BASE jumping - Wikipedia
BASE jumping is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a parachute to descend to the ground. BASE is an acronym that stands for four ...
[update]
Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially.[12] The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of May 2017<anchor>[update]</anchor>, over 2,000 BASE numbers have been issued.[13]
BASE jumping - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [1.1Precursors](#Precursors)
  - [1.2Birth of B.A.S.E. jumping](#Birth_of_B.A.S.E._jumping)
  - [1.3BASE numbers](#BASE_numbers)
- [2Equipment](#Equipment)Toggle Equipment subsection  - [2.1Parachute](#Parachute)
  - [2.2Harness and container](#Harness_and_container)
  - [2.3Clothing](#Clothing)
- [3Technique](#Technique)Toggle Technique subsection  - [3.1Low BASE jumps](#Low_BASE_jumps)
  - [3.2High BASE jumps](#High_BASE_jumps)
  - [3.3Tandem BASE jumps](#Tandem_BASE_jumps)
- [4Records](#Records)
- [5Competitions](#Competitions)
- [6Notable jumps](#Notable_jumps)
- [7Comparison with skydiving](#Comparison_with_skydiving)
- [8Legality](#Legality)Toggle Legality subsection  - [8.1U.S. National Parks](#U.S._National_Parks)
- [9Safety](#Safety)
- [10References](#References)
- [11Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [12External links](#External_links)

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# BASE jumping

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- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_BASE "Salt BASE – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neidio_BASE "Neidio BASE – Welsh")
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- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82 "Άλμα βάσης – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salto_BASE "Salto BASE – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_saltado "BASE saltado – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jauzi "BASE jauzi – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE "بیس جامپ – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-jump "Base-jump – French")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%90%ED%95%91 "베이스 점핑 – Korean")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6 "बीएएसई कूद – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_skakanje "BASE skakanje – Croatian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_jumping "Base jumping – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1 "קפיצת בסיס – Hebrew")
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- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basejumpen "Basejumpen – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0 "ベースジャンピング – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE-hopping "BASE-hopping – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Portuguese")
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- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Slovenian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_skakanje "BASE skakanje – Serbian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE-hypp%C3%A4%C3%A4minen "BASE-hyppääminen – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE-hoppning "BASE-hoppning – Swedish")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3 "Бейс-джампінг – Ukrainian")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B7%B3%E4%BC%9E "低空跳伞 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sport of jumping from fixed objects using a parachute

BASE jump in Oman, 2013[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BASE_Jumping_from_Sapphire_Tower_in_Istanbul.jpg/260px-BASE_Jumping_from_Sapphire_Tower_in_Istanbul.jpg)](/wiki/File:BASE_Jumping_from_Sapphire_Tower_in_Istanbul.jpg) BASE jumping from [Sapphire Tower](/wiki/Istanbul_Sapphire "Istanbul Sapphire"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul")

**BASE jumping** ([/beɪs/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")) is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a [parachute](/wiki/Parachute "Parachute") to descend to the ground. BASE is an [acronym](/wiki/Acronym "Acronym") that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: [buildings](/wiki/Building "Building"), [antennas](/wiki/Antenna_(radio) "Antenna (radio)") (referring to [radio masts](/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers "Radio masts and towers")), [spans](/wiki/Span_(engineering) "Span (engineering)") ( [bridges](/wiki/Bridge "Bridge")) and earth ( [cliffs](/wiki/Cliff "Cliff")).[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) Participants jump from a fixed object such as a cliff and after an optional [freefall](/wiki/Freefall "Freefall") delay deploy a parachute to slow their descent and land. A popular form of BASE jumping is [wingsuit BASE jumping](/wiki/Wingsuit_flying#Wingsuit_BASE "Wingsuit flying").

In contrast to other forms of [parachuting](/wiki/Parachuting "Parachuting"), such as [skydiving](/wiki/Skydiving "Skydiving") from airplanes, BASE jumps are performed from fixed objects that are generally at much lower altitudes, and BASE jumpers only carry one parachute.
BASE jumping is significantly more hazardous than other forms of parachuting and is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous [extreme sports](/wiki/Extreme_sports "Extreme sports").[\[3\]](#cite_note-ch-trib-thrill-3)

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

### Precursors

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Precursors")\]

[Fausto Veranzio](/wiki/Fausto_Veranzio "Fausto Veranzio") is widely believed to have been the first person to build and test a parachute,[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) by jumping from [St Mark's Campanile](/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile "St Mark's Campanile") in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") in 1617 when he was more than 65 years old.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) However these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not the actual systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting.

### Birth of B.A.S.E. jumping

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Birth of B.A.S.E. jumping")\]

There are precursors to the sport dating back hundreds of years.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) In 1966 [Michael Pelkey](/wiki/Michael_Pelkey "Michael Pelkey") and [Brian Schubert](/wiki/Brian_Schubert "Brian Schubert") jumped from [El Capitan](/wiki/El_Capitan "El Capitan") in [Yosemite National Park](/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park "Yosemite National Park").[\[7\]](#cite_note-johnnyutah_com-7) The acronym B.A.S.E. (now more commonly BASE) was later coined by filmmaker [Carl Boenish](/wiki/Carl_Boenish "Carl Boenish"), his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) Carl Boenish was an important catalyst behind modern BASE jumping and in 1978 he filmed jumps from El Capitan made using ram-air parachutes and the [freefall tracking technique](/wiki/Tracking_(skydiving) "Tracking (skydiving)").[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.

After 1978 the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as an actual publicity exercise or as a movie stunt but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after a BASE jump off the [Troll Wall](/wiki/Troll_Wall "Troll Wall"). By this time the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps.

During the early eighties nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on, specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for the unique needs of BASE jumping.

Nowadays, recognizing the sport's growing appeal and the potential for high-impact marketing, companies such as Red Bull [\[11\]](#cite_note-11) have stepped in to sponsor athletes, further elevating the sport's profile.

### BASE numbers

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: BASE numbers")\]

BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories (buildings, antennae, spans and earth). When Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield jumped together from a Houston skyscraper on 18 January 1981, they became the first to attain the exclusive BASE numbers (BASE #1 and #2, respectively), having already jumped from an antenna, [spans](/wiki/Span_(engineering) "Span (engineering)"), and earthen objects. Jean and Carl Boenish qualified for BASE numbers 3 and 4 soon after. A separate "award" was soon enacted for Night BASE jumping when Mayfield completed each category at night, becoming Night BASE #1, with Smith qualifying a few weeks later.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/04KJER0243.jpg/240px-04KJER0243.jpg)](/wiki/File:04KJER0243.jpg) Jumpers from a cliff wearing tracking suits

Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially.[\[12\]](#cite_note-numbers-12) The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of May 2017[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit), over 2,000 BASE numbers have been issued.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

## Equipment

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Equipment")\]

In the early days of BASE jumping, people used modified skydiving gear, such as by removing the deployment bag and [slider](/wiki/Slider_(parachuting) "Slider (parachuting)"), stowing the lines in a tail pocket, and fitting a large [pilot chute](/wiki/Pilot_chute "Pilot chute"). However, modified skydiving gear is then prone to kinds of malfunction that are rare in normal skydiving (such as "line-overs" and broken lines). Modern purpose-built BASE jumping equipment is considered to be much safer and more reliable.

### Parachute

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Parachute")\]

The biggest difference in gear is that skydivers jump with both a main and a reserve parachute, while BASE jumpers carry only one parachute. BASE jumping parachutes are larger than skydiving parachutes and are typically flown with a [wing loading](/wiki/Wing_loading "Wing loading") of around 3.4 kg/m2 (0.7 lb/sq ft). Vents are one element that make a parachute suitable for BASE jumping.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) BASE jumpers often use extra large pilot chutes to compensate for lower airspeed parachute deployments. On jumps from lower [altitudes](/wiki/Altitude "Altitude"), the [slider](/wiki/Slider_(parachuting) "Slider (parachuting)") is removed for faster parachute opening.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15)

### Harness and container

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Harness and container")\]

BASE jumpers use a single-parachute harness and container system. Since there is only a single parachute, BASE jumping containers are mechanically much simpler than skydiving containers. This simplicity contributes to the safety and reliability of BASE jumping gear by eliminating many malfunctions that can occur with more complicated skydiving equipment. Since there is no reserve parachute, there is little need to [cut-away](/wiki/Cut-away "Cut-away") their parachute, and many BASE harnesses do not contain a [3-ring release system](/wiki/3-ring_release_system "3-ring release system"). A modern ultralight BASE system including parachute, container, and harness can weigh as little as 3.9 kilograms (8.6 lb).[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

### Clothing

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Clothing")\]

When jumping from high mountains, BASE jumpers will often use special clothing to improve control and flight characteristics in the air. [Wingsuit flying](/wiki/Wingsuit_flying "Wingsuit flying") has become a popular form of BASE jumping in recent years, that allows jumpers to glide over long horizontal distances. Tracking suits inflate like wingsuits to give additional lift to jumpers, but maintain separation of arms and legs to allow for greater mobility and safety.

## Technique

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Technique")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)

This section **does not [cite](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") any [sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this section](/wiki/Special:EditPage/BASE_jumping "Special:EditPage/BASE jumping") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence "Wikipedia:Verifiability")._(July 2023)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

BASE jumps can be broadly classified into low jumps and high jumps. The primary distinguishing characteristic of low BASE jumps versus high BASE jumps is the use of a [slider](/wiki/Slider_(parachuting) "Slider (parachuting)") reefing device to control the opening speed of the parachute, and whether the jumper falls long enough to reach [terminal velocity](/wiki/Terminal_velocity "Terminal velocity").

### Low BASE jumps

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Low BASE jumps")\]

Low BASE jumps are those where the jumper does not reach terminal velocity. Sometimes referred to as "slider down" jumps because they are typically performed without a [slider](/wiki/Slider_(parachuting) "Slider (parachuting)") reefing device on the parachute. The lack of a slider enables the parachute to open more quickly. Other techniques for low BASE jumps include the use of a [static line](/wiki/Static_line "Static line"), direct bag, or P.C.A. (pilot chute assist). These devices form an attachment between the parachute and the jump platform, which stretches out the parachute and suspension lines as the jumper falls, before separating and allowing the parachute to inflate. This enables the very lowest jumps—below 60 metres (200 ft) to be made. It is common in the UK to jump from around the 50 metres (150 ft) mark, due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Base jumpers have been known to jump from objects as low as 30 metres (100 ft), which leaves little to no canopy time and requires an immediate flare to land safely.

### High BASE jumps

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: High BASE jumps")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wingsuit_men_getting_ready.jpg/220px-Wingsuit_men_getting_ready.jpg)](/wiki/File:Wingsuit_men_getting_ready.jpg) Wingsuit pilots getting ready to jump

Many BASE jumpers are motivated to make jumps from higher objects involving [free fall](/wiki/Free_fall "Free fall"). High BASE jumps are those which are high enough for the jumper to reach terminal velocity. High BASE jumps are often called "slider up" jumps due to the use of a slider reefing device.
High BASE jumps present different hazards than low BASE jumps. With greater height and airspeed, jumpers can fly away from the cliff during freefall, allowing them to deploy their parachute far away from the cliff they jumped from and significantly reduce the chance of object striking. However, high BASE jumps also present new hazards such as complications resulting from the use of a [wingsuit](/wiki/Wingsuit_flying "Wingsuit flying").

### Tandem BASE jumps

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Tandem BASE jumps")\]

Tandem BASE jumping is when a skilled pilot jumps with a passenger attached to their front. It is similar to skydiving and is offered in the US and many other countries. Tandem BASE is becoming a more accessible and legal form of BASE jumping.

## Records

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Records")\]

LowestGo Fast Basejumper Johan Vervoort jumps from the 24 meters tall observation tower in the town of [Herentals](/wiki/Herentals "Herentals") the exit point was 2 meters below the top of the tower, making the jump 22 meters highBiggest_[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records")_ first listed a BASE jumping record with [Carl Boenish](/wiki/Carl_Boenish "Carl Boenish")'s 1984 leap from Trollveggen ( [Troll Wall](/wiki/Troll_Wall "Troll Wall")) in Norway. It was described as the highest BASE jump. The jump was made two days before Boenish's death at the same site.Highest altitudeOn August 26, 1992, Australians Nic Feteris and Glenn Singleman made a BASE jump from an altitude of 6,286 metres (20,623 ft) jump off Great [Trango Towers](/wiki/Trango_Towers "Trango Towers") Pakistan. It was the world's highest BASE jump off the earth at the time.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

On May 23, 2006, Australians Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan made a BASE jump from an altitude of 6,604 metres (21,667 ft) off [Meru Peak](/wiki/Meru_Peak "Meru Peak") in Northern India. They jumped in wingsuits.

On May 5, 2013, Russian [Valery Rozov](/wiki/Valery_Rozov "Valery Rozov") jumped off [Changtse](/wiki/Changtse "Changtse") (the northern peak of the [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") massif) from a height of 7,220 metres (23,690 ft). Using a specially-developed wingsuit, he glided down to the [Rongbuk glacier](/wiki/Rongbuk_glacier "Rongbuk glacier") more than 1,000 meters below, setting a new world record for highest altitude base jump.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18) He had previously jumped off mountains in Asia, Antarctica and South America in 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012.

On October 5, 2016, Rozov broke his own record for highest altitude BASE jump when he leapt from a height of 7,700 metres (25,300 ft) from [Cho Oyu](/wiki/Cho_Oyu "Cho Oyu"), the sixth-highest mountain in the world, landing on a glacier approximately two minutes later at an altitude of around 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). He later died while attempting another high-altitude BASE jump in Nepal in 2017.

OtherOther records include Captain Daniel G. Schilling setting the Guinness World Record for the most BASE jumps in a twenty-four-hour period. Schilling jumped off the [Perrine Bridge](/wiki/Perrine_Bridge "Perrine Bridge") in Twin Falls, Idaho, a record 201 times on July 8, 2006. In 2018 at Eikesdalen, Norway a world record was set with 69 BASE jumpers jumping from the cliff Katthammaren.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)

## Competitions

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Competitions")\]

BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free-fall aerobatics used as the judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the 452 metres (1,483 ft) high [Petronas Towers](/wiki/Petronas_Towers "Petronas Towers") in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy.[\[20\]](#cite_note-20) In 2012 the World Wingsuit League held their first wingsuit BASE jumping competition in China.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)

## Notable jumps

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Notable jumps")\]

- February 2, 1912, [Frederick R. Law](/wiki/Rodman_Law "Rodman Law") parachuted from the top of the torch of the [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty "Statue of Liberty"), 93 metres (305 ft) above the ground.[\[22\]](#cite_note-22)
- February 4, 1912, [Franz Reichelt](/wiki/Franz_Reichelt "Franz Reichelt"), tailor, jumped from the first deck of the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower") testing his invention, the coat parachute, and died when he hit the ground. It was his first-ever attempt with the parachute and both the authorities and the spectators believed he intended to test it using a dummy.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)
- In 1913, it is claimed that [Štefan Banič](/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Bani%C4%8D "Štefan Banič") successfully jumped from a 15-story building to demonstrate his [parachute](/wiki/Parachute "Parachute") design.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](#cite_note-obit-25)
- In 1913, Russian student Vladimir Ossovski (Владимир Оссовский), from the Saint-Petersburg Conservatory, jumped from the 53-meter high bridge over the river Seine in Rouen (France), using the parachute RK-1, invented a year before that by [Gleb Kotelnikov](/wiki/Gleb_Kotelnikov "Gleb Kotelnikov") (1872–1944). Ossovski planned to jump from the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower") too, but the Parisian authorities did not allow it.[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)
- In 1965, Erich Felbermayr from [Wels](/wiki/Wels "Wels") jumped from the [Kleine Zinne / Cima piccola di Lavaredo](/wiki/Tre_Cime_di_Lavaredo "Tre Cime di Lavaredo") in the [Dolomites](/wiki/Dolomites "Dolomites").[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)
- In 1966, [Michael Pelkey](/wiki/Michael_Pelkey "Michael Pelkey") and [Brian Schubert](/wiki/Brian_Schubert "Brian Schubert") jumped from [El Capitan](/wiki/El_Capitan "El Capitan") in the [Yosemite Valley](/wiki/Yosemite_Valley "Yosemite Valley").[\[7\]](#cite_note-johnnyutah_com-7)
- On January 31, 1972, [Rick Sylvester](/wiki/Rick_Sylvester "Rick Sylvester") skied off Yosemite Valley's El Capitan, making the first [ski-BASE jump](/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping "Ski-BASE jumping").[\[28\]](#cite_note-28)
- On November 9, 1975, the first person to parachute off the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), Canada, was Bill Eustace, a member of the tower's construction crew. He was fired.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)
- On July 22, 1975, [Owen J. Quinn](/wiki/Owen_J._Quinn "Owen J. Quinn") parachuted from the North Tower of the [World Trade Center](/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001) "World Trade Center (1973-2001)") to publicize the plight of the poor.[\[30\]](#cite_note-fire-life-safety-30)
- In 1976, [Rick Sylvester](/wiki/Rick_Sylvester "Rick Sylvester") skied off Canada's [Mount Asgard](/wiki/Mount_Asgard "Mount Asgard") for the ski chase sequence of the James Bond movie _[The Spy Who Loved Me](/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film) "The Spy Who Loved Me (film)")_, giving the wider world its first look at BASE jumping.[\[31\]](#cite_note-31)
- In 1979, Santee, California skydiver Roger Worthington completed one of the first "Span" jumps when he successfully parachuted off of the newly constructed 140 metres (450 ft) [Pine Valley Creek Bridge](/wiki/Pine_Valley_Creek_Bridge "Pine Valley Creek Bridge") (A.K.A. Nello Irwin Greer Memorial Bridge) on Interstate 8 in San Diego County. Upon take off he held a red smoke flare in each hand. When interviewed afterward he claimed to know of no other "bridge jumpers" in the country.[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)
- On February 22, 1982, Wayne Allwood, an Australian skydiving accuracy champion, parachuted from a helicopter over the [Sydney CBD](/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district "Sydney central business district") and landed on the small top area of Sydney's [Centrepoint Tower](/wiki/Sydney_Tower_Eye "Sydney Tower Eye"), approximately 300 metres (980 ft) above the ground. Upon landing, Allwood discarded and secured his parachute, then used a full-sized reserve parachute to BASE jump into Hyde Park below.[\[33\]](#cite_note-33)
- In 1986, [Welshman](/wiki/Welsh_people "Welsh people") [Eric Jones](/wiki/Eric_Jones_(climber) "Eric Jones (climber)") became the first person to BASE jump from the [Eiger](/wiki/Eiger "Eiger").
- On October 22, 1999, Jan Davis died while attempting a BASE jump from [El Capitan](/wiki/El_Capitan "El Capitan") in Yosemite Valley. Davis' jump was part of an organized act of civil disobedience protesting the NPS air delivery regulations (36 CFR 2.17(a)), which make BASE jumping illegal in national park areas.
- In 2000, [Hannes Arch](/wiki/Hannes_Arch "Hannes Arch") and [Ueli Gegenschatz](/wiki/Ueli_Gegenschatz "Ueli Gegenschatz") were the first to BASE jump from the 1800-metre-high north face of the [Eiger](/wiki/Eiger "Eiger").[\[34\]](#cite_note-34)
- In 2005, [Karina Hollekim](/wiki/Karina_Hollekim "Karina Hollekim") became the first woman to perform a ski-BASE.
- In 2009, three women—29-year-old Australian Livia Dickie, 28-year-old Venezuelan Ana Isabel Dao, and 32-year-old Norwegian Anniken Binz—BASE jumped from [Angel Falls](/wiki/Angel_Falls "Angel Falls"), the highest waterfall in the world.[\[35\]](#cite_note-35)
- On September 11, 2013, the first Suspension BASE jump was made ( [Power tower in Konakovo](/wiki/Konakovo_Power_Station "Konakovo Power Station"))
- In September 2013, three men parachuted off the then-under-construction [One World Trade Center](/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center "One World Trade Center") in New York City. Footage of their jump was recorded using head cams and can be seen on YouTube.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) In March 2014, the three jumpers turned themselves in.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37) They were sentenced to community service and a fine.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)

## Comparison with skydiving

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Comparison with skydiving")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/03WAVRE006b.jpg/220px-03WAVRE006b.jpg)](/wiki/File:03WAVRE006b.jpg) BASE jumping from an antenna tower

BASE jumps are typically performed from much lower altitudes than in skydiving. Skydivers are required to deploy their main parachute above 610 metres (2,000 ft) altitude.[\[39\]](#cite_note-39) BASE jumps are frequently made from less than 148 metres (486 ft).[\[40\]](#cite_note-40) A BASE jump from a 148 metres (486 ft) object is only about 5.6 seconds from the ground if the jumper remains in free fall. Standard skydiving parachute systems are not designed for this situation, so BASE jumpers use specially designed harnesses and parachute systems.

Many BASE jumps, particularly in the UK are made from around 45 metres (150 ft) due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Jumpers will use a static line method to ensure their canopy is extracted as they jump, as at this height, it is too low to freefall.

BASE jumps generally entail slower airspeeds than typical skydives (due to the limited altitude), a BASE jumper does not always reach [terminal velocity](/wiki/Terminal_velocity "Terminal velocity"). Skydivers use the airflow to stabilize their position. BASE jumpers, falling at lower speeds, have less aerodynamic control. The [attitude](/wiki/Aircraft_attitude "Aircraft attitude") of the body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability. On low BASE jumps, parachute deployment takes place during this early phase of flight. If the parachute is deployed while the jumper is unstable, there is a high risk of entanglement or malfunction. The jumper may also not be facing the right direction. Such an off-heading opening is not as problematic in skydiving, but an off-heading opening that results in object strike has caused many serious injuries and deaths in BASE jumping.

BASE jumps are more hazardous than skydives primarily due to proximity to the object serving as the jump platform. BASE jumping frequently occurs in mountainous terrain, often having much smaller areas in which to land in comparison to a typical skydiving dropzone. BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than similar sports such as [skydiving](/wiki/Skydiving "Skydiving") from aircraft.[\[3\]](#cite_note-ch-trib-thrill-3)

## Legality

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Legality")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BASE_jumping_-_Perrine_Bridge.jpg/220px-BASE_jumping_-_Perrine_Bridge.jpg)](/wiki/File:BASE_jumping_-_Perrine_Bridge.jpg) A BASE jumper leaving the [Perrine Bridge](/wiki/Perrine_Bridge "Perrine Bridge") in [Twin Falls, Idaho](/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho "Twin Falls, Idaho")

BASE jumping is generally not illegal in most places. However, in some cases such as building and antenna jumps, jumping is often done covertly without the permission of owners, which can lead to charges such as trespassing. In some jurisdictions it may be permissible to use land until specifically told not to. The [Perrine Bridge](/wiki/Perrine_Bridge "Perrine Bridge") in [Twin Falls, Idaho](/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho "Twin Falls, Idaho"), is an example of a man-made structure in the United States where BASE jumping is allowed year-round without a permit.

In U.S. National Parks, BASE jumping is generally prohibited, unless special permission is given. Other U.S. public land, including land controlled by the [Bureau of Land Management](/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management "Bureau of Land Management"), does not ban air delivery, and there are numerous jumpable objects on BLM land.[\[41\]](#cite_note-41)

The legal position is different at other sites and in other countries. For example, in Norway's [Lysefjord](/wiki/Lysefjord "Lysefjord") (from the mountain [Kjerag](/wiki/Kjerag "Kjerag")), BASE jumpers are made welcome.[\[42\]](#cite_note-:0-42)[\[43\]](#cite_note-43) Many sites in the European Alps, near [Chamonix](/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix") and on the [Eiger](/wiki/Eiger "Eiger"), are also open to jumpers. Some other Norwegian places, like the [Troll Wall](/wiki/Troll_Wall "Troll Wall"), are banned because of dangerous rescue missions in the past.[\[42\]](#cite_note-:0-42) In Austria, jumping from mountain cliffs is generally allowed, whereas the use of bridges (such as the [Europabruecke](/wiki/Europabruecke "Europabruecke") near [Innsbruck](/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck"), [Tirol](/wiki/Tirol_(state) "Tirol (state)")) or dams is generally prohibited. Australia has some of the toughest stances on BASE jumping: it specifically bans BASE jumping from certain objects, such as the [Sydney Harbour Bridge](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge "Sydney Harbour Bridge").[\[44\]](#cite_note-44)

### U.S. National Parks

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: U.S. National Parks")\]

The [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") has banned BASE jumping in [U.S. National Parks](/wiki/US_National_Parks "US National Parks"). The authority comes from 36 CFR 2.17(3), which prohibits, "Delivering or retrieving a person or object by parachute, helicopter, or other airborne means, except in emergencies involving public safety or serious property loss, or pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit." Under that Regulation, BASE is not banned, but is allowable if a permit is issued by the Superintendent. The 2001 National Park Service Management Policies state that BASE "is not an appropriate public use activity within national park areas ..." (2001 Management Policy 8.2.2.7.) However, Policy 8.2.2.7 in the 2006 volume of National Park Service Management Policies, which superseded the 2001 edition, states "Parachuting (or BASE jumping), whether from an aircraft, structure, or natural feature, is generally prohibited by 36 CFR 2.17(a)(3). However, if determined through a park planning process to be an appropriate activity, it may be allowed pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit."

Once a year, on the third Saturday in October (" [Bridge Day](/wiki/Bridge_Day "Bridge Day")"), permission to BASE jump has explicitly been granted at the [New River Gorge Bridge](/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridge "New River Gorge Bridge") in [Fayetteville, West Virginia](/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginia "Fayetteville, West Virginia"). The New River Gorge Bridge deck is 267 metres (876 ft) above the river. This annual event attracts about 450 BASE jumpers and nearly 200,000 spectators.[\[45\]](#cite_note-bridge-day-45) 1,100 jumps may occur during the six hours that it is legal, providing conditions are suitable.

During the early days of BASE jumping, the NPS issued permits that authorized jumps from [El Capitan](/wiki/El_Capitan "El Capitan"). This program ran for three months in 1980 and then collapsed amid allegations of abuse by unauthorized jumpers. The NPS has since vigorously enforced the ban, charging jumpers with "aerial delivery into a National Park". One jumper drowned in the [Merced River](/wiki/Merced_River "Merced River") while evading arresting park rangers, having declared "No way are they gonna get me. Let them chase me—I'll just laugh in their faces and jump in the river".[\[46\]](#cite_note-46) Despite incidents like this one, illegal jumps continue in Yosemite at a rate estimated at a few hundred per year, often at night or dawn. El Capitan, [Half Dome](/wiki/Half_Dome "Half Dome"), and [Glacier Point](/wiki/Glacier_Point "Glacier Point") have been used as jump sites.

## Safety

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Safety")\]

See also: [List of fatalities due to wingsuit flying](/wiki/List_of_fatalities_due_to_wingsuit_flying "List of fatalities due to wingsuit flying")

A study of BASE jumping fatalities estimated that the overall annual fatality risk in 2002 was one fatality per 60 participants.[\[47\]](#cite_note-47) A study of 20,850 BASE jumps from the [Kjerag Massif](/wiki/Kjerag "Kjerag") in Norway reported nine fatalities over the 11-year period from 1995 to 2005, or one in every 2,317 jumps.[\[48\]](#cite_note-Soreide_2007_1113–7-48)[\[49\]](#cite_note-Risk_of_Dying-49) However, at that site, one in every 254 jumps over that period resulted in a nonfatal accident.[\[48\]](#cite_note-Soreide_2007_1113–7-48) BASE jumping is one of the most dangerous recreational activities in the world, with a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than that of parachuting from a plane.[\[48\]](#cite_note-Soreide_2007_1113–7-48)[\[49\]](#cite_note-Risk_of_Dying-49)

As of 4 January 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit), the BASE Fatality List records 480 deaths for BASE jumping since April 1981.[\[50\]](#cite_note-fatal-list-50)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**["BASENumbers.org"](http://www.basenumbers.org/). BASENumbers.org. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Sangiro. ["BASE Jumping Resource and Community"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170815085600/http://www.basejumper.com/). Basejumper.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.basejumper.com/) on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-ch-trib-thrill_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-ch-trib-thrill_3-1)Dizikes, Cynthia (22 April 2011). ["BASE jumpers fall for thrill-seeking lifestyle"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122637/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2011-04-22-ct-met-basejumping-20110421-story.html). _[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune")_. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2011-04-22-ct-met-basejumping-20110421-story.html) on 18 October 2018.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Francis Trevelyan Miller, [The world in the air: the story of flying in pictures](https://books.google.com/books?id=MdDNAAAAMAAJ), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1930, pages 101–106
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**[_He's in the paratroops now_](https://books.google.com/books?id=TM2EAAAAIAAJ), Alfred Day Rathbone, R.M. McBride & Company, 1943, University of California.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Dewey, Caitlin (March 25, 2014). ["The Freedom Tower skydivers weren't the first: Here's the insane, morbid history of urban BASE-jumping"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/03/25/the-freedom-tower-skydivers-werent-the-first-heres-the-insane-morbid-history-of-urban-base-jumping/). _The Washington Post_.
07. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-johnnyutah_com_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-johnnyutah_com_7-1)["Mike Pelkey – A BASE Pioneer"](http://www.johnnyutah.com/mikepelkey.html). Paradigm Adventures, Inc. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Rosenblatt, Roger (July 1999). "The Whole World Is Jumpable". _Time_. Vol. 154, no. 3. p. 94. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0040-781X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X).
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**McCallum, Jack (August 26, 1985). "Who Needs An Airplane?". _[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated")_. Vol. 63, no. 9.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**["About BASE"](https://www.blincmagazine.com/forum/wiki_index.php?title=About_BASE). _BLiNC Magazine_. 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**["BASE Jumping"](https://www.redbull.com/us-en/tags/base-jumping). _Red Bull_. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-numbers_12-0)**["Base Numbers"](http://www.basenumbers.org/). Base Numbers. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100511195457/http://www.basenumbers.org/) from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["BASENumbers.org"](http://www.basenumbers.org/). BASENumbers.org. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Apex BASE (16 August 2018). ["Buying Your First BASE Rig"](https://apexbase.com/buying-your-first-base-rig/). Retrieved 2020-10-01.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**["Asylum Designs BASE jumping FAQ"](http://www.asylumbase.com/pages/resources/faq/). Asylum Designs. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**["BASE Jumping Harness Container CXUL"](https://squirrel.ws/equipment/base-jumping/cxul). Squirrel. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**["Leap from the top of the world"](http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leap-from-the-top-of-the-world/2006/06/08/1149359863372.html). _Sydney Morning Herald_. 2006-06-08.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**["Daredevil Makes Record-breaking Leap from Mount Everest"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130529132113/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/10085870/Watch-record-breaking-Everest-base-jump-filmed-on-daredevils-helmet-camera.html). _The Telegraph_. 2013-05-29. Archived from [the original](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/10085870/Watch-record-breaking-Everest-base-jump-filmed-on-daredevils-helmet-camera.html) on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**["BuzzVideos – 69 BASE Jumpers set new world record"](https://www.buzzvideos.com/sports/251686/69-base-jumpers-set-new-world-record) – via www.buzzvideos.com.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**["Base Jumping – history, informations and facts"](http://base-jumping.eu/what-is-base-jumping/). _base-jumping.eu_. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**["Introducing the World Wingsuit League"](https://www.outsideonline.com/1900311/introducing-world-wingsuit-league). Outside Online. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**["Parachute Leap Off Statue Of Liberty"](https://www.nytimes.com/1912/02/03/archives/parachute-leap-off-statue-of-liberty-steeplejack-had-first-thought.html). _New York Times_. 3 Feb 1912. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["Chute mortelle d'un inventeur de un parachute"](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k240753c.zoom.f4.langFR). _[Le Temps](/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris) "Le Temps (Paris)")_ (in French). 5 Feb 1912. p. 4. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**["100 years ago Banic received a patent for his parachute" ("Pred 100 rokmi získal Štefan Banič patent na svoj padák")](http://www.cas.sk/clanok/291397/pred-100-rokmi-ziskal-stefan-banic-patent-na-svoj-padak/), 24.08.2014, cas.sk (Slovak)
25. **[^](#cite_ref-obit_25-0)**["Štefan Banič, Konštruktér, vynálezca (Stefan Banic, Designer, Inventor)"](http://www.mat.savba.sk/MATEMATICI/matematici.php?cislo=7) (in Slovak). Slovenská akadémia vied, obituary. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**Russian edition of [GEO](/wiki/GEO_(magazine) "GEO (magazine)") magazine, issue 11, November 2006, [GEO](http://www.geo.ru/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060423134944/http://www.geo.ru/) 2006-04-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**[Erich Felbermayr, eine Legende](http://www.skydive-wels.at/fallschirmsprungverein-legende.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110813221601/http://www.skydive-wels.at/fallschirmsprungverein-legende.htm) 2011-08-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (in German)
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**["The Insane Story of Skiing's First Base Jump"](http://www.tetongravity.com/story/ski/hot-dog-the-legacy-the-story-of-the-first-base-jump-in-ski-history), Jul 21, 2014, Christian W Dietzel, tetongravity.com
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Saltzman, Devyani (May 2010). ["A towering work of fiction: Toronto's most famous structure narrates a novel that aims high"](https://archive.today/20120708153835/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7019/is_4_18/ai_n55817272/). _Literary Review of Canada_. Archived from [the original](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7019/is_4_18/ai_n55817272/) on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-fire-life-safety_30-0)**Geoff Craighead (July 15, 2009). ["Daredevils, Protestors and Suicides"](https://books.google.com/books?id=4BWyBELDQIwC&q=%22Owen+J.+Quinn%22+%2B+world+trade+center&pg=PA116). _High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety_. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 116. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0080877853](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080877853 "Special:BookSources/978-0080877853"). Retrieved February 4, 2014. Quoting from: Gillespie, Angus K. "Twin Towers: the Life of New York City's World Trade Center." _Rutgers University Press_, 1999
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**Chic Scott, _Pushing the Limits: The Story of Canadian Mountaineering_, Calgary: Rocky Mountain Books, 2000, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-921102-59-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921102-59-3 "Special:BookSources/0-921102-59-3"), [p. 298](https://books.google.com/books?id=94TqO12vdKwC&pg=PA298).
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Associated Press (8 April 1979). ["Jumps for Joy"](https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19790408.1.10&srpos=8&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22pine+valley+creek+bridge%22-------1). _Santa Cruz Sentinel_. p. 10. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**["Centrepoint Tower BASE jump 1982"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVDlu7dvzGM). YouTube. 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-34)**Arch, ©2016 Hannes. ["Biographie – Hannes Arch"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180326143226/http://www.hannesarch.com/about/biography.html). _Hannes Arch_. Archived from [the original](http://www.hannesarch.com/about/biography.html) on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"))
35. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**["Falling Angels \| Anniken Binz \| Blogs \| Cooler – snow, surf, life & style"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091001044446/http://coolermag.com/blogs/anniken_binz/falling-angels). Archived from [the original](http://coolermag.com/blogs/anniken_binz/falling-angels) on October 1, 2009.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**NYC B.A.S.E. Jump (24 March 2014). ["NYC Freedom Tower B.A.S.E. Jump"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=441bLA2KY50) – via YouTube.
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**Haley Draznin (26 March 2014). ["Four men arrested in One World Trade Center jump stunt"](http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/justice/one-world-trade-center-jump-stunt/). CNN website. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**["World Trade Center parachutists fined $2,000 for jumping off building"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/10/world-trade-center-base-jumpers-guilty). _The Guardian_. 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
39. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**["USPA Skydiver's Information Manual"](https://uspa.org/SIM/2-1#1I). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**["Perrine Bridge"](http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Perrine_Bridge). HighestBridges.com. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**["The Last Bastion of Outdoor Outlaws"](https://www.outsideonline.com/2092301/no-restrictions-apply). Outside Online. 22 Jun 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
42. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_42-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_42-1)Iversen, Nicklas (2023-05-09). ["BASE Jumping In Norway"](https://thenorwayguide.com/base-jumping-in-norway/). _thenorwayguide.com_. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
43. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**Iversen, Nicklas (2023-05-02). ["Lysebotn Travel Guide: Where To Stay, What To Do, And Where To Eat"](https://thenorwayguide.com/lysebotn/). _thenorwayguide.com_. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
44. **[^](#cite_ref-44)**["Bridge BASE jumper faces charges if he lives"](https://www.smh.com.au/national/bridge-base-jumper-faces-charges-if-he-lives-20050415-gdl4r7.html). _The Sydney Morning Herald_. 2005-04-14. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
45. **[^](#cite_ref-bridge-day_45-0)**["Bridge Day 2013 – BASE Jumping Registration and Event Information"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120117074640/http://www.bridgeday.info/). Bridgeday.info. Archived from [the original](http://www.bridgeday.info) on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
46. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**["Frank Gambalie Lived and Died for BASE Jumping"](https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/page/Mag15lastbase/frank-gambalie-lived-died-base-jumping-espn-magazine-archives). _ESPN Magazine_. 2000-02-21.
47. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**Westman, A; Rosen, M; Berggren, P; Bjornstig, U (7 April 2008). ["Parachuting from fixed objects: descriptive study of 106 fatal events in BASE jumping 1981–2006"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120301214219/http://bjsportmed.com/content/42/6/431.abstract). _British Journal of Sports Medicine_. **42** (6): 431–436. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1136/bjsm.2008.046565](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2008.046565). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [18523039](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18523039). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [22586192](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22586192). Archived from [the original](http://bjsportmed.com/content/42/6/431.abstract) on 1 March 2012.
48. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Soreide_2007_1113–7_48-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Soreide_2007_1113–7_48-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Soreide_2007_1113–7_48-2)Soreide, K; Ellingsen, CL; Knutson, V (May 2007). "How dangerous is BASE jumping? An analysis of adverse events in 20,850 jumps from the Kjerag Massif, Norway". _The Journal of Trauma_. **62** (5): 1113–7. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1097/01.ta.0000239815.73858.88](https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ta.0000239815.73858.88). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [17495709](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495709).
49. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Risk_of_Dying_49-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Risk_of_Dying_49-1)["Risk of dying and sporting activities"](https://archive.today/20120904102144/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/Risk/sports.html). Medicine.ox.ac.uk. 2003-05-26. Archived from [the original](http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/Risk/sports.html) on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
50. **[^](#cite_ref-fatal-list_50-0)**["BASE Fatality List"](https://bfl.baseaddict.com/list). Retrieved 2020-02-14.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- _[The Great Book of BASE](http://base-book.com/)_. BirdBrain Publishing. July 2010.
- " [The Ground's the Limit](https://books.google.com/books?id=3iwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA178)". _Texas Monthly_. December 1981.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=BASE_jumping&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: External links")\]

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- [Parachuting from fixed objects: descriptive study of 106 fatal events in BASE jumping 1981–2006](https://archive.today/20130118061503/http://bjsportmed.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/6/431)
- [Luigi Cani base jumps off a cliff](http://www.tmba.tv/broadcastanimation/stunt-junkies/wingsuit-base-jump/)
- [A Sport to Die For](http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=basejump&redirected=true) ESPN, Michael Abrams
- [First Dog Ever To BaseJump](https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085749/http://surfandshare.com/worlds-first-base-jumping-dog-plunge-sky-name-whisper/)
- [BASE Jumping adventures in the UK & Europe during the late 1980s, 1990s & early 2000s by Doug Blane](http://www.basejumping.co.uk)
- [Resources for Base Jumping](http://www.basejumper.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170815085600/http://www.basejumper.com/) 2017-08-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")

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Falling

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