Franco-Belgian comics | Hey Kids Comics Wiki | Fandom
Franco-Belgian comics (French language: Bande dessinée franco-belge; Dutch language: Franco-Belgische strip) are comics that are created for a Belgian and ...
graphic novels
The phrase bandes dessinées is derived from the original description of the art form as "drawn strips". The term contains no indication of subject matter, unlike the American terms "comics" and "funnies", which imply a humorous art form. Indeed, the distinction of comics as the "ninth art" is prevalent in Francophone scholarship on the form ( le neuvième art), as is the concept of comics criticism and scholarship itself. The "ninth art" designation stems from Morris "wikipedia:Morris (comics)")'s article series about the history of comics, which appeared in _Spirou "wikipedia:Spirou (magazine)")_ magazine from 1964 to 1967.[1] Relative to the respective size of their countries, the innumerable authors in the region publish huge numbers of comics. In North America, the more serious Franco-Belgian comics are often seen as equivalent to what is known as <anchor>graphic novels</anchor>. But whether they are long or short, bound or in magazine format, in Francophone Europe there is no need for a more sophisticated name than bandes dessinées, as this term does not itself imply something frivolous or humorous.
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## Contents

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- [1Definition](#Definition)
- [2History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [2.11920s to 1960s](#1920s_to_1960s)
  - [2.2Modern era](#Modern_era)
  - [2.3First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978](#First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976–1978)
  - [2.4Adoption of the term](#Adoption_of_the_term)
  - [2.5European adoption of the term](#European_adoption_of_the_term)
- [3Criticism of the term](#Criticism_of_the_term)
- [4See also](#See_also)
- [5References](#References)
- [6Bibliography](#Bibliography)
- [7External links](#External_links)

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# Graphic novel

46 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9 "رواية مصورة – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrafik_roman "Qrafik roman – Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8 "গ্রাফিক উপন্যাস – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang-%C3%A1_si%C3%A1u-soat "Ang-á siáu-soat – Minnan")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD "Графичен роман – Bulgarian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel%C2%B7la_gr%C3%A0fica "Novel·la gràfica – Catalan")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman "Grafisk roman – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_Novel "Graphic Novel – German")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_gr%C3%A1fica "Novela gráfica – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_novelo "Grafika novelo – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleberri_grafiko "Eleberri grafiko – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C "رمان گرافیکی – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_graphique "Roman graphique – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striproman "Striproman – Western Frisian")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_gr%C3%A1fica "Novela gráfica – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD_%EB%85%B8%EB%B8%94 "그래픽 노블 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA "Գրաֆիկական վեպ – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 "ग्राफिक उपन्यास – Hindi")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_grafik "Novel grafik – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanzo_a_fumetti "Romanzo a fumetti – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99 "רומן גרפי – Hebrew")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiskais_rom%C4%81ns "Grafiskais romāns – Latvian")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_Novel "Graphic Novel – Luxembourgish")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafinis_romanas "Grafinis romanas – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9preg%C3%A9nyalbum "Képregényalbum – Hungarian")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_grafik "Novel grafik – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striproman "Striproman – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB "グラフィックノベル – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman "Grafisk roman – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman "Grafisk roman – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powie%C5%9B%C4%87_graficzna "Powieść graficzna – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_gr%C3%A1fico "Romance gráfico – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_grafic "Roman grafic – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD "Графический роман – Russian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel "Graphic novel – Albanian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel "Graphic novel – Simple English")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C "ڕۆمانی وێنەیی – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD "Графички роман – Serbian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjakuvaromaani "Sarjakuvaromaani – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serieroman "Serieroman – Swedish")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E "นวนิยายภาพ – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_roman "Grafik roman – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD "Графічний роман – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_thuy%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_ho%E1%BA%A1 "Tiểu thuyết đồ hoạ – Vietnamese")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA "圖像小說 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA "圖像小說 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Book with primarily comics contents

Not to be confused with [visual novel](/wiki/Visual_novel "Visual novel") or [illustrated fiction](/wiki/Illustrated_fiction "Illustrated fiction").

Graphic novel[Comics](/wiki/Comics "Comics")[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg)

[Speech balloon](/wiki/Speech_balloon "Speech balloon")

[Comics studies](/wiki/Comics_studies "Comics studies")

- [Education](/wiki/Comics_in_education "Comics in education")
- [Glossary](/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology "Glossary of comics terminology")
- [History](/wiki/History_of_comics "History of comics")

Methods

- [Cartooning](/wiki/Cartoon "Cartoon")
- [Photo comics](/wiki/Photo_comics "Photo comics")

Media formats

- [Comic book](/wiki/Comic_book "Comic book")
- [Comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip")
- [Digital comic](/wiki/Digital_comic "Digital comic")
- [Gag cartoon](/wiki/Gag_cartoon "Gag cartoon")
- [Trade paperback](/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics) "Trade paperback (comics)")
- Graphic novel
- [Political cartoon](/wiki/Political_cartoon "Political cartoon")
- [Webcomic](/wiki/Webcomic "Webcomic")
- [Webtoon](/wiki/Webtoon "Webtoon")

[Comics by country and culture](/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country "List of comics by country")

- [American comics](/wiki/American_comic_book "American comic book")
- [Argentine comics](/wiki/Argentine_comics "Argentine comics")
- _[Bande dessinées](/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e "Bande dessinée")_( [Belgium](/wiki/Belgian_comics "Belgian comics")/ [France](/wiki/French_comics "French comics")/ [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec_comics "Quebec comics"))
- [Australian comics](/wiki/Comics_in_Australia "Comics in Australia")
- [Brazilian comics](/wiki/Brazilian_comics "Brazilian comics")
- [British comics](/wiki/British_comics "British comics")( [Welsh-language](/wiki/Welsh-language_comics "Welsh-language comics"))
- [Canadian comics](/wiki/Canadian_comics "Canadian comics")
- [Croatian comics](/wiki/Croatian_comics "Croatian comics")
- [Czech comics](/wiki/Czech_comics "Czech comics")
- [Dutch comics](/wiki/Dutch_comics "Dutch comics")
- [European comics](/wiki/European_comics "European comics")
- [German comics](/wiki/German_comics "German comics")
- [Hungarian comics](/wiki/Hungarian_comics "Hungarian comics")
- [Indian comics](/wiki/Indian_comics "Indian comics")
- [Irish comics](/wiki/Irish_comics "Irish comics")
- [Italian comics](/wiki/Italian_comics "Italian comics")
- [Manga](/wiki/Manga "Manga")
- [Manhua](/wiki/Manhua "Manhua")( [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics "Hong Kong comics"))
- [Manhwa](/wiki/Manhwa "Manhwa")
- [Mexican comics](/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico "Comics in Mexico")
- [Pakistani comics](/wiki/Pakistani_comics "Pakistani comics")
- [Philippine comics](/wiki/Philippine_comics "Philippine comics")
- [Polish comics](/wiki/Polish_comics "Polish comics")
- [Portuguese comics](/wiki/Portuguese_comics "Portuguese comics")
- [Serbian comics](/wiki/Serbian_comics "Serbian comics")
- [South African comics](/wiki/South_African_comics "South African comics")
- [Spanish comics](/wiki/Spanish_comics "Spanish comics")
- [Thai comics](/wiki/Thai_comics "Thai comics")
- [Turkish comics](/wiki/Turkish_comics "Turkish comics")
- [Vietnamese comics](/wiki/Vietnamese_comics "Vietnamese comics")

Community

- [Awards](/wiki/List_of_comics_awards "List of comics awards")
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A **graphic novel** is a long-form work of [sequential art](/wiki/Sequential_art "Sequential art"). The term _graphic novel_ is often applied broadly, including fiction, non-fiction, and [anthologized](/wiki/Anthology "Anthology") work, though this practice is highly contested by comics scholars and industry professionals. It is, at least in the United States, typically distinct from the term _[comic book](/wiki/Comic_book "Comic book")_, which is generally used for comics [periodicals](/wiki/Periodical "Periodical") and [trade paperbacks](/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics) "Trade paperback (comics)").[\[1\]](#cite_note-:22-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

[Fan historian](/wiki/Comics_historian "Comics historian") Richard Kyle coined the term _graphic novel_ in an [essay](/wiki/Essay "Essay") in the November 1964 issue of the comics [fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine "Fanzine") _Capa-Alpha_.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) The term gained popularity in the comics community after the publication of [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner "Will Eisner")'s _[A Contract with God](/wiki/A_Contract_with_God "A Contract with God")_ (1978) and the start of the _[Marvel Graphic Novel](/wiki/Marvel_Graphic_Novel "Marvel Graphic Novel")_ [line](/wiki/Line_(comics) "Line (comics)") (1982) and became familiar to the public in the late 1980s after the commercial successes of the first volume of [Art Spiegelman](/wiki/Art_Spiegelman "Art Spiegelman")'s _[Maus](/wiki/Maus "Maus")_ in 1986, the collected editions of [Frank Miller](/wiki/Frank_Miller "Frank Miller")'s _[The Dark Knight Returns](/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns "The Dark Knight Returns")_ in 1986 and [Alan Moore](/wiki/Alan_Moore "Alan Moore") and [Dave Gibbons](/wiki/Dave_Gibbons "Dave Gibbons")' _[Watchmen](/wiki/Watchmen "Watchmen")_ in 1987. The [Book Industry Study Group](/wiki/Book_Industry_Study_Group "Book Industry Study Group") began using _graphic novel_ as a category in book stores in 2001.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

## Definition

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Definition")\]

The term is not strictly defined, though [Merriam-Webster](/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster")'s dictionary definition is "a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published as a [book](/wiki/Book "Book")".[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) Collections of [comic books](/wiki/Comic_books "Comic books") that do not form a continuous story, [anthologies](/wiki/Anthology "Anthology") or collections of loosely related pieces, and even [non-fiction](/wiki/Non-fiction "Non-fiction") are stocked by [libraries](/wiki/Library "Library") and [bookstores](/wiki/Bookstores "Bookstores") as graphic novels (similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in "comic" books).\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] The term is also sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a [story arc](/wiki/Story_arc "Story arc") from a comic book series published in book form.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

In continental Europe, both original book-length stories such as _[The Ballad of the Salty Sea](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_Salty_Sea "The Ballad of the Salty Sea")_ (1967) by [Hugo Pratt](/wiki/Hugo_Pratt "Hugo Pratt") or _La rivolta dei racchi_ (1967) by [Guido Buzzelli](/wiki/Guido_Buzzelli "Guido Buzzelli"),\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\][\[10\]](#cite_note-10) and collections of [comics](/wiki/Comics "Comics") have been commonly published in hardcover volumes, often called _[albums](/wiki/Comic_album "Comic album")_, since the end of the 19th century (including such later [Franco-Belgian comics](/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics "Franco-Belgian comics") series as _[The Adventures of Tintin](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin "The Adventures of Tintin")_ in the 1930s).

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: History")\]

As the exact definition of the graphic novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation.

_The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck_ is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end.[\[11\]](#cite_note-coville-11) It originated as the 1828 publication _[Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois](/wiki/Histoire_de_Mr._Vieux_Bois "Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois")_ by Swiss caricaturist [Rodolphe Töpffer](/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer "Rodolphe Töpffer"), and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London's Tilt & Bogue, which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition.[\[12\]](#cite_note-beerbohm-12) The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is _Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags_ by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by _The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck_.[\[12\]](#cite_note-beerbohm-12) In 1894, [Caran d'Ache](/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache "Caran d'Ache") broached the idea of a "drawn novel" in a letter to the newspaper _[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")_ and started work on a 360-page wordless book (which was never published).[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) In the United States, there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897, the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of _[The Yellow Kid](/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid "The Yellow Kid")_ by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

### 1920s to 1960s

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: 1920s to 1960s")\]

The 1920s saw a revival of the [medieval](/wiki/Medieval "Medieval") [woodcut](/wiki/Woodcut "Woodcut") tradition, with Belgian [Frans Masereel](/wiki/Frans_Masereel "Frans Masereel") cited as "the undisputed king" of this revival.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) His works include _[Passionate Journey](/wiki/Passionate_Journey "Passionate Journey")_ (1919).[\[16\]](#cite_note-16) American [Lynd Ward](/wiki/Lynd_Ward "Lynd Ward") also worked in this tradition, publishing _Gods' Man_, in 1929 and going on to publish more during the 1930s.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)\[ _[better source needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS "Wikipedia:NOTRS")_\]

Other prototypical examples from this period include American [Milt Gross](/wiki/Milt_Gross "Milt Gross")'s _[He Done Her Wrong](/wiki/He_Done_Her_Wrong "He Done Her Wrong")_ (1930), a wordless comic published as a hardcover book, and _[Une semaine de bonté](/wiki/Une_semaine_de_bont%C3%A9 "Une semaine de bonté")_ (1934), a novel in sequential images composed of collage by the surrealist painter [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst "Max Ernst"). Similarly, [Charlotte Salomon](/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon "Charlotte Salomon")'s _Life? or Theater?_ (composed 1941–43) combines images, narrative, and captions.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ItRhymesWithLust.jpg/220px-ItRhymesWithLust.jpg)](/wiki/File:ItRhymesWithLust.jpg) The [digest-sized](/wiki/Digest-sized "Digest-sized") "picture novel" _It Rhymes with Lust_ (1950), one precursor of the graphic novel. Cover art by [Matt Baker](/wiki/Matt_Baker_(artist) "Matt Baker (artist)") and [Ray Osrin](/wiki/Ray_Osrin "Ray Osrin").

The 1940s saw the launching of _[Classics Illustrated](/wiki/Classics_Illustrated "Classics Illustrated")_, a [comic-book](/wiki/Comic-book "Comic-book") series that primarily adapted notable, [public domain](/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain") novels into standalone comic books for young readers. _[Citizen 13660](/wiki/Citizen_13660 "Citizen 13660")_, an illustrated, novel length retelling of [Japanese internment during World War II](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans "Internment of Japanese Americans"), was published in 1946. In 1947, [Fawcett Comics](/wiki/Fawcett_Comics "Fawcett Comics") published _Comics Novel_ #1: "Anarcho, Dictator of Death", a 52-page comic dedicated to one story.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) In 1950, [St. John Publications](/wiki/St._John_Publications "St. John Publications") produced the [digest-sized](/wiki/Digest-sized "Digest-sized"), adult-oriented "picture novel" _[It Rhymes with Lust](/wiki/It_Rhymes_with_Lust "It Rhymes with Lust")_, a [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir")-influenced slice of steeltown life starring a scheming, manipulative redhead named Rust. Touted as "an original full-length novel" on its cover, the 128-page digest by [pseudonymous](/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym") writer "Drake Waller" ( [Arnold Drake](/wiki/Arnold_Drake "Arnold Drake") and [Leslie Waller](/wiki/Leslie_Waller "Leslie Waller")), penciler [Matt Baker](/wiki/Matt_Baker_(artist) "Matt Baker (artist)") and inker [Ray Osrin](/wiki/Ray_Osrin "Ray Osrin") proved successful enough to lead to an unrelated second picture novel, _The Case of the Winking Buddha_ by [pulp novelist](/wiki/Pulp_magazine "Pulp magazine") [Manning Lee Stokes](/wiki/Manning_Lee_Stokes "Manning Lee Stokes") and illustrator Charles Raab.[\[20\]](#cite_note-ken-20)[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) In the same year, [Gold Medal Books](/wiki/Gold_Medal_Books "Gold Medal Books") released _Mansion of Evil_ by Joseph Millard.[\[22\]](#cite_note-22) Presaging Will Eisner's multiple-story graphic novel _A Contract with God_ (1978), cartoonist [Harvey Kurtzman](/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman "Harvey Kurtzman") wrote and drew the four-story mass-market paperback _[Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book](/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman%27s_Jungle_Book "Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book")_ ( [Ballantine Books](/wiki/Ballantine_Books "Ballantine Books") #338K), published in 1959.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)

By the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. [Gil Kane](/wiki/Gil_Kane "Gil Kane") and [Archie Goodwin](/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics) "Archie Goodwin (comics)") self-published a 40-page, [magazine](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine")-format comics novel, _[His Name Is... Savage](/wiki/His_Name_Is..._Savage "His Name Is... Savage")_ (Adventure House Press) in 1968—the same year [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") published two issues of _[The Spectacular Spider-Man](/wiki/The_Spectacular_Spider-Man "The Spectacular Spider-Man")_ in a similar format. Columnist and comic-book writer [Steven Grant](/wiki/Steven_Grant "Steven Grant") also argues that [Stan Lee](/wiki/Stan_Lee "Stan Lee") and [Steve Ditko](/wiki/Steve_Ditko "Steve Ditko")'s [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange "Doctor Strange") story in _[Strange Tales](/wiki/Strange_Tales "Strange Tales")_ #130–146, although published serially from 1965 to 1966, is "the first American graphic novel".[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) Similarly, critic Jason Sacks referred to the 13-issue "Panther's Rage"—comics' first-known titled, self-contained, multi-issue story arc—that ran from 1973 to 1975 in the [Black Panther](/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics) "Black Panther (comics)") series in Marvel's _[Jungle Action](/wiki/Jungle_Action "Jungle Action")_ as "Marvel's first graphic novel".[\[25\]](#cite_note-sacks-25)

Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as _[The Adventures of Tintin](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin "The Adventures of Tintin")_ or _[Asterix](/wiki/Asterix "Asterix")_ led to long-form narratives published initially as serials.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

In January 1968, _[Vida del Che](/wiki/Vida_del_Che "Vida del Che")_ was published in Argentina, a graphic novel written by [Héctor Germán Oesterheld](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Germ%C3%A1n_Oesterheld "Héctor Germán Oesterheld") and drawn by [Alberto Breccia](/wiki/Alberto_Breccia "Alberto Breccia"). The book told the story of [Che Guevara](/wiki/Che_Guevara "Che Guevara") in comics form, but the military dictatorship confiscated the books and destroyed them. It was later re-released in corrected versions.

By 1969, the author [John Updike](/wiki/John_Updike "John Updike"), who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on " [the death of the novel](/wiki/The_death_of_the_novel "The death of the novel")". Updike offered examples of new areas of exploration for novelists, declaring he saw "no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and create a comic strip novel masterpiece".[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

### Modern era

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Modern era")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Blackmark.jpg)](/wiki/File:Blackmark.jpg) Detail from _Blackmark_ (1971) by scripter [Archie Goodwin](/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics) "Archie Goodwin (comics)") and [artist](/wiki/Artist "Artist")-plotter [Gil Kane](/wiki/Gil_Kane "Gil Kane")

Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin's _[Blackmark](/wiki/Blackmark "Blackmark")_ (1971), a [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction")/ [sword-and-sorcery](/wiki/Sword-and-sorcery "Sword-and-sorcery") paperback published by [Bantam Books](/wiki/Bantam_Books "Bantam Books"), did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversary edition ( [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56097-456-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-456-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-456-7")) calls it, retroactively, the first American graphic novel. The [Academy of Comic Book Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts "Academy of Comic Book Arts") presented Kane with a special 1971 [Shazam Award](/wiki/Shazam_Award "Shazam Award") for what it called "his paperback comics novel". Whatever the nomenclature, _Blackmark_ is a 119-page story of comic-book art, with captions and [word balloons](/wiki/Word_balloons "Word balloons"), published in a traditional book format.

European creators were also experimenting with the longer narrative in comics form. In the United Kingdom, [Raymond Briggs](/wiki/Raymond_Briggs "Raymond Briggs") was producing works such as _[Father Christmas](/wiki/Father_Christmas_(graphic_novel) "Father Christmas (graphic novel)")_ (1972) and _[The Snowman](/wiki/The_Snowman_(book) "The Snowman (book)")_ (1978), which he himself described as being from the "bottomless abyss of strip cartooning", although they, along with such other Briggs works as the more mature _[When the Wind Blows](/wiki/When_the_Wind_Blows_(graphic_novel) "When the Wind Blows (graphic novel)")_ (1982), have been re-marketed as graphic novels in the wake of the term's popularity. Briggs noted, however, that he did not like that term too much.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)

### First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Bloodstar.jpg/220px-Bloodstar.jpg)](/wiki/File:Bloodstar.jpg) _Bloodstar_ (1976) by [Robert E. Howard](/wiki/Robert_E._Howard "Robert E. Howard") and [artist](/wiki/Artist "Artist") [Richard Corben](/wiki/Richard_Corben "Richard Corben")

In 1976, the term "graphic novel" appeared in print to describe three separate works:

- _[Chandler: Red Tide](/wiki/Chandler:_Red_Tide "Chandler: Red Tide")_ by [Jim Steranko](/wiki/Jim_Steranko "Jim Steranko"), published in August 1976 under the [Fiction Illustrated](/wiki/Fiction_Illustrated "Fiction Illustrated") imprint and released in both regular 8.5 x 11" size, and a [digest size](/wiki/Digest_size "Digest size") designed to be sold on newsstands, used the term "graphic novel" in its introduction and "a [visual novel](/wiki/Visual_novel "Visual novel")" on its cover, predating by two years the usage of this term for [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner "Will Eisner")'s _[A Contract with God](/wiki/A_Contract_with_God "A Contract with God")_. It is therefore considered the first modern graphic novel to be done as an original work, and not collected from previously published segments.
- _[Bloodstar](/wiki/Bloodstar "Bloodstar")_ by [Richard Corben](/wiki/Richard_Corben "Richard Corben") (adapted from a story by [Robert E. Howard](/wiki/Robert_E._Howard "Robert E. Howard")), Morning Star Press, 1976, also a non-reprinted original presentation, used the term 'graphic novel' to categorize itself as well on its dust jacket and introduction.
- [George Metzger](/wiki/George_Metzger_(artist) "George Metzger (artist)")'s _Beyond Time and Again_, serialized in [underground comix](/wiki/Underground_comix "Underground comix") from 1967 to 1972,[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) was subtitled "A Graphic Novel" on the inside title page when collected as a 48-page, black-and-white, hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)

The following year, [Terry Nantier](/wiki/Terry_Nantier "Terry Nantier"), who had spent his teenage years living in Paris, returned to the United States and formed [Flying Buttress Publications](/wiki/Flying_Buttress_Publications "Flying Buttress Publications"), later to incorporate as [NBM Publishing](/wiki/NBM_Publishing "NBM Publishing") ( [Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine](/wiki/Nantier,_Beall,_Minoustchine "Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine")), and published _Racket Rumba_, a 50-page spoof of the [noir](/wiki/Hardboiled "Hardboiled")- [detective](/wiki/Detective "Detective") genre, written and drawn by the single-name French artist Loro. Nantier followed this with [Enki Bilal](/wiki/Enki_Bilal "Enki Bilal")'s _The Call of the Stars_. The company marketed these works as "graphic albums".[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

The first six issues of writer-artist [Jack Katz](/wiki/Jack_Katz_(artist) "Jack Katz (artist)")'s 1974 [Comics and Comix Co.](/wiki/Comics_and_Comix_Co. "Comics and Comix Co.") series _[The First Kingdom](/wiki/The_First_Kingdom "The First Kingdom")_ were collected as a [trade paperback](/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics) "Trade paperback (comics)") ( [Pocket Books](/wiki/Pocket_Books "Pocket Books"), March 1978),[\[31\]](#cite_note-31) which described itself as "the first graphic novel". Issues of the comic had described themselves as "graphic prose", or simply as a novel.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Similarly, _[Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species](/wiki/Sabre_(graphic_novel) "Sabre (graphic novel)")_ by writer [Don McGregor](/wiki/Don_McGregor "Don McGregor") and artist [Paul Gulacy](/wiki/Paul_Gulacy "Paul Gulacy") ( [Eclipse Books](/wiki/Eclipse_Comics "Eclipse Comics"), August 1978) — the first graphic novel sold in the newly created " [direct market](/wiki/Direct_market "Direct market")" of United States comic-book shops[\[32\]](#cite_note-32) — was called a "graphic album" by the author in interviews, though the publisher dubbed it a "comic novel" on its credits page. "Graphic album" was also the term used the following year by [Gene Day](/wiki/Gene_Day "Gene Day") for his hardcover short-story collection _Future Day_ ( [Flying Buttress Press](/wiki/NBM_Publishing "NBM Publishing")).

Another early graphic novel, though it carried no self-description, was _The Silver Surfer_ ( [Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books](/wiki/Marvel_Fireside_Books "Marvel Fireside Books"), August 1978), by Marvel Comics' [Stan Lee](/wiki/Stan_Lee "Stan Lee") and [Jack Kirby](/wiki/Jack_Kirby "Jack Kirby"). Significantly, this was published by a traditional book publisher and distributed through bookstores, as was [cartoonist](/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist") [Jules Feiffer](/wiki/Jules_Feiffer "Jules Feiffer")'s _Tantrum_ ( [Alfred A. Knopf](/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf "Alfred A. Knopf"), 1979)[\[33\]](#cite_note-33) described on its dust jacket as a "novel-in-pictures".

### Adoption of the term

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Adoption of the term")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg/220px-Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg)](/wiki/File:Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg) _Sabre_ (1978), one of the first modern graphic novels. Cover art by [Paul Gulacy](/wiki/Paul_Gulacy "Paul Gulacy").

Hyperbolic descriptions of longer [comic books](/wiki/Comic_book "Comic book") as "novels" appear on covers as early as the 1940s. Early issues of [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics")' _All-Flash_, for example, described their contents as "novel-length stories" and "full-length four chapter novels".[\[34\]](#cite_note-34)

In its earliest known citation, comic-book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term "graphic novel" in _Capa-Alpha_ #2 (November 1964), a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in an article in [Bill Spicer](/wiki/Bill_Spicer "Bill Spicer")'s magazine _Fantasy Illustrated_ #5 (Spring 1966).[\[35\]](#cite_note-rcharvey-35) Kyle, inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums (especially Japanese _[manga](/wiki/Manga "Manga")_), used the label to designate comics of an artistically "serious" sort.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) Following this, Spicer, with Kyle's acknowledgment, edited and published a periodical titled _[Graphic Story Magazine](/wiki/Graphic_Story_Magazine "Graphic Story Magazine")_ in the fall of 1967.[\[35\]](#cite_note-rcharvey-35) _[The Sinister House of Secret Love](/wiki/The_Sinister_House_of_Secret_Love "The Sinister House of Secret Love")_ #2 (Jan. 1972), one of [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics")' line of extra-length, 48-page comics, specifically used the phrase "a graphic novel of Gothic terror" on its cover.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37)

The term "graphic novel" began to grow in popularity months after it appeared on the cover of the [trade paperback](/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics) "Trade paperback (comics)") edition (though not the [hardcover](/wiki/Hardcover "Hardcover") edition) of [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner "Will Eisner")'s _[A Contract with God](/wiki/A_Contract_with_God "A Contract with God")_ (October 1978). This collection of [short stories](/wiki/Short_stories "Short stories") was a mature, complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world based on Eisner's own experiences.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)

One scholar used graphic novels to introduce the concept of graphiation, the theory that the entire personality of an artist is visible through his or her visual representation of a certain character, setting, event, or object in a novel, and can work as a means to examine and analyze drawing style.[\[39\]](#cite_note-39)

Even though Eisner's _A Contract with God_ was published in 1978 by a smaller company, Baronet Press, it took Eisner over a year to find a publishing house that would allow his work to reach the mass market.[\[40\]](#cite_note-40) In its introduction, Eisner cited Lynd Ward's 1930s woodcuts as an inspiration.[\[41\]](#cite_note-41)

The critical and commercial success of _A Contract with God_ helped to establish the term "graphic novel" in common usage, and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it. These included the _[Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine) "Time (magazine)")_ magazine website in 2003, which said in its correction: "Eisner acknowledges that the term 'graphic novel' had been coined prior to his book. But, he says, 'I had not known at the time that someone had used that term before'. Nor does he take credit for creating the first graphic book".[\[42\]](#cite_note-42)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/170px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Will_Eisner_(San_Diego_Comic_Con,_2004).jpg) Will Eisner in 2004

One of the earliest contemporaneous applications of the term post-Eisner came in 1979, when _Blackmark_'s sequel—published a year after _A Contract with God_ though written and drawn in the early 1970s—was labeled a "graphic novel" on the cover of Marvel Comics' black-and-white comics magazine _Marvel Preview_ #17 (Winter 1979), where _Blackmark: The Mind Demons_ premiered: its 117-page contents remained intact, but its panel-layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Following this, Marvel from 1982 to 1988 published the _[Marvel Graphic Novel](/wiki/Marvel_Graphic_Novel "Marvel Graphic Novel")_ line of 10" × 7" trade paperbacks—although numbering them like comic books, from #1 ( [Jim Starlin](/wiki/Jim_Starlin "Jim Starlin")'s _[The Death of Captain Marvel](/wiki/Mar-Vell "Mar-Vell")_) to #35 ( [Dennis O'Neil](/wiki/Dennis_O%27Neil "Dennis O'Neil"), [Mike Kaluta](/wiki/Mike_Kaluta "Mike Kaluta"), and [Russ Heath](/wiki/Russ_Heath "Russ Heath")'s _Hitler's Astrologer_, starring the radio and [pulp fiction](/wiki/Pulp_magazine "Pulp magazine") character the [Shadow](/wiki/The_Shadow "The Shadow"), and released in hardcover). Marvel commissioned original graphic novels from such creators as [John Byrne](/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics) "John Byrne (comics)"), [J. M. DeMatteis](/wiki/J._M._DeMatteis "J. M. DeMatteis"), [Steve Gerber](/wiki/Steve_Gerber "Steve Gerber"), graphic-novel pioneer McGregor, [Frank Miller](/wiki/Frank_Miller "Frank Miller"), [Bill Sienkiewicz](/wiki/Bill_Sienkiewicz "Bill Sienkiewicz"), [Walt Simonson](/wiki/Walt_Simonson "Walt Simonson"), [Charles Vess](/wiki/Charles_Vess "Charles Vess"), and [Bernie Wrightson](/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson "Bernie Wrightson"). While most of these starred Marvel [superheroes](/wiki/Superhero "Superhero"), others, such as [Rick Veitch](/wiki/Rick_Veitch "Rick Veitch")'s _Heartburst_ featured original SF/fantasy characters; others still, such as [John J. Muth](/wiki/John_J._Muth "John J. Muth")'s _[Dracula](/wiki/Dracula "Dracula")_, featured adaptations of literary stories or characters; and one, [Sam Glanzman](/wiki/Sam_Glanzman "Sam Glanzman")'s _A Sailor's Story_, was a true-life, [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [naval](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") tale.[\[43\]](#cite_note-43)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Watchmencovers.png)](/wiki/File:Watchmencovers.png) The 1987 U.S. (left) and 1995 U.S./UK/Canada (right) collected editions of _Watchmen_, published by [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics") and [Titan Books](/wiki/Titan_Books "Titan Books"), respectively

Cartoonist [Art Spiegelman](/wiki/Art_Spiegelman "Art Spiegelman")'s [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize")-winning _[Maus](/wiki/Maus "Maus")_ (1986), helped establish both the term and the concept of graphic novels in the minds of the mainstream public.[\[44\]](#cite_note-Carelton-44) Two [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics") book reprints of self-contained miniseries did likewise, though they were not originally published as graphic novels: _[Batman: The Dark Knight Returns](/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns")_ (1986), a collection of Frank Miller's four-part comic-book series featuring an older Batman faced with the problems of a dystopian future; and _[Watchmen](/wiki/Watchmen "Watchmen")_ (1986-1987), a collection of [Alan Moore](/wiki/Alan_Moore "Alan Moore") and [Dave Gibbons](/wiki/Dave_Gibbons "Dave Gibbons")' 12-issue [limited series](/wiki/Limited_series_(comics) "Limited series (comics)") in which Moore notes he "set out to explore, amongst other things, the dynamics of power in a post-Hiroshima world".[\[45\]](#cite_note-45) These works and others were reviewed in newspapers and magazines, leading to increased coverage.[\[46\]](#cite_note-46) Sales of graphic novels increased, with _Batman: The Dark Knight Returns_, for example, lasting 40 weeks on a UK best-seller list.[\[47\]](#cite_note-47)

### European adoption of the term

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: European adoption of the term")\]

Outside North America, Eisner's _A Contract with God_ and Spiegelman's _Maus_ led to the popularization of the expression "graphic novel" as well.[\[48\]](#cite_note-48) Until then, most European countries used neutral, descriptive terminology that referred to the form of the medium, not the contents or the publishing form. In Francophone Europe for example, the expression _bandes dessinées_ — which literally translates as "drawn strips" – is used, while the terms _stripverhaal_ ("strip story") and _tegneserie_ ("drawn series") are used by the Dutch/Flemish and Scandinavians respectively.[\[49\]](#cite_note-49) European [comics studies](/wiki/Comics_studies "Comics studies") scholars have observed that Americans originally used _graphic novel_ for everything that deviated from their standard, [32-page comic book](/wiki/American_comic_book "American comic book") format, meaning that all larger-sized, longer Franco-Belgian [comic albums](/wiki/Comic_album "Comic album"), regardless of their contents, fell under the heading.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Writer-artist [Bryan Talbot](/wiki/Bryan_Talbot "Bryan Talbot") claims that the first collection of his _[The Adventures of Luther Arkwright](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Luther_Arkwright "The Adventures of Luther Arkwright")_, published by [Proutt](/wiki/Pssst! "Pssst!") in 1982, was the first British graphic novel.[\[50\]](#cite_note-Talbot-50)

American comic critics have occasionally referred to European graphic novels as "Euro-comics",[\[51\]](#cite_note-51) and attempts were made in the late 1980s to cross-fertilize the American market with these works. American publishers [Catalan Communications](/wiki/Catalan_Communications "Catalan Communications") and [NBM Publishing](/wiki/NBM_Publishing "NBM Publishing") released translated titles, predominantly from the backlog catalogs of [Casterman](/wiki/Casterman "Casterman") and [Les Humanoïdes Associés](/wiki/Les_Humano%C3%AFdes_Associ%C3%A9s "Les Humanoïdes Associés").

## Criticism of the term

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Criticism of the term")\]

Some in the comics community have objected to the term _graphic novel_ on the grounds that it is unnecessary, or that its usage has been corrupted by commercial interests. _Watchmen_ writer [Alan Moore](/wiki/Alan_Moore "Alan Moore") believes:

> It's a marketing term... that I never had any sympathy with. The term 'comic' does just as well for me ... The problem is that 'graphic novel' just came to mean 'expensive comic book' and so what you'd get is people like DC Comics or Marvel Comics—because 'graphic novels' were getting some attention, they'd stick six issues of whatever worthless piece of crap they happened to be publishing lately under a glossy cover and call it _The [She-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk "She-Hulk") Graphic Novel_ ..."[\[52\]](#cite_note-52)

Glen Weldon, author and cultural critic, writes:

> It's a perfect time to retire terms like "graphic novel" and "sequential art", which piggyback on the language of other, wholly separate mediums. What's more, both terms have their roots in the need to dissemble and justify, thus both exude a sense of desperation, a gnawing hunger to be accepted.[\[53\]](#cite_note-53)

Author Daniel Raeburn wrote: "I snicker at the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") first for its insecure pretension - the literary equivalent of calling a [garbage man](/wiki/Garbage_man "Garbage man") a 'sanitation engineer' - and second because a 'graphic novel' is in fact the very thing it is ashamed to admit: a comic book, rather than a comic pamphlet or comic magazine".[\[54\]](#cite_note-54)

Writer [Neil Gaiman](/wiki/Neil_Gaiman "Neil Gaiman"), responding to a claim that he does not write comic books but graphic novels, said the commenter "meant it as a compliment, I suppose. But all of a sudden I felt like someone who'd been informed that she wasn't actually a hooker; that in fact she was a lady of the evening".[\[55\]](#cite_note-55)

Responding to writer [Douglas Wolk](/wiki/Douglas_Wolk "Douglas Wolk")'s quip that the difference between a graphic novel and a comic book is "the binding", _[Bone](/wiki/Bone_(comic) "Bone (comic)")_ creator [Jeff Smith](/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(cartoonist) "Jeff Smith (cartoonist)") said: "I kind of like that answer. Because 'graphic novel' ... I don't like that name. It's trying too hard. It is a comic book. But there is a difference. And the difference is, a graphic novel is a novel in the sense that there is a beginning, a middle and an end".[\[56\]](#cite_note-56) _[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")_ writer [Giles Coren](/wiki/Giles_Coren "Giles Coren") said: "To call them graphic novels is to presume that the novel is in some way 'higher' than the karmicbwurk (comic book), and that only by being thought of as a sort of novel can it be understood as an art form".[\[57\]](#cite_note-57)

Some alternative cartoonists have coined their own terms for extended comics narratives. The cover of [Daniel Clowes](/wiki/Daniel_Clowes "Daniel Clowes")' _Ice Haven_ (2001) refers to the book as "a comic-strip novel", with Clowes having noted that he "never saw anything wrong with the comic book".[\[58\]](#cite_note-58) The cover of [Craig Thompson](/wiki/Craig_Thompson "Craig Thompson")'s _[Blankets](/wiki/Blankets_(graphic_novel) "Blankets (graphic novel)")_ calls it "an illustrated novel".[\[59\]](#cite_note-59)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png)](/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png)[Comics portal](/wiki/Portal:Comics "Portal:Comics")

- [Artist's book](/wiki/Artist%27s_book "Artist's book")
- [Collage novel](/wiki/Collage_novel "Collage novel")
- [Comic album](/wiki/Comic_album "Comic album"), European publishing format
- [Gekiga](/wiki/Gekiga "Gekiga"), Japanese term for/style of more mature comics
- [Graphic narrative](/wiki/Graphic_narrative "Graphic narrative")
- [Graphic non-fiction](/wiki/Graphic_non-fiction "Graphic non-fiction")
- [List of award-winning graphic novels](/wiki/List_of_award-winning_graphic_novels "List of award-winning graphic novels")
- [List of best-selling comic series](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series "List of best-selling comic series")
- [Livre d'art](/wiki/Livre_d%27art "Livre d'art"), profusely illustrated books
- [Tankōbon](/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon "Tankōbon"), Japanese manga publishing format
- [Wordless novel](/wiki/Wordless_novel "Wordless novel")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-:22_1-0)**Phoenix, Jack (2020). [_Maximizing the Impact of Comics in Your Library: Graphic Novels, Manga, and More_](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141029685). Santa Barbara, California. pp. 4–12. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4408-6886-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1141029685](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1141029685).`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher"))
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Kelley, Jason (November 16, 2020). ["What's The Difference Between Graphic Novels and Trade Paperbacks?"](https://www.howtolovecomics.com/2020/11/16/whats-the-difference-between-graphic-novels-and-trade-paperbacks/). _How To Love Comics_. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Schelly, Bill (2010). [_Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s_](https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&pg=PA117). McFarland. p. 117. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7864-5762-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5762-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5762-5").
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Madden, David; Bane, Charles; Flory, Sean M. (2006). [_A Primer of the Novel: For Readers and Writers_](https://books.google.com/books?id=qeX9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43). Scarecrow Press. p. 43. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4616-5597-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-5597-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-5597-8").
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**["BISAC Subject Headings List, Comics and Graphic Novels"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150414104950/https://www.bisg.org/bisac-subject-headings-list-comics-and-graphic-novels). [Book Industry Study Group](/wiki/Book_Industry_Study_Group "Book Industry Study Group"). Archived from [the original](https://www.bisg.org/bisac-subject-headings-list-comics-and-graphic-novels) on April 14, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**["graphic novel"](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/graphic%20novel). _[Merriam-Webster](/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster")_.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**[Gertler, Nat](/wiki/Nat_Gertler "Nat Gertler"); [Steve Lieber](/wiki/Steve_Lieber "Steve Lieber") (2004). _The Complete Idiot's Guide to Creating a Graphic Novel_. [Alpha Books](/wiki/Alpha_Books "Alpha Books"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59257-233-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-233-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-233-5").
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Kaplan, Arie](/wiki/Arie_Kaplan "Arie Kaplan") (2006). [_Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!_](https://archive.org/details/mastersofcomicbo0000kapl). [Chicago Review Press](/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press "Chicago Review Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-55652-633-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-633-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-633-6").
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Murray, Christopher. ["graphic novel \| literature"](https://www.britannica.com/art/graphic-novel). _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**A complete edition was published in 1970 before being serialized in the French magazine _[Charlie Mensuel](/wiki/Charlie_Mensuel "Charlie Mensuel")_, as per ["Dino Buzzati 1965–1975"](http://www.chez.com/buzzelli/1965-1975.html)(Italian website). _Associazione Guido Buzzelli_. 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2006. ( [WebCitation archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143214/http://buzzelli.chez.com/1965-1975.html)); Domingos Isabelinho (Summer 2004). ["The Ghost of a Character: The Cage by Martin Vaughn-James"](https://www.webcitation.org/5s3uH40uL?url=http://www.indyworld.com/indy/summer_2004/isabelinho_cage/). _Indy Magazine_. Archived from [the original](http://www.indyworld.com/indy/summer_2004/isabelinho_cage/) on August 18, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2006.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date and year ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year "Category:CS1 maint: date and year"))
11. **[^](#cite_ref-coville_11-0)**Coville, Jamie. ["The History of Comic Books: Introduction and 'The Platinum Age 1897–1938'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030415153354/http://www.collectortimes.com/~comichistory/Platinum.html). TheComicBooks.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.thecomicbooks.com/old/Platinum.html) on April 15, 2003.. Originally published at defunct site [CollectorTimes.com](http://www.collectortimes.com) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070502060554/http://www.collectortimes.com/) May 2, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
12. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-beerbohm_12-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-beerbohm_12-1)Beerbohm, Robert (2008). "The Victorian Age Comic Strips and Books 1646-1900: Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid and 'The Platinum Age 1897–1938'". _Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide #38_. pp. 337–338.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Groensteen, Thierry (June 2015). [""Maestro": chronique d'une découverte / "Maestro": Chronicle of a Discovery"](http://neuviemeart.citebd.org/spip.php?article954). NeuviemArt 2.0. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150709204421/http://neuviemeart.citebd.org/spip.php?article954) from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015. ... le caricaturiste Emmanuel Poiré, plus connu sous le pseudonyme de Caran d'Ache (1858-1909). Il s'exprimait ainsi dans une lettre adressée le 20 juillet 1894 à l'éditeur du _Figaro_ ... L'ouvrage n'a jamais été publié, Caran d'Ache l'ayant laissé inachevé pour une raison inconnue. Mais ... puisque ce sont près d'une centaine de pages complètes (format H 20,4 x 12,5 cm) qui figurent dans le lot proposé au musée. / ... cartoonist Emmanuel Poiré, better known under the pseudonym Caran d'Ache (1858-1909). He was speaking in a letter July 20, 1894, to the editor of _Le Figaro_ ... The book was never published, Caran d'Ache having left it unfinished for unknown reasons. But ... almost a hundred full pages (format 20.4 x H 12.5 cm) are contained in the lot proposed for the museum.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Tychinski, Stan (n.d.). ["A Brief History of the Graphic Novel"](http://www.diamondbookshelf.com/Home/1/1/20/164?articleID=64513). _Diamond Bookshelf_. [Diamond Comic Distributors](/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors "Diamond Comic Distributors"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130928002033/https://www.diamondbookshelf.com/Home/1/1/20/164?articleID=64513) from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Sabin, Roger (2005). _Adult Comics: An Introduction_. Routledge New Accents Library Collection. p. 291. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-415-29139-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29139-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29139-2").
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Reissued 1985 as _Passionate Journey: A Novel in 165 Woodcuts_ [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-87286-174-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-174-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-174-9")
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**["2020 Lynd Ward Prize for Graphic Novel of the Year"](https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/lynd-ward-graphic-novel-prize/press-releases-lynd-ward-prize) (Press release). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Center For the Book, Pennsylvania State University Libraries. 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201101071203/https://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/lynd-ward-graphic-novel-prize/press-releases-lynd-ward-prize) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**["Frans Masereel (1889-1972)"](http://graphicwitness.org/historic/fm.htm). GraphicWitness.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201005214250/https://www.graphicwitness.org/historic/fm.htm) from the original on October 5, 2020.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**[_Comics Novel_ #1](https://www.comics.org/issue/6380/) at the [dream SMP](/wiki/Dream_SMP "Dream SMP").
20. **[^](#cite_ref-ken_20-0)**Quattro, Ken (2006). ["Archer St. John & The Little Company That Could"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110519203006/http://www.comicartville.com/archerstjohn.htm). Comicartville Library. Archived from [the original](http://www.comicartville.com/archerstjohn.htm) on May 19, 2011.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**[_It Rhymes With Lust_](http://www.comics.org/issue/317082/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database "Grand Comics Database").
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**[_Mansion of Evil_](https://www.comics.org/issue/1251122/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database "Grand Comics Database").
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**[_Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book_ #338 K](http://www.comics.org/issue/543514/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database "Grand Comics Database").
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**[Grant, Steven](/wiki/Steven_Grant "Steven Grant") (December 28, 2005). ["Permanent Damage \[column\] #224"](https://www.cbr.com/issue-224/). _[Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources "Comic Book Resources")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023143/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=15123) from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
25. **[^](#cite_ref-sacks_25-0)**Sacks, Jason. ["Panther's Rage: Marvel's First Graphic Novel"](http://www.fanboyplanet.com/comics/js-panthersrage.php). FanboyPlanet.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080704142442/http://www.fanboyplanet.com/comics/js-panthersrage.php) from the original on July 4, 2008. \[T\]here were real character arcs in [Spider-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man") and the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four "Fantastic Four") \[comics\] over time. But ... _Panther's Rage_ is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel. Running in two years' issues of _Jungle Action_ (#s 6 through 18), _Panther's Rage_ is a 200-page novel....
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**[Gravett, Paul](/wiki/Paul_Gravett "Paul Gravett") (2005). _Graphic Novels: Stories To Change Your Life_ (1st ed.). Aurum Press Limited. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84513-068-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-068-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-068-8").
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**Nicholas, Wroe (December 18, 2004). ["Bloomin' Christmas"](http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1375227,00.html). _[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_. UK. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090127/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2004/dec/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview8) from the original on April 5, 2011.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**[_Beyond Time and Again_](https://www.comics.org/issue/791792/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database "Grand Comics Database").
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Williams, Paul Gerald (June 23, 2015). ["Beyond Time and Again"](https://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/1970sgraphicnovels/2015/06/23/beyond-time-and-again/). _The 1970s Graphic Novel Blog_. [University of Exeter](/wiki/University_of_Exeter "University of Exeter").
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**["America's First Graphic Novel Publisher \[sic\]"](http://www.nbmpub.com/history/about3.html). New York City, New York: [NBM Publishing](/wiki/NBM_Publishing "NBM Publishing"). n.d. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100106003222/http://www.nbmpub.com/history/about3.html) from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**[_The First Kingdom_](http://www.comics.org/series.lasso?SeriesID=12642) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database "Grand Comics Database").
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Gough, Bob (2001). ["Interview with Don McGregor"](http://www.milehighcomics.com/interviews/donmcgregor.html). MileHighComics.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194521/http://www.milehighcomics.com/interviews/donmcgregor.html) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**Tallmer, Jerry (April 2005). ["The Three Lives of Jules Feiffer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050320103222/http://www.nyc-plus.com/nycp1/thethreelive.html). _NYC Plus_. Vol. 1, no. 1. Archived from [the original](http://www.nyc-plus.com/nycp1/thethreelive.html) on March 20, 2005.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-34)**[_All-Flash_](http://www.comics.org/covers.lasso?SeriesID=211) covers at the Grand Comics Database. See issues #2–10.
35. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-rcharvey_35-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-rcharvey_35-1)Per [_Time_ magazine letter](https://web.archive.org/web/20031125215458/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html). _[Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine) "Time (magazine)")_ ( [WebCitation archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202539/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html)) from comics historian and author [R. C. Harvey](/wiki/R._C._Harvey "R. C. Harvey") in response to claims in Arnold, Andrew D., ["The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20031202162530/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html) ( [WebCitation archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202153/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html)), _Time_, November 14, 2003
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**Gravett, _Graphic Novels_, p. 3
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**[Cover, _The Sinister House of Secret Love_ #2](http://www.comics.org/issue/75432/cover/4/?style=default) at the Grand Comics Database.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**_Comic Books, Tragic Stories: Will Eisner's American Jewish History_, Volume 30, Issue 2, AJS Review, 2006, p. 287
39. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**Baetens, Jan; Frey, Hugo (2015). _The Graphic Novel: An Introduction_. New York: [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). p. 137.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**_Comic Books, Tragic Stories: Will Eisner's American Jewish History_, Volume 30, Issue 2, AJS Review, 2006, p. 284
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**Dooley, Michael (January 11, 2005). ["The Spirit of Will Eisner"](https://www.aiga.org/the-spirit-of-will-eisner). [American Institute of Graphic Arts](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts "American Institute of Graphic Arts"). [Archived](https://archive.today/20190416184010/https://www.aiga.org/the-spirit-of-will-eisner) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
42. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**Arnold, Andrew D. (November 21, 2003). ["A Graphic Literature Library – Time.comix responds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20031125215458/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html). _Time_. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html) on November 25, 2003. Retrieved June 21, 2006.. [WebCitation archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202539/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html)
43. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**[_Marvel Graphic Novel: A Sailor's Story_](https://www.comics.org/issue/42312/) at the Grand Comics Database.
44. **[^](#cite_ref-Carelton_44-0)**Carleton, Sean (2014). ["Drawn to Change: Comics and Critical Consciousness"](https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/LLT/article/download/21992/25513). _Labour/Le Travail_. **73**: 154–155.
45. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**Moore letter _Cerebus_, no. 217 (April 1997). Aardvark Vanaheim.
46. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**Lanham, Fritz. ["From Pulp to Pulitzer"](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ae/books/news/2763392.html), _[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")_, August 29, 2004. [WebCitation archive](https://archive.today/20130119075035/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ae/books/news/2763392.html).
47. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**[Campbell, Eddie](/wiki/Eddie_Campbell "Eddie Campbell") (2001). _Alec:How to be an Artist_ (1st ed.). Eddie Campbell Comics. p. 96. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9577896-3-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9577896-3-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9577896-3-0").
48. **[^](#cite_ref-48)**[Stripgeschiedenis \[Comic Strip History\]: 2000-2010 Graphic novels](https://www.lambiek.net/aanvang/2000graphicnovel.htm) at the [Lambiek Comiclopedia](/wiki/Lambiek_Comiclopedia "Lambiek Comiclopedia") (in Dutch): "In de jaren zeventig verschenen enkele strips die zichzelf aanprezen als 'graphic novel', onder hen bevond zich 'A Contract With God' van Eisner, een verzameling korte strips in een volwassen, literaire stijl. Vanaf die tijd wordt de term gebruikt om het verschil aan te geven tussen 'gewone' strips, bedoeld ter algemeen vermaak, en strips met een meer literaire pretentie". / "In the 1970s, several comics that billed themselves as 'graphic novels' appeared, including Eisner's 'A Contract With God', a collection of short comics in a mature, literary style. From that time on, the term has been used to indicate the difference between 'regular' comics, intended for general entertainment, and comics with a more literary pretension". [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045921/https://www.lambiek.net/aanvang/2000graphicnovel.htm) from the original on August 1, 2020.
49. **[^](#cite_ref-49)**Notable exceptions have become the German and Spanish speaking populaces who have adopted the US derived _comic_ and _cómic_ respectively. The traditional Spanish term had previously been _tebeo_ ("strip"), today somewhat dated. The likewise German expression _Serienbilder_ ("serialized images") has, unlike its Spanish counterpart, become obsolete. The term "comic" is used in some other European countries as well, but often exclusively to refer to the standard [American comic book](/wiki/American_comic_book "American comic book") format.
50. **[^](#cite_ref-Talbot_50-0)**Méalóid, Pádraig Ó. ["Interview with Bryan Talbot"](https://www.bryan-talbot.com/features/interview-padraig-o-mealoid.php), BryanTalbot.com (Started 6th May 2009. Finished 21st September 2009).
51. **[^](#cite_ref-51)**Decker, Dwight R.; Jordan, Gil; [Thompson, Kim](/wiki/Kim_Thompson "Kim Thompson") (March 1989). "Another World of Comics & From Europe with Love: An Interview with Catalan's Outspoken Bernd Metz" & "Approaching Euro-Comics: A Comprehensive Guide to the Brave New World of European Graphic Albums". _Amazing Heroes_. No. 160. [Westlake Village, California](/wiki/Westlake_Village,_California "Westlake Village, California"): [Fantagraphics Books](/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books "Fantagraphics Books"). pp. 18–52.
52. **[^](#cite_ref-52)**Kavanagh, Barry (October 17, 2000). ["The Alan Moore Interview: Northampton / Graphic novel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140226072653/http://www.blather.net/articles/amoore/northampton.html). Blather.net. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2007.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")).
53. **[^](#cite_ref-53)**[Weldon, Glen](/wiki/Glen_Weldon "Glen Weldon") (November 17, 2016). ["The Term 'Graphic Novel' Has Had A Good Run. We Don't Need It Anymore"](https://www.npr.org/sections/monkeysee/2016/11/17/502422829/the-term-graphic-novel-has-had-a-good-run-we-dont-need-it-anymore). _[NPR](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio")_. Washington, D.C. [Archived](https://archive.today/20190416190506/https://www.npr.org/2016/11/17/502422829/the-term-graphic-novel-has-had-a-good-run-we-dont-need-it-anymore) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
54. **[^](#cite_ref-54)**Raeburn, Daniel. _Chris Ware_ (Monographics Series), [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") Press, 2004, p. 110. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-10291-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10291-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10291-8").
55. **[^](#cite_ref-55)**Bender, Hy (1999). _The Sandman Companion_. [Vertigo](/wiki/Vertigo_(DC_Comics) "Vertigo (DC Comics)"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56389-644-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56389-644-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56389-644-6").
56. **[^](#cite_ref-56)**Smith in Rogers, Vaneta (February 26, 2008). ["Behind the Page: Jeff Smith, Part Two"](https://archive.today/20100818013019/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=148242). [Newsarama.com](/wiki/Newsarama.com "Newsarama.com"). Archived from [the original](http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=148242) on August 18, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2009..
57. **[^](#cite_ref-57)**Coren, Giles (December 1, 2012). ["Not graphic and not novel"](http://www.spectator.co.uk/2012/12/not-graphic-and-not-novel/). _[The Spectator](/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator")_. UK. [Archived](https://archive.today/20190416190104/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2012/12/not-graphic-and-not-novel/) from the original on April 16, 2019.
58. **[^](#cite_ref-58)**Bushell, Laura (July 21, 2005). ["Daniel Clowes Interview: The Ghost World Creator Does It Again"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A4500820). BBC – Collective. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A4500820) from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2006..
59. **[^](#cite_ref-59)**["Zilveren Dolfijn - Craig Thompson (oneshots): Blankets"](http://www.zilverendolfijn.nl/zz/sbp/1/EN/THOMPSOC,+++1/m/zd.html). _www.zilverendolfijn.nl_. Retrieved April 24, 2024.

## Bibliography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]

- Arnold, Andrew D. ["The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20031202162530/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html), _[Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine) "Time (magazine)")_, November 14, 2003
- Tychinski, Stan. [Brodart.com: "A Brief History of the Graphic Novel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080603041720/http://www.graphicnovels.brodart.com/history.htm) (n.d., 2004)
- Couch, Chris. ["The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051015025242/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/narratology/chriscouch.htm), _Image & Narrative_ #1 (Dec. 2000)
- _Graphic Novels: Everything You Need to Know_ by Paul Gravett, Harper Design, New York, 2005. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-06082-4-259](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06082-4-259 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06082-4-259")
- _[Understanding Comics](/wiki/Understanding_Comics "Understanding Comics"): The Invisible Art_ by Scott McCloud
- _The Victorian Age: Comic Strips and Books 1646–1900 Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid_, in _[Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide](/wiki/Overstreet_Comic_Book_Price_Guide "Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide")_ #38 2008 pages 330–366 by Robert Lee Beerbohm, Doug Wheeler, Richard Samuel West and Richard D. Olson, PhD
- Weiner, Stephen & Couch, Chris. _Faster than a speeding bullet: the rise of the graphic novel_, [NBM](/wiki/NBM_Publishing "NBM Publishing"), 2004\. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56163-368-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-368-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-368-5")
- _The System of Comics_ by Thierry Groensteen, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 2007. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-60473-259-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-259-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-259-7")
- Aldama, Frederick Luis; González, Christopher (2016). _Graphic borders: Latino comic books past, present, and future_. Austin. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4773-0914-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0914-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0914-8"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [920966195](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920966195).`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher"))

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: External links")\]

- ["Welcome to Columbia University's Graphic Novels Page"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140101124016/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/graphic_novels.html), [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Comics "Template:Comics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Comics "Template talk:Comics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics "Special:EditPage/Template:Comics")

[Comics](/wiki/Comics "Comics")

[Glossary of comics terminology](/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology "Glossary of comics terminology")

Formats

- [Comic book](/wiki/Comic_book "Comic book")
  - [Ashcan comic](/wiki/Ashcan_comic "Ashcan comic")
  - [Limited series](/wiki/Limited_series_(comics) "Limited series (comics)")
  - [One-shot](/wiki/One-shot_(comics) "One-shot (comics)")
  - [Ongoing series](/wiki/Ongoing_series "Ongoing series")
  - [Minicomic](/wiki/Minicomic "Minicomic")
  - [Trade paperback](/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics) "Trade paperback (comics)")
- [Comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip")
  - [Comic strip formats](/wiki/Comic_strip_formats "Comic strip formats")
  - [Daily comic strip](/wiki/Daily_comic_strip "Daily comic strip")
  - [Lianhuanhua](/wiki/Lianhuanhua "Lianhuanhua")
  - [Sunday comics](/wiki/Sunday_comics "Sunday comics")
  - [Topper](/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip) "Topper (comic strip)")
  - [Yonkoma](/wiki/Yonkoma "Yonkoma")
- [Digital comics](/wiki/Digital_comic "Digital comic")
  - [Mobile comic](/wiki/Mobile_comic "Mobile comic")
  - [Webcomic](/wiki/Webcomic "Webcomic")
  - [Webtoon](/wiki/Webtoon "Webtoon")
- [Gag cartoon](/wiki/Gag_cartoon "Gag cartoon")
- Graphic novel
- [Political cartoon](/wiki/Political_cartoon "Political cartoon")

Techniques

- [Film comic](/wiki/Film_comic "Film comic")
- [Motion comic](/wiki/Motion_comic "Motion comic")
- [Photo comics](/wiki/Photo_comics "Photo comics")
- [Silent comics](/wiki/Silent_comics "Silent comics")
- [Text comics](/wiki/Text_comics "Text comics")

[Creators](/wiki/List_of_comics_creators "List of comics creators")

- [Cartoonists](/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_cartoonists "List of cartoonists")
- [Colorists](/wiki/Colorist "Colorist")
- [Editors](/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors "Category:Comic book editors")
- [Inkers](/wiki/Inker "Inker")
- [Letterers](/wiki/Letterer "Letterer")
- [Publishing companies](/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies "List of comics publishing companies")
- [Writers](/wiki/Script_(comics) "Script (comics)")

By format

- [Editorial](/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist "Editorial cartoonist")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists "List of editorial cartoonists")
- [Minicomics](/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators "List of minicomics creators")
- [Webcomics](/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators "List of webcomic creators")

By country

- [American](/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators "List of American comics creators")
  - [Jewish American](/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists "List of Jewish American cartoonists")
- [Australian](/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators "List of Australian comics creators")
- [Canadian](/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators "List of Canadian comics creators")
- [Cuban](/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators "List of Cuban comic creators")
- [Filipino](/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators "List of Filipino comics creators")
- [Japanese (manga)](/wiki/List_of_manga_artists "List of manga artists")
- [Macedonian](/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators "List of Macedonian comics creators")

Other

- [Female comics creators](/wiki/Female_comics_creators "Female comics creators")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators "List of female comics creators")

[History](/wiki/History_of_comics "History of comics")

- [Years in comics](/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics "List of years in comics")
- [Comics historiography](/wiki/Comics_studies "Comics studies")
- [American](/wiki/History_of_American_comics "History of American comics")
  - [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books "Golden Age of Comic Books")
  - [Silver Age](/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books "Silver Age of Comic Books")
  - [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books "Bronze Age of Comic Books")
  - [Modern Age](/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books "Modern Age of Comic Books")
    - [events](/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books "Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books")
- [Japanese (manga)](/wiki/History_of_manga "History of manga")
- [Webcomics](/wiki/History_of_webcomics "History of webcomics")

[Comics studies](/wiki/Comics_studies "Comics studies")

and narratology

Genres

- [Abstract](/wiki/Abstract_comics "Abstract comics")
- [Adult](/wiki/Adult_comics "Adult comics")
- [Alternative](/wiki/Alternative_comics "Alternative comics")
- [Ambiguous](/wiki/Ambiguous_image "Ambiguous image")
- [Anthropomorphic](/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics "List of anthropomorphic comics")
- [Autobiographical](/wiki/Autobiographical_comics "Autobiographical comics")
- [Celebrity](/wiki/Celebrity_comics "Celebrity comics")
- [Comics in education](/wiki/Comics_in_education "Comics in education")
- [Comics journalism](/wiki/Comics_journalism "Comics journalism")
- [Comics poetry](/wiki/Comics_poetry "Comics poetry")
- [Crime](/wiki/Crime_comics "Crime comics")
- [Dystopian](/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics "List of dystopian comics")
- [Erotic](/wiki/Erotic_comics "Erotic comics")
- [Fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy_comics "Fantasy comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics "List of fantasy comics")
- [Gekiga](/wiki/Gekiga "Gekiga")
- [Graphic medicine](/wiki/Graphic_medicine "Graphic medicine")
- [Horror](/wiki/Horror_comics "Horror comics")
- [Non-fiction](/wiki/Non-fiction_comics "Non-fiction comics")
- [Romance](/wiki/Romance_comics "Romance comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_romance_comics "List of romance comics")
- [Science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction_comics "Science fiction comics")
- [Superhero](/wiki/Superhero_comics "Superhero comics")
- [Teen humor](/wiki/Teen_humor_comics "Teen humor comics")
- [Tijuana bible](/wiki/Tijuana_bible "Tijuana bible")
- [Underground](/wiki/Underground_comix "Underground comix")
- [War](/wiki/War_comics "War comics")
- [Western](/wiki/Western_comics "Western comics")
- [Wrestling](/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books "List of wrestling-based comic books")

[Tropes](/wiki/Trope_(literature) "Trope (literature)")

- [Antihero](/wiki/Antihero "Antihero")
- [Decompression](/wiki/Decompression_(comics) "Decompression (comics)")
- [Talking animals](/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction "Talking animals in fiction")
- [Masking](/wiki/Masking_(comics) "Masking (comics)")
- [Rogue](/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant) "Rogue (vagrant)")
- [Superhero](/wiki/Superhero "Superhero")
- [Supervillain](/wiki/Supervillain "Supervillain")
- [Widescreen comics](/wiki/Widescreen_comics "Widescreen comics")

Themes

- [Ethnic stereotypes](/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics "Ethnic stereotypes in comics")
- [Feminist](/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books "List of feminist comic books")
- [Gender and webcomics](/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics "Gender and webcomics")
- [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics "LGBT themes in comics")
  - [American mainstream](/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics "LGBT themes in American mainstream comics")
- [Portrayal of black people](/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics "Portrayal of black people in comics")
  - [African characters](/wiki/African_characters_in_comics "African characters in comics")
- [Portrayal of women](/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics "Portrayal of women in American comics")
  - [The Hawkeye Initiative](/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative "The Hawkeye Initiative")
  - [Women in Refrigerators](/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators "Women in Refrigerators")

[By country](/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country "List of comics by country")

Africa

- [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_comics "South African comics")

Americas

- [Argentina](/wiki/Argentine_comics "Argentine comics")
- [Brazil](/wiki/Brazilian_comics "Brazilian comics")
- [Canada](/wiki/Canadian_comics "Canadian comics")
  - [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec_comics "Quebec comics")
- [Mexico](/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico "Comics in Mexico")
- [United States](/wiki/American_comic_book "American comic book")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_American_comics "List of American comics")

Asia

- [China and Taiwan](/wiki/Manhua "Manhua")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_manhua "List of manhua")
  - [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics "Hong Kong comics")
- [India](/wiki/Indian_comics "Indian comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics "List of Indian comics")
- [Japan](/wiki/Manga "Manga")
  - [lists](/wiki/Lists_of_manga "Lists of manga")
- [Korea](/wiki/Manhwa "Manhwa")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_manhwa "List of manhwa")
- [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistani_comics "Pakistani comics")
- [Philippines](/wiki/Philippine_comics "Philippine comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics "List of Philippine comics")
- [Thailand](/wiki/Thai_comics "Thai comics")
- [Turkey](/wiki/Turkish_comics "Turkish comics")
- [Vietnam](/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh "Truyện tranh")

[Europe](/wiki/European_comics "European comics")

- [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_comics "Czech comics")
- [Croatia](/wiki/Croatian_comics "Croatian comics")
- [France and Belgium](/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e "Bande dessinée")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series "List of Franco-Belgian comics series")
  - [Belgium](/wiki/Belgian_comics "Belgian comics")
- [Germany](/wiki/German_comics "German comics")
- [Hungary](/wiki/Hungarian_comics "Hungarian comics")
- [Ireland](/wiki/Irish_comics "Irish comics")
- [Italy](/wiki/Italian_comics "Italian comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics "List of Italian comics")
- [Netherlands](/wiki/Dutch_comics "Dutch comics")
- [Poland](/wiki/Polish_comics "Polish comics")
- [Portugal](/wiki/Portuguese_comics "Portuguese comics")
- [Serbia](/wiki/Serbian_comics "Serbian comics")
- [Spain](/wiki/Spanish_comics "Spanish comics")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics "List of Spanish comics")
- [United Kingdom](/wiki/British_comics "British comics")
  - [Wales](/wiki/Welsh-language_comics "Welsh-language comics")

Oceania

- [Australia](/wiki/Comics_in_Australia "Comics in Australia")

[Lists](/wiki/Lists_of_comics "Lists of comics")

By format

- [Comic books](/wiki/List_of_comic_books "List of comic books")
- [Comic strips](/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips "List of newspaper comic strips")
- [Manga magazines](/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines "List of manga magazines")
- [Webcomics](/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics "Lists of webcomics")

By source

- [Based on fiction](/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction "List of comics based on fiction")
- [Based on films](/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films "List of comics based on films")
- [Based on television programs](/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs "List of comics based on television programs")
- [Based on video games](/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games "List of comics based on video games")

Other lists

- [Awards](/wiki/List_of_comics_awards "List of comics awards")
- [Best-selling comic series](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series "List of best-selling comic series")
  - [manga](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga "List of best-selling manga")
  - [manga magazines](/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation "List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation")
- [Comic books on CD/DVD](/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD "List of comic books on CD/DVD")
- [Comics and comic strips made into feature films](/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films "List of comics and comic strips made into feature films")
- [Comics solicited but never published](/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published "List of comics solicited but never published")
- [Limited series](/wiki/List_of_limited_series "List of limited series")

Collections and

museums

- [Belgian Comic Strip Center](/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center "Belgian Comic Strip Center")
- [Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum](/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum "Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum")
  - [National Cartoon Museum](/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum "National Cartoon Museum")
- [British Cartoon Archive](/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive "British Cartoon Archive")
- [Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel](/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel "Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel")
- [Cartoon Art Museum](/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum "Cartoon Art Museum")
- [The Cartoon Museum](/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum "The Cartoon Museum")
- [Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection](/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection "Fred Waring")
- [Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo](/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo "Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo")
- [Michigan State University Comic Art Collection](/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection "Michigan State University Libraries")
- [Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art "Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art")
- [ToonSeum](/wiki/ToonSeum "ToonSeum")
- [Words & Pictures Museum](/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum "Words & Pictures Museum")

Schools

- [Center for Cartoon Studies](/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies "Center for Cartoon Studies")
- [The Kubert School](/wiki/The_Kubert_School "The Kubert School")

Organizations

Professional

- [Academy of Comic Book Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts "Academy of Comic Book Arts")
- [Association of Canadian Cartoonists](/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists "Association of Canadian Cartoonists")
- [Association of Comics Magazine Publishers](/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers "Association of Comics Magazine Publishers")
- [Australian Cartoonists' Association](/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association "Australian Cartoonists' Association")
- [Comic Art Professional Society](/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society "Comic Art Professional Society")
- [National Cartoonists Society](/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society "National Cartoonists Society")
- [Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas](/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas "Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas")

Critical and

academic

- [Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée](/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e "Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée")
- [Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association](/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association "Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association")
- [Canadian Society for the Study of Comics](/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics "Canadian Society for the Study of Comics")
- [Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association](/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association "Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association")
- [Comics Studies Society](/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society "Comics Studies Society")
- [Sequart Organization](/wiki/Sequart_Organization "Sequart Organization")
- [Svenska Serieakademien](/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien "Svenska Serieakademien")

Charitable and

outreach

- [Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors](/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors "Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors")
- [British Amateur Press Association (comics)](/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics) "British Amateur Press Association (comics)")
- [Club des bandes dessinées](/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es "Le Club des bandes dessinées")
- [Comic Book Legal Defense Fund](/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund "Comic Book Legal Defense Fund")
- [Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund](/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund "Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund")
- [Finnish Comics Society](/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society "Finnish Comics Society")
- [Friends of Lulu](/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu "Friends of Lulu")
- [The Hero Initiative](/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative "The Hero Initiative")
- [Xeric Foundation](/wiki/Xeric_Foundation "Xeric Foundation")

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png)](/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png)[Comics portal](/wiki/Portal:Comics "Portal:Comics")
- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/30px-Mad_scientist.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Mad_scientist.svg)[Cartoon portal](/wiki/Portal:Cartoon "Portal:Cartoon")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Comics "Category:Comics")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png)[WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Comics "Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725377#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/946656/)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/7658564-5)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94008233)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156189982)
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