آموزش نقاشی حرفه ای با آبرنگ را چگونه شروع کنیم؟ - طراحی روشن
برخلاف تکنیک های مداد رنگی و سیاه قلم که کاملا تمرکزی و تحت کنترل شما هستند، آبرنگ را نباید خیلی کنترل کرد، هر چه بیشتر سعی کنید رنگابه(رنگ و آب) ...
oxgall
از قرن ۱۸ تقریبا ترکیب رنگ‌دانه‌ها (رنگیزه-Pigment) با یک چسب (معمولاً از صمغ عربی و کمی موم استفاده می‌شد) سوسپانسیونی (مخلوط معلق رنگدانه‌های جامد در مایع چسب) تشکیل می‌شود و به آن افزودنی‌های دیگری همچون؛ <anchor>oxgall</anchor>(مدیوم اکس گال هم می‌گویند و از سنگ صفرا گاو نر تهیه می‌شود)، گلیسیرین، عسل و افزودنی‌هایی برای تغییر شفافیت، سرعت حرکت رنگ روی کاغذ، سرعت خشک شدن و…استفاده می‌شود.
Ox gall - Wikipedia
Ox gall - Wikipedia[Jump to content](#bodyContent)

Main menu

Main menu

move to sidebarhide

Navigation


- [Main page](/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en "Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation")

Contribute


- [Help](/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")

[![](/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png)![Wikipedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg)![The Free Encyclopedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](/wiki/Main_Page)

[Search](/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")

Search

Appearance

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ox+gall "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ox+gall "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Personal tools

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ox+gall "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ox+gall "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Pages for logged out editors [learn more](/wiki/Help:Introduction)

- [Contributions](/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]")

## Contents

move to sidebarhide

- (Top)

- [1References](#References)
- [2External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Ox gall

8 languages

- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksegalde "Oksegalde – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochsengalle "Ochsengalle – German")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiel_(peinture) "Fiel (peinture) – French")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiele_di_bue "Fiele di bue – Italian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossengal "Ossengal – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB "オックスゴール – Japanese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiere_de_bou "Fiere de bou – Romanian")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87 "Бичача жовч – Ukrainian")

[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1786320#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")

- [Article](/wiki/Ox_gall "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Talk:Ox_gall "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")

English

- [Read](/wiki/Ox_gall)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")

Tools

Tools

move to sidebarhide

Actions


- [Read](/wiki/Ox_gall)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=history)

General


- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ox_gall "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ox_gall "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Special pages](/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
- [Permanent link](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&oldid=1209560904 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ox_gall&id=1209560904&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOx_gall)
- [Download QR code](/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOx_gall)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1786320 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")

Print/export


- [Download as PDF](/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ox_gall&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")

In other projects


Appearance

move to sidebarhide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)

This article **does not [cite](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") any [sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ox_gall "Special:EditPage/Ox gall") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence "Wikipedia:Verifiability").

_Find sources:_ ["Ox gall"](https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ox+gall%22) – [news](https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ox+gall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) **·** [newspapers](https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ox+gall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) **·** [books](https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ox+gall%22+-wikipedia) **·** [scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ox+gall%22) **·** [JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ox+gall%22&acc=on&wc=on)_(December 2019)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

**Ox gall** is [gall](/wiki/Bile "Bile"), usually obtained from [cows](/wiki/Cow "Cow"), that is an ingredient in [bile soap](/wiki/Bile_soap "Bile soap") and mixed with alcohol and used as the [wetting agent](/wiki/Wetting_agent "Wetting agent") in [paper marbling](/wiki/Paper_marbling "Paper marbling"), [engraving](/wiki/Engraving "Engraving"), [lithography](/wiki/Lithography "Lithography"), and [watercolor painting](/wiki/Watercolor_painting "Watercolor painting"). It is a greenish-brown liquid mixture containing [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol"), [lecithin](/wiki/Lecithin "Lecithin"), [taurocholic acid](/wiki/Taurocholic_acid "Taurocholic acid"), and [glycocholic acid](/wiki/Glycocholic_acid "Glycocholic acid").

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: References")\]

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [http://www.neogen.com/acumedia/pdf/ProdInfo/7216\_PI.pdf](http://www.neogen.com/acumedia/pdf/ProdInfo/7216_PI.pdf)
- [http://www.usbio.net/item/O8175](http://www.usbio.net/item/O8175)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ox\_gall&oldid=1209560904](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&oldid=1209560904)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Animal glandular products](/wiki/Category:Animal_glandular_products "Category:Animal glandular products")
- [Surfactants](/wiki/Category:Surfactants "Category:Surfactants")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles lacking sources from December 2019](/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_December_2019 "Category:Articles lacking sources from December 2019")
- [All articles lacking sources](/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources "Category:All articles lacking sources")

- This page was last edited on 22 February 2024, at 14:10 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License);
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) and [Privacy Policy](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](//wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.

- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ox_gall&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)

- [![Wikimedia Foundation](/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg)](https://wikimediafoundation.org/)
- [![Powered by MediaWiki](/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/)