Die Geschichte des Manga - Herkunft und Entwicklung
Bereits in den 30er Jahren wuchs die Zahl der Mangas, die auf irgendeine Weise mit dem japanischen Militär oder dem Patriotismus zu tun hatte.
Wiki-Artikel
So kam es in den 60er Jahren in Japan zu einer Studentenbewegung, die besonders durch Linksradikale Organisationen die Protestmärsche organisierten ( <anchor>Wiki-Artikel</anchor>). Ziel bzw. Gegner dieser Protestaktion war der Sicherheitsvertrag zwischen Japan und den Vereinigten Staaten ( Wiki-Artikel) sowie der Koreanische Krieg ( Wiki-Artikel) 1950 bis 1953, in dem die US-Amerikaner und die Sowjetunion Stellvertretend Nord- und Südkorea im gegenseitigen Kampf “ihre Seite” unterstützten. Hier spielte der sogenannte “Gekika-Stil” seine wichtige Rolle, da dieser mit der Studentenbewegung 1960 verbunden war und großen Einfluss hatte.
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# Zengakuren

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League of university students in Japan

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Zengakuren

All-Japan Federation of Student Self-Government Associations

全日本学生自治会総連合

EstablishedJuly 6, 1948; 76 years ago (1948-07-06)TypeNationwide student federationLocation

- [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan")

Key people

[Teruo Takei](/wiki/Teruo_Takei "Teruo Takei") (first chairman)Affiliations[Japan Communist Party](/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party "Japan Communist Party") (1949–1960)

[Japanese New Left](/wiki/New_Left_in_Japan "New Left in Japan") (1960–present)

**Zengakuren** is a league of university student associations founded in 1948 in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). The word Zengakuren (全学連) is an abridgement of _Zen Nihon Gakusei Jichikai Sō Rengō_ (全日本学生自治会総連合) which literally means "All-Japan Federation of Student Self-Government Associations."[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201815-1) Notable for organizing protests and marches, Zengakuren has been involved in Japan's anti- [Red Purge](/wiki/Red_Purge "Red Purge") movement, the anti-military base movement, the [Anpo protests](/wiki/Anpo_protests "Anpo protests") against the [U.S.-Japan Security Treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan "Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan"), the [1968–1969 Japanese university protests](/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Japanese_university_protests "1968–1969 Japanese university protests"), and the [struggle against the construction of Narita Airport](/wiki/Sanrizuka_Struggle "Sanrizuka Struggle").

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Demonstrators_with_banners_protesting_the_2015_Japanese_Military_Legislation.JPG/220px-Demonstrators_with_banners_protesting_the_2015_Japanese_Military_Legislation.JPG)](/wiki/File:Demonstrators_with_banners_protesting_the_2015_Japanese_Military_Legislation.JPG) Demonstrators and police buses outside the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") [National Diet](/wiki/National_Diet "National Diet") on Friday September 18, 2015 during the debate in the [House of Councillors](/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Japan) "House of Councillors (Japan)") shortly before the [2015 Japanese military legislation](/wiki/2015_Japanese_military_legislation "2015 Japanese military legislation") was passed in the early hours of September 19th. A Zengakuren banner is visible in the middle of the image.

Zengakuren emerged in the early postwar period as students at Japanese universities established self-governing associations ( _jichikai_) in order to protest against perceived fascist remnants in the university system and to organize against proposed tuition hikes. All university students were automatically enrolled in these associations, and dues were automatically deducted from their tuition.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145-2) In the wake of a failed general strike in 1947, the [Japan Communist Party](/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party "Japan Communist Party") (JCP) stepped into organize the separate university associations into a single nationwide organization. As a result of this extensive organizing effort, the formation of Zengakuren was officially announced on September 18, 1948.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145-2) [Teruo Takei](/wiki/Teruo_Takei "Teruo Takei"), a [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University "Tokyo University") student and member of the Japanese Communist Party, was the organization's first chairman.[\[3\]](#cite_note-Fuse-3) Towards the end of 1948, Zengakuren comprised almost 60% of Japan's total student population.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

Over the course of the 1950s, Zengakuren took part in a number of "struggles" ( _tōsō_) and protest movements, including the " [Bloody May Day](/wiki/Bloody_May_Day "Bloody May Day")" protests against the terms of the [San Francisco Peace Treaty](/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty "San Francisco Peace Treaty") on May 1, 1952, the struggle against the Anti-Subversive Activities Law from 1952 to 1953, the movement against nuclear testing after the [Lucky Dragon Incident](/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru "Daigo Fukuryū Maru") of 1954, the " [Sunagawa Struggle](/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle "Sunagawa Struggle")" against the expansion of the United States' [Tachikawa Air Base](/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base "Tachikawa Air Base") in 1955–1957, the 1958 movement against the Police Duties Bill, and the massive [Anpo protests](/wiki/Anpo_Protests "Anpo Protests") against the [US-Japan Security Treaty](/wiki/Anpo "Anpo") in 1959–1960.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145-2)

In the late 1950s, an " [anti-Stalinist](/wiki/Anti-Stalinist "Anti-Stalinist")" (i.e. anti-JCP) faction within Zengakuren nicknamed " [The Bund](/wiki/Communist_League_(Japan) "Communist League (Japan)")" ( _Bunto_ in Japanese) managed to secure control of Zengakuren, in part by rigging elections. Their control of the organization was strenuously opposed by the "anti-mainstream" pro-JCP faction. This began the process of numerous internal schisms within Zengakuren that would continue throughout the 1960s. Nevertheless, for the time being Zengakuren held together in order mobilize its full power to try to stop the 1960 revision of the US-Japan Security Treaty. At the apex of its organizing power during the anti-Treaty protests in 1960, Zengakuren was able to count on around 250 _jichikai_ at 110 schools, representing a total strength of around 290,000 students.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145-2)

The first open splits within Zengakuren occurred in the immediate aftermath, as despondency at the failure of the anti-Treaty protests to stop the Treaty from being ratified led to numerous rounds of recriminations.[\[5\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018148–150-5) Thereafter, the pro-JCP group split off from Zengakuren entirely to form a rival organization called "Zenjiren," and the remainder of Zengakuren split up into a large number of warring "sects" ( _sekuto_), who would battle against each other at least as much as they battled against the police.[\[6\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018149–150-6) Arming themselves with construction helmets painted in the colors of their various factions and large wooden staves they called "violence sticks" ( _gebabō,_ from the German _Gewalt_),[\[6\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018149–150-6) the participated in a number of struggles throughout the 1960s and beyond, including the struggle against normalization of diplomatic relations with Korea in 1965, protests against the docking in Japan of US Navy nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers, anti- [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") protests, the [university struggles of 1968–69](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests "1968–69 Japanese university protests"), and the [Sanrizuka Struggle](/wiki/Sanrizuka_Struggle "Sanrizuka Struggle") against the construction of [Narita Airport](/wiki/Narita_Airport "Narita Airport") from 1968 into the mid-1980s.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kanda_Quartier_latin19680621.jpg/220px-Kanda_Quartier_latin19680621.jpg)](/wiki/File:Kanda_Quartier_latin19680621.jpg) Zengakuren protestors in Tokyo, 1968

Although dozens of rival sects emerged over the course of the 1960s, three major groupings occurred:[\[7\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018132,_149–150-7)

1. _[Minseidō](/wiki/Democratic_Youth_League_of_Japan "Democratic Youth League of Japan")_: student groups affiliated with the [Japan Communist Party](/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party "Japan Communist Party")
2. _Sanpa Zengakuren_: A "three-faction" ( _sanpa_) alliance of groups critical of the JCP: the [Second Bund](/wiki/Communist_League_(Japan) "Communist League (Japan)"), [Kaihō-ha](/wiki/Kaih%C5%8D-ha "Kaihō-ha"), and [Chūkaku-ha](/wiki/Ch%C5%ABkaku-ha "Chūkaku-ha")
3. _[Kakumaru-ha](/wiki/Kakumaru-ha "Kakumaru-ha")_: The "Revolutionary Marxist Faction" of the [Japan Revolutionary Communist League](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League "Japan Revolutionary Communist League"), it fought murderous battles with the Sanpa groups, even as it also opposed the JCP

By the end of the 1960s, there were several different factions claiming the mantle of the name "Zengakuren." Several different groups still claim this title today, and remain active, although their numbers have dwindled greatly since their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s.

## Current status

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Current status")\]

As of 1999, there were said to be five Zengakuren factions:[\[8\]](#cite_note-ダイヤモンド・オンライン_2017-8)

- [Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League_(Revolutionary_Marxist_Faction) "Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)")
- [Japanese Communist Party](/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party "Japanese Communist Party") ( [Democratic Youth League of Japan](/wiki/Democratic_Youth_League_of_Japan "Democratic Youth League of Japan"))
- [Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee](/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League,_National_Committee "Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee")
- [Revolutionary Workers Association (Socialist Party Liberation Faction)](/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Workers_Association_(Socialist_Party_Liberation_Faction)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Revolutionary Workers Association (Socialist Party Liberation Faction) (page does not exist)") \[ [ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%88%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E7%A4%BE%E9%9D%92%E5%90%8C%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%B4%BE%EF%BC%89 "ja:革命的労働者協会（社会党社青同解放派）")\]
- [Revolutionary Workers Association (Liberation Faction)](/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Workers_Association_(Liberation_Faction)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Revolutionary Workers Association (Liberation Faction) (page does not exist)") \[ [ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%88%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%B4%BE%EF%BC%89 "ja:革命的労働者協会（解放派）")\]

In the late 2010s, Zengakuren ( [Japanese Communist Party](/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party "Japanese Communist Party") faction) was inactive.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

## Sources

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Sources")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201815_1-0)**[Kapur 2018](#CITEREFKapur2018), p. 15.
2. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145_2-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018145_2-3)[Kapur 2018](#CITEREFKapur2018), p. 145.
3. **[^](#cite_ref-Fuse_3-0)**Fuse, Totomasa (1970). "Le radicalisme étudiant au Japon" \[Student Radicalism in Japan\]. _L'Homme et la société_ (in French) (18). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.3406/homso.1970.1290](https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhomso.1970.1290).
4. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Ruth, Allen (2006). [_Japan as a Paradigm for U.S. Homeland Security_](https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/2394) (PhD). Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 26, 27.
5. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018148–150_5-0)**[Kapur 2018](#CITEREFKapur2018), pp. 148–150.
6. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018149–150_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018149–150_6-1)[Kapur 2018](#CITEREFKapur2018), p. 149–150.
7. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur2018132,_149–150_7-0)**[Kapur 2018](#CITEREFKapur2018), p. 132, 149–150.
8. **[^](#cite_ref-ダイヤモンド・オンライン_2017_8-0)**["'Kakumei' wa gendai demo okoseru, chūkaku-ha zengaku ren iin-chō ga gekihaku (4)" 「革命」は現代でも起こせる、中核派・全学連委員長が激白(4)](https://diamond.jp/articles/-/149341) \["Revolution" can happen even today, says chairman of the Chukakuha and Zengakuren (4)\]. _ダイヤモンド・オンライン_ (in Japanese). 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
9. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**[Kobayashi, Tetsuo](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%93%B2%E5%A4%AB_(%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88) "ja:小林哲夫 (教育ジャーナリスト)")\[in Japanese\] (2021). [_Heisei-Reiwa Gakusei Tachino Shakai Undo_ 平成・令和 学生たちの社会運動](https://www.kobunsha.com/shelf/book/isbn/9784334045210) \[ _Heisei and Reiwa eras: Student social movements_\]. [Kobunsha](/wiki/Kobunsha "Kobunsha"). p. 340.

### Works cited

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Works cited")\]

- Kapur, Nick (2018). [_Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo_](https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-6749-8442-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6749-8442-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-6749-8442-4").

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Andrews, William (2016). _Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima_. London: Hurst. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1849045797](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849045797 "Special:BookSources/978-1849045797").
- Dowsey, Stuart J. (1970). _Zengakuren: Japan's Revolutionary Students_. Berkeley: Ishi Press.
- Hasegawa, Kenji (2019). [_Student Radicalism and the Formation of Postwar Japan_](https://books.google.com/books?id=C_5uDwAAQBAJ). New York: [Palgrave Macmillan](/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-9811317767](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811317767 "Special:BookSources/978-9811317767").

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [Official website](http://blog.livedoor.jp/zengakuren/) (in Japanese) [Japanese Communist Party](/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party "Japanese Communist Party") \- [Democratic Youth League of Japan](/wiki/Democratic_Youth_League_of_Japan "Democratic Youth League of Japan") faction
- [Official website](http://www.zengakuren.jp/) (in Japanese) [Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Chukakuha)](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League_(Chukakuha) "Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Chukakuha)") faction
- [Official website](http://www.zengakuren.org/) (in Japanese) [Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist faction)](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League_(Revolutionary_Marxist_faction) "Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist faction)") faction
- [Official website](http://zengakuren.info/) (in Japanese) [革労協現代社派](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%88%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E7%A4%BE%E9%9D%92%E5%90%8C%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%B4%BE%EF%BC%89 "ja:革命的労働者協会（社会党社青同解放派）") faction

- [v](/wiki/Template:New_Left_in_Japan "Template:New Left in Japan")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:New_Left_in_Japan "Template talk:New Left in Japan")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Left_in_Japan "Special:EditPage/Template:New Left in Japan")

[New Left in Japan](/wiki/New_Left_in_Japan "New Left in Japan")

Events

- [Anpo protests](/wiki/Anpo_protests "Anpo protests")
- [Sanrizuka Struggle](/wiki/Sanrizuka_Struggle "Sanrizuka Struggle")
- [1968–1969 Japanese university protests](/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Japanese_university_protests "1968–1969 Japanese university protests") ( [Shinjuku riot](/wiki/Shinjuku_riot "Shinjuku riot"))
- [Folk guerrilla concerts](/wiki/Folk_guerrilla_concerts "Folk guerrilla concerts")
- [Japan Airlines Flight 351](/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_351 "Japan Airlines Flight 351")
- [Asama-Sansō incident](/wiki/Asama-Sans%C5%8D_incident "Asama-Sansō incident")
- [Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary](/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Soji-ji_Ossuary "Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary")
- [Lod Airport massacre](/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre "Lod Airport massacre")
- [Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures](/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Fusetsu_no_Gunzo_and_Institute_of_Northern_Cultures "Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures")
- [Japan Airlines Flight 404](/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_404 "Japan Airlines Flight 404")
- [1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing](/wiki/1974_Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries_bombing "1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing")
- [1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague](/wiki/1974_French_Embassy_attack_in_The_Hague "1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague")
- [1975 AIA building hostage crisis](/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis "1975 AIA building hostage crisis")
- [Japan Airlines Flight 472](/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_472_(1977) "Japan Airlines Flight 472 (1977)")

Key figures

- [Michiko Kanba](/wiki/Michiko_Kanba "Michiko Kanba")
- [Kan'ichi Kuroda](/wiki/Kan%27ichi_Kuroda "Kan'ichi Kuroda")
- [Tsuneo Mori](/wiki/Tsuneo_Mori "Tsuneo Mori")
- [Hiroko Nagata](/wiki/Hiroko_Nagata "Hiroko Nagata")
- [Makoto Oda](/wiki/Makoto_Oda "Makoto Oda")
- [Ryū Ōta](/wiki/Ryu_Ota "Ryu Ota")
- [Fusako Shigenobu](/wiki/Fusako_Shigenobu "Fusako Shigenobu")
- [Takaya Shiomi](/wiki/Takaya_Shiomi "Takaya Shiomi")
- [Mitsu Tanaka](/wiki/Mitsu_Tanaka "Mitsu Tanaka")
- [Mitsuko Tokoro](/wiki/Mitsuko_Tokoro "Mitsuko Tokoro")
- [Takaaki Yoshimoto](/wiki/Takaaki_Yoshimoto "Takaaki Yoshimoto")

Groups

Insurrectionary

- [East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front](/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front "East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front")
- [Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction](/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Youth_League,_Liberation_Faction "Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction")
- [Red Army Faction](/wiki/Red_Army_Faction_(Japan) "Red Army Faction (Japan)")
- [Japanese Red Army](/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army "Japanese Red Army")
- [United Red Army](/wiki/United_Red_Army "United Red Army")

Multi-tendency

- [Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam)](/wiki/Beheiren "Beheiren")
- Zengakuren (post–1958)
- [Zenkyōtō](/wiki/Zenky%C5%8Dt%C5%8D "Zenkyōtō")

Trotskyist

- [Communist League (Japan)](/wiki/Communist_League_(Japan) "Communist League (Japan)")
- [Japan Revolutionary Communist League](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League "Japan Revolutionary Communist League")
- [Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction)](/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League,_National_Committee "Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee")
- [Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)](/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League_(Revolutionary_Marxist_Faction) "Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)")

Influences

Ideological

- [Ainu Revolution Theory](/wiki/Ainu_Revolution_Theory "Ainu Revolution Theory")
- [Anti-imperialism](/wiki/Anti-imperialism "Anti-imperialism")
- [Anti-Japaneseism](/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism "Anti-Japaneseism")
- [Maoism](/wiki/Maoism "Maoism")
- [Pacifism](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism")
- [Self-criticism](/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) "Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)")
- [Trotskyism](/wiki/Trotskyism "Trotskyism")
- [Women's liberation (Japan)](/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Asia#Japan "Women's liberation movement in Asia")

International

- [Anti-Americanism](/wiki/Anti-Americanism "Anti-Americanism")
- [Anti-Stalinist left](/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left "Anti-Stalinist left")
- [Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War](/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War")

Representation in media

Film

- _[Night and Fog in Japan](/wiki/Night_and_Fog_in_Japan "Night and Fog in Japan")_ (1960)
- _[Ecstasy of the Angels](/wiki/Ecstasy_of_the_Angels "Ecstasy of the Angels")_ (1972)
- _[69](/wiki/69_(film) "69 (film)")_ (2004)
- _[United Red Army](/wiki/United_Red_Army_(film) "United Red Army (film)")_ (2007)
- _[Children of the Revolution](/wiki/Children_of_the_Revolution_(2010_film) "Children of the Revolution (2010 film)")_ (2010)

Literature

- _[69](/wiki/69_(novel) "69 (novel)")_
- _[Hear the Wind Sing](/wiki/Hear_the_Wind_Sing "Hear the Wind Sing")_
- _[Norwegian Wood](/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(novel) "Norwegian Wood (novel)")_

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189521#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/125538352)

National

- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84106237)
- [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00361431)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007570069205171)

Academics

- [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18582551?l=en)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&oldid=1241205869](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zengakuren&oldid=1241205869)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Communist organizations in Japan](/wiki/Category:Communist_organizations_in_Japan "Category:Communist organizations in Japan")
- [Student protests in Japan](/wiki/Category:Student_protests_in_Japan "Category:Student protests in Japan")
- [Student wings of political parties in Japan](/wiki/Category:Student_wings_of_political_parties_in_Japan "Category:Student wings of political parties in Japan")
- [Student wings of communist parties](/wiki/Category:Student_wings_of_communist_parties "Category:Student wings of communist parties")
- [1948 establishments in Japan](/wiki/Category:1948_establishments_in_Japan "Category:1948 establishments in Japan")
- [Student organizations established in 1948](/wiki/Category:Student_organizations_established_in_1948 "Category:Student organizations established in 1948")
- [1970s in Japan](/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Japan "Category:1970s in Japan")
- [1960s in Japan](/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Japan "Category:1960s in Japan")
- [1950s in Japan](/wiki/Category:1950s_in_Japan "Category:1950s in Japan")
- [New Left in Japan](/wiki/Category:New_Left_in_Japan "Category:New Left in Japan")

Hidden categories:

- [CS1 French-language sources (fr)](/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr) "Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)")
- [CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)](/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja) "Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)")
- [CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja) "Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)")
- [CS1 interwiki-linked names](/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names "Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description matches Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata")
- [Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia](/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Japanese_Wikipedia "Category:Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia")
- [Articles containing Japanese-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text "Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text")

- This page was last edited on 19 August 2024, at 22:59 (UTC).
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