Education in Finland - Wikipedia
The educational system in Finland consists of daycare programmes (for babies and toddlers), a one-year "preschool" (age six), and an 11-year compulsory ...
high school final exam
There are two sectors in the tertiary education: traditional universities ( yliopisto, universitet) and universities of applied sciences "University of applied sciences (Finland)") ( ammattikorkeakoulu, yrkeshögskola, or AMK/ YH for short). Admissions are based on the high school final GPA, the <anchor>high school final exam</anchor> (the abitur), and the university entrance examinations. The selection process is fully transparent, merit-based, and objective; there are no application essays, no human factor in selection, no underrepresented minority support (except for preset quotas for Swedish speakers), and no weight on extracurricular activities. Moreover, the entrance examinations are rarely long multiple-choice exams, and instead consist of a smaller number of longer and more complicated questions that are supposed to test more than memorization and quick mechanical problem solving. Therefore, the selection process is very different from many other countries.
Abitur - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1In Germany](#In_Germany)Toggle In Germany subsection  - [1.1Overview](#Overview)
  - [1.2History](#History)
  - [1.3Equivalency](#Equivalency)    - [1.3.1Other qualifications called _Abitur_ in colloquial usage](#Other_qualifications_called_Abitur_in_colloquial_usage)
  - [1.4Equivalent high school graduation certificate in other countries](#Equivalent_high_school_graduation_certificate_in_other_countries)
  - [1.5Exams](#Exams)
  - [1.6Scoring](#Scoring)
  - [1.7Statistics](#Statistics)
- [2International Abitur](#International_Abitur)
- [3See also](#See_also)
- [4References](#References)

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# _Abitur_

20 languages

- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Alemannic")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1 "أبيتور – Arabic")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Catalan")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – German")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Basque")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – French")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%ED%88%AC%EC%96%B4 "아비투어 – Korean")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Italian")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98 "აბიტურიუმი – Georgian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abit%C5%ABrija "Abitūrija – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abit%C5%ABra "Abitūra – Lithuanian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%93%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2 "アビトゥーア – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Portuguese")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Simple English")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Finnish")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur – Turkish")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Secondary school certificate in Germany, Lithuania and Estonia

_**Abitur**_ (German:[\[abiˈtuːɐ̯\]](/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German "Help:IPA/Standard German")), often shortened colloquially to _Abi_, is a qualification granted at the end of [secondary education](/wiki/Secondary_education "Secondary education") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of [ISCED 3](/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education "International Standard Classification of Education"), usually after twelve or thirteen years of schooling (see also, for Germany, [_Abitur_ after twelve years](/wiki/Abitur_after_twelve_years "Abitur after twelve years")). In German, the term _Abitur_ has roots in the archaic word _Abiturium_, which in turn was derived from the [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") _abiturus_ (future active participle of _abire_, thus "someone who is going to leave").

As a [matriculation examination](/wiki/Matriculation_examination "Matriculation examination"), _Abitur_ can be compared to [A levels](/wiki/A_level "A level"), the _[Matura](/wiki/Matura "Matura")_ or the [International Baccalaureate Diploma](/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Diploma "International Baccalaureate Diploma"), which are all ranked as level 4 in the [European Qualifications Framework](/wiki/European_Qualifications_Framework "European Qualifications Framework").

## In Germany

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: In Germany")\]

### Overview

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Overview")\]

The _Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife_ ("certificate of general qualification for university entrance"), often referred to as _Abiturzeugnis_ (" _Abitur_ certificate"), issued after candidates have passed their final exams and have had appropriate grades in both the last and second last school year, is the document which contains their grades and formally enables them to attend [university](/wiki/University "University"). Thus, it encompasses the functions of both a school graduation certificate and a college entrance exam.[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)

Abitur confers _Allgemeine Hochschulreife_ (allows students to enter university or [Fachhochschule](/wiki/Fachhochschule "Fachhochschule")), while there are other ways of obtaining it. In 2005, some 231,000 students obtained _Allgemeine Hochschulreife_ in Germany.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) This number rose over time to around 263,000 in 2021.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) Of those, most obtained their _Allgemeine Hochschulreife_ at a Gymnasium, while 40,000 received it at a different kind of school, most notably at [Gesamtschulen](/wiki/Education_in_Germany#Secondary_education "Education in Germany"). If those who obtain the _Fachhochschulreife_ (144,399 in 2012) are also added, then the total of those who obtained the right to study at a university or a _Fachhochschule_ is 395,000 (2021).[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

### History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: History")\]

Until the eighteenth century, every German university had its own entrance examination. In 1788 [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") introduced the _Abiturreglement_, a law, for the first time within Germany, establishing the _Abitur_ as an official qualification. It was later also established in the other German states. In 1834, it became the only university entrance exam in Prussia,[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) and it remained so in all [states of Germany](/wiki/States_of_Germany "States of Germany") until 1998. Since then, the German state of [Hesse](/wiki/Hesse "Hesse") allows students with _Fachhochschulreife_ (see below) to study at the universities within that state.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

### Equivalency

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Equivalency")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)

This section **does not [cite](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") any [sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this section](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abitur "Special:EditPage/Abitur") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence "Wikipedia:Verifiability").

_Find sources:_ ["Abitur"](https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abitur%22) – [news](https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abitur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) **·** [newspapers](https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abitur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) **·** [books](https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abitur%22+-wikipedia) **·** [scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abitur%22) **·** [JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abitur%22&acc=on&wc=on)_(August 2020)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

The academic level of the _Abitur_ is comparable to the [International Baccalaureate](/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme "IB Diploma Programme"), the [GCE Advanced Level](/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level "GCE Advanced Level") and the [Advanced Placement tests](/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Program "Advanced Placement Program"). The study requirements for the International Baccalaureate differ little from the German exam requirements. It is the only school-leaving certificate in all states of Germany that allows the graduate (or _Abiturient_) to move directly to [university](/wiki/University "University"). The other school leaving certificates, the _[Hauptschulabschluss](/wiki/Hauptschulabschluss "Hauptschulabschluss")_ and the _[Realschulabschluss](/wiki/Realschulabschluss "Realschulabschluss")_, do not allow their holders to matriculate at a university. Those granted certificates of _Hauptschulabschluss_ or _Realschulabschluss_ can gain a specialized _Fachhochschulreife_ or an _Abitur_ if they graduate from a _Berufsschule_ and then attend _[Berufsoberschule](/wiki/Berufsoberschule "Berufsoberschule")_ or graduate from a _Fachoberschule_.

However, the _Abitur_ is not the only path to university studies, as some universities set up their own entrance examinations. Students who successfully passed a " [Begabtenprüfung](/wiki/Begabtenpr%C3%BCfung "Begabtenprüfung")" ("test of aptitude") are also eligible. Students from other countries who hold a high school leaving certificate that is not counted as being equivalent to the _Abitur_ (such as the American high school diploma) and who do well enough on the [ACT](/wiki/ACT_(test) "ACT (test)") or [SAT](/wiki/SAT "SAT") test, may also enter German universities. A person who does not hold the _Abitur_ and did not take an aptitude test may still be admitted to university by completing at least the 10th grade and doing well on an IQ test (see: [Hochbegabtenstudium](/wiki/Hochbegabtenstudium "Hochbegabtenstudium")).

#### Other qualifications called _Abitur_ in colloquial usage

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Other qualifications called Abitur in colloquial usage")\]

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This section **does not [cite](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") any [sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this section](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abitur "Special:EditPage/Abitur") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence "Wikipedia:Verifiability").

_Find sources:_ ["Abitur"](https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abitur%22) – [news](https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abitur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) **·** [newspapers](https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abitur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) **·** [books](https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abitur%22+-wikipedia) **·** [scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abitur%22) **·** [JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abitur%22&acc=on&wc=on)_(August 2020)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

In German, the [European Baccalaureate](/wiki/European_Baccalaureate "European Baccalaureate") is called _europäisches Abitur_, and the [International Baccalaureate](/wiki/International_Baccalaureate "International Baccalaureate") is called _internationales Abitur_, neither to be confused with the German _Abitur_. The [French-German Baccalaureate](/wiki/French-German_Baccalaureate "French-German Baccalaureate") is called _deutsch-französisches Abitur_, and is equivalent both to the German Abitur and to the French [Baccalauréat](/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at "Baccalauréat").

The term _Fachabitur_ was used in all of Western Germany for a variation of the _Abitur_ until the 1990s; the official term for the German qualification is _fachgebundene Hochschulreife_. This qualification includes only one foreign language (usually, English). The _Abitur_, in contrast, usually requires two foreign languages. The _Fachabitur_ also allows the graduate to start studying at a university but is limited to a specified range of majors, depending on the specific subjects covered in his _Fachabitur_ examinations. But the graduate is allowed to study for all majors at a _[Fachhochschule](/wiki/Fachhochschule "Fachhochschule")_ (University of Applied Sciences, in some ways comparable to [polytechnics](/wiki/Institute_of_technology#Germany "Institute of technology")). Today, the school leaving certificate is called _fachgebundenes Abitur_ ('restricted subject _Abitur_').

Now the term _Fachabitur_ is used in most parts of Germany for the _Fachhochschulreife (FHR)_. It was introduced in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") in the 1970s together with the _[Fachhochschulen](/wiki/Fachhochschule "Fachhochschule")_. It enables the graduate to start studying at a _Fachhochschule_ and, in Hesse, also at a university within that state. In the [Gymnasiums](/wiki/Gymnasium_(school) "Gymnasium (school)") of some states it is awarded in the year before the _Abitur_ is reached. However, the normal way to obtain _Fachhochschulreife_ is graduation from a German _Fachoberschule_, a vocational high school, also introduced in the 1970s.

The term _Notabitur_ ('emergency _Abitur_') describes a qualification used only during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). It was granted to male German _Gymnasium_ students who voluntarily enlisted for military service before graduation as well as young women who were evacuated from the major cities before they could complete their _Gymnasium_ education as planned (approximately three to five million children and teenagers had to be [evacuated during the war](/wiki/Evacuations_of_children_in_Germany_during_World_War_II "Evacuations of children in Germany during World War II")). The _Notabitur_ during World War I included an examination, roughly equivalent to the _Abitur_ exam. The World War II _Notabitur_, in contrast, was granted without an examination. After the war this was a major disadvantage for the students concerned since, unlike its World War I counterpart, the certificate was generally not recognised in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") and never recognised in [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"). Universities requested the _Abitur_ to consist of written exams including at least two foreign languages (almost always Latin and French, the latter sometimes replaced by English). Students, who received the _Notabitur_ during World War II were offered to re-enter school to prepare for and take the exam after the war had ended. Those special _Abitur_ preparation classes were made up of young adults of different age and sex, which was very unusual at the time.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Abipedia.jpg/220px-Abipedia.jpg)](/wiki/File:Abipedia.jpg) This German graduate ( _Abiturient_) wrote on his car: "Class of 2008: Not knowing anything, but knowing where it is written. Abipedia" (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") word compiled from _Abitur_ and _[Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia "Wikipedia")_)

### Equivalent high school graduation certificate in other countries

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Equivalent high school graduation certificate in other countries")\]

The equivalent graduation certificate in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") and other countries of [continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe "Continental Europe") is the _[Matura](/wiki/Matura "Matura")_; while in England, [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), and the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies"), it is [A-levels](/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK) "Advanced Level (UK)"); in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") it is [Higher Grade](/wiki/Higher_Grade "Higher Grade"); in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") it is the [Leaving Certificate](/wiki/Leaving_Certificate "Leaving Certificate"); in [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") and [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") it is the " [apolytirion](/wiki/Apolytirion "Apolytirion")" (a kind of high school diploma); in [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") it is the [Matriculation Certificate](/wiki/Matriculation_Certificate_(Malta) "Matriculation Certificate (Malta)") (MATSEC), in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") it is called "érettségi bizonyítvány" roughly equivalent with the German phrase _Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife_ as it originates from the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy.

In Australia, the graduation certificate awarded to high school students is the [Senior Secondary Certificate of Education](/wiki/Senior_Secondary_Certificate_of_Education "Senior Secondary Certificate of Education") (SSCE). However, the name of the SSCE varies from state to state. In Victoria, it is called the [Victorian Certificate of Education](/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education "Victorian Certificate of Education") (VCE); in New South Wales it is called the [Higher Schools Certificate](/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(New_South_Wales) "Higher School Certificate (New South Wales)") (HSC).

In India various states name it differently. Each Indian state has its own examination board, some individual states having their own entrance test system. Passing the specified examination qualifies the student to enter into undergraduate program in a university. For example, in the states of [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh") and [Telangana](/wiki/Telangana "Telangana") this is known as Board of Intermediate Examination (BIE).

For professional, specialist programs and well reputed institutions there are entrance tests. For engineering there is a Joint Engineering Entrance [Joint Entrance Examination](/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination "Joint Entrance Examination") conducted at all India level. For medical undergraduate [MBBS](/wiki/MBBS "MBBS") programs there is a national eligibility and entrance test known as NEET-UG [National Eligibility and Entrance Test](/wiki/National_Eligibility_and_Entrance_Test "National Eligibility and Entrance Test") conducted at all of India. There is also an all India level examination conducted by Central Board of Secondary education [CBSE](/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education "Central Board of Secondary Education") the certification is known as [Higher Secondary Certificate](/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate "Higher Secondary School Certificate") (HSC).

### Exams

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Exams")\]

During the final examinations ( _Abiturprüfungen_), students are tested in four or five subjects (at least one of which is oral). Procedures vary by [state](/wiki/States_of_Germany "States of Germany").

CourseType of examination
1st advanced courseWritten
2nd advanced courseWritten
Basic course or 3rd advanced courseWritten
Basic courseOral
Basic courseOral, presentation or _BLL_ (literally "exceptional learning achievement", a 20-page paper or success in a recognized competition)

Although some tested subjects are chosen by the student, three areas must be covered:

- Language, literature and the arts
  - German, [Sorbian](/wiki/Sorbian_languages "Sorbian languages") (in Saxony and Brandenburg), foreign languages (typically English, French, Latin, Ancient Greek, Spanish, Italian or Russian; rarely Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Ancient Hebrew, Turkish, Modern Greek, Portuguese or Polish).
  - Music, visual or performing arts, literature
- Social sciences
  - [Political science](/wiki/Political_science "Political science"), [history](/wiki/History "History"), [geography](/wiki/Geography "Geography"), [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics")
  - [Psychology](/wiki/Psychology "Psychology"), [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy"), [religion](/wiki/Religion "Religion"), [ethics](/wiki/Ethics "Ethics")
- Mathematics, natural sciences and technology
  - [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics "Mathematics"), [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [biology](/wiki/Biology "Biology")
  - [Computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology"), [nutritional science](/wiki/Nutritional_science "Nutritional science")
- Sports

Occasionally, schools (especially _[berufsorientierte Gymnasien](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/berufsorientierte_Gymnasien "de:berufsorientierte Gymnasien")_) offer vocational subjects such as [pedagogy](/wiki/Pedagogy "Pedagogy"), [business informatics](/wiki/Business_informatics "Business informatics"), [biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology") and [mechanical engineering](/wiki/Mechanical_engineering "Mechanical engineering").

Final exams are usually taken from March to May or June. Each written basic-level examination takes about three hours; advanced-level examinations take four-and-a-half hours, and written exams are in essay format. Oral examinations last about 20 min. Papers are graded by at least two teachers at the school. In some parts of Germany students may prepare a presentation, research paper or participate in a competition, and may take additional oral exams to pass the _Abitur_ if the written exam is poor.

Before [reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification"), _Abitur_ exams were given locally in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"), but Bavaria has conducted centralized exams ( _[Zentralabitur](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralabitur "de:Zentralabitur")_) since 1854. After reunification, most states of the former [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") continued centralized exams, and at the beginning of the 21st century, many states adopted centralized exams. In 2013, all other states except [Rheinland-Pfalz](/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz "Rheinland-Pfalz") also introduced centralized written exams at least in the core subjects (German, mathematics and the first foreign language, usually English). The exams are structured as follows:

- German: Choose 1 out of 3 tasks. Topics are usually [lyric poetry](/wiki/Lyric_poetry "Lyric poetry"), [classic and contemporary literature](/wiki/German_literature#18th_century "German literature") or linguistics (history and changes to the language). Each task is usually divided into two or three parts.
- English: Choose 1 out of 3 tasks. Topics may vary but are usually connected to personal identity and [multiculturalism](/wiki/Multiculturalism "Multiculturalism"), [science](/wiki/Science "Science") and [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology") or environmental change and [globalization](/wiki/Globalization "Globalization") (politics, economy and culture). Classical literature is rarely taught, and students primarily deal with literature of the last century. Each task consists of three parts: comprehension (summary), analysis and interpretation and commentary and discussion.
- Mathematics: Choose three of six tasks, one in each area: [differential and integral calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"), [analytic geometry](/wiki/Analytic_geometry "Analytic geometry") and [linear algebra](/wiki/Linear_algebra "Linear algebra") and [probability theory](/wiki/Probability_theory "Probability theory"). Each task is usually split into five or six smaller tasks.

The _[Kultusministerkonferenz](/wiki/Kultusministerkonferenz "Kultusministerkonferenz")_ (KMK) of several states expanded the exams to scientific subjects and the social sciences. The physics and chemistry exams include an experiment that must be performed and analyzed.

### Scoring

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Scoring")\]

Each semester of a subject studied in the final two years yields [up to 15 points](/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Germany#Details_of_the_German_system "Academic grading in Germany") for a student, where advanced courses may count double, depending on the state. The final examinations each count quadruple.

The exact scoring system depends on the Bundesland in which one takes Abitur. Passing the _Abitur_ usually requires a composite score of at least 50%. Students with a score below that minimum fail and do not receive an _Abitur_. There are some other conditions that the student also has to meet in order to receive the _Abitur_: taking mandatory courses in selected subject areas, and limits to the number of failing grades in core subjects. Finally, students often have the option of omitting some courses from their composite score if they have taken more courses than the minimum required.

The best possible grade of 1.0 can be achieved if the score ranges between 823 and 900 points; the fraction of students achieving this score is normally only around 0.2%–3%[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) even among the already selective population of _Abitur_ candidates. Around 12%–30% of _Abitur_ candidates achieve grades between 1.0 and 1.9.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

German gymnasium grade system
**Grades by education****Descriptor****Equivalent****Grading****Abitur grade****US system** (approximately)[\[i\]](#cite_note-fn1-9))**UK system** (approximately)[\[i\]](#cite_note-fn1-9)[\[9\]](#cite_note-10)15 points
1.0
"sehr gut" (very good: an outstanding achievement)
A[\[10\]](#cite_note-11)A\*
14 points
13 points
1.3
A
12 points
1.7
"gut" (good: an achievement substantially above average requirements)
11 points
2.0
A−
B
10 points
2.3
9 points
2.7
"befriedigend" (satisfactory: an achievement which corresponds to average requirements)
B+
C
8 points
3.0
B
7 points
3.3
B−
6 points
3.7
"ausreichend" (sufficient: an achievement which barely meets the requirements)
C
D
5 points
4.0
D
E
4 points
N/A
"mangelhaft" / "ungenügend" / "nicht bestanden" (not sufficient / failed: an achievement that does not meet the requirements)
F
U (Ungraded)
3 points
2 points
1 point
0 points

1. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-fn1_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-fn1_9-1)This conversion serves as an orientation, conversions might differ.

### Statistics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Statistics")\]

Historically, very few people received their _Abitur_ in Germany because many attractive jobs did not require one. The number of persons holding the _Abitur_ has steadily increased since the 1970s, and younger jobholders are more likely to hold the _Abitur_ than older ones. The percentage of students qualified for tertiary education is still lower than the [OECD](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development") average.

**Percentage of students graduating with Abitur or FHR ( _Studienberechtigtenquote_):**

Year20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010
Percentage37.2%36.1%38.2%39.2%41.5%42.5%43.4%44.5%45.1%46.5%49.0%

**Percentage of 'jobholders' holding _Hauptschulabschluss_, _Realschulabschluss_ or _Abitur_ in Germany**:[\[11\]](#cite_note-12)

**1970****1982****1991****2000****[Hauptschulabschluss](/wiki/Hauptschulabschluss "Hauptschulabschluss")**87.7%
79.3%
66.5%
54.9%
**[Realschulabschluss](/wiki/Realschulabschluss "Realschulabschluss")**10.9%
17.7%
27%
34.1%
**Abitur**1.4%
3%
6.5%
11%

## International Abitur

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: International Abitur")\]

The International Abitur is offered at schools outside Germany that are accredited by the German government. The five Abitur exams (three written exams and two oral exams) are in the following subjects: German literature, European history or economics or mathematics or a natural science or a language. In February of senior year (grade 12), all students take the written examinations for the German International Abitur in three subjects including German. In late spring, students have mandatory oral examinations in two subjects, which are overseen by a German educational official. The final GPA includes grades from both junior and senior years, as well as for the five Abitur exams. The final diploma that students receive after successful completion of these exams allows them to qualify for admission to universities in Germany.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: See also")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Abitur](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abitur "commons:Category:Abitur").

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Look up _**[Abitur](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Abitur "wiktionary:Abitur")**_ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- [Education in Germany](/wiki/Education_in_Germany "Education in Germany")
- [Abitur after twelve years](/wiki/Abitur_after_twelve_years "Abitur after twelve years")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Abitur&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**For some subjects, additional entrance exams may be required, for example in sports, music and fine arts.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**["Fachserie 11, Reihe 1"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141117102237/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100137004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile)(PDF) (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt. 5 November 2013. p. 282. Archived from [the original](https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100137004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile)(PDF) on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["Absolventen und Abgänger: Deutschland, Schuljahr, Geschlecht, Schulart, Schulabschlüsse"](https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?language=de&sequenz=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=21111-0004#abreadcrumb). _[Destatis](/wiki/Destatis "Destatis")_. 2 June 2022.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**["Zahl der Studienberechtigten 2021 um 3,5 % gestiegen"](https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2022/02/PD22_079_21.html). _Statistisches Bundesamt_ (in German). Retrieved 6 February 2023.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**["23\. Dezember 1788 – Preußen führt das Abitur ein"](https://www1.wdr.de/stichtag/stichtag8052.html). _www1.wdr.de_ (in German). 23 December 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Langer, Caren. ["Hochschulen: "Diese Studenten sind uns aufgezwungen""](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurt/hochschulen-diese-studenten-sind-uns-aufgezwungen-1413761.html). _FAZ.NET_ (in German). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0174-4909](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909). Retrieved 6 February 2023.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**German: [Abiturnoten-Ländervergleich 2005 – Abiturnote "sehr gut" in den Bundesländern 2005](http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary29531/9graf-abinote%20sehr%20gut%20bul%c3%a42005.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111002094058/http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary29531/9graf-abinote%20sehr%20gut%20bul%C3%A42005.pdf) 2 October 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft, 15 August 2007
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**German: [Abiturnoten-Ländervergleich 2005 – Verteilung der Abiturnoten in den Bundesländern 2005](http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary29529/7graf-verteilung%20abinoten%20bul%c3%a42005.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111002094116/http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary29529/7graf-verteilung%20abinoten%20bul%C3%A42005.pdf) 2 October 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft, 15 August 2007
09. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**["A-level results 2016: Trends and stats from the national data \| Schools Week"](http://schoolsweek.co.uk/a-level-results-2016-trends-and-stats-from-the-national-data/). _Schools Week_. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**See _[Education in the United States](/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States "Education in the United States")_.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**Frietsch, Rainer (November 2003). [""Intensivierung" von Bildungsabschlüssen zwischen 1970–2000"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071007163246/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf)(PDF). _Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem_ (5–2004). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1613-4338](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-4338). Archived from [the original](http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi_05_04_bildungsintensivierung.pdf)(PDF) on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2009.

- [v](/wiki/Template:Undergraduate_admission_tests "Template:Undergraduate admission tests")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Undergraduate_admission_tests "Template talk:Undergraduate admission tests")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Undergraduate_admission_tests "Special:EditPage/Template:Undergraduate admission tests")

[Undergraduate admission tests to colleges and universities](/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities "List of admission tests to colleges and universities")

Africa

- [South Africa](/wiki/Matriculation_in_South_Africa "Matriculation in South Africa")
- [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisian_Baccalaureate "Tunisian Baccalaureate")

Americas

- Brazil: [Vestibular](/wiki/Vestibular "Vestibular"), [ENEM](/wiki/Exame_Nacional_do_Ensino_M%C3%A9dio "Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio")
- Canada: [Alberta Diploma Exam](/wiki/Alberta_Diploma_Exam "Alberta Diploma Exam")
- Caribbean: [CAPE](/wiki/Caribbean_Advanced_Proficiency_Examination "Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination"), [CSEC](/wiki/Caribbean_Secondary_Education_Certificate "Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate"), [A-Level](/wiki/A-Level "A-Level"), [O-Level](/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level "GCE Ordinary Level")
- [Chile](/wiki/Prueba_de_Selecci%C3%B3n_Universitaria "Prueba de Selección Universitaria")
- [Colombia](/wiki/ICFES_Examination "ICFES Examination")
- United States: [SAT](/wiki/SAT "SAT"), [ACT](/wiki/ACT_(test) "ACT (test)"), [CLT](/wiki/Classic_Learning_Test "Classic Learning Test")

Asia-Pacific

- [Australia](/wiki/Special_Tertiary_Admissions_Test "Special Tertiary Admissions Test")
- [China](/wiki/National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination "National Higher Education Entrance Examination")
- [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education "Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education")
- [Macau](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%9B%9B%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6 "zh:澳門四高校聯合入學考試")
- India: [CUET](/wiki/Common_University_Entrance_Test "Common University Entrance Test"), [JEE](/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination "Joint Entrance Examination"), [NEET](/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate) "National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)"), [CLAT](/wiki/Common_Law_Admission_Test "Common Law Admission Test")
- [Indonesia](/wiki/Seleksi_Nasional_Berdasarkan_Tes "Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Tes")
- [Iran](/wiki/Iranian_University_Entrance_Exam "Iranian University Entrance Exam")
- [Israel](/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test "Psychometric Entrance Test")
- Japan: [NCTUA](/wiki/National_Center_Test_for_University_Admissions "National Center Test for University Admissions"), [EJU](/wiki/Examination_for_Japanese_University_Admission "Examination for Japanese University Admission")
- [Malaysia](/wiki/Sijil_Tinggi_Persekolahan_Malaysia "Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia")
- [Myanmar](/wiki/University_Entrance_Examination "University Entrance Examination")
- Philippines: [UPCAT](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_Admission_Test "University of the Philippines College Admission Test"), [PUPCET](/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines_College_Entrance_Test "Polytechnic University of the Philippines College Entrance Test")
- Singapore: [GCE-O](/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Ordinary_Level "Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level"), [GCE-A](/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level "Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level")
- [South Korea](/wiki/College_Scholastic_Ability_Test "College Scholastic Ability Test")
- Taiwan: [GSAT](/wiki/General_Scholastic_Ability_Test "General Scholastic Ability Test"), [AST](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%B8%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6 "zh:大學入學指定科目考試")
- Vietnam: [TSĐHCĐ](/wiki/Universities_and_Colleges_Selection_Examination "Universities and Colleges Selection Examination"), [THPTQG](/wiki/National_High_School_Examination "National High School Examination"), [TNTHPT](/wiki/High_School_Graduation_Examination "High School Graduation Examination")

Europe

- [Denmark](/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark) "Gymnasium (Denmark)")
- [Finland](/wiki/Matriculation_exam_(Finland) "Matriculation exam (Finland)")
- [France](/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at "Baccalauréat")
- Germany
- [Iceland](/wiki/St%C3%BAdentspr%C3%B3f "Stúdentspróf")
- [Ireland](/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland) "Leaving Certificate (Ireland)")
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- [Portugal](/wiki/Exames_Nacionais_do_Ensino_Secund%C3%A1rio "Exames Nacionais do Ensino Secundário")
- [Romania](/wiki/Romanian_Baccalaureate "Romanian Baccalaureate")
- [Russia](/wiki/Unified_State_Exam "Unified State Exam")
- [Spain](/wiki/Selectividad "Selectividad")
- [Sweden](/wiki/Swedish_Scholastic_Aptitude_Test "Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test")
- [Turkey](/wiki/Student_Selection_and_Placement_System "Student Selection and Placement System")
- Ukraine: [SFC](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F "uk:Державна підсумкова атестація"), [EIE](/wiki/External_independent_evaluation "External independent evaluation"), [UEE](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82 "uk:Єдиний вступний іспит"), [UPEE](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F "uk:Єдине фахове вступне випробування"), [USQE](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82 "uk:Єдиний державний кваліфікаційний іспит")
- United Kingdom: [A-Level](/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom) "GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)"), [Higher](/wiki/Higher_(Scottish) "Higher (Scottish)")

International

- [IB Diploma Programme](/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme "IB Diploma Programme")
- [European Baccalaureate](/wiki/European_Baccalaureate "European Baccalaureate")
- [PAA](/wiki/PAA_(test) "PAA (test)")
- [Matura](/wiki/Matura "Matura")

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- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049194-8)

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