Chatbot Technology: Past, Present, and Future | Toptal®
Chatbots are among the most visible applications of AI technology and have evolved into important tools for consumers, businesses, and entire industries.
ELIZA
Though chatbots are still in their relative infancy technologically, they have existed for decades. One of the first chatbots, <anchor>ELIZA</anchor>, was developed in 1966 by computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Weizenbaum designed ELIZA to mimic human interaction through pattern recognition; ELIZA could not, however, react to queries in their full context. Instead, ELIZA had built-in scripts that allowed it to display the illusion of intelligence in answering questions on a given subject, such as those related to psychological evaluation.
Chatbot Eliza, Joseph Weizenbaum | Virtual Assistant Eliza | Virtual agent Eliza | Chat bot Eliza | Conversational agent Eliza | (4105)
Chatbot Eliza, Joseph Weizenbaum \| Virtual Assistant Eliza \| Virtual agent Eliza \| Chat bot Eliza \| Conversational agent Eliza \| (4105)

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4105

# Eliza

Since Jan 1966
in [English](/language/english),
[iPhone](/platform/iphone), [Web](/platform/web),
[Body health](/industry/body_health/), [Text recognition](/features/text_recognition/), [Research](/creators/research/)

![Chatbot Eliza, chatbot, chat bot, virtual agent, conversational agent, chatterbot](/images/c/100/chatbot_eliza_d____4105.gif)

Eliza parodies a Rogerian therapist, largely by rephrasing many of the patient's statements as questions and posing them to the patient. Thus, for example, the response to "My head hurts" might be "Why do you say your head hurts?" The response to "My mother hates me" might be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA was named after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, who is taught to speak with an upper class accent.

**Additional comments by developer Joseph Weizenbaum:**

Eliza is a computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum, which, designed in 1966, is generally recognized as the first [chatbot](https://www.chatbots.org/chatbot).

Joseph Weizenbaum (Berlin, January 8, 1923 - March 5, 2008) was a German-American author and professor emeritus of computer science at MIT.

Born in Berlin, Germany to Jewish parents, he escaped Nazi Germany in 1935, emigrating with his family to the United States. He started studying mathematics in 1941 in the US, but his studies were interrupted by the war, during which he served in the military. Around 1952 he worked on analog computers, and helped create a digital computer for Wayne State University. In 1956 he worked for General Electric on ERMA, a computer system that introduced the use of the magnetically-encoded fonts imprinted on the bottom border of checks. This allowed automated check processing via Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, and in 1964 took a position at MIT.

Until his death he was Chairman of the Scientific Council at the Institute of Electronic Business in Berlin. In addition to working at MIT, Weizenbaum held academic appointments at Harvard, Stanford and the University of Bremen, and other universities. Weizenbaum was reportedly buried at the Jewish Cemetery in Berlin. A memorial service was held in Berlin on March 18, 2008.

![Chat Now!](/design/title_chat_now.png)**Chatbot Details**Developer:Joseph WeizenbaumCountry:[United States](/us)Language:[English](/language/english)Themes:[Body health](/industry/body_health/)Features:[Text recognition](/features/text_recognition/), [Faceless](/features/faceless/)Synonym used:[Chatbot](/chatbot/)Started:Jan 1966

### Related News

- [Chatbots: innovative treatment for depression](/conversational/agent/chatbots_innovative_treatment_for_depression)
- [Ancient chatbot Eliza now on iPhone](/conversational/agent/eliza_iphone)

### Other chatbots in Body health

[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent SkinvisionBot ](/images/chatbots/36997.jpg)](/chatbot/skinvisionbot/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Health Coach](/images/chatbots/36835.png)](/chatbot/health_coach/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Pathology Lab Chatbot](/images/chatbots/36797.png)](/chatbot/lpl/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent eShangazi](/images/chatbots/36619.png)](/virtual_assistant/eshangazi/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Betty](/images/chatbots/36219.png)](/chatbot/betty2/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent DocForYou Bot](/images/chatbots/33934.png)](/chatbot/docforyou_bot/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Eva](/images/chatbots/32846.png)](/chatbot/eva14/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Healthyotta](/images/chatbots/32118.png)](/chatbot/healthyotta/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Soa Seks Check](/images/chatbots/31577.png)](/chatbot/soa_seks_check/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Monika](/images/chatbots/29800.jpg)](/chatbot/monika2/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Ewa](/images/chatbots/29799.jpg)](/chatbot/ewa23/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Ewa](/images/chatbots/29658.jpg)](/chatbot/ewa22/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Nicki](/images/chatbots/28921.gif)](/virtual_assistant/nicki/)[![chatbot, conversational agent, chatterbot, virtual agent Louise](/images/chatbots/12568.jpg)](/virtual_assistant/louise2/)

# Comments

There
are
**2** comments:

![Portrait](/design/tiny_avatar_empty.gif)![arrow](/design/comment_bubble_arrow.gif)Jul 21, 2009

heyy ![smile](https://www.chatbots.org/images/smileys/smile.gif)

![Portrait](/design/tiny_avatar_empty.gif)![arrow](/design/comment_bubble_arrow_right.gif)Apr 28, 2011

do you know any names of the web sites???

Commenting is not available in this channel entry.

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- [Uganda](/ug)(1)
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- [United Arab Emirates](/ae)(2)
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\- Select a country -Multinational (121)Argentina (14)Australia (20)Austria (8)Azerbaijan (2)Belarus (1)Belgium (10)Bolivia (1)Brazil (13)British Virgin Islands (1)Canada (24)Chile (2)China (10)Colombia (2)Cyprus (1)Czech Republic (2)Denmark (8)Ecuador (2)Egypt (1)Estonia (2)Finland (1)France (97)Georgia (1)Germany (65)Greece (2)Hong Kong (3)Hungary (8)India (15)Indonesia (5)Israel (7)Italy (34)Japan (4)Latvia (2)Madagascar (1)Mexico (6)Netherlands (136)Nigeria (2)Norway (8)Oman (1)Panama (1)Poland (142)Portugal (6)Romania (4)Russia (15)Singapore (13)Slovakia (1)Slovenia (3)South Africa (4)South Korea (1)Spain (82)Sweden (12)Switzerland (7)Tanzania (1)Turkey (12)Uganda (1)Ukraine (1)United Arab Emirates (2)United Kingdom (150)United States (281)Uruguay (2)Venezuela (1)

## Languages [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_languages)

- [Arabic](/language/arabic/)(4)
- [Basque](/language/basque/)(7)
- [Catalan](/language/catalan/)(11)
- [Chinese](/language/chinese/)(4)
- [Czech](/language/czech/)(2)
- [Danish](/language/danish/)(11)
- [Dutch](/language/dutch/)(150)
- [English](/language/english/)(826)
- [Finnish](/language/finnish/)(1)
- [French](/language/french/)(111)
- [Galician](/language/galician/)(2)
- [Georgian](/language/georgian/)(2)
- [German](/language/german/)(85)
- [Greek](/language/greek/)(4)
- [Hebrew](/language/hebrew/)(2)
- [Hungarian](/language/hungarian/)(9)
- [Indonesian](/language/indonesian/)(6)
- [Italian](/language/italian/)(35)
- [Japanese](/language/japanese/)(4)
- [Mandarin](/language/mandarin/)(10)
- [Norwegian](/language/norwegian/)(7)
- [Norwegian Bokmål](/language/norwegian bokmal/)(1)
- [Polish](/language/polish/)(155)
- [Portuguese](/language/portuguese/)(20)
- [Romanian](/language/romanian/)(4)
- [Russian](/language/russian/)(15)
- [Slovak](/language/slovak/)(1)
- [Slovene](/language/slovene/)(3)
- [Spanish](/language/spanish/)(95)
- [Swahili](/language/swahili/)(2)
- [Swedish](/language/swedish/)(11)
- [Turkish](/language/turkish/)(16)

## Platforms [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_platforms)

- [AIM](/platform/aim/)(10)
- [Android](/platform/android/)(41)
- [Download](/platform/download/)(21)
- [Facebook](/platform/facebook/)(154)
- [Fetion](/platform/fetion/)(1)
- [Gadu Gadu](/platform/gadugadu/)(2)
- [Google Talk](/platform/googletalk/)(8)
- [ICQ](/platform/icq/)(1)
- [iPhone](/platform/iphone/)(38)
- [Live Messenger](/platform/livemessenger/)(135)
- [Mobile Web](/platform/mobileweb/)(10)
- [Ovi](/platform/ovi/)(1)
- [Robot](/platform/robot/)(2)
- [Second Life](/platform/secondlife/)(9)
- [Skype](/platform/skype/)(8)
- [Slack](/platform/slack/)(6)
- [SMS Text Messaging](/platform/smstextmessaging/)(1)
- [Telegram](/platform/telegram/)(10)
- [Twitter](/platform/twitter/)(17)
- [Web](/platform/web/)(976)
- [WeChat](/platform/wechat/)(1)
- [What's App](/platform/what'sapp/)(3)
- [WhatsApp](/platform/whatsapp/)(2)
- [Windows Mobile](/platform/windowsmobile/)(1)
- [Yahoo](/platform/yahoo/)(6)

## Consumer Themes [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_categories)

- [Beauty](/industry/beauty/)(18)
- [Body health](/industry/body_health/)(62)
- [Career & education](/industry/career_education/)(65)
- [Children](/industry/children/)(6)
- [Cooking](/industry/cooking/)(28)
- [Culture](/industry/culture/)(43)
- [Education, learn & lookup](/industry/learn_lookup/)(86)
- [Electronics & hardware](/industry/electronics_hardware/)(55)
- [Environmental](/industry/environmental/)(9)
- [Erotic](/industry/erotic/)(1)
- [Fashion](/industry/fashion/)(23)
- [Finance & legal](/industry/finance_legal/)(146)
- [Gambling](/industry/gaming_casino_gambling/)(1)
- [Government](/industry/government/)(72)
- [Home & living](/industry/home_living/)(71)
- [Leisure](/industry/leisure/)(30)
- [Mental & spirituality](/industry/mental_spirituality/)(19)
- [Mobility](/industry/mobility/)(54)
- [Music & radio](/industry/music_radio/)(20)
- [News & gossip](/industry/news_gossip/)(19)
- [Pets & animals](/industry/pets_animals/)(2)
- [Social](/industry/social/)(111)
- [Sport](/industry/sport/)(13)
- [Telecoms & utilities](/industry/telecoms_utilities/)(102)
- [Trade](/industry/trade/)(34)
- [Travel](/industry/travel/)(55)
- [TV, Visual Entertainment, Creation & gaming](/industry/tv_visual_entertainment_creation-gaming/)(49)

## Features [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_features)

**Appearance**

- [Animated avatar](/features/animated_avatar/)(103)
- [Avatar](/features/avatar/)(746)
- [Faceless](/features/faceless/)(142)
- [Humanoid Robot](/features/humanoid_robot/)(4)
- [Picture](/features/picture/)(242)
- [Robot](/features/robot/)(8)
- [Search box](/features/search_box/)(48)
- [Video](/features/video/)(83)

**Perception**

- [Gesture recognition](/features/gesture_recognition/)(11)
- [Speech recognition](/features/speech_recognition/)(44)
- [Text recognition](/features/text_recognition/)(1304)

**Expression**

- [Facial expressions](/features/facial_expressions/)(178)
- [Gestures](/features/gestures/)(122)
- [Speech synthesis](/features/speech_synthesis/)(144)
- [Text synthesis](/features/text_synthesis/)(254)

## Application [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_chatbot_applications)

- [Animals & aliens](/applications/animals_aliens/)(21)
- [Branded conversations](/applications/branded_conversations/)(511)
  - [Campaign](/applications/campaign/)(61)
  - [Customer service](/applications/customer_service/)(532)
  - [Knowledge management](/applications/knowledge_management/)(63)
  - [Market research](/applications/market_research/)(16)
  - [Sales](/applications/marketing_sales/)(236)
- [Clone](/applications/clone/)(40)
- [E-Learning](/applications/e-learning/)(21)
- [Gaming](/applications/gaming/)(14)
- [Proof of Concept](/applications/proof_of_concept/)(153)
- [Robot toy](/applications/robot_toy/)(5)

## Synonyms [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_synonyms)

- [Chat Bot](/synonym/chat_bot/)(32)
- [Chatbot](/synonym/chatbot/)(621)
- [Chatterbot](/synonym/chatterbot/)(31)
- [Conversational Agent](/synonym/conversational_agent/)(35)
- [Virtual Agent](/synonym/virtual_agent/)(208)
- [Virtual Assistant](/synonym/virtual_assistant/)(437)
- [Virtual Human](/synonym/virtual_human/)(12)

## Alphabet [![](/design/icons/icon_10x10_up.png)](\#filter_alphabet)

[A](/alphabet/a/) [B](/alphabet/b/) [C](/alphabet/c/) [D](/alphabet/d/) [E](/alphabet/e/) [F](/alphabet/f/) [G](/alphabet/g/) [H](/alphabet/h/) [I](/alphabet/i/) [J](/alphabet/j/) [K](/alphabet/k/) [L](/alphabet/l/) [M](/alphabet/m/) [N](/alphabet/n/) [O](/alphabet/o/) [P](/alphabet/p/) [Q](/alphabet/q/) [R](/alphabet/r/) [S](/alphabet/s/) [T](/alphabet/t/) [U](/alphabet/u/) [V](/alphabet/v/) [W](/alphabet/w/) [X](/alphabet/x/) [Y](/alphabet/y/) [Z](/alphabet/z/)

## ![](/design/loading_sidebar.gif)Grey out:

Paid chatbots ![](/design/icons/icon_26x16_paid.png)

Expired chatbots ![](/design/icons/icon_22x16_expired.png)

Protected chatbots ![](/design/icons/icon_16x16_protected.png)

## Chatbot info

- [What is a chatbot?](/chatbot/)
- [Add your chatbot(s)!](/directory/insert_chatbot/)
- [Virtual agent](/virtual_agent/)

## The Chat Bot Future

A [chat bot](/chat_bot/) is a humanlike conversational character.
Its conversational skills and other humanlike behaviour is simulated through artificial intelligence.
It often acts as a [virtual assistant](/virtual_assistant/) and it can have its own visualisation through an [avatar](/avatar/)
or it is faceless. We expect that through the years every conversational chat bot will grow into a real [virtual human](/virtual_human/).

## International Media Enquiries

**Tom Walker**

_Editor, Chatbots.org_

[Email Tom](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#670e09010827040f06130508131449081500)

[![Add your Chatbot](/design/btn_add-your-chatbot.gif)](/directory/insert_chatbot/)

## Hot on AI Zone

AI forum hosted by Chatbots.org

- [More access by clicking "Chat Now"](/ai_zone/viewthread/3818/)
- [Tom Walker? (This one is readable)](/ai_zone/viewthread/3806/)
- [What is going on with your site?](/ai_zone/viewthread/3824/)
- [CS and GPT-x](/ai_zone/viewthread/3820/)
- [Compiling basic question responses for about 2000 common English nouns](/ai_zone/viewthread/3819/)

## News News News

- [BRAIN: A Platform That Enables Businesses To Create Chatbots And More](/conversational/agent/brain-a-platform-that-enables-businesses-to-create-chatbots-and-more/)
- [An International Chatbots.org Survey: Consumers say No to Chatbot Silos](/community/buzz_stop/chatbots.org_report_consumers_chatbot_usage_uk_us/)
- [Chatbot which recognizes objects](/conversational/agent/chatbot_which_recognizes_objects/)
- [Come and join me at UTTR in London Oct 3th!](/community/buzz_stop/come-and-join-me-at-uttr-in-london-oct-3th/)
- [Cool chatbot animation](/conversational/agent/cool-chatbot-animation/)

## Platforms

Platforms for businesses and consumers to build, maintain and host an own chatbot:

- Avatars Market (Polish)
- Chatty People
- Motion Portrait
- Second Ego
- WordPress Chatbot

## Latest chat experiences

> Pros:
>
> \- The first chatbot in Italian ever (and written by only one programmer).
>
> \- Sometimes funny
>
> \- Easily translatable (but see below ...

Feb 1, 2018 by Knarf Fast reacting on ‘ [Eloisa](/chatbot/eloisa/)’.

> It can not give you the bitcoin price in euro's, only in dollars

Jan 10, 2018 by [Sjaak Adriaanse](/expert/sjaak_adriaanse/72256) reacting on ‘ [Bitcoin Buddy](/chatbot/bitcoin_buddy/)’.

> Hi, I´d like to get a lipstick

Nov 12, 2017 by [Monica Castillo](/expert/monica_castillo/71787) reacting on ‘ [ColorMeHappy Bot](/chatbot/colormehappy_bot/)’.

## Browse All Chatbot Categories

- [Sales Enablement Chat](/best-sales-chatbot-tools)
- [Real Estate Chatbots](/best-real-estate-chatbot-tools)
- [Ecommerce Chatbots](/best-ecommerce-chatbot-tools)
- [AI Chat](/best-ai-chatbot-tools)
- [Web Chat](/best-web-chat-apps)
- [Messenger Chat](/best-facebook-messenger-marketing-tools)
- [Customer Support Chat](/best-customer-service-chatbot-tools)
- [Live Chat Integration](/best-live-chat-software)
- [Enterprise Chatbots](/best-enterprise-chat-software)
- [SMS Marketing Services](/best-sms-marketing-services)
- [Chatbots for Marketing](/best-chatbots-for-marketing)
- [Chatbot Builders](/best-chatbot-builders)

## Chatbot Reviews

Latest Chatbot Reviews

- [MobileMonkey Review](/mobilemonkey)
- [ManyChat Review](/manychat)
- [Chatfuel Review](/chatfuel)
- [ItsAlive Review](/itsalive)
- [ChatterOn Review](/chatteron)
- [Botsociety Review](/botsociety)
- [Intercom Review](/intercom)
- [Drift Review](/drift)
- [Zendesk Chat Review](/zendesk-chat)
- [EZ Texting Review](/ez-texting)
- [Dialogflow Review](/dialogflow)
- [Olark Review](/olark)
- [Freshchat Review](/freshchat)
- [Pandorabots Review](/pandorabots)
- [Flow XO Review](/flow-xo)
- [Bold360 Review](/bold360)
- [HubSpot Conversations Review](/hubspot-conversations)
- [Octane AI Review](/octane-ai)
- [Botsify Review](/botsify)
- [SimpleTexting Review](/simpletexting)
- [Acquire io Review](/acquire-io)

![Bot](/design/footer_bot.png)

### Science Statistics

- Library: [388 books](/research_books/)
- Publications: 1,562
[journals](/journals/) & [papers](/papers/)
- Events: [641 academic conferences](/research_events/)
- Universities: [14,056 universities](/universities/)

### Chatbot Statistics

- Directory: [1,365 chatbots](/)
- Companies: [749 developers](/companies/)
- Community: [25,439 members](/community/)
- Synonyms: [161 synonyms](/synonyms/)

© 2024
— [About Us](/about_us/)
— [Privacy](/community/static/privacy_statement/)
— [Contact Us](/contact_us/)

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