Goethe's Social Network - World Literature@UCLA
Viele Werke Goethes kamen aus der Liebe, aber die Liebe ließ ihn immer wieder verletzen. Obwohl er sehr verletzt war, strebte Goethe sein ganzes Leben immer ...
Abbe
Jean-Pierre Abel-Remusat war ein französicher Sinologe und Bibliothekar, und war als den ersten sinologischen Lehrstuhl in Europa weitbekannt. Er wurde am 5. September 1788 in Paris geboren, und starb in Paris am 4. Juni 1832. Obwohl er Medizin zu studieren begann hatte, als er eine Sammlung von chinesischen Antiquitäten und Kuriositäten von <anchor>Abbe</anchor> de Tersan sah, begeisterte er sich für chinesische Medizin ( The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Parbury, Allen, and Co., London: 1834, 313).  Darum begann er seiner Neigung zu den orientalischen Sprachen nachzufolgen.
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# _Abbé_

9 languages

- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abee "Abee – Estonian")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abate_(eclesi%C3%A1stico) "Abate (eclesiástico) – Spanish")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%99_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E8%81%96%E8%81%B7) "アベ (カトリック教会の聖職) – Japanese")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9 "Abbé – Swedish")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the name (surname and given name), see [Abbe (name)](/wiki/Abbe_(name) "Abbe (name)").

Title for lower-ranking Catholic clergy in France

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Abb%C3%A9%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/170px-Abb%C3%A9%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png)](/wiki/File:Abb%C3%A9,_Nordisk_familjebok.png) French _abbé_ of the 18th century

_**Abbé**_ (from [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") _abbas_, in turn from [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") ἀββᾶς, _abbas_, from [Aramaic](/wiki/Aramaic "Aramaic") _abba_, a title of honour, literally meaning "the father, my father", emphatic state of _abh_, "father")[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) is the French word for an [abbot](/wiki/Abbot "Abbot"). It is also the title used for lower-ranking [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") [clergy](/wiki/Clergy "Clergy") in France who are not members of [religious orders](/wiki/Religious_order "Religious order").[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913-2)

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg)Part of [a series](/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles "Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles") on the[Hierarchy of the\
\
Catholic Church](/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church "Hierarchy of the Catholic Church")[![Saint Peter](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/150px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg)](/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg)

[Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter")

[Ecclesiastical titles](/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles "Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles") ( [order of precedence](/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church "Order of precedence in the Catholic Church"))

- [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope")
  - [Pope Emeritus](/wiki/Pope_Emeritus "Pope Emeritus")
- [Cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church) "Cardinal (Catholic Church)")
  - [Cardinal Vicar](/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar "Cardinal Vicar")
  - [Crown](/wiki/Crown-cardinal "Crown-cardinal")
  - [Prince](/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church "Prince of the Church")
  - [Protector](/wiki/Cardinal_protector "Cardinal protector")
- [Moderator of the curia](/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia "Moderator of the curia")
- [Chaplain of His Holiness](/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness "Chaplain of His Holiness")
- [Papal legate](/wiki/Papal_legate "Papal legate")
- [Papal majordomo](/wiki/Papal_majordomo "Papal majordomo")
- [Apostolic nuncio](/wiki/Nuncio "Nuncio")
- [Apostolic delegate](/wiki/Nuncio "Nuncio")
- [Apostolic Syndic](/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic "Apostolic Syndic")
- [Apostolic visitor](/wiki/Apostolic_visitor "Apostolic visitor")
- [Vicar apostolic](/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate "Apostolic vicariate")
- [Apostolic exarch](/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches "Exarch")
- [Apostolic prefect](/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture "Apostolic prefecture")
- [Assistant to the papal throne](/wiki/Assistant_to_the_papal_throne "Assistant to the papal throne")
- [Eparch](/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy "Eparchy")
- [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop")
- [Patriarch](/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church "Patriarch")
  - [Catholicos](/wiki/Catholicos "Catholicos")
- [Bishop](/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church "Bishops in the Catholic Church")
  - [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop")
  - [Bishop emeritus](/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Emeritus "Bishops in the Catholic Church")
  - [Diocesan bishop](/wiki/Diocesan_bishop "Diocesan bishop")
  - [Major archbishop](/wiki/Major_archbishop "Major archbishop")
  - [Primate](/wiki/Primate_(bishop) "Primate (bishop)")
  - [Suffragan bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop "Suffragan bishop")
  - [Titular bishop](/wiki/Titular_bishop "Titular bishop")
  - [Coadjutor bishop](/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop "Coadjutor bishop")
  - [Auxiliary bishop](/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop "Auxiliary bishop")
  - [Prelate](/wiki/Prelate "Prelate")
  - [Provost](/wiki/Provost_(religion) "Provost (religion)")
  - [Pontiff](/wiki/Pontiff "Pontiff")
- [Territorial prelate](/wiki/Territorial_prelate "Territorial prelate")
- [Territorial abbot](/wiki/Territorial_abbey "Territorial abbey")

Liturgical titles

- [Acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte "Acolyte")
- [Consecrator](/wiki/Consecrator "Consecrator")
- [Lector](/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#CatholicLector "Reader (liturgy)")
- [Subdeacon](/wiki/Subdeacon "Subdeacon")

Administrative and pastoral titles

- [Auditor](/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical) "Auditor (ecclesiastical)")
- [Brother](/wiki/Religious_brother#Catholicism "Religious brother")
- [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical) "Chancellor (ecclesiastical)")
- [Chaplain](/wiki/Chaplain "Chaplain")
  - [Military chaplain](/wiki/Military_chaplain#Roman_Catholic_Church "Military chaplain")
  - [Military ordinary](/wiki/Military_ordinariate "Military ordinariate")
- [Coarb](/wiki/Coarb "Coarb")
- [Confessor](/wiki/Confessor#Confession_of_sins "Confessor")
- [Consultor](/wiki/Consultor "Consultor")
- [Curate](/wiki/Curate#Roman_Catholicism "Curate")
- [Deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon")
  - [Archdeacon](/wiki/Archdeacon "Archdeacon")
- [Defender of the bond](/wiki/Defender_of_the_bond "Defender of the bond")
- [Definitor](/wiki/Definitor "Definitor")
- [Devil's advocate](/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate "Devil's advocate")
- [Diocesan administrator](/wiki/Diocesan_administrator "Diocesan administrator")
- [Ecclesiastical judge](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_judge "Ecclesiastical judge")
- [Exorcist](/wiki/Exorcist#Catholicism "Exorcist")
- [Laity](/wiki/Catholic_laity "Catholic laity")
  - [Lay abbot](/wiki/Lay_abbot "Lay abbot")
    - [Abthain](/wiki/Abthain "Abthain")
    - [Commendatory](/wiki/Commendatory_abbot "Commendatory abbot")
  - [Lay cardinal](/wiki/Lay_cardinal "Lay cardinal")
- [Minister](/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church) "Minister (Catholic Church)")
  - [Major orders](/wiki/Major_orders "Major orders")
  - [Minor orders](/wiki/Minor_orders "Minor orders")
- [Missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary")
- [Monsignor](/wiki/Monsignor "Monsignor")
- [Officialis](/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary "Official")
- [Ostiarius](/wiki/Ostiarius "Ostiarius")
- [Pastor](/wiki/Pastor "Pastor")
  - [Assistant pastor](/wiki/Assistant_pastor "Assistant pastor")
- [Palatinus](/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church "Palatinus in the Catholic Church")
- [Personal prelate](/wiki/Personal_prelature "Personal prelature")
- [Preacher](/wiki/Preacher "Preacher")
- [Prefect](/wiki/Prefect#Ecclesiastical "Prefect")
- [Presbyter](/wiki/Presbyter "Presbyter")
  - [Elder](/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church "Elder (Christianity)")
- [Priest](/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church "Priesthood in the Catholic Church")
- [Principal](/wiki/Principal_(Catholic_Church) "Principal (Catholic Church)")
- [Protonotary apostolic](/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic "Protonotary apostolic")
- [Reverend](/wiki/The_Reverend "The Reverend")
- [Saint](/wiki/Saint#Catholic_Church "Saint")
  - [Servant of God](/wiki/Servant_of_God "Servant of God")
  - [Blessed](/wiki/Beatification "Beatification")
  - [Venerable](/wiki/The_Venerable "The Venerable")
- [Seminarian](/wiki/Seminary "Seminary")
- [Vicar](/wiki/Vicar "Vicar")
  - [Judicial vicar](/wiki/Judicial_vicar "Judicial vicar")
  - [Vicar general](/wiki/Vicar_general "Vicar general")
- [Vicar forane](/wiki/Dean_(Christianity) "Dean (Christianity)")
  - Sub-dean

Consecrated and professed titles

- [Abbess](/wiki/Abbess "Abbess")
- [Abbot](/wiki/Abbot "Abbot")
- [Consecrated virgin](/wiki/Consecrated_virgin "Consecrated virgin")
- [Corrector](/wiki/Corrector#Ecclesiastic_(Catholic)_titles "Corrector")
- [Custos](/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans) "Custos (Franciscans)")
- [Friar](/wiki/Friar "Friar")
- [Dean](/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church "Dean (Christianity)")
- [Grand master](/wiki/Grand_master_(order) "Grand master (order)")
- [Hermit](/wiki/Hermit "Hermit")
- [Master of novices](/wiki/Novice_master "Novice master")
- [Monk](/wiki/Monk "Monk")
- [Novice](/wiki/Novice#Roman_Catholicism "Novice")
- [Nun](/wiki/Nun "Nun")
  - [Postulant](/wiki/Postulant "Postulant")
- [Oblate](/wiki/Oblate "Oblate")
- [Prior](/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical) "Prior (ecclesiastical)")
- [Provincial superior](/wiki/Provincial_superior "Provincial superior")
- [Rector](/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical) "Rector (ecclesiastical)")
- [Religious](/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity) "Religious (Western Christianity)")
- [Superior general](/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity) "Superior general (Christianity)")

Additional titles

- [Almoner](/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity "Dicastery for the Service of Charity")
- [Altar server](/wiki/Altar_server "Altar server")
- [Archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite "Archimandrite")
- [Archpriest](/wiki/Archpriest "Archpriest")
- [Archdeacon](/wiki/Archdeacon "Archdeacon")
- [Canon](/wiki/Canon_(title) "Canon (title)")
- [Captain General of the Church](/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church "Captain General of the Church")
- [Chorbishop](/wiki/Chorbishop "Chorbishop")
- [Coarb](/wiki/Coarb "Coarb")
- [Commissary Apostolic](/wiki/Commissary_Apostolic "Commissary Apostolic")
- [Datarius](/wiki/Apostolic_Dataria "Apostolic Dataria")
- [Gonfalonier of the Church](/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church "Gonfalonier of the Church")
- [Honorary Prelate](/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness "Prelate of Honour of His Holiness")
- [Minor canon](/wiki/Minor_canon "Minor canon")
- [Notarius](/wiki/Notarius "Notarius")
- [Ostiarius](/wiki/Ostiarius "Ostiarius")
- [Peritus](/wiki/Peritus "Peritus")
- [Postulator](/wiki/Postulator "Postulator")
- [Prebendary](/wiki/Prebendary "Prebendary")
- [Precentor](/wiki/Precentor "Precentor")
- [Prince-bishop](/wiki/Prince-bishop "Prince-bishop")
- [Prince-abbot](/wiki/Prince-abbot "Prince-abbot")
- [Prince-primate](/wiki/Prince-primate "Prince-primate")
- [Prince-provost](/wiki/Prince-provost "Prince-provost")
- [Promotor Fidei](/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate "Devil's advocate")
- [Protopriest](/wiki/Protopriest "Protopriest")
- [Protodeacon](/wiki/Protodeacon#Roman_rite "Protodeacon")
- [Protosyncellus](/wiki/Protosyncellus "Protosyncellus")
- [Regionarius](/wiki/Regionarius "Regionarius")
- [Sacristan](/wiki/Sacristan "Sacristan")
- [Usher](/wiki/Church_usher "Church usher")

Organization titles

- [Grand master](/wiki/Grand_master_(order) "Grand master (order)")
  - [Knights Hospitaller](/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller "List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller")
  - [Order of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Grand_Masters_and_Lieutenancies_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre "Grand Masters and Lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre")
  - [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Order "Grand Master of the Teutonic Order")
- [Inquisitor](/wiki/Inquisitor "Inquisitor")
  - [Grand Inquisitor](/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor "Grand Inquisitor")
- [Preceptor](/wiki/Preceptor "Preceptor")

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg)](/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg)[Catholic Church portal](/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church "Portal:Catholic Church")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar "Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar "Template talk:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar")

A [concordat](/wiki/Concordat "Concordat") between [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X "Pope Leo X") and King [Francis I of France](/wiki/Francis_I_of_France "Francis I of France") (1516)[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) gave the kings of France the right to nominate 255 [commendatory abbots](/wiki/Commendatory_abbot "Commendatory abbot") (_abbés commendataires_) for almost all French [abbeys](/wiki/Abbey "Abbey"), who received income from a [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") without needing to render service, creating, in essence, a [sinecure](/wiki/Sinecure "Sinecure").[\[4\]](#cite_note-EA-Abbé-4)

From the mid-16th century, the title of _abbé_ has been used in France for all young clergy, with or without [consecration](/wiki/Consecration "Consecration").[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913-2) Their clothes consisted of black or dark violet robes with a small collar, and they were [tonsured](/wiki/Tonsure "Tonsure").[\[4\]](#cite_note-EA-Abbé-4)

Since such _abbés_ only rarely commanded an [abbey](/wiki/Abbey "Abbey"), they often worked in upper-class families as [tutors](/wiki/Tutor "Tutor"), [spiritual directors](/wiki/Spiritual_director "Spiritual director"), etc.;[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913-2) some (such as [Gabriel Bonnot de Mably](/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably "Gabriel Bonnot de Mably")) became writers.[\[4\]](#cite_note-EA-Abbé-4)

Clerical oblates and seminarians of the [Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest](/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest "Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest") also have the honorific title of _abbé_.

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [Abbot#Modern abbots not as superior](/wiki/Abbot#Modern_abbots_not_as_superior "Abbot")
- [Abbé Pierre](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre "Abbé Pierre")
- [Abbé Faria](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria "Abbé Faria")
- [Abbé Sieyès](/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès")
- [Abbé Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt")
- [Abbé Edgeworth de Firmont](/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth "Henry Essex Edgeworth")

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Harper, Douglas. ["abbot"](https://www.etymonline.com/?term=abbot). _[Online Etymology Dictionary](/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary "Online Etymology Dictionary")_.
2. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1913_2-2)[A'Becket 1913](#CITEREFA'Becket1913).
3. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[A'Becket 1913](#CITEREFA'Becket1913) cites Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). ["Abbot"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Abbot). _[Catholic Encyclopedia](/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia "Catholic Encyclopedia")_. New York: Robert Appleton Company. III under Kinds of Abbot
4. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-EA-Abbé_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-EA-Abbé_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-EA-Abbé_4-2)Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). ["Abbé"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Abb%C3%A9). _[Encyclopedia Americana](/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana "Encyclopedia Americana")_.

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: References")\]

- A'Becket, John J (1913). ["Abbé"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Abb%C3%A9). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). _[Catholic Encyclopedia](/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia "Catholic Encyclopedia")_. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: External links")\]

- ["Abbé"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/A#Abb%C3%A9). _[The Nuttall Encyclopædia](/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia "The Nuttall Encyclopædia")_. 1907.
- ["Abbé"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abb%C3%A9). _[Collier's New Encyclopedia](/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia "Collier's Encyclopedia")_. 1921.

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbé&oldid=1221255065](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbé&oldid=1221255065)"

[Category](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Abbés](/wiki/Category:Abb%C3%A9s "Category:Abbés")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference](/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference "Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference")
- [Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference "Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Use dmy dates from December 2014](/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014 "Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014")
- [Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text "Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text")
- [Articles containing French-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text "Category:Articles containing French-language text")
- [Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Nuttall_Encyclopedia "Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia")
- [Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia "Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia")

- This page was last edited on 28 April 2024, at 20:32 (UTC).
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