Pochodzenie Indoeuropejczyków – nowe dane paleogenetyczne
Współcześni autorzy zwracają uwagę, że trudno znaleźć ślady podboju i ekspansja języków indoeuropejskich zachodziła raczej na drodze pokojowej ...
sekwencjonowania nowej generacji
Paleogenetycy już od ponad trzydziestu lat mieszają w głowach archeologom, ostatnio coraz śmielej ze względu na rosnące możliwości rekonstruowania całych genomów przy użyciu <anchor>sekwencjonowania nowej generacji</anchor>. Przełomem było również odkrycie, że kostne struktury ucha wewnętrznego lepiej przechowują dawne DNA niż zębina, dzięki czemu znacznie wzrosło prawdopodobieństwo uzyskania przynajmniej częściowej sekwencji nawet w przypadku silnie zerodowanych szkieletów. Dlatego na naszych oczach zmienia się skala badań paleogenetycznych: kiedyś sukcesem było zsekwencjonowanie genomu kilku lub kilkunastu osobników, obecnie coraz częściej są to setki sekwencji. Umożliwia to udzielenie coraz bardziej precyzyjnych odpowiedzi na pytania o ruchy grup ludzkich w pradziejach.
What is Next Generation DNA Sequencing? | Functional genomics II
What is Next Generation DNA Sequencing? \| Functional genomics II

- [EMBL-EBI Training](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training)
- [On-demand training](http://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/on-demand)
- [Online tutorial](http://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/on-demand?facets=type:Online tutorial)
- Functional genomics II


[My learning](/training/user)

[My playlists](/training/playlists)

[My account](/training/user/account)

[Contact us](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/support/training)

[Logout](/training/user/logout)

- [Login](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/user/login)
- [Register](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/user/register)

[**Functional genomics II**](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods)

Common technologies and data analysis methods

Course progress: 0%

- Open Tree

arrow-right-1
- [Course overview](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods)
- [Search within this course](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/search/page?s=)
- [Introduction](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/introduction/)
- [Real-time PCR](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/real-time-pcr/)
- [Microarrays \
\
Open Tree\
\
arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/)
  - [Counteracting dye bias effects when using two-colour arrays](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/counteracting-dye-bias-effects-when-using-two-colour-arrays/)
  - [Analysis of microarray data \
    \
     Open Tree\
     \
    arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/)
    - [Feature extraction](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/feature-extraction/)
    - [Quality control](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/quality-control/)
    - [Normalisation](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/normalisation/)
    - [Differential expression analysis](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/differential-expression-analysis/)
    - [Biological interpretation of microarray data](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/biological-interpretation-of-gene-expression-data/)
    - [Submission of data to a public repository](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/submission-of-data-to-a-public-repository/)
- [What is Next Generation DNA Sequencing? \
\
Open Tree\
\
arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/)
  - [Illumina sequencing](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/illumina-sequencing/)
  - [454 sequencing](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/454-sequencing/)
  - [Ion Torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/ion-torrent-proton-pgm-sequencing/)
  - [Improvements on the previous technology](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/improvements-on-the-previous-technology/)
- [RNA sequencing \
\
Open Tree\
\
arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/)
  - [Performing a RNA-seq experiment \
    \
     Open Tree\
     \
    arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/)
    - [Design considerations \
      \
       Open Tree\
       \
      arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/design-considerations/)
      - [Number of replicates](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/design-considerations/number-of-replicates/)
    - [Library preparation and sequencing approaches](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/laboratory-performance/)
    - [Data analysis \
      \
       Open Tree\
       \
      arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/data-analysis/)
      - [Quality control](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/data-analysis/quality-control-2/)
      - [Read mapping or alignment](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/data-analysis/read-mapping-or-alignment/)
      - [Quantification](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/data-analysis/quantification/)
      - [Differential gene expression analysis](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/rna-sequencing/performing-a-rna-seq-experiment/data-analysis/differential-gene-expression-analysis/)
- [Biological interpretation of gene expression data](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/biological-interpretation-of-gene-expression-data-2/)
- [Genotyping, epigenetic and DNA/RNA-protein interaction methods \
\
Open Tree\
\
arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/genotyping-epigenetic-and-dna-rna-protein-interaction-methods/)
  - [Epigenetic modifications \
    \
     Open Tree\
     \
    arrow-right-1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/genotyping-epigenetic-and-dna-rna-protein-interaction-methods/epigenetic-modifications/)
    - [Histone modifications](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/genotyping-epigenetic-and-dna-rna-protein-interaction-methods/epigenetic-modifications/histone-modifications/)
- [DNA/RNA-protein interactions](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/dna-rna-protein-interactions/)
- [Summary](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/summary/)
- [Quiz: Check your learning](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/quiz-check-your-learning/)
- [Your feedback](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/your-feedback/)
- [Learn more](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/learn-more/)
- [References](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/references/)

​



[![Creative Commons](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/wp-content/themes/ebi-academy/images/CC_BY.png)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

All materials are free cultural works licensed under a Creative Commons
[Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), except where further licensing details are provided.


Share this page with:

- [twitter](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=PsyArXiv preprints in Europe PMC , EMBL-EBI Training&url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/events/psyarxiv-preprints-europe-pmc/)
- [facebook](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/events/psyarxiv-preprints-europe-pmc/)
- [linkedin](https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/events/psyarxiv-preprints-europe-pmc/&title=PsyArXiv preprints in Europe PMC , EMBL-EBI Training&summary=PsyArXiv preprints in Europe PMC , EMBL-EBI Training&source=EBIAcademy)

# What is Next Generation DNA Sequencing?

In contrast to microarray methods, sequence-based approaches directly determine the nucleic acid sequence of a given DNA or cDNA molecule.

The first major foray into DNA sequencing was the Human Genome Project. This project, which used first-generation sequencing, known as Sanger sequencing (the chain-termination method), took 13 years, cost $3 billion and was completed in 2003.

Compared to conventional Sanger sequencing using capillary electrophoresis, the short read, massively parallel sequencing technique is a fundamentally different approach that revolutionised sequencing capabilities and launched the second-generation sequencing methods – or next-generation sequencing (NGS) – that provide orders of magnitude more data at much lower recurring cost.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is the catch-all term used to describe a number of different modern sequencing technologies. These technologies allow for sequencing of DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than the previously used Sanger sequencing, and as such revolutionised the study of genomics and molecular biology. Such technologies include:

### Advantages of NGS

NGS can be used to analyse DNA and RNA samples and is a popular tool in functional genomics. In contrast to microarray methods, NGS-based approaches have several advantages including:

- a _priori_ knowledge of the genome or genomic features is not required
- it offers single-nucleotide resolution, making it possible to detect related genes (or features), alternatively spliced transcripts, allelic gene variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms
- higher dynamic range of signal
- requires less DNA/RNA as input (nanograms of materials are sufficient)
- higher reproducibility

### NGS technologies

- Illumina (Solexa) sequencing: Illumina sequencing works by simultaneously identifying DNA bases, as each base emits a unique fluorescent signal, and adding them to a nucleic acid chain

- Roche 454 sequencing: This method is based on pyrosequencing, a technique which detects pyrophosphate release, using light signal (bioluminescence), after nucleotides are incorporated by polymerase to a new strand of DNA. Roche 454 sequencing platform has been discontinued since 2016.

- Ion Torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing: Ion Torrent sequencing measures the direct release of H+ (protons) from the incorporation of individual bases by DNA polymerase and therefore differs from the previous two methods as it does not measure light.

The next few pages provide step-by-step explanations of how each of these NGS technologies work.

![](https://trainingcontent.embl.org/themes/custom/ebi_academy/images/video_icon.png)

These Youtube videos give a useful overview of how Sanger sequencing and the different next generation sequencing technologies work and when to use them:

- [Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) – An Introduction](https://youtu.be/jFCD8Q6qSTM)
- [When do I use Sanger Sequencing vs. NGS? – Seq It Out #7](https://youtu.be/Wpww8bb63zU)

![](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/wp-content/themes/ebi-academy/images/Checkmark.svg) Mark as complete

- [pagenavigation-left-circle-1\_1Submission of data to a public repository](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/microarrays/analysis-of-microarray-data/submission-of-data-to-a-public-repository/)
- [pageIllumina sequencing navigation-right-circle-1\_1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods/next-generation-sequencing/illumina-sequencing/)

## Congratulations!

You have completed this tutorial.

Why not share your success on social media?

- [whatsapp](https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=I have just completed a bioinformatics online tutorial from EMBL-EBI: Functional genomics II - Common technologies and data analysis methods https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods )
- [twitter](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=I have just completed a bioinformatics online tutorial from @EBItraining: Functional genomics II - Common technologies and data analysis methods &url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods )
- [facebook](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods)
- [linkedin](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/courses/functional-genomics-ii-common-technologies-and-data-analysis-methods)

Continue on to the final pages of this online tutorial for recommendations on what to learn next and to tell us what you thought of this tutorial.