نظریه‌ی مدرن‌ پولی: دست‌آوردها و مخاطرات احتمالی / احمد سیف
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## Contents

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- [1Contradistinctions](#Contradistinctions)Toggle Contradistinctions subsection  - [1.1Versus fiat monetary systems](#Versus_fiat_monetary_systems)
  - [1.2Versus chartalism](#Versus_chartalism)
  - [1.3Monometallism versus bimetallism](#Monometallism_versus_bimetallism)
- [2History of metallic monetary systems](#History_of_metallic_monetary_systems)
- [3Broad sense of the term](#Broad_sense_of_the_term)
- [4See also](#See_also)
- [5References](#References)
- [6Further reading](#Further_reading)

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# Metallism

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Economic principle

**Metallism** is the economic principle that the [value](/wiki/Value_(economics) "Value (economics)") of [money](/wiki/Money "Money") derives from the [purchasing power](/wiki/Purchasing_power "Purchasing power") of the [commodity](/wiki/Commodity "Commodity") upon which it is based. The [currency](/wiki/Currency "Currency") in a metallist monetary system may be made from the commodity itself ( [commodity money](/wiki/Commodity_money "Commodity money")) or it may use [tokens](/wiki/Representative_money "Representative money") (such as national [banknotes](/wiki/Banknote "Banknote")) redeemable in that commodity. [Georg Friedrich Knapp](/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp "Georg Friedrich Knapp") (1842–1926) coined the term "metallism" to describe [monetary systems](/wiki/Monetary_system "Monetary system") using coin minted in [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver"), [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") or other metals.[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)

In metallist economic theory, the value of the currency derives from the [market](/wiki/Market_economy "Market economy") value of the commodity upon which it is based independent of its monetary role. [Carl Menger](/wiki/Carl_Menger "Carl Menger") (1840–1921) theorized that money came about when buyers and sellers in a market agreed on a common commodity as a [medium of exchange](/wiki/Medium_of_exchange "Medium of exchange") in order to reduce the costs of barter. The intrinsic value of that commodity must be sufficient to make it highly "saleable", or readily accepted as payment. In this system, buyers and sellers of real goods and services establish the medium of exchange, independently of any [sovereign state](/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state"). Metallists view the state's role in the minting or official stamping of coins as one of authenticating the quality and quantity of metal used in making the coin. Knapp distinguished metallism from [chartalism](/wiki/Chartalism "Chartalism") (or antimetallism), a monetary system in which the state has monopoly power over its own currency and creates a unique market and demand for that currency by imposing taxes or other such legally enforceable debts upon its people which they can only pay by using that currency.

[Joseph Schumpeter](/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter "Joseph Schumpeter") (1883–1950) distinguished between "theoretical" and "practical" metallism. Schumpeter categorized the Menger position, that a commodity link is essential to understanding the origins and nature of money, as "theoretical metallism". He defined "practical metallism" as the theory that although a sovereign state has unfettered power to create non-backed currencies (money with no intrinsic or redeemable commodity value), it is more prudent to adopt a backed currency system.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

## Contradistinctions

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Contradistinctions")\]

### Versus fiat monetary systems

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Versus fiat monetary systems")\]

Adherents of metallism are opposed to the use of [fiat money](/wiki/Fiat_money "Fiat money"), i.e. governmentally-issued money with no [intrinsic value](/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics) "Intrinsic value (ethics)").

### Versus chartalism

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Versus chartalism")\]

Historically, the main rival school of thought to metallism has been [chartalism](/wiki/Chartalism "Chartalism"), which holds that even in systems where coins are made of precious metals, money derives its value mainly from the authority of the [state](/wiki/State_(polity) "State (polity)").[\[3\]](#cite_note-CvM-3) Competition between these two alternative systems has existed for millennia, long before the concepts were formalised. At times hybrid monetary systems were used. Constantina Katsari has argued that principles from both metallism and chartalism were reflected in the monetary system introduced by [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus"), which was used in the eastern provinces of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") from the early 1st century to the late 3rd century AD.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

### Monometallism versus bimetallism

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Monometallism versus bimetallism")\]

A smaller disagreement which takes place relating to metallism is whether _one_ metal should be used as currency (as in [monometallism](/wiki/Monometallism "Monometallism")), or should there be two or more metals for that purpose (as in [bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism "Bimetallism")).

## History of metallic monetary systems

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: History of metallic monetary systems")\]

Historically, silver has been the main kind of money around the world, circulating bimetallically with gold. In many [languages](/wiki/Language "Language"), the words for "money" and "silver" are identical. In the final era of global metal-based money, i.e. the first quarter of the 20th century, monometallic gold use has been the standard.

[Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe") has a multi-currency system that recognizes the gold [Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)](/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_(coin) "Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)") and the ZiG, a digital token backed by gold, as legal tender in parallel with the [Zimbabwean dollar (2019–present)](/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar_(2019%E2%80%93present) "Zimbabwean dollar (2019–present)") and the US dollar.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

## Broad sense of the term

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Broad sense of the term")\]

In the broad sense of the term, which tends to be used only by scholars, metallism considers money to be a "creature of the market", a means to facilitate exchange of goods and services. In this broad sense, the essential nature of money is purchasing power, and it does not necessarily need to be backed by metals. Understood in this broad sense, metallism reflects the majority view among mainstream economists, which has prevailed since the early 19th century.[\[3\]](#cite_note-CvM-3)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\]

- ![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png)[Money portal](/wiki/Portal:Money "Portal:Money")

- [Bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism "Bimetallism")
- [Bullionism](/wiki/Bullionism "Bullionism")
- [Bullion](/wiki/Bullion "Bullion")
- [Commodity money](/wiki/Commodity_money "Commodity money")
- [Inflation](/wiki/Inflation "Inflation")
- [Inflationism](/wiki/Inflationism "Inflationism")
- [Inflation hedge](/wiki/Inflation_hedge "Inflation hedge")
- [Modern monetary theory](/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory "Modern Monetary Theory")
- [Monetary policy](/wiki/Monetary_policy "Monetary policy")
- [Precious metals](/wiki/Precious_metals "Precious metals")
- [Silverite](/wiki/Silverite "Silverite")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**[von Mises, Ludwig](/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises "Ludwig von Mises") (2009) \[1953\]. [_The Theory of Money and Credit_](https://books.google.com/books?id=hHnIHlCm_CcC). Translated by Batson, Harold Edward (reprint ed.). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 473. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781610163224](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610163224 "Special:BookSources/9781610163224"). Retrieved 16 November 2020. First of all, there is the use of the term 'metallism'. The expression comes from Knapp.
2. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Ramón Tortajada (1999). _The Economics of James Steuart_. Routledge., p. 187.
3. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-CvM_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CvM_3-1)Stephanie A. Bell and Edward J. Nell, ed. (2003). _The State, the Market, and the Euro: Chartalism Versus Metallism in the theory of money_. Edward Elgar. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1843761564](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843761564 "Special:BookSources/1843761564").
4. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Constantina Katsari (2011). "Chpt. 7". _The Roman Monetary System_. [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0521769469](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521769469 "Special:BookSources/0521769469").
5. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**["GOVT EXTENDS MULTI CURRENCY SYSTEM TO 2030"](https://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2023/10/govt-extends-multi-currency-system-to.html). NewsdzeZimbabwe. 27 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231028011145/https://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2023/10/govt-extends-multi-currency-system-to.html) from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
6. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**["ISSUANCE AND USAGE OF GOLD-BACKED DIGITAL TOKENS"](https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/press/2023/April/Press_Statement_-_Issuance_of_Gold-backed_Digital_Tokens_1.pdf)(PDF). [Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe](/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe "Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe"). 28 April 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230610205747/https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/press/2023/April/Press_Statement_-_Issuance_of_Gold-backed_Digital_Tokens_1.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
7. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**["INTRODUCTION OF THE ZIMBABWE GOLD-BACKED DIGITAL TOKEN (ZiG) AS A MEANS OF PAYMENT"](https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/press/2023/October/Press_Statement-_Introduction_of_ZiG_as_a_Means_of_Payment_-_5-10-2023.pdf)(PDF). [Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe](/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe "Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe"). 5 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012919/https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/press/2023/October/Press_Statement-_Introduction_of_ZiG_as_a_Means_of_Payment_-_5-10-2023.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Metallism&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- David Fields & Matías Vernengo (2011). Hegemonic Currencies during the Crisis: The Dollar versus the Euro in a Cartalist Perspective. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 666.
- David Fields & Matías Vernengo (2012): Hegemonic currencies during the crisis: The dollar versus the euro in a Cartalist perspective, Review of International Political Economy, DOI:10.1080/09692290.2012.698997

- [v](/wiki/Template:Means_of_exchange "Template:Means of exchange")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Means_of_exchange "Template talk:Means of exchange")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Means_of_exchange "Special:EditPage/Template:Means of exchange")

[Medium of exchange](/wiki/Medium_of_exchange "Medium of exchange")

[Commodity \
\
money](/wiki/Commodity_money "Commodity money")

- [Axe-money](/wiki/Axe-monies "Axe-monies") (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
- [Cocoa bean](/wiki/Cocoa_bean "Cocoa bean") (Mesoamerica)
- [Koku](/wiki/Koku "Koku") (rice)
- [Manilla](/wiki/Manilla_(money) "Manilla (money)") (W. Africa)
- [Precious metals](/wiki/Precious_metal "Precious metal")
- [Quachtli](/wiki/Quachtli "Quachtli") (cotton cloth)
- [Salt](/wiki/Salt "Salt") (Roman world)
- [Shekel](/wiki/Shekel "Shekel") (barley)
- [Shells](/wiki/Shell_money "Shell money")
- [Trade bead](/wiki/Trade_beads "Trade beads")

Domestic animals

- [Water buffalo](/wiki/Water_buffalo "Water buffalo") (SE Asia)
- [Cow](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle") (Hindu)
- [Camel](/wiki/Camel "Camel") (Arabia)
- [Yak](/wiki/Yak "Yak") (Tibet, China)

[Representative money](/wiki/Representative_money "Representative money")

- [Bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism "Bimetallism")
- [Gold certificates](/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States) "Gold certificate (United States)")

- ![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png)[Money portal](/wiki/Portal:Money "Portal:Money")

[Money](/wiki/Money "Money")

( [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_money "Fiat money")/ [Token](/wiki/Token_money "Token money"))

- [Bailment](/wiki/Bailment "Bailment")
- [Banknote](/wiki/Banknote "Banknote")
- [Central bank digital currency](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency "Central bank digital currency")
- [Chattel/movable property](/wiki/Personal_property "Personal property")
- [Cheque](/wiki/Cheque "Cheque")
- [Clearing](/wiki/Clearing_(finance) "Clearing (finance)")
  - [Cheque clearing](/wiki/Cheque_clearing "Cheque clearing")
- [Clay token](/wiki/Clay_tablet "Clay tablet")
- [Coinage](/wiki/Coin "Coin")
- [Currency](/wiki/Currency "Currency")
- [Deposit](/wiki/Deposit_(finance) "Deposit (finance)")
  - [Deposit account](/wiki/Deposit_account "Deposit account")
- [Legal tender](/wiki/Legal_tender "Legal tender")
- [Notary](/wiki/Notary "Notary")
- [Possession](/wiki/Possession_(law) "Possession (law)")
- [Promissory note](/wiki/Promissory_note "Promissory note")
- [Redemption](/wiki/Redemption_value "Redemption value")
- [Safekeeping](/wiki/Safe "Safe")

General

- [List of historical currencies](/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies "List of historical currencies")
- [Barter](/wiki/Barter "Barter")
  - [Coincidence of wants](/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants "Coincidence of wants")
- [Bureau de change](/wiki/Bureau_de_change "Bureau de change")
- [Central bank](/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank")
- [Clearinghouse bank](/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance) "Clearing house (finance)")
- [Savings bank](/wiki/Savings_bank "Savings bank")
  - [Depository institution](/wiki/Depository_institution "Depository institution")
- [Mint](/wiki/Mint_(facility) "Mint (facility)")
- [Akkadian standards of measurement](/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement "Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement") (c. 2150 BC)
- [Code of Hammurabi](/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi "Code of Hammurabi") ( [§100; §122–125](/wiki/Banker_(ancient) "Banker (ancient)"); c. 1750 BC)
- Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
- [Credit theory of money](/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money "Credit theory of money")
  - [Chartalism](/wiki/Chartalism "Chartalism")
- [Quantity theory of money](/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money "Quantity theory of money")
  - [Monetarism](/wiki/Monetarism "Monetarism")
  - [Market monetarism](/wiki/Market_monetarism "Market monetarism")
- [Standard of deferred payment](/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment "Standard of deferred payment")
- [Store of value](/wiki/Store_of_value "Store of value")
- [Unit of account](/wiki/Unit_of_account "Unit of account")
- [Digital currency](/wiki/Digital_currency "Digital currency")
  - [Cryptocurrency](/wiki/Cryptocurrency "Cryptocurrency")
  - [Digital gold currency](/wiki/Digital_gold_currency "Digital gold currency")
  - [Virtual currency](/wiki/Virtual_currency "Virtual currency")
- [Local currency](/wiki/Local_currency "Local currency")
  - [Complementary currency](/wiki/Complementary_currency "Complementary currency")
  - [Sectoral currency](/wiki/Sectoral_currency "Sectoral currency")
  - [Time-based currency](/wiki/Time-based_currency "Time-based currency")

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