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circumstellar disc
مراحل تشکیل یک ستاره چیست؟ در مراحل اولیه تشکیل ، دریک ناحیه از سحابی گاز و غباربه دلیل نیروی گرانشی شروع به جمع‌ شدن میکنند. گاز و غبار حول مرکز دیسکی که دیسک پیش ستاره ای ( <anchor>circumstellar disc</anchor>) نام دارد میچرخند و مواد بیشتری را جمع میکنند. پس از آنکه مقدار کافی از گاز جمع شد، دما و فشار در مرکز این ناحیه افزایش می‌یابد تا جایی که فرآیند های هسته‌ای شروع شود و ستاره متولد شود.
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## Contents

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- [1Young star](#Young_star)
- [2Around the Solar System](#Around_the_Solar_System)
- [3Binary system](#Binary_system)Toggle Binary system subsection  - [3.1Accretion Variability](#Accretion_Variability)    - [3.1.1Short-Term Variability](#Short-Term_Variability)
    - [3.1.2Long-Term Variability](#Long-Term_Variability)
    - [3.1.3Orbital Evolution](#Orbital_Evolution)
  - [3.2Misaligned Disks](#Misaligned_Disks)
- [4Dust](#Dust)
- [5Stages](#Stages)
- [6Disc dissipation and evolution](#Disc_dissipation_and_evolution)
- [7Direct imaging](#Direct_imaging)
- [8See also](#See_also)
- [9References](#References)
- [10External links](#External_links)

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# Circumstellar disc

32 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumstell%C3%AAre_skyf "Sirkumstellêre skyf – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1 "قرص نجمي دوار – Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discu_circunestelar "Discu circunestelar – Asturian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_circumestel%C2%B7lar "Disc circumestel·lar – Catalan")
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- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88irka%C5%ADstela_disko "Ĉirkaŭstela disko – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_zirkumestelar "Disko zirkumestelar – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C "قرص پیراستاره‌ای – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_circumstellaire "Disque circumstellaire – French")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_circunestelar "Disco circunestelar – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98 "별주위원반 – Korean")
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- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumstelarni_disk "Cirkumstelarni disk – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_lingkar_bintang "Piringan lingkar bintang – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_circumstellare "Disco circumstellare – Italian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "Околуѕвезден диск – Macedonian")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_sirkumnajam "Cakera sirkumnajam – Malay")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%91%A8%E5%86%86%E7%9B%A4 "星周円盤 – Japanese")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_circunstelar "Disco circunstelar – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_circumstelar "Disc circumstelar – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "Околозвёздный диск – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disc "Circumstellar disc – Simple English")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumstelarni_disk "Cirkumstelarni disk – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumstell%C3%A4r_skiva "Cirkumstellär skiva – Swedish")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%ADebsi_azzatraw "Aṭebsi azzatraw – Kabyle")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "Йолдыз янындагы диск – Tatar")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C "จานรอบดาวฤกษ์ – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6k%C3%BCnt%C3%BC_%C3%A7emberi "Çöküntü çemberi – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "Навколозоряний диск – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_v%C3%B2ng_quanh_sao "Đĩa vòng quanh sao – Vietnamese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%91%A8%E7%9B%A4 "星周盤 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Accumulation of matter around a star

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Circumstellar_Disks_HD_141943_and_HD_191089.jpg/220px-Circumstellar_Disks_HD_141943_and_HD_191089.jpg)](/wiki/File:Circumstellar_Disks_HD_141943_and_HD_191089.jpg) Circumstellar discs [HD 141943](/w/index.php?title=HD_141943&action=edit&redlink=1 "HD 141943 (page does not exist)") and [HD 191089](/w/index.php?title=HD_191089&action=edit&redlink=1 "HD 191089 (page does not exist)"). The bottom images are illustrations of above real images.[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)

A **circumstellar disc** (or **circumstellar disk**) is a [torus](/wiki/Torus "Torus"), pancake or ring-shaped [accretion disk](/wiki/Accretion_disk "Accretion disk") of [matter](/wiki/Matter "Matter") composed of [gas](/wiki/Gas "Gas"), [dust](/wiki/Cosmic_dust "Cosmic dust"), [planetesimals](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal"), [asteroids](/wiki/Asteroid "Asteroid"), or collision fragments in [orbit](/wiki/Orbit "Orbit") around a [star](/wiki/Star "Star"). Around the youngest stars, they are the reservoirs of material out of which planets may form. Around mature stars, they indicate that [planetesimal](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal") formation has taken place, and around [white dwarfs](/wiki/White_dwarf "White dwarf"), they indicate that planetary material survived the whole of stellar evolution. Such a disc can manifest itself in various ways.

## Young star

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Young star")\]

The star [SAO 206462](/wiki/SAO_206462 "SAO 206462") has an unusual circumstellar disc

Main article: [Protoplanetary disk](/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk "Protoplanetary disk")

According to the widely accepted model of [star](/wiki/Star "Star") formation, sometimes referred to as the [nebular hypothesis](/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis "Nebular hypothesis"), a young star ( [protostar](/wiki/Protostar "Protostar")) is formed by the gravitational collapse of a pocket of matter within a [giant molecular cloud](/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud "Giant molecular cloud"). The infalling material possesses some amount of [angular momentum](/wiki/Angular_momentum "Angular momentum"), which results in the formation of a gaseous [protoplanetary disc](/wiki/Protoplanetary_disc "Protoplanetary disc") around the young, rotating star. The former is a rotating circumstellar disc of dense gas and dust that continues to feed the central star. It may contain a few percent of the mass of the central star, mainly in the form of gas which is itself mainly [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen "Hydrogen"). The main accretion phase lasts a few million years, with accretion rates typically between 10−7 and 10−9 solar masses per year (rates for typical systems presented in Hartmann et al.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)).

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/330px-Opo0113i.jpg)](/wiki/File:Opo0113i.jpg) Illustration of the dynamics of a [proplyd](/wiki/Proplyd "Proplyd")

The disc gradually cools in what is known as the [T Tauri star](/wiki/T_Tauri_star "T Tauri star") stage. Within this disc, the formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ices can occur, and these can coagulate into [planetesimals](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal"). If the disc is sufficiently massive, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the appearance of planetary embryos. The formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A sun-like star usually takes around 100 million years to form.

## Around the Solar System

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Around the Solar System")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Artist%27s_impression_of_a_transitional_disc_around_a_young_star.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_impression_of_a_transitional_disc_around_a_young_star.jpg)](/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_a_transitional_disc_around_a_young_star.jpg) Artist's impression of a transitional disc around a [young star](/wiki/Young_star "Young star").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)

- The [asteroid belt](/wiki/Asteroid_belt "Asteroid belt") is a reservoir of small bodies in the [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System "Solar System") located between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. It is a source of interplanetary dust.
- [Edgeworth-Kuiper belt](/wiki/Edgeworth-Kuiper_belt "Edgeworth-Kuiper belt"), beyond the orbit of Neptune
- [Scattered disc](/wiki/Scattered_disc "Scattered disc"), beyond the orbit of Neptune
- [Hills cloud](/wiki/Hills_cloud "Hills cloud"); only the inner [Oort cloud](/wiki/Oort_cloud "Oort cloud") has a toroid-like shape. The outer Oort cloud is more spherical in shape.

## Binary system

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Binary system")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/AK_Scorpii.png/220px-AK_Scorpii.png)](/wiki/File:AK_Scorpii.png) The circumbinary disk around [AK Scorpii](/wiki/AK_Scorpii "AK Scorpii"), a young system in the constellation Scorpius. The image of the disk was taken with [ALMA](/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array "Atacama Large Millimeter Array").

The infall of gas onto a binary system allows the formation of circumstellar and circumbinary discs. The formation of such a disc will occur for any [binary system](/wiki/Binary_system "Binary system") in which infalling gas contains some degree of angular momentum.[\[4\]](#cite_note-:0-4) A general progression of disc formation is observed with increasing levels of angular momentum:

- Circumprimary disc is one which orbits the primary (i.e. more massive) star of the binary system.[\[4\]](#cite_note-:0-4) This type of disc will form through [accretion](/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics) "Accretion (astrophysics)") if any angular momentum is present in the infalling gas.[\[4\]](#cite_note-:0-4)
- Circumsecondary disc is one which orbits around the secondary (i.e. less massive) star of the binary star system. This type of disc will only form when a high enough level of angular momentum is present within the infalling gas. The amount of angular momentum required is dependent on the secondary-to-primary mass ratio. A circumsecondary disk is sometimes seen transiting in front of the primary.
- [Circumbinary](/wiki/Circumbinary_planet "Circumbinary planet") disc is one which orbits about both the primary and secondary stars. Such a disc will form at a later time than the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs, with an inner radius much larger than the orbital radius of the [binary system](/wiki/Binary_system "Binary system"). A circumbinary disc may form with an upper mass limit of approximately 0.005 solar masses,[\[5\]](#cite_note-:1-5) at which point the [binary system](/wiki/Binary_system "Binary system") is generally unable to perturb the disc strongly enough for gas to be further accreted onto the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs.[\[4\]](#cite_note-:0-4) An example of a circumbinary disc may be seen around the star system [GG Tauri](/wiki/GG_Tauri "GG Tauri").[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)
- Given the formation of a circumbinary disc, the formation of an inner cavity surrounding the binary is inevitable. This cavity is the result of spiral density waves located at [Lindblad resonances](/wiki/Lindblad_resonance "Lindblad resonance"), specifically the outer Lindblad resonances. The exact resonances which excise the cavity depend on the eccentricity of the binary eb{\\displaystyle e\_{b}}![{\displaystyle e_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca437e738043cc97749e8bcad8aad6ceac57e52c), but in each case the size of the cavity is proportional to the binary separation ab{\\displaystyle a\_{b}}![{\displaystyle a_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd929509235154bf6d9701cba425e0deb309aa1b).[\[7\]](#cite_note-:2-7)

### Accretion Variability

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Accretion Variability")\]

#### Short-Term Variability

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Short-Term Variability")\]

The indicative timescale that governs the short-term evolution of accretion onto binaries within circumbinary disks is the binary's orbital period Pb{\\displaystyle P\_{b}}![{\displaystyle P_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92b684b99147aa175db98057461b2dc2653f704e). Accretion into the inner cavity is not constant, and varies depending on eb{\\displaystyle e\_{b}}![{\displaystyle e_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca437e738043cc97749e8bcad8aad6ceac57e52c) and the behavior of the gas along the innermost region of the cavity. For non-eccentric binaries, accretion variability coincides with the Keplerian orbital period of the inner gas, which develops lumps corresponding to m=1{\\displaystyle m=1}![{\displaystyle m=1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6100c5ebd48c6fd848709f2be624465203eb173) outer Lindblad resonances. This period is approximately five times the binary orbital period. For eccentric binaries, the period of accretion variability is the same as the binary orbital period due to each binary component scooping in matter from the circumbinary disk each time it reaches the apocenter of its orbit.[\[7\]](#cite_note-:2-7)

#### Long-Term Variability

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Long-Term Variability")\]

Eccentric binaries also see accretion variability over secular timescales hundreds of times the binary period. This corresponds to the [apsidal precession](/wiki/Apsidal_precession "Apsidal precession") rate of the inner edge of the cavity, which develops its own eccentricity ed{\\displaystyle e\_{d}}![{\displaystyle e_{d}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b1879b5ddaf95ac3b730a7de24afd722bb9824f), along with a significant region of the inner circumbinary disk up to ∼10ab{\\displaystyle \\sim 10a\_{b}}![{\displaystyle \sim 10a_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc49a680c9225c16dcc40a247a0bf574d8ac47ec).[\[7\]](#cite_note-:2-7) This eccentricity may in turn affect the inner cavity accretion as well as dynamics further out in the disk, such as [circumbinary planet](/wiki/Circumbinary_planet "Circumbinary planet") formation and migration.

#### Orbital Evolution

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Orbital Evolution")\]

It was originally believed that all binaries located within circumbinary disk would evolve towards orbital decay due to the gravitational torque of the circumbinary disk, primarily from material at the innermost edge of the excised cavity. This decay is no longer guaranteed when accretion from the circumbinary disk onto the binary occurs, and can even lead to increased binary separations. The dynamics of orbital evolution depend on the binary's parameters, such as the mass ratio qb{\\displaystyle q\_{b}}![{\displaystyle q_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/784b79946e2868ce649e5ceb8188bc1b8df14b62) and eccentricity eb{\\displaystyle e\_{b}}![{\displaystyle e_{b}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca437e738043cc97749e8bcad8aad6ceac57e52c), as well as the thermodynamics of the accreting gas.[\[7\]](#cite_note-:2-7)

### Misaligned Disks

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Misaligned Disks")\]

Once a circumstellar disk has formed, spiral density waves are created within the circumstellar material via a differential torque due to the binary's gravity.[\[4\]](#cite_note-:0-4) The majority of these discs form axissymmetric to the binary plane, but it is possible for processes such as the Bardeen-Petterson effect,[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) a misaligned dipole magnetic field[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) and [radiation pressure](/wiki/Radiation_pressure "Radiation pressure")[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) to produce a significant warp or tilt to an initially flat disk.

Strong evidence of tilted disks is seen in the systems Her X-1, SMC X-1, and SS 433 (among others), where a periodic line-of-sight blockage of [X-ray](/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") emissions is seen on the order of 50–200 days; much slower than the systems' binary orbit of ~1 day.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) The periodic blockage is believed to result from precession of a circumprimary or circumbinary disk, which normally occurs retrograde to the binary orbit as a result of the same differential torque which creates spiral density waves in an axissymmetric disk.

Evidence of tilted circumbinary disks can be seen through warped geometry within circumstellar disks, precession of protostellar jets, and inclined orbits of circumplanetary objects (as seen in the eclipsing binary TY CrA).[\[5\]](#cite_note-:1-5) For disks orbiting a low secondary-to-primary mass ratio binary, a tilted circumbinary disc will undergo rigid precession with a period on the order of years. For discs around a binary with a mass ratio of one, differential torques will be strong enough to tear the interior of the disc apart into two or more separate, precessing discs.[\[5\]](#cite_note-:1-5)

A study from 2020 using [ALMA](/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array "Atacama Large Millimeter Array") data showed that circumbinary disks around short period binaries are often aligned with the orbit of the binary. Binaries with a period longer than one month showed typically a misalignment of the disk with the binary orbit.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

## Dust

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Dust")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Planets_in_the_Making.jpg/220px-Planets_in_the_Making.jpg)](/wiki/File:Planets_in_the_Making.jpg) Primordial cloud of gas and dust surrounding the young star [HD 163296](/wiki/HD_163296 "HD 163296").[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

- [Debris discs](/wiki/Debris_discs "Debris discs") consist of planetesimals along with fine dust and small amounts of gas generated through their collisions and evaporation. The original gas and small dust particles have been dispersed or accumulated into planets.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)
- [Zodiacal cloud](/wiki/Zodiacal_cloud "Zodiacal cloud") or [interplanetary dust](/wiki/Interplanetary_dust "Interplanetary dust") is the material in the Solar System created by collisions of asteroids and evaporation of comet seen to observers on Earth as a band of scattered light along the ecliptic before sunrise or after sunset.
- [Exozodiacal dust](/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust "Exozodiacal dust") is dust around another star than the Sun in a location analogous to that of the Zodiacal Light in the Solar System.

## Stages

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Stages")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Safe_havens_for_young_planets_AS_209.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Safe_havens_for_young_planets_AS_209.tif.jpg)](/wiki/File:Safe_havens_for_young_planets_AS_209.tif) Protoplanetary disk [AS 209](/w/index.php?title=AS_209&action=edit&redlink=1 "AS 209 (page does not exist)").[\[15\]](#cite_note-15)

Stages in circumstellar discs refer to the structure and the main composition of the disc at different times during its evolution. Stages include the phases when the disc is composed mainly of submicron-sized particles, the evolution of these particles into grains and larger objects, the agglomeration of larger objects into [planetesimals](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal"), and the growth and orbital evolution of planetesimals into the planetary systems, like our [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System "Solar System") or many other stars.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Soot-line1.jpg/440px-Soot-line1.jpg)](/wiki/File:Soot-line1.jpg) An artist's illustration giving a simple overview of the main regions of a protoplanetary disk, delineated by the soot and frost line

Major stages of evolution of circumstellar discs:[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

- [Protoplanetary discs](/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk "Protoplanetary disk"): In this stage large quantities of primordial material (e.g., gas and dust) are present and the discs are massive enough to have potential to be planet-forming.
- Transition discs: At this stage, the disc shows significant reduction in the presence of gas and dust and presents properties between protoplanetary and debris discs.
- [Debris discs](/wiki/Debris_disk "Debris disk"): In this stage the circumstellar disc is a tenuous dust disc, presenting small gas amounts or even no gas at all. It is characterized by having [dust lifetimes](/w/index.php?title=Dust_lifetime&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dust lifetime (page does not exist)")\[ _[clarification needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")_\] smaller than the age of the disc, hence indicating that the disc is second generation rather than primordial.

## Disc dissipation and evolution

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Disc dissipation and evolution")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fomalhaut_Dusty_Debris_Disk_%28MIRI_Compass_Image%29.png/220px-Fomalhaut_Dusty_Debris_Disk_%28MIRI_Compass_Image%29.png)](/wiki/File:Fomalhaut_Dusty_Debris_Disk_(MIRI_Compass_Image).png) Image of [Fomalhaut](/wiki/Fomalhaut "Fomalhaut")'s asteroid belt by the [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope")[\[17\]](#cite_note-17) with annotations by NASA.

Material dissipation is one of the processes responsible for circumstellar discs evolution. Together with information about the mass of the central star, observation of material dissipation at different stages of a circumstellar disc can be used to determine the timescales involved in its evolution. For example, observations of the dissipation process in transition discs (discs with large inner holes) estimate the average age of a circumstellar disc to be approximately 10 Myr.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)

Dissipation process and its duration in each stage is not well understood. Several mechanisms, with different predictions for discs' observed properties, have been proposed to explain dispersion in circumstellar discs. Mechanisms like decreasing dust opacity due to grain growth,[\[20\]](#cite_note-20) [photoevaporation](/wiki/Photoevaporation "Photoevaporation") of material by [X-ray](/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") or [UV](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") photons from the central star ( [stellar wind](/wiki/Stellar_wind "Stellar wind")),[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) or the dynamical influence of a giant planet forming within the disc[\[22\]](#cite_note-22) are some of the processes that have been proposed to explain dissipation.

Dissipation is a process that occurs continuously in circumstellar discs throughout the lifetime of the central star, and at the same time, for the same stage, is a process that is present in different parts of the disc. Dissipation can be divided in inner disc dissipation, mid-disc dissipation, and outer disc dissipation, depending on the part of the disc considered.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)

_Inner disc dissipation_ occurs at the inner part of the disc (< 0.05 – 0.1 [AU](/wiki/Astronomical_unit "Astronomical unit")). Since it is closest to the star, this region is also the hottest, thus material present there typically emits radiation in the near-infrared region of the [electromagnetic spectrum](/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum "Electromagnetic spectrum"). Study of the radiation emitted by the very hot dust present in that part of the disc indicates that there is an empirical connection between [accretion](/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics) "Accretion (astrophysics)") from a disc onto the star and ejections in an outflow.

_Mid-disc dissipation_, occurs at the mid-disc region (1-5 [AU](/wiki/Astronomical_unit "Astronomical unit")) and is characterized for the presence of much more cooler material than in the inner part of the disc. Consequently, radiation emitted from this region has greater [wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength "Wavelength"), indeed in the mid-infrared region, which makes it very difficult to detect and to predict the timescale of this region's dissipation. Studies made to determine the dissipation timescale in this region provide a wide range of values, predicting timescales from less than 10 up to 100 Myr.

_Outer disc dissipation_ occurs in regions between 50 – 100 [AU](/wiki/Astronomical_unit "Astronomical unit"), where temperatures are much lower and emitted radiation [wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength "Wavelength") increases to the millimeter region of the [electromagnetic spectrum](/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum "Electromagnetic spectrum"). Mean dust masses for this region has been reported to be ~ 10−5 solar masses.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) Studies of older debris discs (107 \- 109 yr) suggest dust masses as low as 10−8 solar masses, implying that diffusion in outer discs occurs on a very long timescale.[\[25\]](#cite_note-25)

As mentioned, circumstellar discs are not equilibrium objects, but instead are constantly evolving. The evolution of the surface density Σ{\\displaystyle \\Sigma }![{\displaystyle \Sigma }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e1f558f53cda207614abdf90162266c70bc5c1e) of the disc, which is the amount of mass per unit area so after the volume density at a particular location in the disc has been integrated over the vertical structure, is given by:
∂Σ∂t=3r∂∂r\[r1/2∂∂rνΣr1/2\]{\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\Sigma }{\\partial t}}={\\frac {3}{r}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial r}}\\left\[r^{1/2}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial r}}\\nu \\Sigma r^{1/2}\\right\]}![{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Sigma }{\partial t}}={\frac {3}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left[r^{1/2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\nu \Sigma r^{1/2}\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaa66a05e28b30af6b84c10b51751f2d4810afbd)
where r{\\displaystyle r}![{\displaystyle r}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538) is the radial location in the disc and ν{\\displaystyle \\nu }![{\displaystyle \nu }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468) is the viscosity at location r{\\displaystyle r}![{\displaystyle r}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538).[\[26\]](#cite_note-Armitage2011-26) This equation assumes axisymmetric symmetry in the disc, but is compatible with any vertical disc structure.

Viscosity in the disc, whether molecular, turbulent or other, transports angular momentum outwards in the disc and most of the mass inwards, eventually accreting onto the central object.[\[26\]](#cite_note-Armitage2011-26) The mass accretion onto the star M˙{\\displaystyle {\\dot {M}}}![{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e17d7f361e94093d5346b9d04a5d4b8c7f4d22f) in terms of the disc viscosity ν{\\displaystyle \\nu }![{\displaystyle \nu }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468) is expressed:
M˙=3πνΣ\[1−rinr\]−1{\\displaystyle {\\dot {M}}=3\\pi \\nu \\Sigma \\left\[1-{\\sqrt {\\frac {r\_{\\text{in}}}{r}}}\\right\]^{-1}}![{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}=3\pi \nu \Sigma \left[1-{\sqrt {\frac {r_{\text{in}}}{r}}}\right]^{-1}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63f486033a7d02b693a70591b528cff48bcc959b)
where rin{\\displaystyle r\_{\\text{in}}}![{\displaystyle r_{\text{in}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bcca45bddb3d31a75f7f5666024b8d46a0c2164) is the inner radius.

## Direct imaging

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Direct imaging")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gomez%27s_Hamburger.jpg/220px-Gomez%27s_Hamburger.jpg)](/wiki/File:Gomez%27s_Hamburger.jpg) Gomez's Hamburger, with the bright "buns" being the scattered light of the star on the surface of the disk. The reddish dark "patty" represents the mid-plane of the disk.[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dusty_Debris_Disk_Around_AU_Mic.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dusty_Debris_Disk_Around_AU_Mic.tif.jpg)](/wiki/File:Dusty_Debris_Disk_Around_AU_Mic.tif) Images at 4.44 and 3.56 microns of the circumstellar debris disk around AU mic, a red dwarf star

Protoplanetary disks and debris disks can be imaged with different methods. If the disk is seen edge-on, the disk can sometimes block the light of the star and the disk can be directly observed without a [coronagraph](/wiki/Coronagraph "Coronagraph") or other advanced techniques (e.g. [Gomez's Hamburger](/wiki/Gomez%27s_Hamburger "Gomez's Hamburger") or [Flying Saucer Nebula](/w/index.php?title=Flying_Saucer_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1 "Flying Saucer Nebula (page does not exist)")[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)). Other edge-on disks (e.g. [Beta Pictoris](/wiki/Beta_Pictoris "Beta Pictoris") or [AU Microscopii](/wiki/AU_Microscopii "AU Microscopii")) and face-on disks (e.g. [IM Lupi](/wiki/IM_Lupi "IM Lupi") or [AB Aurigae](/wiki/AB_Aurigae "AB Aurigae")) require a coronagraph, [adaptive optics](/wiki/Adaptive_optics "Adaptive optics") or differential images to take an image of the disk with a telescope. These optical and infrared observations, for example with [SPHERE](/wiki/Spectro-Polarimetric_High-Contrast_Exoplanet_Research "Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research"), usually take an image of the [star light being scattered](/wiki/Light_scattering_by_particles "Light scattering by particles") on the surface of the disk and trace small micron-sized dust particles. Radio arrays like [ALMA](/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array "Atacama Large Millimeter Array") on the other hand can map larger millimeter-sized dust grains found in the mid-plane of the disk.[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) Radio arrays like ALMA can also detect narrow emission from the gas of the disk. This can reveal the [velocity](/wiki/Velocity "Velocity") of the gas within and around the disk.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29) In some cases an edge-on protoplanetary disk (e.g. [CK 3](/w/index.php?title=CK_3&action=edit&redlink=1 "CK 3 (page does not exist)")[\[30\]](#cite_note-:3-30)[\[31\]](#cite_note-31) or [ASR 41](/w/index.php?title=ASR_41&action=edit&redlink=1 "ASR 41 (page does not exist)")[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)) can cast a shadow onto the surrounding dusty material. This cast shadow works like a [shadow play](/wiki/Shadow_play "Shadow play"), and the projection of the disk is much larger than the true size of the disk.[\[30\]](#cite_note-:3-30)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [List of resolved circumstellar disks](/wiki/List_of_resolved_circumstellar_disks "List of resolved circumstellar disks")
- [List of transiting circumsecondary disks](/wiki/List_of_transiting_circumsecondary_disks "List of transiting circumsecondary disks")
- [Accretion disk](/wiki/Accretion_disk "Accretion disk")
- [Circumstellar envelope](/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope "Circumstellar envelope")
- [Disrupted planet](/wiki/Disrupted_planet "Disrupted planet")
- [Exoasteroid](/wiki/Exoasteroid "Exoasteroid")
- [Exoplanet](/wiki/Exoplanet "Exoplanet")
- [Formation and evolution of the Solar System](/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System "Formation and evolution of the Solar System")
- [Peter Pan disk](/wiki/Peter_Pan_disk "Peter Pan disk")
- [Tabby's Star](/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star "Tabby's Star") − oddly dimming star
- [WD 1145+017](/wiki/WD_1145%2B017 "WD 1145+017") \- star destroying [planetesimal](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal"), producing a dusty disk

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**["Circumstellar Disks HD 141943 and HD 191089"](http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1416a/). _ESA/Hubble images_. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Hartmann, L; [Calvet, N](/wiki/Nuria_Calvet "Nuria Calvet"); Gullbring, E; [D’Alessio, P](/wiki/Paola_D%27Alessio "Paola D'Alessio") (1998). ["Accretion and the Evolution of T Tauri Disks"](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305277). _The Astrophysical Journal_. **495** (1): 385–400. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1998ApJ...495..385H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...495..385H). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1086/305277](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305277).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["ALMA Reveals Planetary Construction Sites"](http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1549/). Retrieved 21 December 2015.
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:0_4-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-:0_4-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-:0_4-4)Bate, M; Bonnell, A (1997). ["Accretion during binary star formation - II. Gaseous accretion and disc formation"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F285.1.33). _MNRAS_. **285** (1): 33–48. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1997MNRAS.285...33B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MNRAS.285...33B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1093/mnras/285.1.33](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F285.1.33).
05. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:1_5-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:1_5-2)Larwood, J.D.; Papaloizou, J.C.B. (1997). ["The hydrodynamical response of a tilted circumbinary disc: linear theory and non-linear numerical simulations"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F285.2.288). _MNRAS_. **285** (2): 288. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/9609145](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9609145). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1997MNRAS.285..288L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MNRAS.285..288L). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1093/mnras/285.2.288](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F285.2.288).
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**C. Roddier; F. Roddier; M. J. Northcott; J. E. Graves; K. Jim (1996). "Adaptive optics imaging of GG Tauri: Optical detection of the circumbinary ring". _The Astrophysical Journal_. **463**: 326–335. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1996ApJ...463..326R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...463..326R). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/177245](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F177245).
07. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:2_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:2_7-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:2_7-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-:2_7-3)Lai, Dong; Muñoz, Diego J. (2023-08-18). ["Circumbinary Accretion: From Binary Stars to Massive Binary Black Holes"](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933). _Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics_. **61** (1): 517–560. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2211.00028](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.00028). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2023ARA&A..61..517L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ARA&A..61..517L). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-052622-022933). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0066-4146](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4146).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**J. M. Bardeen; J. A. Petterson (1975). ["The Lense-Thirring effect and accretion discs around Kerr black holes"](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F181711). _The Astrophysical Journal Letters_. **195**: L65–L67. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1975ApJ...195L..65B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ApJ...195L..65B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1086/181711](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F181711).
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**C. Terquem; J. C. B. Papaloizou (2000). "The response of an accretion disc to an inclined dipole with application to AA Tau". _Astronomy and Astrophysics_. **360**: 1031\. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0006113](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006113). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2000A&A...360.1031T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&A...360.1031T).
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**J. E. Pringle (1996). ["Self-induced warping of accretion discs"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F281.1.357). _MNRAS_. **281** (1): 357–361. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1996MNRAS.281..357P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.281..357P). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1093/mnras/281.1.357](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F281.1.357).
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**P. R. Maloney; M. C. Begelman (1997). "The origin of warped, precessing accretion disks in X-ray binaries". _The Astrophysical Journal Letters_. **491** (1): L43–L46. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/9710060](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710060). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1997ApJ...491L..43M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...491L..43M). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/311058](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311058). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"): [2060/19980058823](https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19980058823). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [16725007](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16725007).
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13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["Planets in the Making"](https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1652a/). _www.eso.org_. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Klahr, Hubert; Brandner, Wolfgang (2006). _Planet Formation_. [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). p. 25. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-521-86015-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86015-6 "Special:BookSources/0-521-86015-6").
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**["Safe havens for young planets"](https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1905a/). _www.eso.org_. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Hughes, Amy (2010). ["Circumstellar Disk Structure and Evolution through Resolved Submillimeter Observations"](http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~dwilner/misc/amh_thesis.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2016.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**Adkins, Jamie (2023-05-08). ["Webb Looks for Fomalhaut's Asteroid Belt and Finds Much More"](http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/webb-looks-for-fomalhaut-s-asteroid-belt-and-finds-much-more). _NASA_. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**Mamajek, Eric (2009). "Initial Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks". _AIP Conference Proceedings_. **1158**: 3–10. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[0906.5011](https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.5011). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2009AIPC.1158....3M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1158....3M). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1063/1.3215910](https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3215910). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [16660243](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16660243).
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Cieza, L; et al. (2007). "The spitzer c2d survey of weak-line T Tauri stars. II New constraints on the timescale for planet building". _The Astrophysical Journal_. **667** (1): 308–328. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[0706.0563](https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0563). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2007ApJ...667..308C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...667..308C). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/520698](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F520698). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [14805330](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14805330).
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**Uzpen, B; et al. (2008). "A glimpse into the Nature of Galactic Mid-IR Excess". _The Astrophysical Journal_. **685** (2): 1157–1182. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[0807.3982](https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3982). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2008ApJ...685.1157U](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...685.1157U). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/591119](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F591119). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [17412712](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17412712).
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Clarke, C; Gendrin, A; Sotomayor, M (2001). ["The dispersal of circumstellar discs: the role of the ultraviolet switch"](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2001.04891.x). _MNRAS_. **328** (2): 485–491. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2001MNRAS.328..485C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.328..485C). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04891.x](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2001.04891.x).
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Bryden, G.; et al. (1999). "Tidally Induced Gap Formation in Protostellar Disks: Gap Clearing and Suppression of Protoplanetary Growth". _The Astrophysical Journal_. **514** (1): 344–367. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1999ApJ...514..344B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...514..344B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/306917](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F306917). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [121394271](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121394271).
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**Hillenbrand, L.A. (2005). "Observational Constraints on Dust Disk Lifetimes: Implications for Planet Formation". [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0511083](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511083).
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**Eisner, J.A.; Carpenter, J.M. (2003). "Distribution of circumstellar disk masses in the young cluster NGC 2024". _The Astrophysical Journal_. **598** (2): 1341–1349. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0308279](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0308279). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2003ApJ...598.1341E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...598.1341E). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/379102](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F379102). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [478399](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:478399).
25. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**Wyatt, Mark (2008). "Evolution of Debris Disks". _Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys_. **46**: 339–383. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2008ARA&A..46..339W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ARA&A..46..339W). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110525](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.45.051806.110525).
26. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Armitage2011_26-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Armitage2011_26-1)Armitage, Philip (2011). "Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks". _Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics_. **49** (1): 195–236. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1011.1496](https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1496). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2011ARA&A..49..195A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ARA&A..49..195A). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102521](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-081710-102521). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [55900935](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55900935).
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**information@eso.org. ["The Flying Saucer protoplanetary disc around 2MASS J16281370-2431391"](https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1604b/). _www.eso.org_. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**Avenhaus, Henning; Quanz, Sascha P.; Garufi, Antonio; Perez, Sebastian; Casassus, Simon; Pinte, Christophe; Bertrang, Gesa H. -M.; Caceres, Claudio; Benisty, Myriam; Dominik, Carsten (2018-08-01). ["Disks around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S). I. SPHERE/IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of Eight Prominent T Tauri Disks"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faab846). _The Astrophysical Journal_. **863** (1): 44. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1803.10882](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10882). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2018ApJ...863...44A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...863...44A). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3847/1538-4357/aab846](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faab846). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Pinte, C.; van der Plas, G.; Ménard, F.; Price, D. J.; Christiaens, V.; Hill, T.; Mentiplay, D.; Ginski, C.; Choquet, E.; Boehler, Y.; Duchêne, G.; Perez, S.; Casassus, S. (2019-08-01). ["Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatAs...3.1109P). _Nature Astronomy_. **3** (12): 1109–1114. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1907.02538](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02538). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2019NatAs...3.1109P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatAs...3.1109P). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-019-0852-6). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [2397-3366](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3366). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [195820690](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195820690).
30. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:3_30-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:3_30-1)Pontoppidan, K. M.; Dullemond, C. P. (2005-05-01). ["Projection of circumstellar disks on their environments"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...435..595P/abstract). _Astronomy and Astrophysics_. **435** (2): 595–610. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0502103](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502103). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2005A&A...435..595P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...435..595P). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1051/0004-6361:20042059](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20042059). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**Pontoppidan, Klaus M.; Green, Joel D.; Pauly, Tyler A.; Salyk, Colette; DePasquale, Joseph (2020-06-01). ["Variability of the Great Disk Shadow in Serpens"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab91ae). _The Astrophysical Journal_. **896** (2): 169. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2006.05965](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05965). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2020ApJ...896..169P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...896..169P). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3847/1538-4357/ab91ae](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab91ae). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Hodapp, Klaus W.; Walker, Christina H.; Reipurth, Bo; Wood, Kenneth; Bally, John; Whitney, Barbara A.; Connelley, Michael (2004-01-01). ["A Disk Shadow around the Young Star ASR 41 in NGC 1333"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...601L..79H/abstract). _The Astrophysical Journal_. **601** (1): L79–L82. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0312256](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312256). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004ApJ...601L..79H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...601L..79H). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/381732](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381732). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Circumstellar disks](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Circumstellar_disks "commons:Category:Circumstellar disks").

- McCabe, Caer (May 30, 2007). ["Catalog of Resolved Circumstellar Disks"](http://www.circumstellardisks.org/). [NASA JPL](/wiki/NASA_JPL "NASA JPL"). Retrieved 2007-07-17.
- [Image Gallery of Dust disks](http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/disksite/pages/gallery.html) (from [Paul Kalas](/wiki/Paul_Kalas "Paul Kalas"), " [Circumstellar Disk Learning Site](http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/disksite/index.html))"

- [v](/wiki/Template:Exoplanet "Template:Exoplanet")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet "Template talk:Exoplanet")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet "Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet")

Exoplanets

- [Planet](/wiki/Planet "Planet")
  - [Definition](/wiki/Definition_of_planet "Definition of planet")
    - [IAU](/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet "IAU definition of planet")
- [Planetary science](/wiki/Planetary_science "Planetary science")

Main topics

- [Exoplanet](/wiki/Exoplanet "Exoplanet")
- [Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters](/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters "Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters")
- [Methods of detecting exoplanets](/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets "Methods of detecting exoplanets")
- [Planetary system](/wiki/Planetary_system "Planetary system")
- [Planet-hosting stars](/wiki/Planet-hosting_star "Planet-hosting star")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg)](/wiki/PDS_70 "PDS 70")

Sizes

and

[types](/wiki/List_of_planet_types "List of planet types")

[Terrestrial](/wiki/Terrestrial_planet "Terrestrial planet")

- [Carbon planet](/wiki/Carbon_planet "Carbon planet")
- [Coreless planet](/wiki/Coreless_planet "Coreless planet")
- [Desert planet](/wiki/Desert_planet "Desert planet")
- [Dwarf planet](/wiki/Dwarf_planet "Dwarf planet")
- [Hycean planet](/wiki/Hycean_planet "Hycean planet")
- [Ice planet](/wiki/Ice_planet "Ice planet")
- [Iron planet](/wiki/Iron_planet "Iron planet") (Super-Mercury)
- [Lava planet](/wiki/Lava_planet "Lava planet")
- [Ocean world](/wiki/Ocean_world "Ocean world")
- [Mega-Earth](/wiki/Mega-Earth "Mega-Earth")
- [Sub-Earth](/wiki/Sub-Earth "Sub-Earth")
- [Super-Earth](/wiki/Super-Earth "Super-Earth")

[Gaseous](/wiki/Gas_giant "Gas giant")

- [Eccentric Jupiter](/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter "Eccentric Jupiter")
- [Mini-Neptune](/wiki/Mini-Neptune "Mini-Neptune") (Gas dwarf)
- [Helium planet](/wiki/Helium_planet "Helium planet")
- [Hot Jupiter](/wiki/Hot_Jupiter "Hot Jupiter")
- [Hot Neptune](/wiki/Hot_Neptune "Hot Neptune")
- [Gas giant](/wiki/Gas_giant "Gas giant")
- [Ice giant](/wiki/Ice_giant "Ice giant")
- [Super-Jupiter](/wiki/Super-Jupiter "Super-Jupiter")
- [Super-Neptune](/wiki/Super-Neptune "Super-Neptune")
- [Super-puff](/wiki/Super-puff "Super-puff")
- [Ultra-hot Jupiter](/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter "Ultra-hot Jupiter")
- [Ultra-hot Neptune](/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune "Ultra-hot Neptune")

Other types

- [Blanet](/wiki/Blanet "Blanet")
- [Brown dwarf](/wiki/Brown_dwarf "Brown dwarf")
- [Chthonian planet](/wiki/Chthonian_planet "Chthonian planet")
- [Circumbinary planet](/wiki/Circumbinary_planet "Circumbinary planet")
- [Circumtriple planet](/wiki/Circumtriple_planet "Circumtriple planet")
- [Disrupted planet](/wiki/Disrupted_planet "Disrupted planet")
- [Double planet](/wiki/Double_planet "Double planet")
- [Ecumenopolis](/wiki/Ecumenopolis "Ecumenopolis")
- [Eyeball planet](/wiki/Eyeball_planet "Eyeball planet")
- [Giant planet](/wiki/Giant_planet "Giant planet")
- [Mesoplanet](/wiki/Mesoplanet "Mesoplanet")
- [Planemo](/wiki/Planetary-mass_object "Planetary-mass object")
- [Planet/Brown dwarf boundary](/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets "Brown dwarf")
- [Planetesimal](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal")
- [Protoplanet](/wiki/Protoplanet "Protoplanet")
- [Pulsar planet](/wiki/Pulsar_planet "Pulsar planet")
- [Sub-brown dwarf](/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf "Sub-brown dwarf")
- [Sub-Neptune](/wiki/Sub-Neptune "Sub-Neptune")
- [Toroidal planet](/wiki/Toroidal_planet "Toroidal planet")
- [Ultra-cool dwarf](/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf "Ultra-cool dwarf")
- [Ultra-short period planet (USP)](/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet "Ultra-short period planet")

[Formation \
\
and \
\
evolution](/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System "Formation and evolution of the Solar System")

- [Accretion](/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics) "Accretion (astrophysics)")
- [Accretion disk](/wiki/Accretion_disk "Accretion disk")
- [Asteroid belt](/wiki/Asteroid_belt "Asteroid belt")
- [Circumplanetary disk](/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk "Circumplanetary disk")
- Circumstellar disc
- [Circumstellar envelope](/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope "Circumstellar envelope")
- [Cosmic dust](/wiki/Cosmic_dust "Cosmic dust")
- [Debris disk](/wiki/Debris_disk "Debris disk")
- [Detached object](/wiki/Detached_object "Detached object")
- [Disrupted planet](/wiki/Disrupted_planet "Disrupted planet")
- [Excretion disk](/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk "Accretion disk")
- [Exozodiacal dust](/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust "Exozodiacal dust")
- [Extraterrestrial materials](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials "Extraterrestrial materials")
- [Extraterrestrial sample curation](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation "Extraterrestrial sample curation")
- [Giant-impact hypothesis](/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis "Giant-impact hypothesis")
- [Gravitational collapse](/wiki/Gravitational_collapse "Gravitational collapse")
- [Hills cloud](/wiki/Hills_cloud "Hills cloud")
- [Internal structure](/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors "Exoplanet interiors")
- [Interplanetary dust cloud](/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud "Interplanetary dust cloud")
- [Interplanetary medium](/wiki/Interplanetary_medium "Interplanetary medium")
- [Interplanetary space](/wiki/Interplanetary_space "Interplanetary space")
- [Interstellar cloud](/wiki/Interstellar_cloud "Interstellar cloud")
- [Interstellar dust](/wiki/Interstellar_dust "Interstellar dust")
- [Interstellar medium](/wiki/Interstellar_medium "Interstellar medium")
- [Interstellar space](/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space "Outer space")
- [Kuiper belt](/wiki/Kuiper_belt "Kuiper belt")
- [List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules](/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules "List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules")
- [Merging stars](/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets "Stellar collision")
- [Molecular cloud](/wiki/Molecular_cloud "Molecular cloud")
- [Nebular hypothesis](/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis "Nebular hypothesis")
- [Oort cloud](/wiki/Oort_cloud "Oort cloud")
- [Outer space](/wiki/Outer_space "Outer space")
- [Planetary migration](/wiki/Planetary_migration "Planetary migration")
- [Planetary system](/wiki/Planetary_system "Planetary system")
- [Planetesimal](/wiki/Planetesimal "Planetesimal")
- [Planet formation](/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets "Nebular hypothesis")
- [Protoplanetary disk](/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk "Protoplanetary disk")
- [Ring system](/wiki/Ring_system "Ring system")
- [Rubble pile](/wiki/Rubble_pile "Rubble pile")
- [Sample-return mission](/wiki/Sample-return_mission "Sample-return mission")
- [Scattered disc](/wiki/Scattered_disc "Scattered disc")
- [Star formation](/wiki/Star_formation "Star formation")

[Systems](/wiki/Planetary_system "Planetary system")

- [Exocomet](/wiki/Exocomet "Exocomet")
  - [Interstellar](/wiki/Interstellar_comet "Interstellar comet")
- [Exomoon](/wiki/Exomoon "Exomoon")
  - [Tidally detached](/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon "Tidally detached exomoon")
- [Rogue planet](/wiki/Rogue_planet "Rogue planet")
- Orbits
  - [Retrograde](/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets "Retrograde and prograde motion")
  - [Trojan](/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans "Co-orbital configuration")
  - [Mean-motion resonances](/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets "Orbital resonance")
  - [Titius–Bode law](/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems "Titius–Bode law")

[Host stars](/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars "Planetary system")

- [A](/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets "A-type main-sequence star")
- [B](/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets "B-type main-sequence star")
- [Binary star](/wiki/Binary_star#Planets "Binary star")
- [Brown dwarfs](/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs "Brown dwarf")
- [F/Yellow-white dwarfs](/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets "F-type main-sequence star")
- [G/Yellow dwarfs](/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets "G-type main-sequence star")
- [Herbig Ae/Be](/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets "Herbig Ae/Be star")
- [K/Orange dwarfs](/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets "K-type main-sequence star")
- [M/Red dwarfs](/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets "Red dwarf")
- [Pulsar](/wiki/Pulsar_planet "Pulsar planet")
- [Red giant](/wiki/Red_giant#Planets "Red giant")
- [Subdwarf B](/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems "Subdwarf B star")
- [Subgiant](/wiki/Subgiant#Planets "Subgiant")
- [T Tauri](/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets "T Tauri star")
- [White dwarfs](/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets "White dwarf")
- [Yellow giants](/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets "Yellow giant")

[Detection](/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets "Methods of detecting exoplanets")

- [Astrometry](/wiki/Astrometry "Astrometry")
- [Direct imaging](/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging "Methods of detecting exoplanets")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets "List of directly imaged exoplanets")
- [Microlensing](/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing "Gravitational microlensing")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing "List of exoplanets detected by microlensing")
- [Polarimetry](/wiki/Polarimetry "Polarimetry")
- [Timing](/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing "Methods of detecting exoplanets")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing "List of exoplanets detected by timing")
- [Radial velocity](/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy "Doppler spectroscopy")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity "List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity")
- [Transit method](/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry "Methods of detecting exoplanets")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets "List of transiting exoplanets")
- [Transit-timing variation](/wiki/Transit-timing_variation "Transit-timing variation")

[Habitability](/wiki/Planetary_habitability "Planetary habitability")

- [Astrobiology](/wiki/Astrobiology "Astrobiology")
- [Astrooceanography](/wiki/Astrooceanography "Astrooceanography")
- [Circumstellar habitable zone](/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone "Circumstellar habitable zone")
- [Earth analog](/wiki/Earth_analog "Earth analog")
- [Extraterrestrial liquid water](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water "Extraterrestrial liquid water")
- [Galactic habitable zone](/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone "Galactic habitable zone")
- [Habitability of binary star systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems "Habitability of binary star systems")
- [Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems "Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems")
- [Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems "Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems")
- [Habitability of natural satellites](/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites "Habitability of natural satellites")
- [Habitability of neutron star systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems "Habitability of neutron star systems")
- [Habitability of red dwarf systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems "Habitability of red dwarf systems")
- [Habitability of yellow dwarf systems](/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems "Habitability of yellow dwarf systems")
- [Habitable zone for complex life](/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life "Habitable zone for complex life")
- [List of potentially habitable exoplanets](/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets "List of potentially habitable exoplanets")
- [Tholin](/wiki/Tholin "Tholin")
- [Superhabitable planet](/wiki/Superhabitable_planet "Superhabitable planet")

Catalogues

- [Nearby Habitable Systems](/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems "Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems")
- [Exoplanet Data Explorer](/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer "Exoplanet Data Explorer")
- [Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia](/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia "Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia")
- [NASA Exoplanet Archive](/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive "NASA Exoplanet Archive")
- [NASA Star and Exoplanet Database](/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database "NASA Star and Exoplanet Database")
- [Open Exoplanet Catalogue](/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue "Open Exoplanet Catalogue")

[Lists](/wiki/Lists_of_planets "Lists of planets")

- Exoplanetary systems
  - [Host stars](/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars "List of exoplanetary host stars")
  - [Multiplanetary systems](/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems "List of multiplanetary systems")
  - [Stars with proto-planetary discs](/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds "List of stars with proplyds")

- [Exoplanets](/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets "Lists of exoplanets")
  - [Discoveries](/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets "Discoveries of exoplanets")
  - [Extremes](/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes "List of exoplanet extremes")
  - [Firsts](/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts "List of exoplanet firsts")
  - [Nearest](/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets "List of nearest exoplanets")
  - [Largest](/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets "List of largest exoplanets")
  - [Heaviest](/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets "List of most massive exoplanets")
  - [Terrestrial candidates](/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates "List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates")
  - [Kepler](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope "List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope")
    - [1–500](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500 "List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500")
    - [501–1000](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000 "List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000")
    - [1001–1500](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500 "List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500")
    - [1501–2000](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000 "List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000")
  - [K2](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission "List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission")
  - [Potentially habitable](/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets "List of potentially habitable exoplanets")
  - [Proper names](/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets "List of proper names of exoplanets")

- Discovered exoplanets by year
  - [before 2000](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000 "List of exoplanets discovered before 2000")
  - [2000–2009](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009 "List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009")
  - [2010](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2010")
  - [2011](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2011")
  - [2012](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2012")
  - [2013](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2013")
  - [2014](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2014")
  - [2015](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2015")
  - [2016](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2016")
  - [2017](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2017")
  - [2018](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2018")
  - [2019](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2019")
  - [2020](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2020")
  - [2021](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2021")
  - [2022](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2022")
  - [2023](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2023")
  - [2024](/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024 "List of exoplanets discovered in 2024")

Other

- [Carl Sagan Institute](/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute "Carl Sagan Institute")
- [Exoplanet naming convention](/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention "Exoplanet naming convention")
- [Exoplanet phase curves](/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets "Phase curve (astronomy)")
- [Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer](/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer "Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer")
- [Extragalactic planet](/wiki/Extragalactic_planet "Extragalactic planet")
- [Extrasolar planets in fiction](/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction "Extrasolar planets in fiction")
- [Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets](/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets "Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets")
- [Neptunian desert](/wiki/Neptunian_desert "Neptunian desert")
- [Nexus for Exoplanet System Science](/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science "Nexus for Exoplanet System Science")
- [Planets in globular clusters](/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets "Globular cluster")
- [Small planet radius gap](/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap "Small planet radius gap")
- [Sudarsky's gas giant classification](/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification "Sudarsky's gas giant classification")

- [Discoveries of exoplanets](/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets "Discoveries of exoplanets")
- [Search projects](/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects "List of exoplanet search projects")

[Portals](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg)[Astronomy](/wiki/Portal:Astronomy "Portal:Astronomy")
- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg)](/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg)[Stars](/wiki/Portal:Stars "Portal:Stars")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight](/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight "Portal:Spaceflight")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg)[Outer space](/wiki/Portal:Outer_space "Portal:Outer space")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg)[Solar System](/wiki/Portal:Solar_System "Portal:Solar System")

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar\_disc&oldid=1243044485](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_disc&oldid=1243044485)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Circumstellar disks](/wiki/Category:Circumstellar_disks "Category:Circumstellar disks")
- [Nebulae](/wiki/Category:Nebulae "Category:Nebulae")
- [Stellar astrophysics concepts](/wiki/Category:Stellar_astrophysics_concepts "Category:Stellar astrophysics concepts")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2018 "Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018")
- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata")
- [Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips "Category:Articles containing video clips")

- This page was last edited on 30 August 2024, at 05:21 (UTC).
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