Rodziny językowe / Babilon - lingvo.info
... jak również inne języki, takie jak grecki i ormiański. Chińsko ... Pomimo że jest on otoczony przez języki indoeuropejskie, znacznie się od nich różni.
turecki
Im bardziej odległe od siebie są dane języki, tym trudniej określić ich genetyczny związek. Na przykład, żaden językoznawca nie wątpi w pokrewieństwo języka hiszpańskiego z językiem włoskim, ale istnienie ałtajskiej rodziny językowej (do której należałyby języki <anchor>turecki</anchor> i mongolski) jest dla niektórych badaczy sprawą kontrowersyjną. Stwierdzenie, czy wszystkie języki pochodzą od jednego przodka, jest obecnie po prostu niemożliwe. Jeśli rzeczywiście istniał jeden pierwotny język, musiałby funkcjonować dziesiątki tysięcy lat temu (jeśli nie dawniej), co czyni porównania zadaniem bardzo trudnym, a nawet niemożliwym do wykonania.
Turkish / Lingvopedia :: lingvo.info
Turkish / Lingvopedia :: lingvo.info

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# Turkish

Türk dili

## Number of native speakers

more than 70 million

### Official language in

Turkey, Cyprus

### Minority language in

Macedonia, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo

### Language of diaspora

Germany, France, Netherlands, US, Austria, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Australia, Sweden, Russia, Denmark, UK, Canada, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Azerbaijan…

**Alphabet**

Latin, 29 letters, 21 consonants and 8 vowels

**Grammatical cases**

6

**Language code**

tr, tur

**Linguistic typology**

agglutinative
, vowel harmony
, pro-drop
, SOV

**Language family**

Oghuz branch of Turkic languages

**Number of dialects**

The number of dialects is not established

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/length.png)

### Longest word

ademimerkeziyetçilik

decentralization

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/curious.png)

### Curious word or sentence

muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiri­veremeyebilecekleri­mizdenmişsinizcesine

As if you were from those whom we may not be able to easily make into a maker of unsuccessful ones.

The longest possible word (with all sufixes) consists of 70 letters.

## Introduction

A popular Turkish view is that there is one common Turkish language (Türkçe) divided into major dialects (lehçe), such as Kazakh Turkish (Kazak Türkçesi), Uzbek Turkish (Özbek Türkçesi) and Turkish of Turkey (Türkiye Türkçesi). According to this viewpoint, which is not shared by most linguists, Turkish (that is, the common Turkic language) is one of the most popular languages in the world with almost 200 million speakers.

## Writing system and pronunciation

- a
- b
- c
- ç
- d
- e
- f
- g
- ğ
- h
- ı
- i
- j
- k
- l
- m
- n
- o
- ö
- p
- r
- s
- ş
- t
- u
- ü
- v
- y
- z

The Latin alphabet was introduced in 1928. Previous writing systems, such as the runic alphabet, or Uyghur or Arabic script do not correspond to the modern Turkish alphabet, which consists of 21 consonants and 8 short vowels. There are no long vowels or diphthongs. The goal of the language reform of Atatürk was to create a closer connection between writing and speech: Benim adım Mustafa \[benim adɯm Mustafa\] (‘My name is Mustafa’).

One of the most characteristic features of Turkish is vowel harmony, including the oppositions:

- front vs. back: temizleyeceğim (I will clean)
- low vs. high: ısıtıcı (heater)
- rounded vs. unrounded: görüşürüz (see you)

FrontBackUnroundedRoundedUnroundedRoundedHigh -oiüıuLow -oeöao

For example, the expression görüşürüz (see you, lit. we will see each other) consists of the stem gör- (see) and three different suffixes, each of which has four versions: -ış/iş/uş/üş (Reciprocative) -ır/ir/ur/ür (Aorist) -ız/iz/uz/üz (1st Plural). The vowels in the suffixes change according to the stem vowel. The same sequence of suffixes added to different roots produces different versions:

- al- (take): alışırız (we will get used to)
- sev- (love): sevişiriz (we will make love)
- konuş- (speak): konuşuruz (we will speak)

## Grammar

Turkish, unlike most European languages, is an agglutinating language. This means that grammatical suffixes are added to an unchanging word stem. Each suffix has its own grammatical meaning. More than one suffix may be added to the word, as in the example below:

- ev
house

- evler
houses

- evlenmek
to get married

- evim
my house

- evlerim
my houses

- evlendik
we got married

- evimde
in my house

- evlerimde
in my houses

- evlendirecekler
they will marry off


There is no grammatical gender in Turkish so the word arkadaş (friend) can be used for both males and females. There is no definite article but the numeral bir (one) may be used as an indefinite article. The plural is indicated by the suffix -lar/ler (depending on the vocal harmony), as in evler (houses) and atlar (horses). There are six cases in Turkish: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative. The vowel in the suffix depends on vowel harmony:

househorsedoctoractorNominativeevatdoktoraktörGenitiveevinatındoktorunaktörünDativeeveatadoktoraaktöreAccusativeeviatıdoktoruaktörüLocativeevdeattadoktordaaktördeAblativeevdenattandoktordanaktörden

Verb forms follow the pattern stem-aspect/tense-personal suffix, for example oyna-dı-m (I played). Negation is made with the negative suffix -ma/me added after the stem, for example oyna-ma-dı-m (I didn’t play). For questions, the particle mı/mi/mu/mü is used, for example oynadım mı? (did I play?). There are five basic tenses in Turkish: Present, Future, Aorist, Past Definite and the Inferential Past. The last of these (also called the Reported Past) is used to describe situations that were reported to the speaker or, in other words, when the speaker does not know if the sentence is true or not, for example Ali evlenmiş (it is said that Ali got married).

### yapmak(to do)

SingularPlural1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd personPresentyapıyorumyapıyorsunyapıyoryapıyoruzyapıyorsunuzyapıyorlarFutureyapacağımyapacaksınyapacakyapacağızyapacaksınızyapacaklarAoristyaparımyaparsınyaparyaparızyaparsınızyaparlarPast definiteyaptımyaptınyaptıyaptıkyaptınızyaptılarInferential pastyapmışımyapmışsınyapmışyapmışızyapmışsınızyapmışlar

## Word formation and lexicon

Unchangeable word stems make up the core of the lexicon. The oldest stems are usually one-syllable stems of the types VC, CV, CVC or CVCC, thus the number of stems is limited. New words are formed by adding suffixes to the stems or to already existing words, for example:

- sev-
love, like

- sevmek
to love, to like

- sevişmek
to make love

- sevinmek
to rejoice

- sevinç
joy

- sevindirici
joyful

- sevgi
love, affection

- sevgili
beloved, darling

- sevimli
amiable

- sevecen
affectionate

- sevici
lesbian


### Reduplication in Turkish

Reduplication is a very popular way to intensify the meaning of the word in Turkish. There are several types:

- by repetitive affix: beyaz (white) - bembeyaz (very white), mavi (blue) - masmavi (very blue)
- by repetition of the same word: parça (piece) - parça parça (in pieces), yavaş (slowly) - yavaş yavaş (slowly, very slowly)
- by repetition of the same word with a change of the first sound to m: kahve (coffee) - kahve mahve (coffee and similar drinks), çanta (bag) - çanta manta (bag and similar things)
- by adding a similar word: kırık (broken) - kırık dökük (broken, demolished)
- by adding similar yet not existing word: eğri (bent) - eğri büğrü (twisted)
- by combining two not existing words: abur cubur (junk food), ıvır zıvır (gadgetry), cicili bicili (overdecorated)

Reduplication is also used in onomatopoeia: çıtır çıtır (used when someone eats crispy food), şapır şapır (used when someone eats or kisses loudly). It can be also used for some visual features of objects: pırıl pırıl (shiny). Although the above mentioned constructions are very popular the patterns are fixed (except for group C) and the creation of new elements is limited.

## Thematic words

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/cat.png)

miyav

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/dog.png)

hav

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/rooster.png)

kikiriki

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/cow.png)

mö

![](/images/lingvopedia/common/sheep.png)

me

## Funny or odd traditional proverbs and idioms

![](/images/lingvopedia/turkish/sentence1.png)

Hatır için çiğ tavuk yenir.To eat raw chicken for somebody's sake.We will do everything for our friends.

![](/images/lingvopedia/turkish/sentence2.png)

Armut piş, ağzıma düş.Pear, boil and fall in my mouth.Used to describe the attitude of lazy people.

![](/images/lingvopedia/turkish/sentence3.png)

Beş parmak bir değil.Five fingers are not one.Different strokes for different folks.

![](/images/lingvopedia/turkish/sentence4.png)

Parayı veren düdüğü çalar.The one who pays blows the whistle.He who pays the piper calls the tune.

![](/images/lingvopedia/turkish/sentence5.png)

Doğru söyleyeni dokuz köyden kovarlar.One who tells the truth is banished from nine villages.Honesty is not the best policy. / Telling the truth brings nothing but trouble.

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