Music](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/music-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/social-and-emotional-health-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [STEAM](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/steam-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/common-core-state-standards-sixth-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/florida-standards-sixth-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/next-generation-science-standards-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/6th-8th-usa/sixth-grade-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-sixth-grade-6th-8th-usa)
- [7th](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/awards-certificates-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bell Work](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/bell-work-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/calendars-routines-daily-schedules-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Labels](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/labels-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/record-keeping-student-tracking-assessment-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/rules-behavior-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Signs](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/signs-classroom-management-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Language](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/language-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Reading](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/reading-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/speaking-listening-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Writing](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/writing-english-language-arts-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Math](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Equations](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/equations-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Expressions](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/expressions-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Functions](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/functions-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geometry](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/geometry-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Number Sense](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/number-sense-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Ratios & Proportions](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/ratios-and-proportions-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Statistics & Probability](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/statistics-and-probability-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/visual-aids-math-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Science](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/earth-space-science-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/famous-scientists-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Life Science](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/life-science-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/physical-science-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Science Projects](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-projects-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/scientific-practices-science-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/civics-government-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Countries](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/countries-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/culture-diversity-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/economics-finance-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/geography-environment-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [History](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/history-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [States](/resources/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/states-social-studies-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Art](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/art-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/free-resources-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Health Education](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/health-education-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/holidays-events-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Music](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/music-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-and-emotional-health-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [STEAM](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/steam-seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/common-core-state-standards-seventh-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/florida-standards-seventh-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/next-generation-science-standards-seventh-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/6th-8th-usa/seventh-grade-6th-8th-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-seventh-grade-usa)
- [8th](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Awards & Certificates](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/awards-certificates-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bell Work](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/bell-work-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Bulletin Boards](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/bulletin-boards-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Calendars, Routines & Daily Schedules](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/calendars-routines-daily-schedules-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Family Communication](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/family-communication-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Labels](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/label-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Record Keeping, Student Tracking & Assessment](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/record-keeping-student-tracking-assessment-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Rules & Behavior](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/rules-behaviors-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Signs](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/classroom-management-organization-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/signs-classroom-management-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[English Language Arts](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Language](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/language-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Reading](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/reading-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Speaking & Listening](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/speaking-listening-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Study Skills: Note-Taking & Organizing Information](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/study-skills-note-taking-organizing-information-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/visual-aids-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Writing](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ela-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/writing-english-language-arts-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Math](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Equations](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/equations-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Expressions](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/expressions-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Functions](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/functions-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geometry](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/geometry-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Number Sense](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/number-sense-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Ratios & Proportions](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/ratios-proportions-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Statistics & Probability](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/statistics-probability-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Visual Aids](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/visual-aids-math-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Science](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Earth & Space Science](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/earth-space-science-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Famous Scientists](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/famous-scientists-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Life Science](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/life-science-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Physical Science](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/physical-science-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Science Projects](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-projects-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Scientific Practices](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/scientific-practices-science-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Social Studies](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Civics & Government](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/civics-government-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Countries](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/countries-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Culture & Diversity](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/culture-diversity-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Economics & Finance](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/economics-finance-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Geography & Environment](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/geography-environment-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [History](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/history-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [States](/resources/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/states-social-studies-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa)



[Art](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/art-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/free-resources-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Health Education](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/health-education-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/holidays-events-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Music](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/music-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Social & Emotional Health](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/social-and-emotional-health-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [STEAM](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/steam-eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa) [Common Core State Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/common-core-state-standards-eighth-grade-usa) [Florida Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/florida-standards-eighth-grade-usa) [Next Generation Science Standards](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/next-generation-science-standards-eighth-grade-usa) [Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills](/resources/6th-8th-usa/eighth-grade-6th-8th-usa/texas-essential-knowledge-and-skills-eighth-grade-usa)
- [SpEd](/resources/special-education-usa)



[Cognition](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa) [Attention](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/attention-cognition-special-education-usa) [Auditory Processing](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/auditory-processing-cognition-special-education-usa) [Memory](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/memory-cognition-special-education-usa) [Object Association](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/object-association-cognition-special-education-usa) [Problem Solving](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/problem-solving-cognition-special-education-usa) [Processing Speed](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/processing-speed-cognition-special-education-usa) [Sequencing](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/sequencing-cognition-special-education-usa) [Visual Processing](/resources/special-education-usa/cognition-special-education-usa/visual-and-spatial-processing-cognition-special-education-usa)



[Communication](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa) [Language](/resources/special-education-usa/speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa/language-speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa) [Nonverbal Communication](/resources/special-education-usa/speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa/nonverbal-communication-communication-special-education-usa) [Speech](/resources/special-education-usa/speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa/speech-speech-and-language-cognition-special-education-usa)



[Sensory Motor](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/sensory-and-physical-special-education-usa) [Motor Skills](/resources/special-education-usa/sensory-and-physical-special-education-usa/motor-skills-sensory-and-physical-special-education-usa) [Sensory Perception](/resources/special-education-usa/sensory-and-physical-special-education-usa/sensory-perception-sensory-and-physical-special-education-usa)



[Specific Educational Needs](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [ADHD](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/ad-hd-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Anxiety](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/anxiety-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Autism](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/autism-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Deaf and Hard of Hearing](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/hearing-impairment-and-deafness-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Dyslexia](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/dyslexia-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Emotional & Behavioral](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/emotional-and-behavioral-disorders-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa) [Speech & Language](/resources/special-education-usa/specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa/speech-and-language-impairment-specific-educational-needs-special-education-usa)



[Social Emotional](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/social-emotional-special-education-usa) [Behavior](/resources/special-education-usa/social-emotional-special-education-usa/behavior-social-emotional-special-education-usa) [Emotions](/resources/special-education-usa/social-emotional-special-education-usa/emotions-social-emotional-special-education-usa) [Relationships](/resources/special-education-usa/social-emotional-special-education-usa/relationships-social-emotional-special-education-usa) [Social Skills](/resources/special-education-usa/social-emotional-special-education-usa/social-skills-social-emotional-special-education-usa)



[Classroom Management](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/classroom-management-and-oganization-special-education-usa) [Free Resources](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/free-resources-special-education-usa) [Functional Academics](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/academics-special-education-usa) [Holidays & Events](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/holidays-events-special-education-usa) [Older Learners](/resources/usa-resources/special-education-usa/older-learners-special-education-usa)
- [ELL](/resources/ell-usa)



[Skills](/resources/usa-resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Games](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/games-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Grammar](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/grammar-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Listening](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/listening-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Reading](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/reading-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Speaking](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/speaking-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa) [Writing](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa/writing-browse-by-skill-english-language-learners-usa)



[Topics](/resources/usa-resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [All About Me: Health, Body, Appearance](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/all-about-me-health-body-appearance-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [All About the United States](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/all-about-the-united-states-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Alphabet](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/alphabet-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Animals](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/animals-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Clothes](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/clothes-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Daily Routine, Clocks & Time](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/daily-routine-clocks-and-time-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Days & Months](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/days-and-months-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Emotions](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/emotions-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Food & Drink](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/food-and-drink-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Holidays](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/holidays-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Home & Classroom: Everyday Objects](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/home-and-classroom-everyday-objects-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Jobs & Work](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/jobs-and-work-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [My Family](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/my-family-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [My First Lesson](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/my-first-lesson-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Newcomers](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/newcomers-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Numbers 1-100](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/numbers-1-100-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Seasons & Weather](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/seasons-and-weather-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Shapes](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/shapes-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Shopping](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/shopping-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa) [Transportation & Places](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa/transportation-and-places-browse-by-topic-english-language-learners-usa)



[Subjects](/resources/usa-resources/ell-usa/browse-by-subject-english-language-learners-usa) [Science](/resources/ell-usa/browse-by-subject-english-language-learners-usa/science-browse-by-subject-english-language-learners-usa)



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# What is a الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء?

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## الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء

الكيمياء هو علم من العلوم التي استفادت منها البشرية؛ حيث يدرس علم الكيمياء المادة، وتركيبها، وعناصرها، وتفاعلاتها، ونواتج تداخلها وتفاعلها. تُصنَّف المواد في الكيمياء من حيث خصائصها الكيميائية إلى أحماض وقواعد أو قلويات.

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## الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء

![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/u/ux/science-free-resources-carousel_ver_1.png)

#### قبل أن نبدأ الحديث عن الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء، دعنا نتحدث عن هذا الموضوع بتسلسل أكثر وضوحًا وتفسيرًا؛ يساعدنا في فهمه أكثر. لنبدأ بالتعرف على ماهية الكيمياء كعلم

### ما هو علم الكيمياء؟

#### الكيمياء هو علم من العلوم التي استفادت منها البشرية؛ حيث يدرس علم الكيمياء المادة، وتركيبها، وعناصرها، وتفاعلاتها، ونواتج تداخلها وتفاعلها.

#### المادة الكيميائية عبارة عن تركيب كيميائي محدد وثابت، من الممكن أن تكون نقيّة، أو مزيج. يمكن للمادة أن توجد في صورة غازية، سائلة، أو صلبة. كما يمكنها أن تتحول بين هذه الصور باختلاف الضغط والحرارة التي تتعرض لها المادة.

### تصنيف المواد في الكيمياء:

#### تُصنَّف المواد في الكيمياء من حيث خصائصها الكيميائية إلى أحماض وقواعد أو قلويات.

![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/u/ux/science-gcse-science-revision-carousel_ver_1.png)

## تاريخ تصنيف المواد الكيميائية إلى أحماض وقواعد.

### روبرت بويل \- القرن السابع عشر.

#### تم تصنيف المواد في الكيمياء للمرة الأولى في القرن السابع العشر على يد العالم (روبرت بويل)، حيث صنفها إلى أحماض وقواعد وقد أطلق على القواعد اسم القلويات.

#### اعتمد (روبرت بويل) في تصنيفه للأحماض والقواعد (القلويات) على عدة خصائص

#### **الأحماض**

#### **-** الأحماض مذاقها حامض.

#### **-** تعمل الأحماض على تغيير لون ورقة تباع الشمس إلى اللون الأحمر.

#### **-** للأحماض تأثير قوي على المعادن؛ فهي تتسبب في تآكلها.

#### **-** عند خلط الأحماض مع القلويات تقل نسبة حمضيتها؛ أي للقلويات تأثير قوي على الأحماض.

#### **القلويات أو القواعد**

#### **-** ملمس القلويات زلق.

#### **-** تعمل القلويات على تغيير لون ورقة تباع الشمس إلى اللون الأزرق.

#### **-** عند خلط القواعد مع الأحماض تقل نسبة قاعديتها؛ أي للأحماض تأثير على القلويات أو القواعد.

### سفانت أرهينيوس \- القرن التاسع عشر

#### ظل العلماء يحاولون دراسة الأحماض والقواعد، والتعرف على خصائصها وفهمها دون نتيجة تُذكر حتى القرن التاسع عشر، عندما توصل العالم السويدي (سفانت أرهينيوس) إلى أن الماء يذيب بعض المركبات ويحللها إلى أيونات منفردة، ومن هنا توصل إلى تعريف للأحماض، وهو أنها مركبات تحتوي ضمن عناصرها على عنصر الهيدروجين، وعند إذابتها في الماء تتحلل، وتحرر أيون الهيدروجين في المحلول.

#### كما عرّف (سفانت أرهينيوس) القواعد على أنها مركبات عند إذابتها في الماء تحرر أيونات الهيدروكسيد في المحلول.

#### لكن محاولات أرهينيوس لم تفسر بعض الخصائص لمواد معينة مثل مركّب بيكربونات الصوديوم الذي له تأثير القواعد على الرغْم من احتوائه على أيون الهيدروكسيد.

### برونستد / لوري \- عام ١٩٣٢م

#### في عام ١٩٣٢ميلاديًا عرّف العالم الدنماركي (يوهانس برونستد)، وكذلك العالم (توماس لوري) كل على حدة، ولكنها تشابها في المضمون وما توصلا له من تعريف للأحماض والقواعد.

#### تميز تعريف (بونستد \- لوري) بأنه أكثر شمولية ووضوحًا من تعريف (أرهينيوس) الذي سبقهما في بداية القرن التاسع عشر، حيث عرفا الحمض بأنه متبرع البروتون؛ حيث أنه يتبرع بأيون الهيدروجين، وهذا التعريف يتفق مع تعريف (أرهينوس).

#### أما تعريف القواعد فقد اختلف عن التعريف الذي ذهب إليه (أرهينوس)؛ حيث عرفاها على زنها مادة لها القدرة على استقبال أيون الهيدروجين من الأحماض، وبذلك ينتج الماء.

#### هذا التعريف وضّح ما يتعلق بمركب بيكربونات الصوديوم الذي لم يفسره تعريف أرهينوس؛ حيث وضح أنّ بيكربونات الصوديوم استقبل أيون الهيدروجين من حمض الهيدروكلوريك، فنتج من هذا التفاعل ملح كلوريد الصوديوم، وحمض الكربونيك الذي يتحلل وينتج الماء وغاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون.

### جيبرت لويس

#### اعتمد في تعريفه للأحماض والقواعد على أزواج الإلكترون، على عكس من سبقه من العلماء في تعريف الأحماض والقواعد باستخدام البروتون.

#### عرّف لويس الحمض على أنه مركّب يمكنه استقبال زوج من الإلكترون، أما القواعد فهي العكس، أي مركّب يمكنه إطلاق زوج من الإلكترون. لكن هذا التعريف لم يكن كافي لتفسير بعض التفاعلات.

![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/u/ux/acids-and-bases_ver_1.jpg)

## خصائص الأحماض

#### **-** للأحماض مذاق حامض حاد، ولها تأثير على الحروق إذا لمستها؛ فهي تهيجها بشكلٍ كبير.

#### **-** عند تعرض ورقة تباع الشمس الأزرق للأحماض فهي تتحول إلى اللون الأحمر.

#### **-** تتفاعل الأحماض مع الفلزات، ويتكون من هذا التفاعل غاز الهيدروجين.

#### **-** المركبات الحمضية تحتوي على الهيدروجين H ويطلق الحمض أيونات الهيدروجين H+ في الماء؛ حيث تفقد أيونات الهيدروجين إلكترون وتحمل شحنة موجبة، وتتحد جزيئات الماء مع أيونات الهيدروجين لتشكيل الهيدرونيوم +H3O

#### **ملحوظة**

#### الأيونات هي ذرات أو جزيئات اكتسبت أو فقدت إلكترونات.

#### **-** يوجد في معدة الإنسان وبعض الحيوانات أحماض، وهو حمض الهيدروكلوريك (HCL)؛ ليساعد المعدة على هضم الطعام.

#### **-** تتسبب الأحماض في تآكل المعادن، وتسبب الصدأ.

#### **-** محاليل الأحماض المائية موصلة للتيار الكهربي.

#### **-** تتفاعل الأحماض مع القواعد لتكون الأملاح والماء.

## خصائص القواعد

#### **-** للقواعد طعم مرّ قوي عند تذوقها.

#### **-** للقواعد ملمس صابوني زلق، لكن يجب توخي الحذر عند ملامستها لأنها حارقة.

#### **-** عند تعرّض ورقة تباع الشمس الأحمر للقواعد تتحوّل إلي اللون الأزرق.

#### **-** القواعد تحتوي في مركباتها على الهيدروجين والأكسجين في صورة الهيدروكسيد.

#### **-** تكوّن القواعد أيونات الهيدروكسيد -OH عندما تكون في الماء، وتكتسب إلكترون وتحمل شحنة سالبة.

#### **-** تُستخدم القواعد في تنظيف أنابيب الصرف الصحي نظرًا لقوتها، وقدرتها على التآكل وإذابة المواد.

#### **-** تُستخدم القواعد في صناعة الأسمدة، والصابون والمنظفات.

#### **-** يُسبب ملامستها للجلد بتركيز قوي الحروق، لذا فهي مواد خطرة يجب توخي الحذر عند التعامل معها.

#### **-** محاليل القواعد المائية موصلة للتيار الكهربي.

#### **-** تتفاعل مع الأحماض لتكون الأملاح والماء.

### ما هي الكواشف؟

#### الكواشف هي مواد محددة يعتمد عليها العلماء في التمييز بين الأحماض والقواعد، ومنها:

#### **برتقالي الميثيل**

#### عندما يتعرض للأحماض يصبح لونه أحمرًا، وعندما يتعرض للقواعد يصبح لونه أصفرًا.

#### **أزرق الثايمول**

#### عندما يتعرض للأحماض يتحول إلى اللون الأحمر، وعندما يتعرض للقواعد يتحول إلى اللون الأصفر.

#### **أخضر البروموكريسول**

#### عندما يتعرض إلى الأحماض يتحول لونه إلى الأصفر، وعندما يتعرض إلى القواعد يتحول لونه للأزرق.

## استخدامات القواعد أو القلويات في حياتنا اليومية والصناعات

#### **-** يُستخدم هيدروكسيد الصوديوم في صناعة الأقمشة الصناعية مثل الحرير الصناعي، كما يُستخدم في صناعة الورق، والصابون، كما يستخدمه القائمون على الصناعات الغذائية في تقشير الخضروات والفاكهة.

#### **-** يُستخدم هيدروكسيد الماغنيسيوم المعروف بحليب الماغنيسيوم في علاج الحموضة، وتسهيل عملية الهضم.

#### يعُعتمد على هيدروكسيد الأمونيوم في المختبرات العلمية.

#### **-** يُستخدم هيدروكسيد الكالسيوم في بعض الصناعات الخاصة بالمنظفات والمساحيق كمعجون الأسنان، كما يدخل في صناعة الدهانات، وصناعة الطوب والبلاط، والأعمال الخاصة بالبناء.

#### **-** بيكربونات الصوديوم تُستخدم كمكوّن رئيس في صناعة الخبز.

## استخدامات الأحماض في حياتنا اليومية والصناعات

#### **-** يُستخدم حمض الستريك في حفظ الأطعمة، ونجده في الليمون والبرتقال.

#### **-** حمض الأسيتيك وهو الخل له استخدامات متعددة منزلية، مثل التنظيف، وحفظ الأطعمة بالتخليل، والطهي.

#### **-** يُستخدم حمض الكبريتيك، وكذلك النيتريك في الأصباغ والدهانات، وصنع الأسمدة والمتفجرات، كما تعتمد صناعة البطاريات على حمض الكبريتيك كمكوّن أساسي في صناعتها.

#### **-** حمض الفوسفوريك يُستخدم في صناعة المشروبات الغازية.

#### **-** كما تعتمد صناعة الصُّلْب على حمض الهيدروكلوريك، حيث يساعد في تنظيف الصفائح المعدنية.

### كيف تُقاس مدى حموضة أو قلوية مادة معينة؟

#### لا تتشابه جميع المواد في مستوى حموضتها أو قلويتها؛ فمنها القوي ومنها الضعيف. لذلك توصل العلماء لمقياس (الأُس الهيدروجيني\- PH) حيث يُسهل هذا المقياس تصنيف المواد حسب قوتها؛ لكي يسهل التعامل معها.

#### يُقسم هذا المقياس إلى 15 رقم، يبدأ من الرقم صفر، حتى 14، والرقم 7 هو الدرجة المتعادلة بين الحموضة والقلوية، والأرقام التي دون السبعة وصولا إلى الصفر هي أشدها حموضة. أما القواعد فتعبر عنها الأرقان فوق السبعة حتى 14وهي أشدها قاعدية.

![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/u/ux/alkalis_ver_1.jpg)

#### **معلومة**

#### الماء متعادل الحموضة، لكنه يتغير بإضافة المواد له.

## الأحماض والقواعد القوية والضعيفة

#### الأحماض القوية يمكن تعريفها على أنها مركبات جزئية تتأين بشكل كامل في محاليلها المائية؛ حيث تتفكك إلى: أيون هيدروجين، وأيون سالب الشحنة.

#### ومن أمثلة الأحماض القوية: حمض الهيدروكلوريك (HCI) - حمض الهيدرويوديك (Hl) - حمض الهيدروبروميك (HBr) - حمض النيتريك - حمض الكبريتيك - حمض البيركلوريك.

#### أما الأحماض الضعيفة، فهي لا تتأين بشكل كامل في محاليلها المائية، ومثال عليها: حمض الأسيتيك؛ فهو لا يتحلل في الماء إلا بنسبة ضئيلة جدا.

#### من أمثلة الأحماض القوية، أي حمض آخر غير الأحماض الضعيفة السابقة، مثل: حمض الهيدروسانيك \- حمض كبريتيد الهيدروجين \- حمض الميثانويك \- حمض الهيدروفلوريك.

#### كما ينطبق نفس الأمر على القواعد؛ فالقاعدة القوية تتزين بشكلٍ كامل في المحلول المائي، فتنفصل أيوناتها تمامًا، وتتصنف القواعد القوية حسب قوة تأينها مثل الأحماض تماما.

#### من أمثلة القواعد القوية: هيدروكسيد الليثيوم \- هيدروكسيد الصوديوم \- هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم \- هيدروكسيد السيزيوم \- هيدروكسيد الروبيديوم.

#### أمثلة على القواعد الضعيفة: الأمونيا \- ميثيل أمين \- البيريدين.

### مجموعة ممتازة من الأنشطة والوسائل التعليمية للمساعدة على التخطيط لدروس ممتازة عن درس الأحماض والقواعد

#### لوحة ممتازة للمقياس تساعد على فهم كيفية تدرج وتقسيمه موضحة بالألوان والأرقام

[![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/image_repo/4b/27/T3-Sc-840-pH-Scale-Display-Banner_ver_1.jpg)](/resource/t3-sc-840-ph-scale-display-banner)

#### كما يمكن استخدام أوراق العمل هذه؛ لتصنيف المواد

[![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/image_repo/aa/63/T3-Sc-41-pH-Scale-Match-and-Draw_ver_1.jpg)](/resource/t3-sc-41-ph-scale-match-and-draw)

#### مجموعة من البطاقات لتستخدمها كلعبة تساعدك في شرح درس الأحماض والقواعد بطريقة مسلية

[![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/image_repo/27/37/t3-sc-199-acids-and-alkalis-can-you-guess-cards_ver_1.jpg)](/resource/t3-sc-199-acids-and-alkalis-can-you-guess-cards)

#### مسابقة في صورة مِلَفّ بوربوينت ليساعدك في درس الأحماض والقواعد

[![](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/image_repo/e2/c6/t3-sc-666-ph-scale-quiz-powerpoint_ver_1.jpg)](/resource/t3-sc-665-acids-and-alkalis-quiz-powerpoint)

#### Related Searches

[الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء ![الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء](https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tr/raw/upload/u/ux/blank-search-magnifyingglass_ver_1.png)](/search?q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1&c=226&r=teacher&fl=12&fco=4213 "Search الأحماض والقواعد في الكيمياء")

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