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2022 saw record temperatures in Europe and across the world | Copernicus
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Global Climate Highlights 2022


2022 saw record temperatures in Europe and across the world


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- 2022 saw record temperatures in Europe and across the world


Date: 9th January 2023

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**Summary**

1. [1. Europe’s warmest summer](#c937fb19-c520-4358-8a47-18aeb9ad3078)
2. [2. Record temperatures in polar regions and tropics](#d2de33b9-4d21-40ea-a64f-0ee687168824)
3. [3. Highest CO2 levels in 2 million years](#2d83394f-64f5-4e7b-8bd8-40909c880a39)

_The Copernicus Climate Change Service (\*C3S) has published its 2022 Global Climate Highlights, which show 2022 to have been a year of extremes, with many temperature records broken and a continued rise in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Summer 2022 was the hottest on record for Europe and, overall, last year was the second warmest year on record for Europe, while globally it was the fifth warmest._

The [**2022 Global Climate Highlights,**](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2022) which summarise the past year’s temperatures, greenhouse gas concentrations and significant climate and weather events, show that several temperature records were broken both in Europe and across the world, while other extreme events such as drought and flooding affected large regions.

## Europe’s warmest summer

Europe saw its hottest summer ever recorded (the previous hottest summer was in 2021) and several prolonged and intense heatwaves affected parts of western and northern Europe. Autumn was the third warmest on record, only beaten by 2020 and 2006, while winter temperatures were around 1°C above average. Conversely, spring temperatures for Europe as a whole were just below the average of the 1991-2020 reference period. In terms of monthly averages, nine months were above average, while three (March, April and September) were below average. The continent experienced its second warmest June ever recorded at about 1.6°C above average and its warmest October, with temperatures nearly 2°C above average.

Temperatures in Europe across the year were the second warmest on record, exceeded only by 2020, which was 0.3°C warmer than last year. All of Europe, with the exception of Iceland saw annual temperatures above the 1991-2020 average. Temperatures were most above average in the western part of the continent where several countries saw their warmest year on record, while most others saw annual temperatures in the top three rankings.

![Ranking of 2022 surface air temperatures by country over the period since 1950. Data source: ERA5. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF.](/sites/default/files/inline-images/Web%201920x1080_Temp_4_frame.png)_Ranking of 2022 surface air temperatures by country over the period since 1950. Data source: ERA5. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF._

The unusual warmth in late spring and summer in Europe combined with a lack of rain, clear skies and dry soils, brought drought conditions especially to the southern and central parts of the continent. Many countries reported impacts on agriculture, river transport and energy management. Extremely dry conditions also led to increased fire danger resulting in unusually high fire activity in southwestern Europe, especially France and Spain.

"2022 was yet another year of climate extremes across Europe and globally. These events highlight that we are already experiencing the devastating consequences of our warming world. The latest 2022 Climate Highlights from C3S provide clear evidence that avoiding the worst consequences will require society to both urgently reduce carbon emissions and swiftly adapt to the changing climate,” said C3S Deputy Director Samantha Burgess.

Globally, during 2022, the world experienced its fifth warmest year on record, according to the C3S ERA5 dataset. So far, the hottest years on record globally are 2016, 2020, 2019 and 2017 respectively. According to ERA5, the annual average temperature was 0.3°C above the reference period of 1991-2020, which equates to approximately 1.2°C higher than the period 1850-1900, typically used as a proxy for the pre-industrial era. This makes 2022 the eighth year in a row with temperatures more than 1°C above the pre-industrial level.

![Annual averages of the estimated global surface temperature increase above the 1991–2020 (left-hand axis) and 1850–1900 (right-hand axis) reference levels. 2022 is according to ERA5 only, all other years according to six different datasets. Data sources: ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF.](/sites/default/files/inline-images/C3S_2022_Global_Climate_highlights_temperature_global_average-wf_0.png)_Annual averages of the estimated global surface temperature increase above the 1991–2020 (left-hand axis) and 1850–1900 (right-hand axis) reference levels. 2022 is according to ERA5 only, all other years according to six different datasets. Data sources: ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF._

For 2022, temperatures were more than 2°C above the 1991–2020 average over parts of northern central Siberia and along the Antarctic Peninsula. The regions that saw the warmest year on record include large parts of western Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and China, South Korea, New Zealand, north-western Africa and the Horn of Africa.

## Record temperatures in polar regions and tropics

Both polar regions saw episodes of record temperatures during 2022. March saw the Antarctic experience an intense warm period with temperatures well above average. At the Vostok station, in the interior of East Antarctica, for example, the reported temperature reached -17.7°C, the warmest ever measured in its 65-year record. During September, temperatures over Greenland were 8°C higher than average with C3S data showing that almost all of the country experienced average temperatures higher than in any September since at least 1979, associated with prevailing winds from the south and southwest that were warmer than normal.

The Antarctic saw unusually low sea ice conditions throughout the year, with six months seeing record or near-record low Antarctic Sea ice extents for the corresponding month. During the latter half of February, Antarctic daily sea ice extent reached a new record low, bypassing the previous minimum reached in 2017. The low sea ice extents came primarily from below-average sea ice conditions in the Weddell Sea throughout most of the year, in the Ross and Amundsen Seas until April, and in the Bellingshausen Sea from April onward.

![Time series of Antarctic daily sea ice extent for 2022 (red), 2021 (blue) and all other years since 1979 (grey) and the daily median during 1991-2020 (dark grey).](/sites/default/files/inline-images/timeseries_daily_sea-ice-extent_antarctic_all_years_0.png)

![Time series of annual mean Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies for all years from 1979 to 2022. The anomalies are expressed as a percentage of the average for the period 1991-2020. ](/sites/default/files/inline-images/timeseries_annual_sea-ice-extent_antarctic_0.png)

_Left: Time series of Antarctic daily sea ice extent for 2022 (red), 2021 (blue) and all other years since 1979 (grey) and the daily median during 1991-2020 (dark grey). Right: Time series of annual mean Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies for all years from 1979 to 2022. The anomalies are expressed as a percentage of the average for the period 1991-2020. Data source: EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.1. Credit: C3S/ECMWF/EUMETSAT._

In the tropical and subtropical regions, extremely high pre-monsoon temperatures in Pakistan and northern India resulted in prolonged spring heatwave conditions and record-breaking maximum and minimum temperatures. Central and eastern China experienced long-lived heatwave conditions with subsequent drought during the summer.

In July and August, Pakistan saw record-breaking rainfall leading to large-scale flooding over large parts of the country causing widespread destruction and loss of life. Australia also experienced below average temperatures, with unusually wet conditions throughout much of the year, especially in the east of the continent, with several episodes of widespread flooding, a situation typically associated with persisting La Niña conditions and likely accentuated by saturated soils.

## Highest CO2 levels in 2 million years

Together with the [Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (\*CAMS),](https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/) C3S reveals that atmospheric greenhouse gases continued to increase in 2022. Preliminary analysis of satellite data averaged over the whole atmospheric column shows that carbon dioxide concentrations rose by approximately 2.1 ppm, while methane rose by around 12 ppb. This resulted in an annual average for 2022 of approximately 417 ppm for carbon dioxide and 1894 ppb for methane. For both gases this is the highest concentrations from the satellite record, and by including other records, the highest levels for over 2 million years for carbon dioxide and over 800 000 years for methane.

![Monthly global mean atmospheric CO2 (left) and CH4 (right) column-averaged concentration from satellites for 2003-2022 (red curve) and 12-months average (black curve). Data source: C3S/Obs4MIPs (v4.4) consolidated (2003–2021) and CAMS preliminary near real-time data (2022) GOSAT records. Spatial range: 60S - 60N over land. Credit: C3S/CAMS/ECMWF/University of Bremen/SRON.](/sites/default/files/inline-images/C3S_2022_Global_Climate_highlights_GHG_timeseries-v2-wf_0.png)_Monthly global mean atmospheric CO2 (left) and CH4 (right) column-averaged concentration from satellites for 2003-2022 (red curve) and 12-months average (black curve). Data source: C3S/Obs4MIPs (v4.4) consolidated (2003–2021) and CAMS preliminary near real-time data (2022) GOSAT records. Spatial range: 60S - 60N over land. Credit: C3S/CAMS/ECMWF/University of Bremen/SRON._

Annual global total emissions from vegetation fires continue to decline in relation to land use changes and declining savannah fires in the tropics. However, scientists from CAMS monitored significantly increased fire emissions in some regions of Europe where hotter and drier conditions contributed to increased flammability and fire danger. As a result, the total estimated summer (June-August) emissions from wildfires in the European Union and United Kingdom were the highest since 2007. France, Spain, Germany, and Slovenia experienced their highest summer wildfire emissions for at least the last 20 years, contributing to degraded air quality locally.

“Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, are the main drivers of climate change and we can see from our monitoring activities that atmospheric concentrations are continuing to rise each year with no signs of slowing,” said CAMS Director Vincent-Henri Peuch. “Our ongoing efforts towards an operational verification capacity of CO2 and CH4 will provide immensely useful tools to objectively assess the effectiveness of climate change mitigation measures.”

You can access the 2022 Global Climate Highlights [here](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2022?utm_source=press&utm_medium=referral). C3S will comprehensively review various 2022 climate events in Europe in its annual [European State of the Climate](https://climate.copernicus.eu/esotc/), due to be published in April 2023. Previous editions can be found [here](https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC).

\*C3S and CAMS are implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf of the European Commission.

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### RELATED CONTENT

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[Global Climate Highlights 2022](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2022)

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[Press Resources](https://climate.copernicus.eu/notes-editors)

[Press Conference Livestream](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-QTuIEf_H4)

[Press Release](https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-2022-was-year-climate-extremes-record-high-temperatures-and-rising-concentrations)

### FURTHER READING

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Europe continued to swelter in July\
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Following two months of intense heat in May and June, Europe continued to swelter in July with an intense and prolonged heatwave that started in Spain and Portugal before spreading further north and east, towards France, the United Kingdom, central Europe and Scandinavia.](/europe-continued-swelter-july) [![August 2022](/sites/default/files/styles/preview_fixed_height_wide/public/2022-09/map_JJA_anomaly_Global_ea_2t_202206-202208_1991-2020_v02.png?itok=zFj8bHr1)\
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C3S Climate Bulletin shows summer 2022 was Europe’s warmest on record\
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C3S Climate Bulletin shows summer 2022 was Europe’s warmest on record](/c3s-climate-bulletin-shows-summer-2022-was-europes-warmest-record) [![Flooding in Pakistan](/sites/default/files/styles/preview_fixed_height_wide/public/2022-09/iStock-1423667422_0.jpg?itok=DnM86DUg)\
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Seasonal review: Europe’s record-breaking summer\
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In addition to surface temperature, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has been monitoring other essential climate variables, such as precipitation, soil moisture and river discharge.](/seasonal-review-europes-record-breaking-summer)

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