مبانی انسان‌شناسی by ناصر فکوهی | Goodreads
1- کتابی دانشگاهی در مورد انسان‌شناسی. ... 2) منشاء انسان و فرهنگ (توضیح ویکیپدیایی از دوره‌های مختلف تاریخی و تمدن انسانی، گونه‌های انسان و کلیاتی در باب زبان.)
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4- در آخر کتاب، یک دانشجوی کارشناسی آمده است و یک کشکول بی‌نظم از یکسری اثر تالیفی یا ترجمه‌ای به فارسی در مورد انسان‌شناسی را ردیف کرده است. که چه؟ ای‌کاش حداقل با توجه به فصل‌های کتاب، این لیست مقوله‌بندی می‌شد یا این کشکولِ بی‌نظم، با کاستن تعداد عناوین، به یک کتاب‌نامۀ توصیفی تبدیل می‌شد(مثل oxfordbibliographies برای نمونه نک(رندوم و الکی این صفحه را آوردم: <anchor>https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/...</anchor> )
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### In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" sectionTeacher Beliefs and Epistemologies

- Introduction
- General Overviews—Teachers’ Beliefs
  - General Overviews—Teacher Epistemologies
- Conceptualization—Teachers’ Beliefs
  - Conceptualization—Teacher Epistemologies
- Relationships between Teachers’ Beliefs and Instructional Practice
  - Relationships between Teachers’ Epistemologies and Practice (Teaching and Learning)
- Measuring Teachers’ Beliefs
  - Measuring Teachers’ Epistemologies
- Changing Beliefs
  - Changing Teachers’ Epistemologies

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# [![Education](/obo/moduleimage/education)](/browse?module_0=obo-9780199756810) Teacher Beliefs and Epistemologiesby[Leila Ferguson](/ViewContributor/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml?id=con11150), [Joanne Lunn Brownlee](/ViewContributor/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml?id=con11151)    - LAST REVIEWED: 26 May 2021 - LAST MODIFIED: 26 May 2021 - DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0276

## Introduction

Teacher beliefs are implicit and explicit suppositions held by educators which have relevance for their professional and instructional practices, interactions with students, and learning processes. They may include beliefs about students, self, learning, knowledge, and knowing. Beliefs about knowledge and knowing—teacher epistemologies—are a specific and important type of teacher belief. Teacher beliefs and epistemologies merit investigation given their influence on teaching practices and student learning, yet the form, nature, development, and propensity to change with respect to these constructs are open to question. Further, their expression in teachers’ practice is complex, not least because both the construct and content of “belief” and “epistemology” are equivocal, elaborate, and closely connected to other constructs. Much of the teacher beliefs and epistemology research has emerged from the field of educational psychology. This chapter describes five central issues related to teachers’ beliefs and epistemologies during recent decades. Similar core issues were identified in the _Oxford Research Encyclopedias_ in Education article “ [Reviews of Teachers’ Beliefs](https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-781).” Within each of five sections, which represent the core issues in the field, we first explore teacher beliefs in general followed by teacher epistemologies specifically. In the first section, we provide general overviews of teacher beliefs and epistemologies to introduce the reader to key texts in both fields. The second section is a review of conceptualizations of teacher beliefs and epistemologies, in which we highlight the ways in which beliefs and epistemologies are characterized. The third section explores relationships between teachers’ beliefs/epistemologies and teaching and learning practices. Measuring teachers’ beliefs and epistemologies is the focus of the fourth section, which explicates different ways in which beliefs and epistemologies have been studied. Finally, in the fifth section, we examine research and theorization about the ways in which teachers’ beliefs and epistemologies might undergo change.

## General Overviews—Teachers’ Beliefs

While beliefs are propositions that are held to be true, as [Fives, et al. 2019](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0004 "") highlights, teachers’ beliefs refer to those propositions relating to teaching practices. Teacher beliefs have been framed as suppositions such as attitudes, values, assumptions, images, intuitive screens, (pre-)conceptions, personal teaching styles, and personal history–based lay theories, which was already apparent in [Clark and Peterson 1984](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0003 ""). Interest in teacher beliefs seems to have arisen with the emergence of cognitive views of education. Early accounts of teacher beliefs such as [Calderhead 1996](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0002 "") and [Clark and Peterson 1984](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0003 "") focused on teacher knowledge, cognition, and beliefs. These accounts tended to focus on conceptual clarity with respect to the nature and structure of teacher beliefs. [Richardson 1996](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0010 "") incorporated teacher attitudes and [Clark and Peterson 1984](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0003 "") thought processes, as part of a bid to understand the link between what teachers know and how this is expressed in practice. [Richardson 1996](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0010 "") and [Raths and McAninch 2003](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0009 "") have a strong focus on the reciprocal role of teacher beliefs and teacher education. That is, not only does education help develop beliefs, but future teachers’ attention will be guided by their pre-existing beliefs and in that way shape the parts of teacher education that they value and attend to. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a growth in research that explores the connections between teacher beliefs and student outcomes, and the challenges associated with supporting belief change, as overviewed by [Ashton 2015](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0001 ""). An overview of the background and development of the research relating to teacher beliefs can be gained by reviewing [Ashton 2015](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0001 ""). See also the [Kane, et al. 2002](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0007 "") account of teacher beliefs at the tertiary level. The [OECD 2009](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0008 "") report provides an overview of international trends with respect to teachers’ beliefs about student learning and teaching, co-operation, self-efficacy, and knowledge. Newer comprehensive reviews identifying core issues in the field have been published, namely, [Fives and Buehl 2012](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0005 "") and [Fives and Gill 2015](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0006 ""). More recently, [Fives, et al. 2019](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml#obo-9780199756810-0276-bibItem-0004 "") has provided an excellent meta-review of the field.

- Ashton, Patricia T. 2015. Historical overview and theoretical perspectives of research on teachers’ beliefs. In _International handbook of research on teachers’ beliefs_. Edited by Helenrose Fives and Michele Gregoire Gill, 31–47. New York: Routledge.



This chapter in the _International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs_ provides a framing historical narrative about research on teachers’ beliefs from its beginning until 2015, showing the role of different theoretical perspectives. Ashton’s overview shows how teachers’ beliefs and epistemologies have both been the focus of research (though not always together).

- Calderhead, James. 1996. Teachers: Beliefs and knowledge. In _Handbook of educational psychology_. Edited by D. C. Berliner and R. C. Calfee, 709–725. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.



This chapter reviews research into teachers’ cognitions. Calderhead argues that knowledge and beliefs are different based on four features, that is, “existential presumption, alternativity, affective and evaluate loading, and episodic structure” (p. 719). He also overviews the content of teacher beliefs as including beliefs about learners and learning, teaching, subject, learning to teach, and self and the teaching role.

- Clark, Christopher M., and Penelope L. Peterson. 1984. _Teachers’ thought processes_. Occasional Paper No. 72. East Lansing: Inst. for Research on Teaching, Michigan State Univ.



This article is an interesting historical piece, explaining the emergence of research on teacher thinking, which was motivated by attempts to understand teaching behavior. It references research on human information processing that suggested that humans behave based on “simplified models” (p. 5). A heuristic for teacher thoughts and actions is also presented where beliefs are represented as part of teachers’ thought processes.

- Fives, Helenrose, Nicole Barnes, Candice Chiavola, et al. 2019. [Reviews of teachers’ beliefs](https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-781). _Oxford Research Encyclopedias_ in Education. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.



In this meta-analysis, the researchers overview key research areas. A main focus is belief change, and the need to be mindful of ethical aspects in suggesting change is needed, as well as the danger of focusing on teacher beliefs in isolation, without attending to emotional and social factors or the teaching context.

- Fives, Helenrose, and Michelle M. Buehl. 2012. Spring cleaning for the “messy” construct of teachers’ beliefs: What are they? Which have been examined? What can they tell us? In _APA educational psychology handbook_. Vol. 2, _Individual differences and cultural and contextual factors_. Edited by Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham, Tim Urdan, et al., 471–498. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.



This chapter is an exhaustive review highlighting teacher beliefs’ that are addressed in the literature. The authors posit that the function of teacher beliefs is triadic in filtering, framing, and guiding practice, for example, filtering “what . . . teachers recognize as worth discussing with students” (p. 470). Teacher beliefs are represented as implicit and explicit in nature, more or less stable, activated by contextual demands, and “interwoven” (p. 476) with knowledge.

- Fives, Helenrose, and Michele Gregoire Gill, eds. 2015. _International handbook of research on teachers’ beliefs_. New York: Routledge.



This edited volume provides a comprehensive overview of research on teachers’ beliefs. It includes a review of the historical foundations and current research trends, as well as state-of-the-knowledge chapters on teachers’ beliefs about content, instruction, students, and learning. This volume is a good starting point for students and scholars wishing to orientate themselves in the broad and varied field of teachers’ beliefs.

- Kane, Ruth, Susan Sandretto, and Chris Heath. 2002. Telling half the story: A critical review of research on the teaching beliefs and practices of university academics. _Review of Educational Research_ 72.2: 177–228.


DOI: [10.3102/00346543072002177](https://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543072002177)

This review overviews research on teacher beliefs at the tertiary level. Teachers in higher education may be a particularly interesting group to study given that they generally have long academic training and experience, yet often lack formal teacher education. This may make their beliefs more influential, tacit, and difficult to change. The authors also highlight the lack of behavioral data/observational studies and the shortcomings of relying on self-reported data about beliefs.

- OECD. 2009. [Creating effective teaching and learning environments: First results from TALIS](http://www.oecd.org/education/school/43023606.pdf).



This is an easily accessible overview of results from the OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Study. Chapter 4 focuses on teaching practices and teachers’ beliefs and attitudes. It presents international trends with respect to teachers’ beliefs about student learning and teaching, co-operation, self-efficacy, and knowledge.

- Raths, James, and Amy C. McAninch, eds. 2003. _Teacher beliefs and classroom performance: The impact of teacher education_. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.



This text is an early attempt to review and draw attention to the important role of teacher education in facilitating belief changes for preservice teachers. Key questions addressed by authors include whether and how preservice teachers’ beliefs should be changed by teacher educators, related ethical questions, and the role of emotions and external contextual factors in influencing teacher beliefs.

- Richardson, Virginia. 1996. The role of attitudes and beliefs in learning to teach. In _Handbook of research on teacher education_. Edited by John Sikula, T. Buttery, and E. Guyton, 102–119. New York: Macmillan.



Richardson provides an early review which has a focus on attitudes and beliefs in terms of i) the way beliefs influence incoming information for preservice teachers, and ii) how beliefs are changed through teacher education. In this way, teacher beliefs and teacher education may be reciprocally related. The chapter also details central quantitative and qualitative methods of assessing teacher beliefs.


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- [Educational Research Approaches: A Comparison](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0321.xml "Educational Research Approaches: A Comparison")
- [Educational Statistics for Longitudinal Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0083.xml "Educational Statistics for Longitudinal Research")
- [Educator Partnerships with Parents and Families with a Foc...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0272.xml "Educator Partnerships with Parents and Families with a Focus on the Early Years")
- [Emotional and Affective Issues in Environmental and Sustai...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0310.xml "Emotional and Affective Issues in Environmental and Sustainability Education")
- [Emotional and Behavioral Disorders](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0072.xml "Emotional and Behavioral Disorders")
- [English as an International Language for Academic Publishi...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0319.xml "English as an International Language for Academic Publishing")
- [Environmental and Science Education: Overlaps and Issues](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0303.xml "Environmental and Science Education: Overlaps and Issues")
- [Environmental Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0312.xml "Environmental Education")
- [Environmental Education in Brazil](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0311.xml "Environmental Education in Brazil")
- [Epistemic Beliefs](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0084.xml "Epistemic Beliefs")
- [Equity and Improvement: Engaging Communities in Educationa...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0253.xml "Equity and Improvement: Engaging Communities in Educational Research")
- [Equity, Ethnicity, Diversity, and Excellence in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0220.xml "Equity, Ethnicity, Diversity, and Excellence in Education")
- [Ethical Research with Young Children](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0293.xml "Ethical Research with Young Children")
- [Ethics and Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0142.xml "Ethics and Education")
- [Ethics of Teaching](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0071.xml "Ethics of Teaching")
- [Ethnic Studies](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0104.xml "Ethnic Studies")
- [Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0206.xml "Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention")
- [Family and Community Partnerships in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0197.xml "Family and Community Partnerships in Education")
- [Family Day Care](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0180.xml "Family Day Care")
- [Federal Government Programs and Issues](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0049.xml "Federal Government Programs and Issues")
- [Feminization of Labor in Academia](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0302.xml "Feminization of Labor in Academia")
- [Finance, Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0012.xml "Finance, Education")
- [Financial Aid](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0015.xml "Financial Aid")
- [Formative Assessment](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0062.xml "Formative Assessment")
- [Future-Focused Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0258.xml "Future-Focused Education")
- [Gender and Achievement](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0086.xml "Gender and Achievement")
- [Gender and Alternative Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0296.xml "Gender and Alternative Education")
- [Gender, Power and Politics in the Academy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0317.xml "Gender, Power and Politics in the Academy")
- [Gender-Based Violence on University Campuses](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0309.xml "Gender-Based Violence on University Campuses")
- [Gifted Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0016.xml "Gifted Education")
- [Global Mindedness and Global Citizenship Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0161.xml "Global Mindedness and Global Citizenship Education")
- [Global University Rankings](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0151.xml "Global University Rankings")
- [Governance, Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0017.xml "Governance, Education")
- [Grounded Theory](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0003.xml "Grounded Theory")
- [Growth of Effective Mental Health Services in Schools in t...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0218.xml "Growth of Effective Mental Health Services in Schools in the United States, The")
- [Higher Education and Globalization](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0171.xml "Higher Education and Globalization")
- [Higher Education and the Developing World](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0154.xml "Higher Education and the Developing World")
- [Higher Education Faculty Characteristics and Trends in the...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0223.xml "Higher Education Faculty Characteristics and Trends in the United States and Europe")
- [Higher Education Finance](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0260.xml "Higher Education Finance")
- [Higher Education Governance](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0203.xml "Higher Education Governance")
- [Higher Education Graduate Outcomes and Destinations](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0233.xml "Higher Education Graduate Outcomes and Destinations")
- [Higher Education in Africa](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0252.xml "Higher Education in Africa")
- [Higher Education in China](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0157.xml "Higher Education in China")
- [Higher Education in Latin America](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0230.xml "Higher Education in Latin America")
- [Higher Education in the United States, Historical Evolutio...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0057.xml "Higher Education in the United States, Historical Evolution of")
- [Higher Education, International Issues in](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0018.xml "Higher Education, International Issues in")
- [Higher Education Management](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0213.xml "Higher Education Management")
- [Higher Education Policy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0119.xml "Higher Education Policy")
- [Higher Education Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0146.xml "Higher Education Research")
- [Higher Education Student Assessment](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0183.xml "Higher Education Student Assessment")
- [High-stakes Testing](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0200.xml "High-stakes Testing")
- [History of Early Childhood Education in the United States](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0295.xml "History of Early Childhood Education in the United States")
- [History of Education in the United States](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0013.xml "History of Education in the United States")
- [History of Technology Integration in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0256.xml "History of Technology Integration in Education")
- [Homeschooling](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0046.xml "Homeschooling")
- [Inclusion in Early Childhood: Difference, Disability, and ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0265.xml "Inclusion in Early Childhood: Difference, Disability, and Social Justice")
- [Inclusive Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0162.xml "Inclusive Education")
- [Indigenous Education in a Global Context](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0064.xml "Indigenous Education in a Global Context")
- [Indigenous Learning Environments](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0279.xml "Indigenous Learning Environments")
- [Indigenous Students in Higher Education in the United Stat...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0245.xml "Indigenous Students in Higher Education in the United States")
- [Infant and Toddler Pedagogy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0294.xml "Infant and Toddler Pedagogy")
- [Inservice Teacher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0196.xml "Inservice Teacher Education")
- [Integrating Art across the Curriculum](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0137.xml "Integrating Art across the Curriculum")
- [Intelligence](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0021.xml "Intelligence")
- [Intensive Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0160.xml "Intensive Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorder")
- [International Perspectives on Academic Freedom](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0285.xml "International Perspectives on Academic Freedom")
- [Intersectionality and Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0188.xml "Intersectionality and Education")
- [Knowledge Development in Early Childhood](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0100.xml "Knowledge Development in Early Childhood")
- [Leadership Development, Coaching and Feedback for](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0005.xml "Leadership Development, Coaching and Feedback for")
- [Leadership in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0257.xml "Leadership in Early Childhood Education")
- [Leadership Training with an Emphasis on the United States](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0058.xml "Leadership Training with an Emphasis on the United States")
- [Learning Analytics in Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0297.xml "Learning Analytics in Higher Education")
- [Learning Difficulties](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0115.xml "Learning Difficulties")
- [Learning, Lifelong](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0024.xml "Learning, Lifelong")
- [Learning, Multimedia](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0026.xml "Learning, Multimedia")
- [Learning Strategies](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0211.xml "Learning Strategies")
- [Legal Matters and Education Law](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0023.xml "Legal Matters and Education Law")
- [LGBT Youth in Schools](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0190.xml "LGBT Youth in Schools")
- [Linguistic Diversity](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0116.xml "Linguistic Diversity")
- [Linguistically Inclusive Pedagogy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0164.xml "Linguistically Inclusive Pedagogy")
- [Literacy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0095.xml "Literacy")
- [Literacy Development and Language Acquisition](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0025.xml "Literacy Development and Language Acquisition")
- [Literature Reviews](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0169.xml "Literature Reviews")
- [Mathematics Identity](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0300.xml "Mathematics Identity")
- [Mathematics Instruction and Interventions for Students wit...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0163.xml "Mathematics Instruction and Interventions for Students with Disabilities")
- [Mathematics Teacher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0085.xml "Mathematics Teacher Education")
- [Measurement for Improvement in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0247.xml "Measurement for Improvement in Education")
- [Measurement in Education in the United States](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0060.xml "Measurement in Education in the United States")
- [Meta-Analysis and Research Synthesis in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0091.xml "Meta-Analysis and Research Synthesis in Education")
- [Methodological Approaches for Impact Evaluation in Educati...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0244.xml "Methodological Approaches for Impact Evaluation in Educational Settings")
- [Methodologies for Conducting Education Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0061.xml "Methodologies for Conducting Education Research")
- [Mindfulness, Learning, and Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0199.xml "Mindfulness, Learning, and Education")
- [Mixed Methods Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0074.xml "Mixed Methods Research")
- [Motherscholars](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0314.xml "Motherscholars")
- [Motivation](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0059.xml "Motivation")
- [Multiliteracies in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0268.xml "Multiliteracies in Early Childhood Education")
- [Multiple Documents Literacy: Theory, Research, and Applica...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0092.xml "Multiple Documents Literacy: Theory, Research, and Application")
- [Multivariate Research Methodology](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0145.xml "Multivariate Research Methodology")
- [Museums, Education, and Curriculum](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0205.xml "Museums, Education, and Curriculum")
- [Music Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0027.xml "Music Education")
- [Narrative Research in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0175.xml "Narrative Research in Education")
- [Native American Studies](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0251.xml "Native American Studies")
- [Nonformal and Informal Environmental Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0316.xml "Nonformal and Informal Environmental Education")
- [Note-Taking](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0110.xml "Note-Taking")
- [Numeracy Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0118.xml "Numeracy Education")
- [One-to-One Technology in the K-12 Classroom](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0255.xml "One-to-One Technology in the K-12 Classroom")
- [Online Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0187.xml "Online Education")
- [Open Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0284.xml "Open Education")
- [Organizing for Continuous Improvement in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0229.xml "Organizing for Continuous Improvement in Education")
- [Organizing Schools for the Inclusion of Students with Disa...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0234.xml "Organizing Schools for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities")
- [Outdoor Play and Learning](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0299.xml "Outdoor Play and Learning")
- [Outdoor Play and Learning in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0273.xml "Outdoor Play and Learning in Early Childhood Education")
- [Pedagogical Leadership](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0286.xml "Pedagogical Leadership")
- [Pedagogy of Teacher Education, A](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0096.xml "Pedagogy of Teacher Education, A")
- [Performance Objectives and Measurement](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0047.xml "Performance Objectives and Measurement")
- [Performance-based Research Assessment in Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0133.xml "Performance-based Research Assessment in Higher Education")
- [Performance-based Research Funding](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0182.xml "Performance-based Research Funding")
- [Phenomenology in Educational Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0042.xml "Phenomenology in Educational Research")
- [Philosophy of Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0028.xml "Philosophy of Education")
- [Physical Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0149.xml "Physical Education")
- [Play](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0106.xml "Play")
- [Podcasts in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0231.xml "Podcasts in Education")
- [Policy](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0063.xml "Policy")
- [Policy Context of United States Educational Innovation and...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0249.xml "Policy Context of United States Educational Innovation and Improvement, The")
- [Politics of Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0129.xml "Politics of Education")
- [Portable Technology Use in Special Education Programs and ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0143.xml "Portable Technology Use in Special Education Programs and Services in the United States")
- [Post-humanism and Environmental Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0308.xml "Post-humanism and Environmental Education")
- [Pre-Service Teacher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0114.xml "Pre-Service Teacher Education")
- [Problem Solving](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0088.xml "Problem Solving")
- [Productivity and Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0227.xml "Productivity and Higher Education")
- [Professional Development](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0128.xml "Professional Development")
- [Professional Learning Communities](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0134.xml "Professional Learning Communities")
- [Program Evaluation](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0121.xml "Program Evaluation")
- [Programs and Services for Students with Emotional or Behav...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0184.xml "Programs and Services for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders in the United States")
- [Psychology Learning and Teaching](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0131.xml "Psychology Learning and Teaching")
- [Psychometric Issues in the Assessment of English Language ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0147.xml "Psychometric Issues in the Assessment of English Language Learners")
- [Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0078.xml "Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques")
- [Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research Samp...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0241.xml "Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research Sampling Strategies")
- [Qualitative Research Design](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0126.xml "Qualitative Research Design")
- [Quantitative Research Designs in Educational Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0113.xml "Quantitative Research Designs in Educational Research")
- [Queering the English Language Arts (ELA) Writing Classroom](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0313.xml "Queering the English Language Arts (ELA) Writing Classroom")
- [Race and Affirmative Action in Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0101.xml "Race and Affirmative Action in Higher Education")
- [Reading Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0030.xml "Reading Education")
- [Refugee and New Immigrant Learners](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0141.xml "Refugee and New Immigrant Learners")
- [Relational and Developmental Trauma and Schools](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0270.xml "Relational and Developmental Trauma and Schools")
- [Relational Pedagogies in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0301.xml "Relational Pedagogies in Early Childhood Education")
- [Reliability in Educational Assessments](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0228.xml "Reliability in Educational Assessments")
- [Religion in Elementary and Secondary Education in the Unit...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0198.xml "Religion in Elementary and Secondary Education in the United States")
- [Researcher Development and Skills Training within the Cont...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0174.xml "Researcher Development and Skills Training within the Context of Postgraduate Programs")
- [Research-Practice Partnerships in Education within the Uni...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0274.xml "Research-Practice Partnerships in Education within the United States")
- [Response to Intervention](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0075.xml "Response to Intervention")
- [Restorative Practices](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0135.xml "Restorative Practices")
- [Risky Play in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0307.xml "Risky Play in Early Childhood Education")
- [Role of Gender Equity Work on University Campuses through ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0322.xml "Role of Gender Equity Work on University Campuses through Women, Gender, and LGBTQ+ Centers")
- [Scale and Sustainability of Education Innovation and Impro...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0240.xml "Scale and Sustainability of Education Innovation and Improvement")
- [Scaling Up Research-based Educational Practices](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0254.xml "Scaling Up Research-based Educational Practices")
- [School Accreditation](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0073.xml "School Accreditation")
- [School Choice](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0033.xml "School Choice")
- [School Culture](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0034.xml "School Culture")
- [School District Budgeting and Financial Management in the ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0238.xml "School District Budgeting and Financial Management in the United States")
- [School Improvement through Inclusive Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0191.xml "School Improvement through Inclusive Education")
- [School Reform](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0035.xml "School Reform")
- [Schools, Private and Independent](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0029.xml "Schools, Private and Independent")
- [School-Wide Positive Behavior Support](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0001.xml "School-Wide Positive Behavior Support")
- [Science Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0036.xml "Science Education")
- [Secondary to Postsecondary Transition Issues](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0037.xml "Secondary to Postsecondary Transition Issues")
- [Self-Regulated Learning](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0112.xml "Self-Regulated Learning")
- [Self-Study of Teacher Education Practices](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0089.xml "Self-Study of Teacher Education Practices")
- [Service-Learning](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0038.xml "Service-Learning")
- [Severe Disabilities](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0098.xml "Severe Disabilities")
- [Single Salary Schedule](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0032.xml "Single Salary Schedule")
- [Single-sex Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0166.xml "Single-sex Education")
- [Single-Subject Research Design](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0103.xml "Single-Subject Research Design")
- [Social Context of Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0039.xml "Social Context of Education")
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- [Sustainability in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0292.xml "Sustainability in Early Childhood Education")
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- [Teacher Beliefs and Epistemologies](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0276.xml "Teacher Beliefs and Epistemologies")
- [Teacher Collaboration in School Improvement](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0248.xml "Teacher Collaboration in School Improvement")
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- [Teacher-Student Relationships](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0232.xml "Teacher-Student Relationships")
- [Teaching Critical Thinking](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0120.xml "Teaching Critical Thinking")
- [Technologies, Teaching, and Learning in Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0221.xml "Technologies, Teaching, and Learning in Higher Education")
- [Technology Education in Early Childhood](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0144.xml "Technology Education in Early Childhood")
- [Technology, Educational](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0011.xml "Technology, Educational")
- [Technology-based Assessment](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0215.xml "Technology-based Assessment")
- [The Bologna Process](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0202.xml "The Bologna Process")
- [The Regulation of Standards in Higher Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0158.xml "The Regulation of Standards in Higher Education")
- [Theories of Educational Leadership](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0153.xml "Theories of Educational Leadership")
- [Three Conceptions of Literacy: Media, Narrative, and Gamin...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0224.xml "Three Conceptions of Literacy: Media, Narrative, and Gaming Literacies")
- [Tracking and Detracking](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0148.xml "Tracking and Detracking")
- [Traditions of Quality Improvement in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0242.xml "Traditions of Quality Improvement in Education")
- [Transformative Learning](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0263.xml "Transformative Learning")
- [Transitions in Early Childhood Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0204.xml "Transitions in Early Childhood Education")
- [Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities in the Unite...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0235.xml "Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities in the United States")
- [Understanding the Psycho-Social Dimensions of Schools and ...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0266.xml "Understanding the Psycho-Social Dimensions of Schools and Classrooms")
- [University Faculty Roles and Responsibilities in the Unite...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0070.xml "University Faculty Roles and Responsibilities in the United States")
- [Using Ethnography in Educational Research](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0208.xml "Using Ethnography in Educational Research")
- [Value of Higher Education for Students and Other Stakehold...](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0209.xml "Value of Higher Education for Students and Other Stakeholders")
- [Virtual Learning Environments](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0288.xml "Virtual Learning Environments")
- [Vocational and Technical Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0068.xml "Vocational and Technical Education")
- [Wellness and Well-Being in Education](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0214.xml "Wellness and Well-Being in Education")
- [Women's and Gender Studies](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0102.xml "Women's and Gender Studies")
- [Young Children and Spirituality](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0281.xml "Young Children and Spirituality")
- [Young Children's Learning Dispositions](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0290.xml "Young Children's Learning Dispositions")
- [Young Children's Working Theories](/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-0259.xml "Young Children's Working Theories")

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