Antropocen okiem geologa – czy żyjemy w nowej epoce?
... Stratygraficznej (ang. International Commission on Stratigraphy), że ... Czego faktycznie dotyczyło ogłoszenie, które media podchwyciły jako ...
ratyfikowanych zostało 80
Na chwilę obecną <anchor>ratyfikowanych zostało 80</anchor> spośród 101 stratotypów, jednak wśród nich nie znajdziemy antropocenu. Wynika to z faktu, iż idea wydzielenia osobnej jednostki chronostratygraficznej (tj. zespołu osadów zdeponowanych w formalnie określonym czasie geologicznym) obejmującej – w zależności od przyjętych założeń – ostatnie kilkadziesiąt do kilkuset lat pojawiła się w szerokim dyskursie dopiero w 2000 r., gdy Paul Crutzen (noblista w dziedzinie chemii z 1995 r.) i Eugene Soermer zwrócili uwagę na fakt istotnego zniekształcania współczesnych procesów geologicznych przez działalność człowieka.
Geologic TimeScale Foundation - Stratigraphic Information
Geologic TimeScale Foundation - Stratigraphic Information

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## GSSP Table - All Periods

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Ages from " [Geologic Time Scale 2020](https://www.elsevier.com/books/geologic-time-scale-2020/gradstein/978-0-12-824360-2)"
by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz and G.M. Ogg, (2020, Elsevier).


[Cenozoic Era](/gssp/index.php?parentid=2)[Mesozoic Era](/gssp/index.php?parentid=35)[Paleozoic Era](/gssp/index.php?parentid=77)[Precambrian](/gssp/index.php?parentid=181)All Periods**Stage****Age (Ma) GTS 2020****GSSP Location****Latitude, Longitude****Boundary Level****Correlation Events****Status****Reference**Phanerozoic EonCenozoic EraQuaternary SystemHolocene Series[Meghalayan Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=183&top_parentid=0) 0.00425  Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya,India [25.2622°N 91.7150°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=25.26222°N%2091.715°E) Mawmluh Cave speleothem dated at 4250yr bk2 (before AD2000)  Stable isotope profile shows a shift to heavier isotopic values, [![](/images/combined/thumb/Meghalayan_GSSP_8Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=183&top_parentid=0&imageid=402) Ratified 2018 [Episodes 41/4, 2018](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016)[Northgrippian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=182&top_parentid=0) 0.008236  borehole NGRIP1 in the central Greenland ice sheet [75.1000°N 42.3200°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=75.1°N%2042.32°W) 1228.67 m depth in NGRIP 1 ice core  Climatic cooling following a period of generally rising temperatures
during the
Early Holocene [![](/images/combined/thumb/Northgrippian_GSSP_8Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=182&top_parentid=0&imageid=404) Ratified 2018 [Episodes 41/4, 2018](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016)[Greenlandian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=5&top_parentid=0) 0.0118  NorthGRIP ice core, central Greenland [75.1000°N 42.3200°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=75.1°N%2042.32°W) 1492.45m depth in Borehole NGRIP2  Climatic -- End of the Younger Dryas cold spell, which is reflected
in a shift in deuterium excess values [![](/images/combined/thumb/Greenlandian_GSSP_8Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=5&top_parentid=0&imageid=388) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 31/2, 2008](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/64299/50256); [J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3-17, 2009](/references/HoloceneGSSP_JQuatSci090.pdf); [Episodes 41/4, 2018](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016)Pleistocene Series
Upper Pleistocene Stage  0.126  Taranto, Italy [0.0000°N 0.0000°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=0°N%200°E) 63.5 m below surface  Climatic -- Base of the Eemian interglacial stage (= base of marine
isotope stage 5e) before final glacial episode of Pleistocene. [Episodes 31/2, 2008](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/64299/50256)[Chibanian](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=8&top_parentid=0) 0.78  Chiba, Japan  Base of Byk-E tephra bed  Byk-E tephra; 1.1 m below directional midpoint of Brunhes–Matuyama
magnetic
reversal (base of Chron 1n) [![](/images/combined/thumb/Chibanian_GSSP_12Feb20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=8&top_parentid=0&imageid=373) Ratified 2019 [Calabrian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=9&top_parentid=0) 1.8  Vrica, Italy [39.0385°N 17.1348°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=39.0385027778°N%2017.134831°E) base of the marine claystone overlying the sapropelic marker Bed
'e' (Mediterranean Precession Related Sapropel, MPRS 176)  top of Olduvai magnetic subchron is about 8 m above the GSSP [![](/images/combined/thumb/Calabrian_GSSP_8Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=9&top_parentid=0&imageid=367) Ratified 1985 [Episodes 8/2, p. 116 - 120, 1985](/references/Calabrian.pdf); [Episodes 35/3, p. 388 - 397, 2012](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/59612/46614)[Gelasian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=10&top_parentid=0) 2.58  Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy [37.1469°N 14.2035°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=37.1468888889°N%2014.2035°E) base of marly layer overlying sapropel MPRS 250  Magnetic -- Matuyama/Gauss boundary (C2r/C2An) is 1m below GSSP. GSSP
level is within Marine Isotope Stage 103. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Gelasian_GSSP_8Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=10&top_parentid=0&imageid=385) Definition as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene ratified 2009 [Episodes 21/2, p. 82-87, 1998](/references/Gelasian.pdf)Neogene SystemPliocene Series[Piacenzian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=13&top_parentid=0) 3.6  Punta Piccola, Sicily, Italy [37.2889°N 13.4933°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=37.2888888889°N%2013.4933333333°E) base of the beige marl bed of small-scale carbonate cycle 77 (MPRS
347)  Magnetic -- Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal is recorded
immediately above the GSSP [![](/images/combined/thumb/Piazencian_GSSP_25Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=13&top_parentid=0&imageid=407) Ratified 1997 [Episodes 21/2, p. 88-93, 1998](/references/Piacenzian.pdf)[Zanclean Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=14&top_parentid=0) 5.333  Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Italy [37.3917°N 13.2806°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=37.391667°N%2013.280556°E) base of the Trubi Formation which corresponds to Insolation cycle 510  Magnetic -- base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n) is
only 96 kyr (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Zanclean_GSSP_25Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=14&top_parentid=0&imageid=434) Ratified 2000 [Episodes 23/3, p. 179 - 187, 2000](/references/Zanclean.pdf)Miocene Series[Messinian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=16&top_parentid=0) 7.25  Oued Akrech, Morocco [33.9369°N 6.8125°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=33.9369444444°N%206.8125°W) reddish layer of sedimentary cycle number 15  Planktonic foraminifer first regular occurrence of _Globorotalia_
_miotumida_, and calcareous nannofossil FAD
_Amaurolithus delicatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Messinian_GSSP_25Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=16&top_parentid=0&imageid=403) Ratified 2000 [Episodes 23/3, p. 172 - 178, 2000](/references/Messinian.pdf)[Tortonian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=17&top_parentid=0) 11.63  Monte dei Corvi Beach, near Ancona, Italy [43.5867°N 13.5694°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.5866666667°N%2013.5694444444°E) mid-point of sapropel layer of basic cycle number 76.  Calcareous nannofossil last common occurrence of _Discoaster_
_kugleri_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Tortonian_GSSP_25Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=17&top_parentid=0&imageid=425) Ratified 2003 [Episodes 28/1, p. 6 - 17, 2005](/references/Tortonian.pdf)[Serravallian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=18&top_parentid=0) 13.82  Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm Ir-Rih Bay, west coast of Malta [35.9139°N 14.3361°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=35.913888889°N%2014.3361111111°E) formation boundary between the Globigerina Limestone and Blue Clay
Formation  Oxygen-isotopic event (global cooling episode) Mi3b; near calcareous
nannofossil LAD of _Sphenolithus heteromorphus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Serravallian_GSSP_9Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=18&top_parentid=0&imageid=419) Ratified 2007 [Episodes, 32/3, 152 - 166, 2009](/references/Serravallian_v32n30.pdf)
Langhian Stage  15.99  St. Peter's Pool, Malta or La Vedova,Italy  Base of magnetic polarity chron C5Br
Burdigalian Stage  20.45  Potentially in astronomically-tuned ODP core  Near FAD of calcareous nannofossil _Helicosphaera ampliaperta_[Aquitanian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=21&top_parentid=0) 23.04  Lemme-Carrioso Section, Allessandria Province, Italy [44.6589°N 8.8364°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=44.6588888889°N%208.83638888889°E) 35m from the top of the section  Magnetic -- base of Chron C6Cn.2n; planktonic
foraminifer FAD of _Paragloborotalia kugleri_;
calcareous nannofossil near LAD _Reticulofenestra bisecta_ (base
Zone NN1); Oxygen isotopic event Mi-1. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Aquitanian_GSSP_8Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=21&top_parentid=0&imageid=363) Ratified 1996 [Episodes 20/1, p. 23 - 28, 1997](/references/Aquitanian.pdf)Paleogene SystemOligocene Series[Chattian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=24&top_parentid=0) 27.3  Monte Cagnero, Umbria-Marche region, Italy [43.6466°N 12.4677°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.646614°N%2012.467731°E) at meter level 197  HCO (highest common occurrence) of planktonic foraminifer
_Chiloguembelina cubensis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Chattian_GSSP_3Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=24&top_parentid=0&imageid=372) Ratified 2016 [Episodes 41/1, p. 17-32, 2018](http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003)[Rupelian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=25&top_parentid=0) 33.9  Massignano, near Ancona, Italy [43.5328°N 13.6011°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.5328333333°N%2013.6010555556°E) base of a 0.5m thick greenish-grey marl bed 19m above base of section  Foraminifer LAD _Hantkenina_ and _Cribrohantkenina_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Rupelian_GSSP_5Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=25&top_parentid=0&imageid=414) Ratified 1992 [Episodes 16/3, p.379 - 382, 1993](/references/Rupelian.pdf)Eocene Series[Priabonian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=27&top_parentid=0) 37.7  Alano di Piave section, NE Italy [45.9142°N 11.9180°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=45.914194°N%2011.918019°E) Tiziano Bed at 63.57m  Foraminifer LAD of _Morozovelloides_, Calcareous nannofossil acme
of
_Cribrocentrum erbae_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Priabonian_GSSP_10Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=27&top_parentid=0&imageid=410) Ratified 2020 [Episodes 44/2, p.151-173, 2021](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020074)
Bartonian Stage  41  Contessa highway section near Gubio, Central Apennines, Italy  provisional: base of magnetic polarity chronozone C18r [Lutetian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=29&top_parentid=0) 48.1  Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,Basque Country, northern Spain [43.3796°N 3.0143°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.379575°N%203.014336°W) at 167.85 metres in the Gorrondatxe section at a dark marly level  Calcareous nannofossil FAD of _Blackites inflatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Lutetian_GSSP_5Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=29&top_parentid=0&imageid=400) Ratified 2011 [Episodes 34/2, p. 86 - 108 2011](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/60549/47348)[Ypresian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=30&top_parentid=0) 56  Dababiya, near Luxor, Egypt [25.5000°N 32.5311°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=25.5°N%2032.53111111°E) base of Bed 1 in DBH subsection  Carbon Isotope Excursion base, initiation of basal Eocene Thermal
maximum ("PETM") [![](/images/combined/thumb/Ypresian_GSSP_3Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=30&top_parentid=0&imageid=433) Ratified 2003  Micropaleontology 49/1, p.41 - 59, 2003; [Episodes 30/4, p. 271 - 286, 2007](/references/Ypresian0.pdf)Paleocene Series[Thanetian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=32&top_parentid=0) 59.2  Zumaia section, northern Spain [43.2996°N 2.2609°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.299556°N%202.260861°W) About 78 m above the Cretaceous/ Paleogene boundary; 6.5m above the
base of Member B of the Itzurun Formation  Magnetic -- Base of Chron C26n [![](/images/combined/thumb/Thanetian_GSSP_7Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=32&top_parentid=0&imageid=423) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/60464/47289)[Selandian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=33&top_parentid=0) 61.7  Zumaia section, northern Spain [43.2992°N 2.2610°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.299194556°N%202.261°W) base of the red marls of Itzurun Formation  Onset of a carbon isotope shift and sea-level drop, 30 precession
cycles (~630 kyr) above the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n [![](/images/combined/thumb/Selandian_GSSP_3Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=33&top_parentid=0&imageid=418) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/60464/47289)[Danian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=34&top_parentid=0) 66  Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef, Tunisia [36.1537°N 8.6486°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=36.1536666667°N%208.64855555556°E) reddish layer at the base of the 50cm thick, dark boundary clay  Iridium geochemical anomaly. Associated with a major extinction
horizon (dinosaurs, ammonites, foraminifers, etc.) [![](/images/combined/thumb/Danian_GSSP_3Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=34&top_parentid=0&imageid=374) Ratified 1991 [Episodes 29/4, p. 263 - 278, 2006](/references/Danian.pdf)Mesozoic EraCretaceous SystemUpper Cretaceous Series[Maastrichtian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=38&top_parentid=0) 72.2 ± 0.2  Tercis les Bains, Landes, France [43.6795°N 1.1133°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.6794722222°N%201.11330555556°W) level 115.2 on platform IV of the geological site at Tercis les Bains  Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria of equal importance. Closely
above is FAD of ammonite _Pachydiscus neubergicus_. Boreal proxy
is FAD of belemnite _Belemnella lanceolata._[![](/images/combined/thumb/Maastrichtian_GSSP_2Jan20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=38&top_parentid=0&imageid=401) Ratified 2001 [Episodes 24/4, p. 229 -238, 2001](/references/Maastrichtian.pdf)[Campanian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=39&top_parentid=0) 83.7 ± 0.5  Bottaccione Gorge Section at Gubbio, Umbria-Marche Basin, Italy [43.3627°N 12.5828°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.36267°N%2012.58283°E) level 221.53 m in the Bottaccione Gorge Section at Gubbio, Umbria-Marche
Basin, Italy  Base of Chron C33r [![](/images/combined/thumb/Campanian_GSSP_13Dec20230.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=39&top_parentid=0&imageid=443) Ratified 2022 [Episodes 46/3, p. 451 – 490, 2023](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048)[Santonian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=40&top_parentid=0) 85.7 ± 0.2  Olazagutia, Northern Spain [42.8681°N 2.1944°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=42.868139°N%202.194444°W) at 94.4m in the eastern border of the "Cantera de Margas" quarry,
Olazagutia, Spain  Inoceramid bivalve FAD _Platyceramus undulatoplicatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Santonian_GSSP_Oct20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=40&top_parentid=0&imageid=417) Ratified 2013 [Episodes 37/1, p. 2-13, 2014](http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263378103_The_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_and_Section_Point_GSSP_for_the_base_of_the_Santonian_Stage_Cantera_de_Margas_Olazagutia_northern_Spain)[Coniacian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=41&top_parentid=0) 89.4 ± 0.2  Salzgitter-Salder Section in northern Germany [52.1243°N 10.3295°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.1243°N%2010.3295°E) base of Bed 46 in the Grauweisse Wechselfolge of the Salzgitter-Salder
Section in northern Germany  Inoceramid bivalve FAD _Cremnoceramus deformis erectus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Coniacian_GSSP_19Dec20230.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=41&top_parentid=0&imageid=445) Ratified 2021 [Episodes 45/2. p. 181 - 220, 2022](https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021021)[Turonian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=42&top_parentid=0) 93.9  Pueblo, Colorado, USA [38.2822°N 104.7275°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=38.2822222222°N%20104.7275°W) base of Bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member  Ammonite FAD _Watinoceras devonense_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Turonian_GSSP_23Nov20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=42&top_parentid=0&imageid=428) Ratified 2003 [Episodes 28/2,p. 93 - 104, 2005](/references/Turonian.pdf)[Cenomanian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=43&top_parentid=0) 100.5  Mount Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France [44.3925°N 5.5119°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=44.3925°N%205.51194444444°E) 36 meters below the top of the Marnes Bleues Formation on the south
side of Mont Risou  Planktonic foraminifer FAD _Thalmanninella globotruncanoides_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Cenomanian_GSSP_2Jan20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=43&top_parentid=0&imageid=370) Ratified 2002 [Episodes 27/1, p. 21-32, 2004](/references/Cenomanian.pdf)Lower Cretaceous Series[Albian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=45&top_parentid=0) 113.2 ± 0.3  Col de Pré-Guittard, Arnayon, Drôme, France [44.4964°N 5.3114°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=44.496389°N%205.311389°E) 37.4 m above the base of the Marnes Bleues Formation and 40 cm above
the base
of the Niveau Kilian Marker Bed near Col de Pré-Guittard.  Planktonic foraminiferan FAD _Microhedbergella renilaevis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Albian_GSSP_25Nov20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=45&top_parentid=0&imageid=362) Ratified 2016 [Episodes 40/3, p. 177-188. 2017](http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017021)
Aptian Stage  121.4 ± 0.6  candidate is Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Umbria-Marche, central Italy  Magnetic -- base of Chron M0r; near FAD of _Paradeshayesites_
_oglanlensis_ ammonite zone
Barremian Stage  126.5 ± 0.7  candidate is Río Argos near Caravaca, Murcia Province, Spain  Ammonite FAD _Taveraidiscus hugii - Spitidiscus vandeckii_ group [Hauterivian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=48&top_parentid=0) 132.6 ± 0.6  La Charce village, Drôme Province, southeast France  base of Bed 189 of La Charce Section.  Ammonite FAD of genus _Acanthodiscus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Hauterivian_GSSP_9Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=48&top_parentid=0&imageid=390) Ratified 2019 [Episodes 44/2, p. 129 - 150, 2021](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020072)
Valanginian Stage  137.7 ± 0.5  candidate near Caravaca Spain  Calpionellid FAD _Calpionellites darderi_
Berriasian Stage  143.1 ± 0.6  candidate: Vocontian Basin of SE France, a section at Tré Maroua (Hautes -Alpes)  Base of _Calpionella alpina_ Subzone, middle of magnetozone
M19n.2n [![](/images/combined/thumb/Berriasian_GSSP_proposal_19May20210.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=50&top_parentid=0&imageid=436)Jurassic SystemUpper Jurassic Series
Tithonian Stage  149.2 ± 0.7  candidates are Mt. Crussol or Canjuers (SE France) or Swabia, Germany  Near base of _Hybonoticeras hybonotum_ ammonite zone and lowest
occurrence of _Gravesia genus_, and the base of magnetic
polarity Chron M22An [Kimmeridgian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=54&top_parentid=0) 154.8 ± 0.8  Flodigarry (Isle of Skye, NW Scotland) [57.6000°N 6.2000°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=57.6°N%206.2°W) upper part of Bed 35 of the Staffin Shale Formation, 1.25±0.01 m below
the base of Bed 36 in block F6 in the foreshore at Flodigarry.  Ammonite FAD _Pictonia flodigarriensis, Prorasenia bowerbanki_ and
_Pictonia (Triozites)_ Ratified 2021 [Episodes 46/2, p.281-307, 2023](https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022046)
Oxfordian Stage  161.5 ± 1  Thuoux Section, SE France  Ammonite FAD _Brightia thuouxensis_Middle Jurassic Series
Callovian Stage  165.3 ± 1.1  candidates are Pfeffingen (Swabian Alb, SW Germany) and in Russia  Ammonite FAD of the genus _Kepplerites (Kosmoceratidae)_ (defines
base of _Macrocephalites herveyi_ Zone in sub-Boreal province
of Great Britain to southwest Germany) [Bathonian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=58&top_parentid=0) 168.2 ± 1.2  Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran area, Alpes de Haute Provence, France [43.9606°N 6.3153°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.960556°N%206.315278°E) base of limestone bed RB07  Ammonite FAD _Gonolkites convergens_ (defines base of
_Zigzagiceras zigzag_ Zone) [![](/images/combined/thumb/Bathonian_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=58&top_parentid=0&imageid=366) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 32/4, p. 222 - 248, 2009](/references/BathonGSSP_Episodes_090.pdf)[Bajocian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=59&top_parentid=0) 170.9 ± 0.8  Murtinheira Section, Cabo Mondego, Portugal [40.1992°N 8.9042°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=40.1991666667°N%208.90416666667°W) base of Bed AB 11  Ammonite FAD _Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum,_
_Braunsina aspera_, and _Braunsina elegantula_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Bajocian_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=59&top_parentid=0&imageid=365) Ratified 1996 [Episodes 20/1, p.16 - 22, 1997](/references/Bajocian.pdf)[Aalenian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=60&top_parentid=0) 174.7  Fuentelsaz, Spain [41.1708°N 1.8333°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=41.1708333333°N%201.83333333333°W) base of Bed FZ 107  Ammonite FAD _Leioceras opalinum_ and _Leioceras lineatum_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Aalenian_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=60&top_parentid=0&imageid=360) Ratified 2000 Lower Jurassic Series[Toarcian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=62&top_parentid=0) 184.2 ± 0.3  Ponta do Trovao, Peniche (Portugal) [39.3708°N 9.3853°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=39.370833°N%209.385278°W) base of micritic limestone bed 15e in the uppermost Lemede Formation  Ammonite FAD of _Dactylioceras (Eodactylioceras) simplex_ co-
occurring with
_D. (E.) pseudocommune_ and _D. (E.) polymorphum_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Toarcian_GSSP_web_12Dec20230.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=62&top_parentid=0&imageid=444) Ratified 2014 [Episodes 39/3, p. 460 - 481, 2016](/references/Toarcian_Episodes39_3_20160.pdf)[Pliensbachian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=63&top_parentid=0) 192.9 ± 0.3  Wine Haven, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire Coast, England [54.4069°N 0.4975°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=54.4069444444°N%200.4975°W) base of Bed 73b  Ammonite association of _Bifericeras donovani_ and
_Apoderoceras_ sp. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Pliensbachian_GSSP_2Jan20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=63&top_parentid=0&imageid=408) Ratified 2005 [Episodes 29/2, p. 93-106, 2006](/references/Pliensbachian.pdf)[Sinemurian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=64&top_parentid=0) 199.5 ± 0.3  East Quantoxhead, SW England [51.1909°N 3.2364°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=51.1909166667°N%203.23644444444°W) 0.90 m above the base of Bed 145  Ammonite FAD _Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Sinemurian_GSSP_6Nov20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=64&top_parentid=0&imageid=421) Ratified 2000 [Episodes 25/1, p. 22-28, 2002](/references/Sinemurian.pdf)[Hettangian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=65&top_parentid=0) 201.4 ± 0.2  Kuhjoch section, Tyrol, Austria [47.4833°N 11.5306°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=47.48333°N%2011.530556°E) 5.80 m above the base of the Tiefengraben Member of the Kendelbach
Formation  Ammonite FAD of _Psiloceras spelae tirolicum_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Hettangian_GSSP_2Jan20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=65&top_parentid=0&imageid=391) Ratified 2010 [Episodes 36/3, p.162-198, 2013](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/59404/46437)Triassic SystemUpper Triassic Series
Rhaetian Stage  205.7 ± 0.4  Candidates are Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy) and Steinbergkogel, Austria  Near FAD of conodonts _Misikella posthernsteini_ s.s. or
_Misikella_
_posthernsteini_ s.l.
Norian Stage  227.3 ± 0.4  Candidates are Black Bear Ridge in British Columbia (Canada) and Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy)  Base of _Stikinoceras kerri_ ammonoid zone and near FAD of
conodont
_Metapolygnathus communisti_ group, or top of _M. parvus_
subzone , or
FAD of
bivalve _Halobia austriaca_[Carnian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=70&top_parentid=0) 237  Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy [46.5269°N 11.9303°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=46.5269444444°N%2011.9302777778°E) base of marly limestone bed SW4, 45m from base of San Cassiano Formation  FAD ammonoid _Daxatina canadensis_, near conodont FAD
_"Paragondolella"_
_polygnathiformis noah_. Just above magnetic polarity zone S2n and
above the maximum flooding surface of
Sequence Lad 3 of Hardenbol et al (1998). [![](/images/combined/thumb/Carnian_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=70&top_parentid=0&imageid=369) Ratified 2008 [Albertina 36, p. 78 - 97, 2007](http://paleo.cortland.edu/albertiana/issues/Albertiana_36.pdf); [Episodes, 35/3, p. 414 - 430](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/59614/46616)Middle Triassic Series[Ladinian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=72&top_parentid=0) 241.5  Bagolino, Province of Brescia, Northern Italy [45.8193°N 10.4710°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=45.8193055556°N%2010.4709722222°E) base of a 15 - 20cm thick limestone bed overlying a distinctive
groove ("Chiesense groove") of limestone nodules in a
shaly matrix,
located about 5m above the base of the Buchenstein Beds  Ammonite FAD _Eoprotrachyceras curionii_ (base of the _E._
_curionii_ zone). Conodont FAD _Budurovignathus_
_praehungaricus_ is in the uppermost Anisian. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Ladinian_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=72&top_parentid=0&imageid=397) Ratified 2005 [Episodes 28/4, p. 233-244, 2005](/references/Ladinian.pdf)
Anisian Stage  246.7 ± 0.2  Candidate section at Desli Caira (Dobrogea, Romania); significant sections in Guizhou Province (China) and South Primorye (Russia) [45.0742°N 28.8022°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=45.0741666667°N%2028.8022222222°E) In Section B, the GSSP level will be either the FAD of conodont
_Chiosella timorensis_ at the base of Bed GR7 at ca. 7 m; OR
the base of magnetozone MT1n at the 5.7 m level.  Conodont FAD _Chiosella timorensis_ or base of
magnetic polarity MT1n  Anticipated 2016  Albertiana 36, 2007. Lower Triassic Series
Olenekian Stage  249.9 ± 0.2  Candidates Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India, or Chaohu, China [0.0000°N 0.0000°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=0°N%200°E) base of Bed 13A-2, about 4.8m up in Mikin Formation., Section M04
(~4000 m elevation  Conodont FAD _Novispathodus waageni_, just above base of
_Rohillites rohilla_ ammonite zone, and below lowest occurrence
of _Flemingites_ and _Euflemingites_ ammonite genera.
Within a prominent positive Carbon-13 peak, and just above widely
recognizable sequence boundary.  Anticipated 2016  Albertiana 36, 2007. [Induan Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76&top_parentid=0) 251.9 ± 0.3  Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China [31.0798°N 119.7058°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.0798°N%20119.705806°E) base of Bed 27c in the Meishan D Section  Conodont FAD _Hindeodus parvus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Induan_GSSP_3Dec20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=76&top_parentid=0&imageid=394) Ratified 2001 [Episodes 24/2, p. 102 - 114, 2001](/references/Induan.pdf)Paleozoic EraPermian SystemLopingian Series[Changhsingian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=80&top_parentid=0) 254.2 ± 0.4  Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China [31.0819°N 119.7064°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.0819444444°N%20119.706361111°E) base of Bed 4a-2, 88 cm above the base of the Changxing Limestone at
the Meishan D Section  Conodont FAD _Clarkina wangi_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Changhsingian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=80&top_parentid=0&imageid=371) Ratified 2005 [Episodes 29/3, p. 175-182, 2006](/references/Changhsingian.pdf)[Wuchiapingian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=81&top_parentid=0) 259.5 ± 0.4  Penglaitan, Guangxi Province, South China [23.6953°N 109.3211°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=23.6952777778°N%20109.321111111°E) base of Bed 6k in the Penglaitan Section  Conodont FAD _Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Wuchiapingian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=81&top_parentid=0&imageid=431) Ratified 2004 [Episodes 29/4, p. 253-262, 2006](/references/Wuchiapingian0.pdf)Guadalupian Series[Capitanian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=83&top_parentid=0) 264.3 ± 0.4  Nipple Hill, SE Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A [31.9091°N 104.7892°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.9091111111°N%20104.789194444°W) 4.5m above the base of the outcrop section of the Pinery Limestone
Member of the Bell Canyon Formation  Conodont FAD _Jinogondolella postserrata_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Capitanian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=83&top_parentid=0&imageid=368) Ratified 2001 [Wordian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=84&top_parentid=0) 269.2 ± 0.4  Guadalupe Pass, Texas, U.S.A [31.8658°N 104.8328°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.8658055556°N%20104.832805556°W) 7.6m above the base of the Getaway Ledge outcrop Section of the
Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation  Conodont FAD _Jinogondolella aserrata_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Wordian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=84&top_parentid=0&imageid=430) Ratified 2001 [Roadian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=85&top_parentid=0) 274.4 ± 0.4  Stratotype Canyon, Texas, U.S.A [31.8767°N 104.8768°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.8766944444°N%20104.876805556°W) 42.7m above the base of the Cutoff Formation  Conodont FAD _Jinogondolella nankingensis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Roadian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=85&top_parentid=0&imageid=413) Ratified 2001 Cisuralian Series
Kungurian Stage  283.3 ± 0.4  candidate Pequob Mtns., Nevada, USA  Near conodont FAD _Neostreptognathus pnevi_ Anticipated 2016 [Artinskian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=88&top_parentid=0) 290.5 ± 0.4  Dal’ny Tulkas section in the southern Urals of Russia [53.8885°N 56.5162°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=53.88847°N%2056.51615°E) 0.6 m above the base of Bed 4b at the Dal’ny Tulkas section  Conodont FAD _Sweetognathus asymmetricus_ Ratified 2022 [Episodes 46/4, p. 623-65, 2023](https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023015)[Sakmarian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=89&top_parentid=0) 293.5 ± 0.4  Usolka section, Southern Urals, Russia. [53.9247°N 56.5287°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=53.924683°N%2056.528717°E) 55.4m above the base in Bed 26/3  Conodont FAD _Mesogondolella monstra_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Sakmarian_GSSP_7Oct20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=89&top_parentid=0&imageid=415) Ratified 2018 [Episodes 43/4, p. 961-979, 2020](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020059)[Asselian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=90&top_parentid=0) 298.9  Aidaralash Creek, Kazakhstan [50.2458°N 57.8914°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=50.2458333333°N%2057.8913888889°E) 27m above the base of Bed 19, Aidaralash Creek  Conodont FAD of _Streptognathodus_
_isolatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Asselian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=90&top_parentid=0&imageid=364) Ratified 1996 [Episodes 21/1, p. 11-18, 1998](/references/Asselian.pdf)Carboniferous SystemPennsylvanian Subsystem (series Classification Approved In 2004)Upper Pennsylvanian Series
Gzhelian Stage  303.7 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD _Idiognathodus simulator_
Kasimovian Stage  307 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals, and Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD
_Idiognathodus heckeli_Middle Pennsylvanian Series
Moscovian Stage  315.2 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD _Diplognathodus ellesmerensis_Lower Pennsylvanian Series[Bashkirian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=99&top_parentid=0) 323.4  Arrow Canyon, Nevada [36.7333°N 114.7778°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=36.7333333333°N%20114.777777778°W) 82.9m above the top of the Battleship Formation in the lower Bird
Spring Formation  Conodont FAD _Declinognathodus noduliferus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Bashkirian_Pennsylvanian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=99&top_parentid=0&imageid=406) Ratified 1996 [Episodes 22/4, p. 272-283, 1999](/references/Bashkirian.pdf)Mississippian SubsystemUpper Mississippian Series (series Classification Approved In 2004)
Serpukhovian Stage  330.3 ± 0.4  candidates are Verkhnyaya Kardailovka (Urals) or Nashui (China)  Conodont FAD _Lochriea ziegleri_Middle Mississippian Series[Visean Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=104&top_parentid=0) 346.7  Pengchong, south China [24.4333°N 109.4500°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=24.4333333333°N%20109.45°E) base of bed 83 in the Pengchong Section  Benthic Foraminifer FAD _Eoparastaffella simplex_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Visean_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=104&top_parentid=0&imageid=429) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 26/2, p. 105-115, 2003](http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/62444/48711)Lower Mississippian Series[Tournaisian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=106&top_parentid=0) 359.3 ± 0.3  La Serre, France [43.5555°N 3.3573°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.5555277778°N%203.35730555556°E) base of Bed 89 in Trench E' at La Serre, (but FAD now known to be at
base of Bed 85)  Conodont FAD _Siphonodella sulcata_

IMPRECISE (GSSP discovered in
2006 to have biostratigraphic problems, and can not be correlated
with precision.) [![](/images/combined/thumb/Tournaisian_GSSP_31Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=106&top_parentid=0&imageid=426) Ratified 1990 [Episodes 14/4, p. 331-336, 1991](/references/Tournaisian.pdf); Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 43/2, p. 195 - 205, 2009 Devonian SystemUpper Devonian Series[Famennian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=109&top_parentid=0) 372.1 ± 1.1  Coumiac Quarry, near Cessenon, Montagne Noire, France [43.4613°N 3.0403°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.4612777778°N%203.04027777778°E) Base of Bed 32a  Base of Conodont _Palmatolepis triangularis_ Zone, just above a
major
extinction horizon (Kellwasser Event). Conodont FAD _Palmatolepis_
_subperlobata_, conodont LADs
_Ancyrodella_, _Palmatolepis bogartensis_ and
_Ozarkodina_, and Goniatite LADs of
_Gephuroceratidae_ and _Beloceratidae_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Famenne_GSSP_12June20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=109&top_parentid=0&imageid=381) Ratified 1993 [Episodes 16/4, p. 433-441, 1993](/references/Famennian.pdf)[Frasnian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=110&top_parentid=0) 378.9 ± 1.2  Col du Puech de la Suque, Montage Noire, France [43.5032°N 3.0868°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=43.5031666667°N%203.08683333333°E) base of Bed 42a' at Col du Puech de la Suque section E  Conodont FAD _Ancyrodella rotundiloba_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Frasne_GSSP_12June20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=110&top_parentid=0&imageid=384) Ratified 1986 [Episodes 10/2, p. 97-101, 1987](/references/Frasnian.pdf)Middle Devonian Series[Givetian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=112&top_parentid=0) 385.3 ± 1.2  Jebel Mech Irdane, Morocco [31.2374°N 4.3541°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.2374166667°N%204.35411111111°W) base of Bed 123  Conodont FAD _Polygnathus hemiansatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Givetian_GSSP_20Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=112&top_parentid=0&imageid=386) Ratified 1994 [Episodes 18/3, p. 107-115, 1995](/references/Givetian.pdf)[Eifelian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=113&top_parentid=0) 394.3 ± 1.1  Wetteldorf, Eifel Hills, Germany [50.1496°N 6.4716°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=50.1496111111°N%206.47155555556°E) 21.25m above the base of the exposed section, base of sample station
WP30  Conodont FAD _Polygnathus costatus partitus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Eifelian_GSSP_20Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=113&top_parentid=0&imageid=379) Ratified 1985 [Episodes 8/2, p. 104-109, 1985](/references/Devonian.pdf)Lower Devonian Series[Emsian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=115&top_parentid=0) 410.5 ± 1.1  Zinzil'ban Gorge in the Kitab State Geological Reserve, Uzbekistan [39.2000°N 67.3056°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=39.2°N%2067.3055555556°E) base of Bed 9/5  Conodont FAD _Eocostapolygnathus kitabicus_. New Emsian base under
discussion,
potentially FAD of _Eocostapolygnathus excavatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Emsian_GSSP_20Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=115&top_parentid=0&imageid=380) Ratified 1995 [Episodes 20/4, p. 235-240, 1997](/references/Emsian.pdf)[Pragian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=116&top_parentid=0) 412.4 ± 1.1  Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic [50.0147°N 14.3726°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=50.0147222222°N%2014.3726388889°E) base of Bed 12 in Velká Chuchle Quarry  Conodont FAD _Eognathodus sulcatus sulcatus_ and _Latericriodus_
_steinachensis Morph beta_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Pragian_GSSP_20Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=116&top_parentid=0&imageid=409) Ratified 1989 [Episodes 12/2, p. 109-113, 1989](/references/Pragian.pdf)[Lochkovian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=117&top_parentid=0) 419 ± 1.8  Klonk, near Prague, Czech Republic [49.8550°N 13.7920°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=49.855°N%2013.792°E) within Bed 20  Graptolite FAD _Monograptus uniformis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Lochkovian_GSSP_12June20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=117&top_parentid=0&imageid=398) Ratified 1972  IUGS Series A, 5, p. 96-109, 1977 Silurian System[Přídolí Series](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=120&top_parentid=0) 422.7 ± 1.6  Požáry Section, Reporyje, Prague, Czech Republic [50.0277°N 14.3249°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=50.0277277778°N%2014.3248777778°E) within Bed 96, about 2 m above the base of the Požáry
Formation  Graptolite FAD _Neocolonograptus parultimus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Pridoli_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=120&top_parentid=0&imageid=411) Ratified 1984 [Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985](/references/Silurian1.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 90 - 100, 1989 Ludlow Series[Ludfordian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=122&top_parentid=0) 425 ± 1.5  near Ludlow, UK [52.3592°N 2.7772°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.359167778°N%202.77722222222°W) coincident with the base of the Leintwardine Formation  Imprecise. May be near base of _Saetograptus_
_leintwardinensis_ Graptolite zone. [![](/images/combined/thumb/Ludfordian_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=122&top_parentid=0&imageid=399) Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; [Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982](/references/Silurian2.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 [Gorstian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=123&top_parentid=0) 426.7 ± 1.5  near Ludlow, UK [52.3592°N 2.7772°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.3591666667°N%202.77722222222°W) coincident with the base of the Lower Elton Formation  Graptolite FAD _Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Gorstian_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=123&top_parentid=0&imageid=387) Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; [Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982](/references/Silurian2.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 Wenlock Series[Homerian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=125&top_parentid=0) 430.6 ± 1.3  Sheinton Brook, Homer, UK [52.6156°N 2.5647°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.6155555556°N%202.56472222222°W) within upper part of the Apedale Member of the Coalbrookdale Formation  Graptolite FAD _Cyrtograptus lundgreni_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Homerian_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=125&top_parentid=0&imageid=393) Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; [Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982](/references/Silurian2.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 [Sheinwoodian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=126&top_parentid=0) 432.9 ± 1.2  Hughley Brook, UK [52.5811°N 2.6389°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.5811111111°N%202.63888888889°W) base of the Buildwas Formation  Imprecise. Between the base of acritarch biozone 5 and LAD of
conodont _Pterospathodus amorphognathoides_. The current GSSP
does not coincide with the base of the _Cyrtograptus centrifugus_
Biozone, as was supposed when the GSSP was defined. Restudy
recommends a slightly higher and correlatable level on condonts --
the Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of
the _Cyrtograptus murchisoni_ Graptolite Biozone [![](/images/combined/thumb/Sheinwoodian_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=126&top_parentid=0&imageid=420) Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; [Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982](/references/Silurian2.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 Llandovery Series[Telychian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=128&top_parentid=0) 438.6 ± 1.1  Cefn-cerig Road Section, Wales, UK [51.9700°N 3.7900°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=51.97°N%203.79°W) within the Wormwood Formation  Just above Brachiopod LAD _Eocoelia intermedia_ and below FAD
of _Eocoelia curtisi_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Telychian_GSSP_30Dec20180.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=128&top_parentid=0&imageid=422) Ratified 1984 [Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985](/references/Silurian1.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 [Aeronian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=129&top_parentid=0) 440.5  Trefawr Track Section, Wales, UK [52.0300°N 3.7000°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=52.03°N%203.7°W) within Trefawr Formation  Graptolite FAD _Monograptus austerus sequens_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Aeronian_GSSP_17Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=129&top_parentid=0&imageid=361) Ratified 1984 [Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985](/references/Silurian1.pdf); Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 [Rhuddanian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=130&top_parentid=0) 443.1 ± 0.9  Dob's Linn, Scotland [55.4400°N 3.2700°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=55.44°N%203.27°W) 1.6m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation  Graptolite FAD _Akidograptus ascensus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Rhudd_GSSP_17Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=130&top_parentid=0&imageid=412) Ratified 1984 [Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985](/references/Silurian1.pdf); [Silurian Times No. 14 (2006)](http://www.silurian.cn/newslettersshow.asp?id=38&subid=5); [Episodes 31/3, p. 315 - 318, 2008](https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i3/005)Ordovician SystemUpper Ordovician Series[Hirnantian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=133&top_parentid=0) 445.2  Wangjiawan North section, N of Yichang City, Western Hubei Province, China [30.9841°N 111.4197°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=30.9840777778°N%20111.419655556°E) 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed  Graptolite FAD _Metabolograptus extraordinarius_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Hirnantian_GSSP_21Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=133&top_parentid=0&imageid=392) Ratified 2006 [Episodes 29/3, p. 183-196, 2006](/references/Hirnantian.pdf)[Katian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=134&top_parentid=0) 452.8 ± 0.7  Black Knob Ridge Section, Atoka, Oklahoma (USA) [34.4305°N 96.0746°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=34.4304833333°N%2096.07455°W) 4.0m above the base of the Bigfork Chert  Graptolite FAD _Diplacanthograptus caudatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Katian_GSSP_15Apr20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=134&top_parentid=0&imageid=396) Ratified 2006 [Episodes 30/4, p. 258-270, 2007](/references/Katian0.pdf)[Sandbian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=135&top_parentid=0) 458.2 ± 0.7  Sularp Brook, Fågelsång, Sweden [55.7137°N 13.3255°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=55.7136944444°N%2013.3255°E) 1.4m below a phosphorite marker bed in the E14b outcrop  Graptolite FAD _Nemagraptus gracilis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Sandbian_GSSP_6Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=135&top_parentid=0&imageid=416) Ratified 2002 [Episodes 23/2, p. 102-109, 2000](/references/Sandbian.pdf)Middle Ordovician Series[Darriwilian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=137&top_parentid=0) 469.4 ± 0.9  Huangnitang section, Changshan, Zhejiang Province, SE China [28.8539°N 118.4897°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=28.8538888889°N%20118.489722222°E) base of Bed AEP 184  Graptolite FAD _Undulograptus austrodentatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Darriwilian_GSSP_9Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=137&top_parentid=0&imageid=376) Ratified 1997 [Episodes 20/3, p. 158-166, 1997](/references/Darriwilian.pdf)[Dapingian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=138&top_parentid=0) 471.3 ± 1  Huanghuachang Section, NE of Yichang city, Hubei Province, S. China [30.8605°N 110.3740°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=30.8605°N%20110.374027778°E) 10.57 m above base of the Dawan Formation  Conodont FAD of _Baltoniodus triangularis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Dapingian_GSSP_15Apr20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=138&top_parentid=0&imageid=375) Ratified 2007 [Episodes 28/2, p. 105 - 117, 2005](/references/Dapingian.pdf); [Episodes 32/2, p. 96-113, 2009](/references/Dapingian_v32n20.pdf)Lower Ordovician Series[Floian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=140&top_parentid=0) 477.1 ± 1.2  Diabasbrottet, Hunneberg, Sweden [58.3589°N 12.5024°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=58.3589444444°N%2012.5023888889°E) in the lower Tøyen Shale, 2.1m above the top of the Cambrian  Graptolite FAD _Tetragraptus approximatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Floian_GSSP_9Nov20200.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=140&top_parentid=0&imageid=382) Ratified 2002 [Episodes 27/4, p. 265-272, 2004](/references/Floian.pdf)[Tremadocian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=141&top_parentid=0) 486.9 ± 1.5  Green Point Section, western Newfoundland [49.6829°N 57.9653°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=49.6829166667°N%2057.9653027778°W) at the 101.8m level, within Bed 23, in the measured section  Conodont FAD _Iapetognathus fluctivagus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Tremadocian_GSSP_15Apr20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=141&top_parentid=0&imageid=427)[![](/images/combined/thumb/Tremadocian_ASSP_web_9June20240.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=141&top_parentid=0&imageid=446) Ratified 2000 [Episodes 24/1, p. 19 - 28, 2001](/references/Tremadocian.pdf); [Episodes 44/4, p. 359-383, 2021](https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020091)Cambrian SystemFurongian Series
Stage 10  491  Agnostoid arthropod FAD of _Lotagnostus americanus_[Jiangshanian](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=145&top_parentid=0) 494.2  Duibian B Section (Zhejiang Province, China) [28.8160°N 118.6149°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=28.815967°N%20118.614933°E) 108.12m above the base of the Huayansi Formation at the base of an 8
cm thick layer of dark gray calcisiltites  Agnostoid arthropod FAD of _Agnostotes orientalis_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Jiangshanian_GSSP_5Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=145&top_parentid=0&imageid=395) Ratified 2011 [Paibian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=146&top_parentid=0) 497  Wuling Mountains, Huayuan County, NW Hunan Province, China [28.3895°N 109.5257°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=28.3895°N%20109.525666667°E) at 396 m in the Huaqiao Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD _Glyptagnostus reticulatus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Paibian_GSSP_5Sept20191.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=146&top_parentid=0&imageid=435) Ratified 2003 [Lethaia 37, p. 365-379, 2004](/references/PaibianGSSP_Lethaia040.pdf)Miaolingian Series[Guzhangian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=148&top_parentid=0) 500.5  Louyixi, Guzhang County, NW Hunan Province, S. China [28.7200°N 109.9647°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=28.72°N%20109.964666667°E) 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD _Lejopyge laevigata_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Guzhangian_GSSP_5Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=148&top_parentid=0&imageid=389) Ratified 2008 [Episodes 32/1, p.41-55, 2009](/references/Guzhangian_v32n10.pdf)[Drumian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=149&top_parentid=0) 504.5  Drum Mountains, Millard County, Utah, USA [39.5117°N 112.9915°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=39.51175°N%20112.991483333°W) at the base of a dark-gray thinly laminated calcisiltite layer, 62 m
above the base of the Wheeler Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD _Ptychagnostus atavus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Drumian_GSSP_7Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=149&top_parentid=0&imageid=377) Ratified 2006 [Episodes 30/2,p. 85-95, 2007](/references/Drumian0.pdf)[Wuliuan Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=150&top_parentid=0) 509  Wuliu-Zengjiayan section in Jianhe County, eastern Guizhou Province, China [26.7474°N 108.4138°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=26.747383°N%20108.413833°E) at the base of a silty mudstone layer (within bed 9) 52.8m above the
base of the
Kaili Formation in the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section  Trilobite, FAD of _Oryctocephalus indicus_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Wuliuan_GSSP_4Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=150&top_parentid=0&imageid=432) Ratified 2019 [Episodes 42/2, p.165-184, 2019](http://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2019/019013)Series 2
Stage 4  514.5  Trilobite FAD _Olenellus_ or _Redlichia_
Stage 3  521  Trilobites -- their FAD Terreneuvian Series
Stage 2  529  Small Shelly Fossils, FAD of _Watsonella crosbyi_ or _Aldanella_
_attleborensis_[Fortunian Stage](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=156&top_parentid=0) 538.8 ± 0.6  Fortune Head, SE Newfoundland, Canada [47.0762°N 55.8310°W](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=47.0762416667°N%2055.8310305556°W) 2.4m above the base of Member 2 in the Chapel Island Formation  Trace fossil FAD _Trichophycus pedum_[![](/images/combined/thumb/Fortunian_GSSP_4Sept20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=156&top_parentid=0&imageid=383) Ratified 1992 [Episodes 17/1&2, p. 95-100, 1994](/references/Fortunian0.pdf)PrecambrianProterozoic EonNeoproterozoic Era[Ediacaran System](/gssp/detail.php?periodid=159&top_parentid=0) 635  Enorama Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia [31.3314°S 138.6334°E](http://maps.google.com/maps?z=5&q=31.3314444444°S%20138.633388889°E) base of the Marinoan cap carbonate  (1) rapid decay of Marinoan ice sheets and onset of distinct cap
carbonates throughout the world, and (2) the beginning of a
distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes. [![](/images/combined/thumb/EdiacaranGSSP_16Aug20190.jpg)](/gssp/image.php?periodid=159&top_parentid=0&imageid=378) Ratified 1990 [Lethaia 39, p.13-30, 2006](/references/EdiacaranGSSP_Lethaia060.pdf)
Cryogenian System  720  Onset of the first global glaciation  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Tonian System  1000  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Mesoproterozoic Era
Stenian System  1200  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Ectasian System  1400  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Calymmian System  1600  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Paleoproterozoic Era
Statherian System  1800  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Orosirian System  2050  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Rhyacian System  2300  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Siderian System  2500  Defined chronometrically, but it will be replaced by GSSP  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Archean Eon
Neoarchean Era  2800  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Mesoarchean Era  3200  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Paleoarchean Era  3600  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Eoarchean Era  4000  Base is not defined  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Hadean Eon  4560  Formation of planet Earth. Informal term

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9-Jun-2024