Tarot of Marseilles - Wikipedia
It was probably created in Milan before spreading to much of France, Switzerland and Northern Italy. The name is sometimes spelt Tarot of Marseille, but the ...
stencils
All cards were originally printed from woodcuts; the cards were later coloured either by hand or by the use of <anchor>stencils</anchor>. Tarot was recorded as being very popular card game throughout France during the 16th and early 17th century but later fell into obscurity with the exception of eastern France and Switzerland. Very few Marseilles pattern cards from the 17th century have survived, chiefly among them are Noblet's. In contrast, dozens of decks from the 18th century have made it to the present. From eastern France and Switzerland, the game spread north to Sweden and east to Russia starting from the middle of the 18th century, making it one of the most popular card games of that era until being overtaken by Whist in the 19th century.
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1History](#History)
- [2Book illustration](#Book_illustration)
- [3Aerosol stencils](#Aerosol_stencils)Toggle Aerosol stencils subsection  - [3.1Official use](#Official_use)
  - [3.2Stencil graffiti](#Stencil_graffiti)
- [4Home stenciling](#Home_stenciling)
- [5Military stenciling](#Military_stenciling)
- [6Silk screening](#Silk_screening)
- [7Micro- and nanostencil](#Micro-_and_nanostencil)
- [8Other stencil forms](#Other_stencil_forms)Toggle Other stencil forms subsection  - [8.1Screen printing](#Screen_printing)
  - [8.2Airbrushing](#Airbrushing)
  - [8.3Wall stencils](#Wall_stencils)
  - [8.4Rock art](#Rock_art)
- [9See also](#See_also)
- [10References](#References)
- [11External links](#External_links)

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# Stencil

44 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85 "روسم – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafaret "Trafaret – Azerbaijani")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82 "Трафарэт – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82 "Трафарэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estergit "Estergit – Catalan")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skabelon "Skabelon – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schablone "Schablone – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abloon "Šabloon – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB "Στένσιλ – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estarcido "Estarcido – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencilo "Stencilo – Esperanto")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86 "شابلون – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochoir "Pochoir – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinsel "Stinsel – Western Frisian")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estarcido "Estarcido – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90%EC%8B%A4 "스텐실 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF "Տրաֆարետ – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stensil "Stensil – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil "Stencil – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 "שבלונה – Hebrew")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96 "Мәліметтерді енгізу трафареті – Kazakh")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82 "Трафарет – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamina_interrasilis "Lamina interrasilis – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafarets "Trafarets – Latvian")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabloun "Schabloun – Luxembourgish")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencontoh "Pencontoh – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon "Sjabloon – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88 "ステンシルテンプレート – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjablong "Sjablong – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafaret "Trafaret – Uzbek")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84 "سٹینسل – Western Punjabi")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabloon "Schabloon – Low German")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szablon_(graffiti) "Szablon (graffiti) – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%AAncil "Estêncil – Portuguese")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82 "Трафарет – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil "Stencil – Simple English")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84 "اسٽينسل – Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafaret "Trafaret – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaavain "Kaavain – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schablon "Schablon – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81 "வரை அச்சு – Tamil")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon_(matbaac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k) "Şablon (matbaacılık) – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82 "Трафарет – Ukrainian")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E5%99%B4%E7%95%AB "模板噴畫 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Graphic design technique

For other uses, see [Stencil (disambiguation)](/wiki/Stencil_(disambiguation) "Stencil (disambiguation)").

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/PartsOfStencil.png)](/wiki/File:PartsOfStencil.png) Parts of a stencil[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg/320px-Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_%28gabbe%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Quadrilingual_danger_sign_-_Singapore_(gabbe).jpg) Stenciled warning sign in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore")[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Irish_Coast_Guard_sign.jpg/220px-Irish_Coast_Guard_sign.jpg)](/wiki/File:Irish_Coast_Guard_sign.jpg) Stencilled [Gaelic type](/wiki/Gaelic_type "Gaelic type")[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kata-gami-_Bamboo_Leaves_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-Kata-gami-_Bamboo_Leaves_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)](/wiki/File:Kata-gami-_Bamboo_Leaves_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg) Japanese [Ise-katagami](/wiki/Ise-katagami "Ise-katagami") stencil for printing textiles

**Stencilling** produces an image or pattern on a surface by applying [pigment](/wiki/Pigment "Pigment") to a surface through an intermediate object, with designed holes in the intermediate object. The holes allow the pigment to reach only some parts of the surface creating the design. The **stencil** is both the resulting image or pattern and the intermediate object; the context in which _stencil_ is used makes clear which meaning is intended. In practice, the (object) stencil is usually a thin sheet of material, such as paper, plastic, wood or metal, with [letters](/wiki/Lettering "Lettering") or a design cut from it, used to produce the letters or design on an underlying surface by applying pigment through the cut-out holes in the material.

The key advantage of a stencil is that it can be reused to repeatedly and rapidly produce the same letters or design. Although [aerosol](/wiki/Aerosol_paint "Aerosol paint") or painting stencils can be made for one-time use, typically they are made with the intention of being reused. To be reusable, they must remain intact after a design is produced and the stencil is removed from the work surface. With some designs, this is done by connecting stencil **islands** (sections of material that are inside cut-out "holes" in the stencil) to other parts of the stencil with **bridges** (narrow sections of material that are not cut out).

Stencil technique in visual art is also referred to as **pochoir**. A related technique (which has found applicability in some [surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist_techniques "Surrealist techniques") compositions) is [aerography](/wiki/Aerography_(arts) "Aerography (arts)"), in which spray-painting is done _around_ a three-dimensional object to create a negative of the object instead of a positive of a stencil design. This technique was used in cave paintings dating to 10,000 BC, where human hands were used in painting handprint outlines among paintings of animals and other objects. The artist sprayed pigment around his hand by using a hollow bone, blown by mouth to direct a stream of pigment.

[Screen printing](/wiki/Screen_printing "Screen printing") also uses a stencil process, as does [mimeography](/wiki/Mimeograph_machine "Mimeograph machine"). The masters from which mimeographed pages are printed are often called "stencils". Stencils can be made with one or many colour layers using different techniques, with most stencils designed to be applied as solid colours. During screen printing and mimeography, the images for stenciling are broken down into color layers. Multiple layers of stencils are used on the same surface to produce multi-colored images.

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/220px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg)](/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg) Prehistoric [hand stencils](/wiki/Hand_stencils "Hand stencils"), [Cueva de las Manos](/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos "Cueva de las Manos") in Argentina

[Hand stencils](/wiki/Hand_stencils "Hand stencils"), made by blowing pigment over a hand held against a wall, are found from over 35,000 years ago in Asia and Europe, and later prehistoric dates in other continents.[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) After that stenciling has been used as a historic [painting](/wiki/Painting "Painting") technique on all kinds of materials.
Stencils may have been used to color cloth for a very long time; the technique probably reached its peak of sophistication in [Katazome](/wiki/Katazome "Katazome") and other techniques used on silks for clothes during the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period "Edo period") in Japan. In Europe, from about 1450 they were commonly used to color [old master prints](/wiki/Old_master_print "Old master print") printed in black and white, usually [woodcuts](/wiki/Woodcut "Woodcut").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) This was especially the case with playing-cards, which continued to be colored by stencil long after most other subjects for prints were left in black and white.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) Stencils were used for mass publications, as the type did not have to be hand-written.

## Book illustration

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Book illustration")\]

Stencils were popular as a method of book illustration, and for that purpose, the technique was at its height of popularity in France during the 1920s when [André Marty](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Edouard_Marty "André Edouard Marty"), [Jean Saudé](/wiki/Jean_Saud%C3%A9 "Jean Saudé") and many other studios in Paris specialized in the technique. Low wages contributed to the popularity of the highly labor-intensive process.[\[5\]](#cite_note-jj-5) When stencils are used in this way they are often called "pochoir".
In the pochoir process, a print with the outlines of the design was produced, and a series of stencils were used through which areas of color were applied by hand to the page. To produce detail, a [collotype](/wiki/Collotype "Collotype") could be produced which the colors were then stenciled over.[\[6\]](#cite_note-dp-6) Pochoir was frequently used to create prints of intense color and is most often associated with [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") and [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") design.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

## Aerosol stencils

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Aerosol stencils")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/220px-Feliz_1984.JPG)](/wiki/File:Feliz_1984.JPG)"Happy 1984" — Stencil [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti") found on the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall") in 2005. The object depicted is a [DualShock](/wiki/DualShock "DualShock") video game controller.[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Butch_Trucks_case.jpg/220px-Butch_Trucks_case.jpg)](/wiki/File:Butch_Trucks_case.jpg) Stencil used for identification (drum case at [The Allman Brothers Museum](/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Museum "The Allman Brothers Museum"))

[Aerosol](/wiki/Aerosol "Aerosol") stencils have many practical applications and the stencil concept is used frequently in industrial, commercial, artistic, residential and recreational settings, as well as by the military, government and infrastructure management. A template is used to create an outline of the image. Stencils templates can be made from any material which will hold its form, ranging from plain paper, cardboard, plastic sheets, metals, and wood.

### Official use

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Official use")\]

Stencils are frequently used by official organizations, including the military, utility companies, and governments, to quickly and clearly label objects, [vehicles](/wiki/Vehicle "Vehicle"), and locations. Stencils for an official application can be customized, or purchased as individual letters, numbers, and symbols. This allows the user to arrange words, phrases and other labels from one set of templates, unique to the item being labeled. When objects are labeled using a single template alphabet, it makes it easier to identify their affiliation or source.

### Stencil graffiti

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Stencil graffiti")\]

Main article: [Stencil graffiti](/wiki/Stencil_graffiti "Stencil graffiti")

Stencils have also become popular for [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti"), since stencil art using [spray-paint](/wiki/Aerosol_paint "Aerosol paint") can be produced quickly and easily. These qualities are important for graffiti artists where graffiti is illegal or quasi-legal, depending on the city and stenciling surface. The extensive lettering possible with stencils makes it especially attractive to political artists. For example, the [anarcho-punk](/wiki/Anarcho-punk "Anarcho-punk") band [Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass") used stencils of [anti-war](/wiki/Anti-war "Anti-war"), [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism "Anarchism"), [feminist](/wiki/Feminism "Feminism") and [anti-consumerist](/wiki/Consumerism "Consumerism") messages in a long-term graffiti campaign around the [London Underground](/wiki/London_Underground "London Underground") system and on advertising billboards. There has been a semi-recent trend in making multi-layered stencils with different shades of grey for each layer creating a more detailed stenciled image.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) Also well known for their use of stencil art are [Blek le Rat](/wiki/Blek_le_Rat "Blek le Rat"), Epsylon, Marie Rouffet, Nuklé-art, Kim Prisu, Miss Tic and [Jef aerosol](/wiki/Jef_aerosol "Jef aerosol") from France, British artist [Banksy](/wiki/Banksy "Banksy"), New York artist, world traveling artist [Tavar Zawacki](/wiki/Tavar_Zawacki "Tavar Zawacki") f.k.a. 'ABOVE', [Shepard Fairey](/wiki/Shepard_Fairey "Shepard Fairey")'s [OBEY](/wiki/Andre_the_Giant_Has_a_Posse "Andre the Giant Has a Posse"), and [Pirate & Acid](/w/index.php?title=Pirate_%26_Acid&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pirate & Acid (page does not exist)") from Hollywood, California.

## Home stenciling

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Home stenciling")\]

A common tradition for stencils is in [home decorating](/wiki/Home_decorating "Home decorating") and [arts & crafts](/wiki/Handicraft "Handicraft"). Home decor stencils are an important part of the DIY (Do It Yourself) industry. There are prefabricated stencil templates available for home decoration projects from hardware stores, arts & crafts stores and through the internet. Stencils are usually applied in the home with a paint or roller brush along wall borders and as trim. They can also be applied with a painted sponge for a textured effect.

Stencil templates can be purchased or constructed individually. Typically they are constructed of flexible plastics, including acetate, mylar, and vinyl. Stencils can be used as children's toys.

## Military stenciling

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Military stenciling")\]

Stencils have been used in the military across most nations for many years and continue to be used today. They are used to mark up equipment, vehicles, rations, signposts, helmets, etc. One use of military stencils was the application of playing card designs to USA Airborne helmets during World War Two as a method to identify regimental units.

## Silk screening

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Silk screening")\]

[Silk screening](/wiki/Silk_screening "Silk screening") is a type of printing on paper or [textiles](/wiki/Textile "Textile"), in which an ink is embedded in the cloth. The ink is controlled through the use of a stencil, which is placed directly over the paper or textile. This process can only handle one color of ink at a time. Therefore, multi-colored designs must be silk screened several times, with each interval taking time to dry.

## Micro- and nanostencil

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Micro- and nanostencil")\]

Main article: [Nanostencil](/wiki/Nanostencil "Nanostencil")

Stencils are also used in micro- and [nanotechnology](/wiki/Nanotechnology "Nanotechnology"), as miniature shadow masks through which material can be deposited, etched or ions implanted onto a substrate. These stencils are usually made out of thin (100-500 nm) low-stress [Silicon nitride](/wiki/Silicon_nitride "Silicon nitride") (SiN) in which apertures are defined by various lithographic techniques (e. g. electron beam, photolithography).

[Stencil lithography](/wiki/Stencil_lithography "Stencil lithography") has unique advantages compared to other patterning techniques: it does not require spinning\[ _[clarification needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")_\] of a uniform layer of resist (therefore patterns can be created on 3D topographies) and it does not involve any heat or chemical treatment of the substrate (like baking, developing and removing the resist). Thus it allows a wide range of substrates (e.g. flexible, surface-treated) and materials (e. g. organics) to be used.

## Other stencil forms

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Other stencil forms")\]

### Screen printing

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Screen printing")\]

Main article: [Screen printing](/wiki/Screen_printing "Screen printing")

A stencil technique is employed in [screen printing](/wiki/Screen_printing "Screen printing") which uses a tightly woven mesh screen coated in a thin layer of emulsion to reproduce the original image. As the stencil is attached to the screen, a contiguous template is not necessary.

### Airbrushing

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Airbrushing")\]

Main article: [Airbrush](/wiki/Airbrush "Airbrush")

A stencil used in [airbrushing](/wiki/Airbrushing "Airbrushing") called a [frisket](/wiki/Frisket "Frisket") is pressed directly on the artwork. It can be used to control or contain overspray, create sharp or complex shapes, but is not designed to be used more than once.

### Wall stencils

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Wall stencils")\]

Wall stencils - to decorate [walls](/wiki/Wall "Wall") and [ceilings](/wiki/Ceiling "Ceiling") or create your own repeat for an overall modern wall pattern effect.

### Rock art

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Rock art")\]

Main article: [Rock art](/wiki/Rock_art "Rock art")

One form of [pictograph](/wiki/Pictograph "Pictograph") found in ancient and traditional [rock paintings](/wiki/Rock_painting "Rock painting") is created by the hand first being placed against the panel, with dry paint then being blown onto it through a tube, in a process that is akin to air-brush or spray-painting. The resulting image is a negative print of the hand, and is sometimes described as a "stencil" in Australian archaeology.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

Miniature rock art of the stencilled variety at a rock shelter known as Yilbilinji, in the [Limmen National Park](/wiki/Limmen_National_Park "Limmen National Park") in the [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory"), is one of only three known examples of such art. Usually stencilled art is life-size, using body parts as the stencil, but the 17 images of designs of human figures, [boomerangs](/wiki/Boomerang "Boomerang"), animals such as [crabs](/wiki/Crab "Crab") and [long-necked turtles](/wiki/Long-necked_turtle "Long-necked turtle"), wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare. Found in 2017 by [archaeologists](/wiki/Archaeologist "Archaeologist"), the only other recorded examples are at Nielson's Creek in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") and at [Kisar Island](/wiki/Kisar_Island "Kisar Island") in Indonesia. It is thought that the designs may have been created by stencils fashioned out of [beeswax](/wiki/Beeswax "Beeswax").[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [List of stencil artists](/wiki/List_of_stencil_artists "List of stencil artists")
- [Mimeograph](/wiki/Mimeograph "Mimeograph")
- [Quarter marks](/wiki/Quarter_marks "Quarter marks")
- [ROSTA Windows](/wiki/ROSTA_Windows "ROSTA Windows")
- [Spirit duplicator](/wiki/Spirit_duplicator "Spirit duplicator")
- [Stencil graffiti](/wiki/Stencil_graffiti "Stencil graffiti")
- [Stencil (numerical analysis)](/wiki/Stencil_(numerical_analysis) "Stencil (numerical analysis)")
- [Stencil printing](/wiki/Stencil_printing "Stencil printing")
- [Stencil (typeface)](/wiki/Stencil_(typeface) "Stencil (typeface)")
- [Street art](/wiki/Street_art "Street art")
- [Theorem Stencil](/wiki/Theorem_Stencil "Theorem Stencil")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Ghosh, Pallab (8 October 2014). ["Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29415716). _BBC News_. BBC News. "The minimum age for (the outline of the hand) is 39,900 years old, which makes it the oldest hand stencil in the world," said Dr Aubert. "Next to it is, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one," he told BBC News. There are also paintings in the caves that are around 27,000 years old, which means that the inhabitants were painting for at least 13,000 years."
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diaz, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbín, R.; González-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhão, J. (15 June 2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". _Science_. **336** (6087): 1409–1413. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2012Sci...336.1409P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1409P). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1126/science.1219957](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219957). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [22700921](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700921). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [7807664](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7807664). Abstract: "... minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol".
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[Mayor, Hyatt A.](/wiki/A._Hyatt_Mayor "A. Hyatt Mayor"), _Prints and People_, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 51, 65, 80, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0691003262](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691003262 "Special:BookSources/0691003262")
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**[Mayor, Hyatt A.](/wiki/A._Hyatt_Mayor "A. Hyatt Mayor"), _Prints and People_, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 15, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0691003262](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691003262 "Special:BookSources/0691003262")
05. **[^](#cite_ref-jj_5-0)**Jan Juffermans (2003). _Kees van Dongen: The Graphic Work_ Lund Humphries Publishers, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-85331-876-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-876-X "Special:BookSources/0-85331-876-X")
06. **[^](#cite_ref-dp_6-0)**David Pankow (1997). _Tempting the palette_. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-933360-00-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933360-00-3 "Special:BookSources/1-933360-00-3")
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**[The University of Cincinnati](http://www.libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb/archives/exhibits2/Pochoir/Pochoir.html) The Art of the Pochoir Book, University of Cincinnati
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Smithsonian Institution](http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/pochoir/intro.htm) Vibrant Visions, Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum Library
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**[Crass Discography (Christ's Reality Asylum)](http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/09400a.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060912012809/http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/09400a.html) 2006-09-12 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Retrieved on November 11, 2007.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Whitley, David S. (2005). _Introduction to Rock Art Research_. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. pp. 7–9. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1598740004](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598740004 "Special:BookSources/978-1598740004").
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Zwartz, Henry (27 May 2020). ["Indigenous rock art found in the NT one of just three such examples worldwide"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-27/rare-rock-art-found-in-nt-park/12287914). _ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)_. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**Flinders University (26 May 2020). ["Miniature rock art expands horizons"](https://phys.org/news/2020-05-miniature-art-horizons.html). _Phys.org_. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["Archaeologists reveal rock art's big little secret"](https://news.flinders.edu.au/blog/2020/05/27/archaeologists-reveal-rock-arts-big-little-secret/). _[Flinders University](/wiki/Flinders_University "Flinders University") (News)_. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Stencil&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Stencils](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stencils "commons:Category:Stencils").

- [Stencil Letters](https://freeprintableworksheet.com/stencil-letters/)
- [Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
- [Stencil Maker From Photo](https://www.mockofun.com/template/stencil-maker-from-photo/)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools "Template:Measuring and alignment tools")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Measuring_and_alignment_tools "Template talk:Measuring and alignment tools")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools "Special:EditPage/Template:Measuring and alignment tools")

[Measuring](/wiki/Measuring_instrument "Measuring instrument") and alignment tools

- [Architect's scale](/wiki/Architect%27s_scale "Architect's scale")
- [Beam compass](/wiki/Beam_compass "Beam compass")
- [Calipers](/wiki/Calipers "Calipers")
- [Chalk line](/wiki/Chalk_line "Chalk line")
- [Combination square](/wiki/Combination_square "Combination square")
- [Compass](/wiki/Compass_(drawing_tool) "Compass (drawing tool)")
- [Coordinate-measuring machine](/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine "Coordinate-measuring machine")
- [Diagonal scale](/wiki/Diagonal_scale "Diagonal scale")
- [Drafting machine](/wiki/Drafting_machine "Drafting machine")
- [Engineer's scale](/wiki/Engineer%27s_scale "Engineer's scale")
- [Flat spline](/wiki/Flat_spline "Flat spline")
- [French curve](/wiki/French_curve "French curve")
- [Gunter's chain](/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain "Gunter's chain")
- [Jig](/wiki/Jig_(tool) "Jig (tool)")
- [Laser level](/wiki/Laser_level "Laser level")
- [Laser line level](/wiki/Laser_line_level "Laser line level")
- [Laser measuring tool](/wiki/Laser_rangefinder#Laser_measuring_tools "Laser rangefinder")
- [Lesbian rule](/wiki/Lesbian_rule "Lesbian rule")
- [Marking gauge](/wiki/Marking_gauge "Marking gauge")
- [Measuring rod](/wiki/Measuring_rod "Measuring rod")
- [Meterstick](/wiki/Meterstick "Meterstick")
- [Micrometer](/wiki/Micrometer_(device) "Micrometer (device)")
- [Plumb-bob](/wiki/Plumb_bob "Plumb bob")
- [Protractor](/wiki/Goniometer#Protractor "Goniometer")
- [Radius gauge](/wiki/Radius_gauge "Radius gauge")
- [Ruler](/wiki/Ruler "Ruler")
- [Set square](/wiki/Set_square "Set square")
- [Skirret](/wiki/Skirret_(tool) "Skirret (tool)")
- [Sliding T bevel](/wiki/Sliding_T_bevel "Sliding T bevel")
- [Speed square](/wiki/Speed_square "Speed square")
- [Spirit level](/wiki/Spirit_level "Spirit level")
- [Steel square](/wiki/Steel_square "Steel square")
- Stencil
- [Straightedge](/wiki/Straightedge "Straightedge")
- [Square](/wiki/Square_(tool) "Square (tool)")
- [T-square](/wiki/T-square "T-square")
- [Tape measure](/wiki/Tape_measure "Tape measure")
- [Theodolite](/wiki/Theodolite "Theodolite")
- [Thread pitch gauge](/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge "Thread pitch gauge")
- [Try square](/wiki/Try_square "Try square")
- [Vernier scale](/wiki/Vernier_scale "Vernier scale")
- [Vise](/wiki/Vise "Vise")
- [Weighing scale](/wiki/Weighing_scale "Weighing scale")
- [Wiggler](/wiki/Wiggler_(tool) "Wiggler (tool)")
- [Winding sticks](/wiki/Winding_stick "Winding stick")

[Types of tools](/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools "Template:Types of tools")[Cleaning](/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools "Template:Cleaning tools")[Cutting and abrasive](/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools "Template:Cutting and abrasive tools")[Forestry](/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools "Template:Forestry tools")[Garden](/wiki/Template:Garden_tools "Template:Garden tools")[Hand](/wiki/Template:Hand_tools "Template:Hand tools")[Kitchen](/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools "Template:Kitchen tools")[Machine and metalworking](/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools "Template:Machine and metalworking tools")[Masonry](/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools "Template:Masonry tools")[Measuring and alignment](/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools "Template:Measuring and alignment tools")[Mining](/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment "Template:Mining equipment")[Power](/wiki/Template:Power_tools "Template:Power tools")[Woodworking](/wiki/Template:Woodworking "Template:Woodworking")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Street_art "Template:Street art")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Street_art "Template talk:Street art")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_art "Special:EditPage/Template:Street art")

[Street art](/wiki/Street_art "Street art")

Culture

- [Activism](/wiki/Activism "Activism")
- [Aerosol paint](/wiki/Aerosol_paint "Aerosol paint")
- [Culture jamming](/wiki/Culture_jamming "Culture jamming")
- [Direct action](/wiki/Direct_action "Direct action")
- [Graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti") ( [terminology](/wiki/Glossary_of_graffiti "Glossary of graffiti"))
- [Handstyle](/wiki/Handstyle "Handstyle")
- [Hip hop culture](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop")
- [Installation art](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art")
- [Propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda "Propaganda")
- [Screenprinting](/wiki/Screen_printing "Screen printing")
- [Spray paint art](/wiki/Spray_paint_art "Spray paint art")
- _[Subway Art](/wiki/Subway_Art "Subway Art")_

Types

- [Guerrilla art](/wiki/Guerrilla_art "Guerrilla art")
- [Moss graffiti](/wiki/Moss_graffiti "Moss graffiti")
- [Mural](/wiki/Mural "Mural")
- [Pieces](/wiki/Piece_(graffiti) "Piece (graffiti)")
- [Poster](/wiki/Poster "Poster")
- [Reverse graffiti](/wiki/Reverse_graffiti "Reverse graffiti")
- [Rock balancing](/wiki/Rock_balancing "Rock balancing")
- [Stencil graffiti](/wiki/Stencil_graffiti "Stencil graffiti")
- [Sticker art](/wiki/Sticker_art "Sticker art")
- [Tagging](/wiki/Tag_(graffiti) "Tag (graffiti)")
- [Throw ups](/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti) "Throw up (graffiti)")
- [Yarn bombing](/wiki/Yarn_bombing "Yarn bombing")
- [Wheatpaste](/wiki/Wheatpaste "Wheatpaste")
- [Wildstyle](/wiki/Wildstyle "Wildstyle")

Lists of artists

- [Street](/wiki/List_of_street_artists "List of street artists")
- [Graffiti](/wiki/Category:Graffiti_artists "Category:Graffiti artists")
- [Stencil](/wiki/List_of_stencil_artists "List of stencil artists")

Photographers

- [Henry Chalfant](/wiki/Henry_Chalfant "Henry Chalfant")
- [Martha Cooper](/wiki/Martha_Cooper "Martha Cooper")

Places

- [Adelaide](/wiki/Street_art_in_Adelaide "Street art in Adelaide")
- [Atlanta](/wiki/Street_art_in_Atlanta "Street art in Atlanta")
- [Berlin (Berlin Wall)](/wiki/Berlin_Wall_graffiti_art "Berlin Wall graffiti art")
- Brazil ( [Southeastern Brazil ( _pichação_)](/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Pichação"), [São Paulo (Beco do Batman)](/wiki/Beco_do_Batman "Beco do Batman"))
- [Hong Kong (Free Ai Weiwei campaign)](/wiki/Free_Ai_Weiwei_street_art_campaign "Free Ai Weiwei street art campaign")
- [Kyiv](/wiki/Murals_in_Kyiv "Murals in Kyiv")
- [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland "Murals in Northern Ireland")
- [Melbourne](/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne "Street art in Melbourne")
- [New York City](/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York_City "Graffiti in New York City") ( [5 Pointz](/wiki/5_Pointz "5 Pointz"))
- [Philadelphia](/wiki/Mural_Arts_Program "Mural Arts Program")
- [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") ( [Balmy Alley](/wiki/Balmy_Alley "Balmy Alley"), [Clarion Alley](/wiki/Clarion_Alley "Clarion Alley"))
- [Sarajevo](/wiki/Street_art_in_Sarajevo "Street art in Sarajevo")
- [Sydney (Newtown area)](/wiki/Newtown_area_graffiti_and_street_art "Newtown area graffiti and street art")
- [Tehran](/wiki/Graffiti_in_Tehran "Graffiti in Tehran")
- [Toronto](/wiki/Graffiti_in_Toronto "Graffiti in Toronto")
- [Palestine (West Bank Wall)](/wiki/West_Bank_Wall_graffiti_art "West Bank Wall graffiti art")

Events

- [Beton Fest](/wiki/Beton_Fest "Beton Fest")
- [The Cans Festival](/wiki/The_Cans_Festival "The Cans Festival")
- [Living Walls](/wiki/Living_Walls "Living Walls")
- [See No Evil](/wiki/See_No_Evil_(artwork) "See No Evil (artwork)")
- [Pasadena Chalk Festival](/wiki/Pasadena_Chalk_Festival "Pasadena Chalk Festival")
- [Sarajevo Street Art Festival](/wiki/Sarajevo_Street_Art_Festival "Sarajevo Street Art Festival")
- [Sarasota Chalk Festival](/wiki/Sarasota_Chalk_Festival "Sarasota Chalk Festival")

Related

- [Built environment](/wiki/Built_environment "Built environment")
- [Public art](/wiki/Public_art "Public art")
- [Public space](/wiki/Public_space "Public space")
- [Psychogeography](/wiki/Psychogeography "Psychogeography")
- [Street party](/wiki/Street_party "Street party")
- [Urban planning](/wiki/Urban_planning "Urban planning")
- [Visual arts](/wiki/Visual_arts "Visual arts")
- [Vandalism](/wiki/Vandalism "Vandalism")

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category: Street art](/wiki/Category:Street_art "Category:Street art")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control"): National [![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504073#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4348437-2)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127936)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981253w)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981253w)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534030205171)

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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Decorative arts](/wiki/Category:Decorative_arts "Category:Decorative arts")
- [Graffiti and unauthorised signage](/wiki/Category:Graffiti_and_unauthorised_signage "Category:Graffiti and unauthorised signage")
- [Graphic design](/wiki/Category:Graphic_design "Category:Graphic design")
- [Printing](/wiki/Category:Printing "Category:Printing")
- [Printmaking](/wiki/Category:Printmaking "Category:Printmaking")

Hidden categories:

- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023 "Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023")
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