El origen de las especies: las rectificaciones de Darwin | OpenMind
En la primera edición de El origen de las especies Darwin explica cómo las diferentes especies de seres vivos se han originado mediante la ...
St. George Jackson Mivart
El cambio más importante lo efectuó Darwin en la sexta edición (1872) con la inclusión de un capítulo nuevo -el VII- en el que trataba de responder a las objeciones planteadas por el zoólogo <anchor>St. George Jackson Mivart</anchor> sobre el papel de la selección natural en la evolución.
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## Contents

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- [1Early life](#Early_life)
- [2Appointments](#Appointments)
- [3Controversy](#Controversy)Toggle Controversy subsection  - [3.1Mivart and Huxley](#Mivart_and_Huxley)
  - [3.2Mivart's alternative evolutionism](#Mivart's_alternative_evolutionism)
  - [3.3Mivart's banned theological articles](#Mivart's_banned_theological_articles)
- [4Death](#Death)
- [5Legacy](#Legacy)
- [6References](#References)
- [7Other sources](#Other_sources)
- [8Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [9External links](#External_links)
- [10Mivart bibliography](#Mivart_bibliography)Toggle Mivart bibliography subsection  - [10.1Chief works](#Chief_works)
  - [10.2Miscellany](#Miscellany)
  - [10.3Selected articles](#Selected_articles)

Toggle the table of contents

# St. George Jackson Mivart

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

English biologist

St. George Jackson Mivart

[FRS](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/St._George_Jackson_Mivart._Photograph_by_Barraud_%26_Jerrard._Wellcome_V0026864.jpg/220px-St._George_Jackson_Mivart._Photograph_by_Barraud_%26_Jerrard._Wellcome_V0026864.jpg)](/wiki/File:St._George_Jackson_Mivart._Photograph_by_Barraud_%26_Jerrard._Wellcome_V0026864.jpg)

Mivart, by Barraud & Jerrard

Born(1827-11-30)30 November 1827

London, England

Died1 April 1900(1900-04-01) (aged 72)

London, England

**St. George Jackson Mivart** [FRS](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") (30 November 1827 – 1 April 1900) was an English [biologist](/wiki/Biologist "Biologist"). He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection "Natural selection") and later becoming one of its fiercest critics. Mivart attempted to reconcile the theory of evolution as propounded by [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin") with the beliefs of the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") but was condemned by both Darwin and the Church.[\[1\]](#cite_note-Desmond137-1) His belief in a soul created by God and insistence that evolutionism was not incompatible with the existence of such a God brought him into conflict with other evolutionists, while his theological theories on hell and on the compatibility between science and Catholicism led him to clash with the Church.[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2)

## Early life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life")\]

Mivart was born in London. His parents were [Evangelicals](/wiki/Evangelicalism "Evangelicalism"), and his father was the wealthy owner of Mivart's Hotel (now [Claridge's](/wiki/Claridge%27s "Claridge's")). His education started at the [Clapham](/wiki/Clapham "Clapham") Grammar School and continued at [Harrow School](/wiki/Harrow_School "Harrow School") and [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London"). Following his conversion to Catholicism, he was instructed at [St. Mary's, Oscott](/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College,_Oscott "St. Mary's College, Oscott") (1844–1846), and was [confirmed](/wiki/Confirmation_(Christian_sacrament) "Confirmation (Christian sacrament)") there on 11 May 1845. His conversion automatically excluded him from the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), then open only to members of the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") faith. His mother followed him into the Catholic Church in 1846.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)

## Appointments

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Appointments")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genesisofspecies00miva_0009.jpg/220px-Genesisofspecies00miva_0009.jpg)](/wiki/File:Genesisofspecies00miva_0009.jpg) Title page of _On the Genesis of Species_

In 1851 he was called to the bar at [Lincoln's Inn](/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn "Lincoln's Inn"), but he devoted himself to medical and biological studies. In 1862 he was appointed to the chair in zoology at St. Mary's Hospital medical school. In 1869 he became a fellow of the [Zoological Society of London](/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London "Zoological Society of London"), and in 1874 he was appointed by [Mgr Capel](/wiki/Mgr_Capel "Mgr Capel") as Professor of Biology at the short-lived [Catholic University College, Kensington](/wiki/Catholic_University_College,_Kensington "Catholic University College, Kensington"), a post he held until 1877.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913-4)[\[5\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5)

He was vice-president of the [Zoological Society](/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London "Zoological Society of London") twice (1869 and 1882); Fellow of the [Linnean Society](/wiki/Linnean_Society "Linnean Society") from 1862, secretary from 1874 to 1880, and vice-president in 1892. In 1867 he was elected a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") for his work "On the Appendicular skeleton of the Primates". This work was communicated to the society by [Thomas Henry Huxley](/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley "Thomas Henry Huxley"). Mivart was a member of the [Metaphysical Society](/wiki/Metaphysical_Society "Metaphysical Society") from 1874. He received the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy from Pope [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX "Pius IX") in 1876, and of Doctor of Medicine from the [University of Louvain](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968) "Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)") in 1884.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

## Controversy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Controversy")\]

### Mivart and Huxley

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Mivart and Huxley")\]

Mivart met [Huxley](/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley "Thomas Henry Huxley") in 1859, and was initially a close follower and a believer in natural selection. "Even as a professor he continued to attending Huxley's lectures ... they became close friends, dining together and arranging family visits."[\[1\]](#cite_note-Desmond137-1) However, Huxley was always strongly anti-Catholic, and no doubt this attitude led to Mivart becoming disenchanted with him. Once disenchanted, he lost little time in reversing on the subject of natural selection. In short, he now believed that a higher teleology was compatible with evolution.

> As to "natural selection", I accepted it completely and in fact my doubts & difficulties were first excited by attending Prof. Huxley's lectures at the School of Mines.[\[1\]](#cite_note-Desmond137-1)

### Mivart's alternative evolutionism

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Mivart's alternative evolutionism")\]

Even before Mivart's publication of _On the Genesis of Species_ in 1871, he had published his new ideas in various periodicals.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) Huxley,[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) [Lankester](/wiki/E._Ray_Lankester "E. Ray Lankester"), and [Flower](/wiki/William_Henry_Flower "William Henry Flower") had come out against his ideas, although O'Leary (2007) reports that "their initial reaction to _Genesis of Species_ was tolerant and impersonal".[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

Though admitting [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") in general, Mivart denied its applicability to the human intellect (a view also taken by [Wallace](/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace#Application_of_theory_to_humans,_and_role_of_teleology_in_evolution "Alfred Russel Wallace")). His views as to the relationship between human nature and intellect and animal nature in general were given in his books _Nature and Thought_[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) and _Origin of Human Reason_.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)[\[5\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5)

Mivart was someone Darwin took seriously; Darwin prepared a point-by-point refutation which appeared in the sixth edition of _[Origin of Species](/wiki/Origin_of_Species "Origin of Species")_. One of Mivart's criticisms to which Darwin responded was a perceived failure of natural selection to explain the incipient stages of useful structures. Taking the eye as an example, Darwin was able to show many stages of light sensitivity and eye development in the animal kingdom as proof of the utility of less-than-perfect sight (argument by intermediate stages). Another was the supposed inability of natural selection to explain cases of [parallel evolution](/wiki/Parallel_evolution "Parallel evolution"), to which Huxley responded that the effect of natural selection in places with the same environment would tend to be similar.

Mivart's hostile review of the _[Descent of Man](/wiki/Descent_of_Man "Descent of Man")_ in the _[Quarterly Review](/wiki/Quarterly_Review "Quarterly Review")_ aroused fury from his former intimates, including Darwin himself, who described it as "grossly unfair". Mivart had quoted Darwin by shortening sentences and omitting words, causing Darwin to write: "Though he means to be honourable, he is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly."[\[12\]](#cite_note-Browne2002-12) Relationships between the two men were near breaking point. In response, Darwin arranged for the reprinting of a pamphlet by [Chauncey Wright](/wiki/Chauncey_Wright "Chauncey Wright"), previously issued in the US, which severely criticised _Genesis of Species_. Wright had, under Darwin's guidance, clarified what was, and was not, "Darwinism".[\[12\]](#cite_note-Browne2002-12): 353–356

The quarrel reached a climax when Mivart lost his usual composure over what should have been a minor incident: In 1873, [George Darwin](/wiki/George_Darwin "George Darwin") (Charles' son) published a short article in _[The Contemporary Review](/wiki/The_Contemporary_Review "The Contemporary Review")_ suggesting that divorce should be made easier in cases of cruelty, abuse, or [mental disorder](/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder"). Mivart reacted with horror, using phrases like "hideous sexual criminality" and "unrestrained licentiousness". Huxley wrote a counter-attack, and both Huxley and Darwin broke off connections with Mivart.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) Huxley blackballed Mivart's attempt to join the [Athenaeum Club](/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London "Athenaeum Club, London").[\[12\]](#cite_note-Browne2002-12): 355

### Mivart's banned theological articles

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Mivart's banned theological articles")\]

In 1892 and 1893 Mivart published three articles on "Happiness in Hell" in the journal _Nineteenth Century_.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) Mivart proposed that the punishments of hell were not eternal, and that hell is compatible with some kind of happiness.

These articles were placed on the _[Index Expurgatorius](/wiki/Index_Expurgatorius "Index Expurgatorius")_. This was the first official action of the Catholic Church against Mivart but it _"had nothing to do either with evolution or science."_[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2) Later articles in January 1900 ("The Continuity of Catholicism" and "Scripture and Roman Catholicism" in _The Nineteenth Century,_ and "Some Recent Catholic Apologists" in _The Fortnightly Review_) led to his being placed under [interdict](/wiki/Interdict "Interdict") by [Cardinal Vaughan](/wiki/Herbert_Vaughan "Herbert Vaughan"). These last articles were written, by Mivart's own admission, in a provocative tone so that the authorities would have to act. In them, reversing his previous stance, he challenged the authority of the Church, concluding that the Bible and Catholic doctrine could not be reconciled with science.

_"Without attempting to pass judgment on Mivart’s final stance, we can say that his attitude was not solely or principally determined by scientific motives and, more concretely, that evolution did not occupy a determining role in it."_[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2)

The report of the consultor of the Holy Office dealing with Mivart's case significantly does not mention evolution.[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2)

## Death

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Death")\]

Mivart died of [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes") in London on 1 April 1900. His late heterodox opinions were a bar to his burial in consecrated ground. However, Sir William Broadbent gave medical testimony that these could be explained by the gravity and nature of the diabetes from which he had suffered.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913-4)

After his death, a long final struggle took place between his friends and the church authorities. On 6 April 1900, his remains were deposited in catacomb Z beneath the Dissenters' Chapel, in the unconsecrated ground of the dissenters' section of the General Cemetery of All Souls, [Kensal Green](/wiki/Kensal_Green "Kensal Green"), in a public vault reserved for 'temporary deposits' (most of which were destined for repatriation to mainland Europe or the Americas).[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) His remains were finally transferred to St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, on 16 January 1904, for burial there on 18 January 1904.

## Legacy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Legacy")\]

Mivart's name is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, _[Emoia](/wiki/Emoia "Emoia") mivarti_.[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Desmond137_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Desmond137_1-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Desmond137_1-2)[Desmond, Adrian](/wiki/Adrian_Desmond "Adrian Desmond") (1982). [_Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London_](https://books.google.com/books?id=3jH6k1AeOZkC&q=137). London, UK: Blond & Briggs. pp. 137–142. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780226143446](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226143446 "Special:BookSources/9780226143446").
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-3)Mariano, Artigas (2006). _Negotiating Darwin: The Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902_. Glick, Thomas F.; Martínez, Rafael A. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 236 ss. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780801889431](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801889431 "Special:BookSources/9780801889431"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [213306043](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213306043).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Clifton, Michael (1998). [_A Victorian Convert Quintet: Studies in the faith of five leading Victorian converts to Catholicism from the Oxford Movement_](https://archive.org/details/victorianconvert0000clif/page/171/mode/1up). London: Saint Austin Press. pp. 171 ff. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781901157031](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901157031 "Special:BookSources/9781901157031").
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913_4-1)_Catholic Encyclopedia_. 1913.\[ _[full citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\]
05. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-1)[Chisholm 1911](#CITEREFChisholm1911).
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Gruber, J.W. (1960). _A Conscience in Conflict: The life of St. George Jackson Mivart_. New York: Columbia University Press.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Mivart, St. George (1869). ["Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection (Part I)"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=47). _The Month_. Vol. XI. pp. 35–53.; ["Part II"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=146). pp. 134–153.`{{cite magazine}}`: Cite magazine requires `|magazine=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors")); ["Part III"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=286). pp. 274–289.`{{cite magazine}}`: Cite magazine requires `|magazine=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Huxley, T. H.](/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley "Thomas Henry Huxley") (1871). ["Mr. Darwin's critics"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078139915;view=1up;seq=453). _The Contemporary Review_. Vol. XVIII. pp. 443–476.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**O'Leary, Don (2007). _Roman Catholicism and Modern Science, a History_. New York: Continuum.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Mivart, St. George Jackson (1882). [_Nature and Thought: An introduction to a natural philosophy_](https://archive.org/stream/natureandthough01mivagoog#page/n6/mode/2up). Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Mivart, St. George Jackson (1889). [_The Origin of Human Reason: Being an examination of recent hypotheses concerning it_](https://archive.org/stream/a593125200mivauoft#page/n7/mode/2up). Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co.
12. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Browne2002_12-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Browne2002_12-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Browne2002_12-2)Browne, J. (2002). _Charles Darwin: The power of place, a biography_. Vol. II. London, UK: Cape. p. 329ff.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["A 'scurrilous libel'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150711031455/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/editors-blog/2015/01/09/a-scurrilous-libel/). Darwin Correspondence Project. Archived from [the original](http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/editors-blog/2015/01/09/a-scurrilous-libel/) on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Mivart, St. George Jackson (1892). ["Happiness in Hell"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury32londuoft#page/898/mode/2up). _The Nineteenth Century_. **XXII**: 899.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Burial Register (Report). General Cemetery Company. Cat. Z, Vault 25. ref. 36621.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). "Mivart (p. 180)". _The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles_. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xiii, 180. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4214-0135-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5").

## Other sources

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Other sources")\]

- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). ["St. George Jackson Mivart"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._George_Jackson_Mivart). _[Catholic Encyclopedia](/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia "Catholic Encyclopedia")_. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain"): [Chisholm, Hugh](/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm"), ed. (1911). " [Mivart, St George Jackson](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mivart,_St_George_Jackson "s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mivart, St George Jackson")". _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")_. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 628.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Brundell, Barry (2001). "Catholic Church politics and evolution theory, 1894–1902". _The British Journal for the History of Science_. **34** (1): 81–95. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1017/S0007087401004290](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087401004290). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [143687119](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143687119).
- Gruber, Jacob William (1960). _A conscience in conflict: the life of St. George Jackson Mivart_. Columbia University Press. [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [923296584](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923296584).
- Root, John D. (1985). "The Final Apostasy of St. George Jackson Mivart". _The Catholic Historical Review_. **71** (1): 1–25. [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [25021980](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021980). [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier) "ProQuest (identifier)") [1290071732](https://search.proquest.com/docview/1290071732).
- Swain, Emma E. (December 2017). "St. George Mivart as Popularizer of Zoology in Britain and America, 1869–1881". _Endeavour_. **41** (4): 176–191. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.endeavour.2017.03.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2017.03.001). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [28669417](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28669417).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: External links")\]

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[Wikisource](/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original works by or about:

**_[St. George Jackson Mivart](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:St._George_Jackson_Mivart "s:Author:St. George Jackson Mivart")_**

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [St. George Jackson Mivart](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._George_Jackson_Mivart "commons:Category:St. George Jackson Mivart").

- [Works by St. George Jackson Mivart](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9543) at [Project Gutenberg](/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")
- [Works by or about St. George Jackson Mivart](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mivart%2C%20St.%20George%20Jackson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22St.%20George%20Jackson%20Mivart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mivart%2C%20St.%20George%20Jackson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22St.%20George%20Jackson%20Mivart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mivart%2C%20S%2E%20G%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22St.%20George%20Jackson%20Mivart%22%20OR%20description%3A%22St.%20George%20Jackson%20Mivart%22%29%20OR%20%28%221827-1900%22%20AND%20Mivart%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")
- [Works by St. George Jackson Mivart](https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=who%3a%28St.%20George%20Jackson.%20Mivart%29&rows=24), at [Europeana](/wiki/Europeana "Europeana")
- [Works by St. George Jackson Mivart](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Mivart,%20St.%20George%20Jackson,%201827-1900.%22&type=author&inst=), at [Hathi Trust](/wiki/Hathi_Trust "Hathi Trust")
- [Illustrations from _A Monograph of the Lories,.._](https://sites.google.com/site/mmslouis/mivart%2Clories)
- [Illustrations from _Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes_](https://sites.google.com/site/mmslouisb/mivart,canidae)
- [Images of his 1857 British passport](https://web.archive.org/web/20110528123340/http://www.passportland.com/images/mivart-george/mivart-george.html)

## Mivart bibliography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Mivart bibliography")\]

### Chief works

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Chief works")\]

- [_On the Genesis of Species,_](https://archive.org/stream/genesisofspecies00miva#page/n7/mode/2up) Macmillan & Co., 1871.
- _An Examination of Mr. Herbert Spencer's Psychology_ (Dublin 1874–80).
- _Lessons in Elementary Anatomy,_ 1873.
- [_The Common Frog,_](https://archive.org/stream/commonfrog00miva#page/n3/mode/2up) Macmillan and Co., 1874 \[1st Pub. in Nature Series, 1873\].
- [_Man and Apes: An Exposition of Structural Resemblances and Differences Bearing upon Questions of Affinity and Origin._](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049239216;view=1up;seq=7) London: Robert Hardwicke, 1873.
- [_"One Point of Controversy with the Agnostics,"_](https://archive.org/stream/essaysonreligion00mann#page/202/mode/2up) in Manning, ed. Essays on Religion and Literature, Third Series, Longmans, Green & Co., 1874.
- _Lessons from Nature,_ 1876.
- [_Contemporary Evolution,_](https://archive.org/stream/a592990400mivauoft#page/n5/mode/2up) Henry S. King & Co., 1876.
- _Address to the Biological Section of the British Association,_ 1879.
- [_The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals,_](https://archive.org/stream/a5929989000mivauoft#page/n3/mode/2up) John Murray, 1881.
- [_Nature and Thought: An Introduction to a Natural Philosophy,_](https://archive.org/stream/natureandthough01mivagoog#page/n6/mode/2up) Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1882.
- _A Philosophical Catechism,_ 1884.
- [_On Truth: A Systematic Inquiry,_](https://archive.org/stream/a593124100mivauoft#page/n7/mode/2up) Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1889.
- [_The Origin of Human Reason, Being an Examination of Recent Hypotheses Concerning it,_](https://archive.org/stream/a593125200mivauoft#page/n7/mode/2up) Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1889.
- [_Dogs, Jackals, Wolves and Foxes: Monograph of the Canidæ,_](https://archive.org/stream/dogsjackalswolve00mivarich#page/n7/mode/2up) Taylor & Francis, for R.H. Porter and Dulau & Co., 1890.
- _Introduction Générale à l'Etude de la Nature: Cours Professé à l'Université de Louvain,_ Louvain and Paris, 1891.
- [_Birds: The Elements of Ornithology,_](https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000133425#page/n5/mode/2up) Taylor & Francis, 1892.
- [_Essays and Criticisms,_](https://archive.org/stream/essayscriticisms01mivaiala#page/n5/mode/2up) [Vol. 2](https://archive.org/stream/essayscriticisms02mivauoft#page/n7/mode/2up), 1892.
- _Types of Animal Life,_ 1893.
- [_Introduction to the Elements of Science._](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064457099;view=1up;seq=7) Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1894.
- [_The Helpful Science,_](https://archive.org/stream/helpfulscience00mivarich#page/n5/mode/2up) Harper & Brothers, 1895.
- _Castle and Manor,_ 1900.
- [_A Monograph of the Lories, or Brush-tongued Parrots,_](https://archive.org/stream/monographoflorie00miva#page/n3/mode/2up) H. R. Porter, 1896.
- [_The Groundwork of Science: A Study of Epistemology,_](https://archive.org/stream/groundworkofscie00mivauoft#page/n5/mode/2up) John Murray, 1898.

### Miscellany

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Miscellany")\]

- [_Under the Ban: A Correspondence between Dr. St. George Mivart and Herbert Cardinal Vaughan._](https://archive.org/stream/a593132800mivauoft#page/n5/mode/2up) New York: Tucker Publishing Co., 1900.
- [Chisholm, Hugh](/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm"), ed. (1911). ["Ape"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ape). _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")_. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
- Mivart, St. George Jackson; Gadow, Hans Friedrich (1911). ["Rattlesnake"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rattlesnake). In [Chisholm, Hugh](/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm") (ed.). _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")_. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 919–920.

### Selected articles

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=St._George_Jackson_Mivart&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Selected articles")\]

- ["Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=47) [Part II](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=146), [Part III](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001442838m;view=1up;seq=286), _The Month_, Vol. XI, 1869.
- ["On the Use of the Term 'Homology',"](https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_123098_ontheuseofthetermhomology1870/ontheuseofthetermhomology1870#page/n1/mode/2up) _The Annals and Magazine of Natural History_, No. 32, 1870.
- ["Evolution and its Consequences – A Reply to Professor Huxley,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev35unkngoog#page/n182/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XIX, 1872.
- ["Contemporary Evolution,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev61unkngoog#page/n608/mode/2up) [Part II](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev18unkngoog#page/n368/mode/2up), [Part III](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev18unkngoog#page/n626/mode/2up), _The Contemporary Review_, Vols. XXII/XXIII, 1873/1874.
- ["Instinct and Reason,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev16unkngoog#page/n776/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXV, 1875.
- ["Likenesses: or Philosophical Anatomy,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev67unkngoog#page/n954/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXVI, 1875.
- ["Natural History of the Kangaroo,"](https://archive.org/stream/popularsciencemo08newy#page/408/mode/2up) _Popular Science Monthly_, Vol. VIII, 1876.
- ["What are Bats?,"](https://archive.org/stream/popularsciencemo09newy#page/522/mode/2up) _Popular Science Monthly_, Vol. IX, 1876.
- ["Liberty of Conscience,"](https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview26unkngoog#page/n569/mode/2up) _The Dublin Review_, Vol. XXVII, 1876.
- ["Emotion,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006993607;view=1up;seq=319) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. III, 1878.
- ["The Meaning of Life,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury05londuoft#page/488/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. V, 1879.
- ["The Government of Life,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury05londuoft#page/690/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. V, 1879.
- ["On the Study of Natural History,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev20unkngoog#page/n260/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXV, 1879.
- ["What are Living Beings?,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev20unkngoog#page/n696/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXV, 1879.
- ["Animals and Plants,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev40unkngoog#page/n24/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXVI, 1879.
- ["The Forms and Colours of Living Creatures,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev40unkngoog#page/n312/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXVI, 1879.
- ["The Relation of Animals and Plants to Time,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev24unkngoog#page/n108/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXVII, 1880.
- ["The Geography of Living Creatures,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev24unkngoog#page/n288/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXVII, 1880.
- ["The Relation of Living Beings to One Another,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev24unkngoog#page/n624/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. XXXVII, 1880.
- ["Notes on Spain,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006993441;view=1up;seq=304) [Part II](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006993441;view=1up;seq=469), [Part III](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006993441;view=1up;seq=632), _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. V, 1880.
- ["The Soul and Evolution,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074635411;seq=403;view=1up;num=385) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. VI, 1881.
- ["A Limit to Evolution,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74886765;seq=209;view=1up;num=193) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. VIII, 1883.
- "On Catholic Politics," _The Dublin Review,_ Vol. XCIII, 1883.
- ["The Life and Times of Frederic II,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074635601;seq=35;view=1up;num=17) [Part II](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074635601;seq=322;view=1up;num=304), [Part III](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.63742876;view=1up;seq=518), _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. IX, 1884.
- ["Phases of Faith and Unfaith,"](https://archive.org/stream/catholicworld39pauluoft#page/598/mode/2up) _The Catholic World_, Vol. XXXIX, 1884.
- ["Ecclesiastical Survivals and Revivals,"](https://archive.org/stream/catholicworld40pauluoft#page/604/mode/2up) _The Catholic World_, Vol. XL, 1885.
- ["Organic Nature's Riddle,"](https://archive.org/stream/eclecticmagazin06conggoog#page/n604/mode/2up) [Part II](https://archive.org/stream/eclecticmagazin06conggoog#page/n776/mode/2up), _The Eclectic Magazine_, Vol. XLI, 1885.
- ["Modern Catholics and Scientific Freedom,"](https://archive.org/stream/nineteenthcentu11unkngoog#page/n40/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XVIII, 1885.
- ["A Tour in Catholic Teutonia,"](https://archive.org/stream/catholicworld42pauluoft#page/442/mode/2up) [Part II](https://archive.org/stream/catholicworld42pauluoft#page/694/mode/2up), _The Catholic World_, Vol. XLII, 1886.
- ["What Are Animals and Plants?,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105191043;view=1up;seq=76) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XI, 1886.
- ["Notes on Colonial Zoology,"](https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev26unkngoog#page/n677/mode/2up) _The Contemporary Review_, Vol. LI, 1887.
- ["The Catholic Church and Biblical Criticism,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury22londuoft#page/30/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XXII, 1887.
- ["Catholicity and Reason,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury22londuoft#page/850/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XXII, 1887.
- ["The Future of Christianity,"](https://archive.org/stream/theforum03newy#page/n9/mode/2up) _The Forum,_ Vol. III, 1887.
- ["Laughter,"](https://archive.org/stream/theforum03newy#page/492/mode/2up) _The Forum,_ Vol. III, 1887.
- ["On the Possibly Dual Origin of the Mammalia,"](https://archive.org/stream/philtrans07723242/07723242#page/n0/mode/2up) _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_, Vol. XLIII, 1888.
- ["Why Tastes Differ,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic13philuoft#page/12/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XIII, 1888.
- ["Impressions of Life in Vienna,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic13philuoft#page/720/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XIII, 1888.
- ["Sins of Belief and Sins of Unbelief,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury24londuoft#page/548/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century,_ Vol. XXIV, 1888.
- ["Darwin's Brilliant Fallacy,"](https://archive.org/stream/theforum07newy#page/98/mode/2up) _The Forum,_ Vol. VII, 1889.
- ["Where Darwinism Fails,"](https://archive.org/stream/theforum07newy#page/264/mode/2up) _The Forum,_ Vol. VII, 1889.
- ["Professing Themselves to be Wise, They Become Fools,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105191019;view=1up;seq=331) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XVI, 1891.
- ["The Foundations of Science,"](https://archive.org/stream/naturalscience01n07londuoft#page/496/mode/2up) _Natural Science_, Vol. I, No. 7, 1892.
- ["Happiness in Hell,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury32londuoft#page/898/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century,_ Vol. XXXII, 1892.
- ["Catholicity in England Fifty Years Ago—A Retrospect,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887068;view=1up;seq=179) [Part II](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887068;view=1up;seq=791), [Part III](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887126;view=1up;seq=70), _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XVII/XVIII, 1892/1893.
- ["Evolution in Professor Huxley,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury34londuoft#page/198/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XXXIV, 1893.
- ["Christianity and Paganism,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury34londuoft#page/822/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XXXIV, 1893.
- ["The Index and my Articles on Hell,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury34londuoft#page/978/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XXXIV, 1893.
- ["L'Ancien Régime,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887126;view=1up;seq=534) [Part II](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887188;view=1up;seq=388), _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XVII/XVIII, 1893/1894.
- ["The Newest Darwinism,"](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74887188;seq=693;view=1up;num=673) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XIX, No. 76, 1894.
- ["The Evolution of Evolution,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholi01unkngoog#page/n702/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XX, 1895.
- ["Balfour's Philosophy. Part I.: Some Consequences of Belief,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic21philuoft#page/52/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XXI, 1896.
- ["Balfour's Philosophy. Part II.: Some Reasons for Belief,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic21philuoft#page/294/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XXI, 1896.
- ["What Makes a Species?,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic23philuoft#page/28/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XXIII, 1898.
- ["Living Nature,"](https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic23philuoft#page/672/mode/2up) _The American Catholic Quarterly Review_, Vol. XXIII, 1898.
- ["The Continuity of Catholicism,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury47londuoft#page/50/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XLVII, 1900.
- ["Scripture and Roman Catholicism,"](https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury47londuoft#page/424/mode/2up) _The Nineteenth Century_, Vol. XLVII, 1900.

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