The History of 3D Animation: A Deep Dive - InFocus Film School
Defining 3D Animation. As an art form, animation is the rapid displaying of still images in sequence. Each image differs slightly from the ...
Nov 25, 2022
William Fetter
It was many years before animation returned to the entertainment scene after claymation came to a close. The re-emergence of 3D animation as a popular tool all started with the “Boeing Man” or “Boeman” in the early 1960s. It was the creation of <anchor>William Fetter</anchor>, an employee at Boeing. His job there was to create 3D models, using computers to animate and design these models for the company. This figure was meant to simulate how a human would sit and move in the cockpit of an airplane. Fetter would go on to create short videos of these rigged pilots, using them to understand ideal methods of cockpit design. With his work known as the first form of 3D moving images, Fetter became credited as the father of computer-generated 3D animation.
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- [1Life](#Life)
- [2Computer Graphics](#Computer_Graphics)Toggle Computer Graphics subsection  - [2.1Morphology](#Morphology)
  - [2.2Computer Graphics](#Computer_Graphics_2)
  - [2.3Human Figure](#Human_Figure)    - [2.3.1The Portland E.A.T. Group](#The_Portland_E.A.T._Group)
- [3From 1969](#From_1969)
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# William Fetter

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American graphic designer

William Fetter

[![Shoulder-high portrait of a man in his mid thirties with small mustache wearing a black suit with a narrow dark striped tie](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/William_Alan_Fetter_1963.jpg/220px-William_Alan_Fetter_1963.jpg)](/wiki/File:William_Alan_Fetter_1963.jpg)

William Fetter when he worked for Boeing Aircraft

Born

William Alan Fetter

(1928-03-14)March 14, 1928

Independence, Missouri, U.S.

DiedJune 23, 2002(2002-06-23) (aged 74)

[Bellevue](/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), Washington, U.S.

Occupation(s)Director and CEO of Siroco, a research corporation,

Chair of Design Department for SIU

Communications Design Director, [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing "Boeing"), SeattleSpouseBarbara Shaffer Fetter (born Shaffer) (1965–2002, his death)Children2

**William Fetter**, also known as William Alan Fetter or Bill Fetter (March 14, 1928 – June 23, 2002), was an American [graphic designer](/wiki/Graphic_designer "Graphic designer") and pioneer in the field of [computer graphics](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics"). He explored the perspective fundamentals of [computer animation](/wiki/Computer_animation "Computer animation") of a [human figure](/wiki/Figure_drawing "Figure drawing") from 1960 on and was the first to create a human figure as a [3D model](/wiki/3D_model "3D model").[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) The _First Man_ was a pilot in a short 1964 computer animation, also known as _Boeing Man_ and now as _Boeman_ by the [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") company. Fetter preferred the term "Human Figure" for the pilot.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Fetter29-2) In 1960, working in a team supervised by Verne Hudson, he helped coin the term [Computer graphics](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics"). He was [art director](/wiki/Art_director "Art director") at the Boeing Company in [Wichita](/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas "Wichita, Kansas").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)

## Life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Life")\]

Born in [Independence](/wiki/Independence,_Missouri "Independence, Missouri"), Missouri, Fetter attended school in Englewood and graduated in 1945 from Northeast High School in Kansas City. He studied at the University of Illinois where he was awarded a BA in [graphic design](/wiki/Graphic_design "Graphic design") in 1952. His professional career started while studying at the University of Illinois Press (UIP), an American university press. Employed there from 1952-1954, even at this early date he thought of using computers as a tool for his work as a graphic designer.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Fetter29-2) He wrote in 1966:

> The need for a computer to simplify certain graphic procedures first became evident to me at the University of Illinois Press Art Division, when I had to design and render an illustrated title page for "Space Medicine".

In 1954, he became [art director](/wiki/Art_director "Art director") for _Family Weekly_ magazine in Chicago. In his article "Computer Graphics at Boeing" for _Print_ magazine he wrote that he was interested in developing a computer program that could simplify the designing of the magazine in the closing stages.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) Together with a computer manager, he worked on the development of a program but before the project was completed, Fetter accepted employment as art director of Boeing in Wichita in 1959.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)

## Computer Graphics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Computer Graphics")\]

Main article: [Computer graphics](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics")

### Morphology

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Morphology")\]

"In 1960, 'we' at Boeing coined the term computer graphics", wrote Fetter in a 1966 issue of _Print_ magazine. In the article he wrote about the team involved. Over time, Fetter received universal credit as the first person to use the term "computer graphics". He later recognized the need to unequivocally make clear that Verne L. Hudson, his superior in the development team, used the words first.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)[\[6\]](#cite_note-Fetter32-6) Boeing also notes that Verne L. Hudson was the first to coin the term.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

In a 1966 editorial in the special "The designer and the computer" issue of _Print_ magazine, editor Martin Fox explained the semantic difference, the meaning and interpretation of the words "graphics" and "design", as used by traditional graphic designers and designers, in contrast to how they were used by the new generation of computer graphic designers.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

### Computer Graphics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Computer Graphics")\]

From the start of the 1950s, successful developments were underway in controlling machines with computers for industrial production.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) Subsequent development of computer aided design programs for [2D](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics "2D computer graphics") and [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics") production drawings began in the mid-50s. In 1959, Fetter was recruited by Boeing as art director of the [CAD](/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") department to explore creative new ideas for the production of 3D drawings.

He created a new concept of drawing perspectives. Supported by Walter Bernhardt, assistant professor of Applied Mechanics at [Wichita State University](/wiki/Wichita_State_University "Wichita State University"), Kansas, his ideas were successfully implemented as mathematical formulae. Programmers subsequently entered these into the computer. Fetter was the team leader (supervisor) of this group. Due to the success of the first experiments, a Boeing research program was launched in November 1960 with Fetter as manager. The result of the research was registered as a "Planar Illustration Method and Apparatus" under US patent in November 1961 – Patent 1970 obtained with the number 3,519,997.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) The January 1965 issue of _Architectural Record_ magazine described how Fetter had worked as a graphic designer in a team of engineers and programmers to create computer graphics.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)

> Mr. Fetter, who is a graphic artist and not a mathematician, achieved the results he desired by describing the process of perspective drawing on a chalk board, and letting others write a computer program for the mathematically equivalent operations.

In 1963, the research department relocated from Wichita to Seattle, where Fetter became the manager of Boeing's newly founded Computer Graphics Group.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)

### Human Figure

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Human Figure")\]

Fetter became well known for the creation of the first [human figure](/wiki/Figure_drawing "Figure drawing") in a series of computer graphics of an aeroplane pilot. In his _Print_ magazine article he described the development of computer graphics and the human figure at Boeing. He also mentioned the need for a team of good employees for this type of project. The initial goal of the Computer Graphics Group was to use the pilot as an animation in films. The work began in 1964 and from 1966; the Human Figure was presented at conferences and lectures by Fetter.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)[\[6\]](#cite_note-Fetter32-6) In the lectures, the film SST Cockpit Visibility simulation was shown in 1966.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

The first human figure, which he managed with a computer for a film, however, was the _Landing Signal Officer_ on a CV-A 59 aircraft carrier. The figure was shown in a short CV A-59 film but only as a silhouette and not as detailed elaboration as the First Man had been. Fetter published this in November 1964 in his book _Computer Graphics in Communication_ in the section "Aircraft Carrier Landing Depiction with images".[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](#cite_note-Progression-14)

#### The Portland E.A.T. Group

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: The Portland E.A.T. Group")\]

In 1965 Fetter was invited to a meeting at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories "Bell Telephone Laboratories") in [Murray Hill](/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey "Murray Hill, New Jersey"), New Jersey, where he was the only one with an education in graphic and art. Participants at the meeting were [Ken Knowlton](/wiki/Ken_Knowlton "Ken Knowlton") and [Ed Zajac](/w/index.php?title=Ed_Zajac&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ed Zajac (page does not exist)") of Bell Laboratories and others who conducted research on the development of computer films. Because of the travel to Bell and New York City, he learned of the [Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.)](/wiki/Experiments_in_Art_and_Technology "Experiments in Art and Technology") movement and became an active member of the group. His contacts with E.A.T. inspired him in 1968 to help found the Pacific Northwest chapter of the movement.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) At the founding event Fetter and Hans Graf showed the film _Sorcerer's Apprentice_.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)

## From 1969

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: From 1969")\]

After completion of his tenure at Boeing, from 1969-1970 Fetter was Vice-President of Graphcomp Sciences Corporation in California. He began to teach at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, in 1970 and at the same time continued his research. He was there for two years as Head of Design. In 1977 he became director of research at Southern Illinois Research Institute (SIRIUS) in Bellevue.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)

Through an agreement with the Boeing Company and Computer Graphics, Inc., in 1970 Fetter was permitted to use the [source code](/wiki/Source_code "Source code") for the _First Man_ for a 30-second TV spot. For this purpose, additional animation of the lips to move in synchronization with the text was added. This may have been the first use of a simulated human figure on TV.[\[14\]](#cite_note-Progression-14)

Fetter died on June23, 2002 in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").

## Exhibitions

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Exhibitions")\]

The Landmark exhibitions from August 1968 to August 1969 were staged in [London](/wiki/London "London"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb"). During both exhibitions in Zagreb, international scientific symposiums were held. Another exhibition and conference was held in Berlin. The [Cybernetic Serendipity](/wiki/Cybernetic_Serendipity "Cybernetic Serendipity") exhibition in London over the years received the most attention in secondary literature. Today, it is dependent on the nationality and education and research level of the observer as to which of the three they consider the most important. There were already critical voices about the 1968 exhibition in London. [Gustav Metzger](/wiki/Gustav_Metzger "Gustav Metzger") was at the Tendencies 4 symposium in Zagreb and wrote 1969 a critic in a journal by [Studio International](/wiki/Studio_International "Studio International"): _At a time when there is a widespread concern about computers, the advertising and presentation of the I.C.A.'s ′Cybernetic Serendipity′ exhibition as a ′technological fun-fair′ is a perfectly adequate demonstration of the reactionary potential of art and technology_.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Oppenheimer-4)[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)
The Human Figure by Fetter was seen in all exhibitions as Boeing Man. In the catalog for Cybernetic Serendipity only _The Boeing Computer Graphics organization_ is mentioned as the author.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)

- 1968: _Cybernetic Serendipity_: The Computer and the Arts, London, Institute of Contemporary Art.
- 1968: _On the Path to Computer Art_, MIT, und TU Berlin, Berlin.
- 1968: _Some More Beginnings_: An Exhibition of Submitted Works Involving Technical Materials and Processes, E.A.T., New York, Brooklyn Museum.[\[a\]](#cite_note-22)
- 1969: _Tendencija 4, Computers and Visual Research_, galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Contemporary Art Gallery, Zagreb.
- 1969: _Computerkunst-On the Eve of Tomorrow_, Galerie Kubus, Hanover. Thereafter, in Munich, Hamburg, Oslo, Brussels, Rome and Tokyo.
- 1989: _25 Jahre Computerkunst – Grafik, Animation und Technik_, BMW Pavillon, München.
- 2007: _Ex Machina - Frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag_, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen.
- 2007: _bit international: \[Nove\] Tendencije_ \- Neue Galerie Graz - Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz.
- 2008: _Bit International, (Nove) tendencije, 1961 bis 1973_, Zagreb, In: ZKM, Medienmuseum, Karlsruhe.
- 2009: _Digital Pioneers_, Victoria & Albert Museum, London
- 2015: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Contemporary Art Gallery, Zagreb
- 2015: _Tendenzen 4_, Computer und Visuelle Forschung, ZKM, Karlsruhe

## Work

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Work")\]

_Human Figure_

### Book

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Book")\]

- _Computer Graphics in Communication_, New York, Verlag McGraw-Hill, 1964.

### Articles

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Articles")\]

- _The Art Machine_, In: The Journal of Commercial Art & Design, Vol. 4, No.2, Feb. 1962, p. 36.
- _Computer Graphics_. In 1967 University of Illinois Conference Emerging Concepts in Computer Graphics, edited by Don Secrest and Jurg Nievergelt. W.A.Benjamin, Inc., 1968, p. 397-418.
- _A Computer Graphics Human Figure System Applicable to Biostereornetrics_, CAD J. Fourth Int'l Con/. and Exhibition on Computers in Engineering and Building Design, IDC Science and Technology Press, Guildford, Surrey, England, 1980, coverandpp.175–179.
- _A Computer Graphics Human Figure System Applicable to Kineseology_, ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation Newsletter, Vol. No.2 of 3 (late issue), June 1978, pp. 3–7.
- _A Progression of Human Figures Simulated by Computer Graphics_, PROCEEDINGS, SPIE, Volume 166, NATO Symposium on APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BIOSTEREOMETRICS. July 9–13, 1978 Paris France.
- _Wide Angle Displays for Tactical Situations_, Proc. US Army Third Computer Graphics Workshop, Virginia Beach, Va., Apr. 1981, pp. 99–103. II. Bui-Tuong Phong, Illumination for Computer Generated Images, Comm. ACM, Vol. 18, June 1975, pp. 311–317.
- _Progression of Human Figures Simulated by Computer Graphics_. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1982, Vol. 2, No. 9, p. 9-13.

## Literature

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Literature")\]

- Herbert W. Franke: _Computergraphik Computerkunst_. Bruckmann, München 1971, first published.
- Herbert W. Franke: _Computer Graphics Computer Art_. Phaidon Press, London, Phaidon Publishers, New York, 1971. Translation by [Gustav Metzger](/wiki/Gustav_Metzger "Gustav Metzger").

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**The exhibition _Some More Beginnings_, 1968, was a project by the group Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.), and was organized by them.[\[19\]](#cite_note-Salzburg-19) The issue is rarely mentioned, but now its significance for computer art has been rediscovered.[\[19\]](#cite_note-Salzburg-19)[\[20\]](#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Herbert W. Franke. [″Computer Graphics - Computer Art″](https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt2pCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103). Paidon Press, London, Phaidon Publishers, New York, 1971, p. 103
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Fetter29_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Fetter29_2-1)William Fetter: _Computer Graphics at Boeing._ In: _Print Magazine_, XX:VI, November/December 1966, S. 29.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**William Fetter: _Computer Graphics at Boeing._ In: _Print Magazine_, XX:VI, November/December 1966, S. 26.
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-7) [_**i**_](#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_4-8)Robin Oppenheimer: [_William Fetter, E.A.T., and 1960s Computer Graphics Collaborations in Seattle_](https://www.academia.edu/7801224) from _www.academia.edu_.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**William Fetter: _Computer Graphics at Boeing._ In: _Print Magazine_, XX:VI, November/Dezember 1966, S. 26–32.
06. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Fetter32_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Fetter32_6-1)William Fetter: _Computer Graphics at Boeing._ In: _Print Magazine_, XX:VI, November/Dezember 1966, S. 32.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Dave Kasik und Christopher J. Senesac: [_Visualization: Past, Present, and Future at The Boeing Company_](http://www.elysiuminc.com/gpdis/2014/DX28_Boeing-Kasik-Senesac-Visualization-DX-Open.pdf), 2014 (PDF 2,01 MB)
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Martin Fox: _The Designer and the Computer._ In: _Print Magazine_, XX:VI, November/Dezember 1966, S. 3.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**J. C. McDonough und A. W. Susskind: [_A Numerically Controlled Milling Machine._](http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/afips/1952/5041/00/50410133.pdf) In: _From the Collection of the Computer History Museum_, 1952, S. 133–137 (PDF).
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Walter D. BERNHART and William A. Fetter: [US Patent](http://openjurist.org/417/f2d/1395/application-of-walter-d-bernhart-and-william-a-fetter).
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Jonathan Barnett: _Will the Computer change the practice of Architecture?_ In: _Architectural Record_, January 1965, Vol. 137, No. 1, S. 149.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**Thomas Dreher: [_The History of Computer Art_](http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA-IV.2e.html#Sechziger).
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**William A. Fetter: _Computer Graphics in Communication_, [McGraw-Hill](/wiki/McGraw-Hill "McGraw-Hill"), 1964, S. 51–61.
14. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Progression_14-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Progression_14-1)William A. Fetter: _A Progression of Human Figures Simulated by Computer Graphics_, PROCEEDINGS, SPIE, Volume 166, NATO Symposium on APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BIOSTEREOMETRICS. July 9–13, 1978 Paris France.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**[_William Fetter_](http://courses.washington.edu/eatreun/html/history/h_nw.html), on the Web page _courses.washington.edu_.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Metzger, Gustav: [_technological fun-fair._](http://www.computerkunst.org/Praesentation_London/body.html)
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**Christoph Klütsch: [_The Summer 1968 in London and Zagreb: Starting or End Point for Computer art?_](http://www.computerkunst.org/Kluetsch_London_Zagreb.pdf) (PDF 2, 19 MB).
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**Jasia Reichardt, Hrg: _Cybernetic Serendipity_, Studio International special issue, Katalog, 1968, S. 88
19. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Salzburg_19-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Salzburg_19-1)[_E.A.T. Experiments in Art and Technology_](http://www.museumdermoderne.at/de/ausstellungen/aktuell/details/mdm/eat-experiments-in-art-and-technology/) Website of the _[Museums der Moderne Salzburg](/wiki/Museum_der_Moderne_Salzburg "Museum der Moderne Salzburg")_.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**Sylvie Lacerte: [_9 Evenings and Experiments in Art and Technology. A gap to fill in art history's recent chronicles._](http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=1716) auf der Webseite der _Foundation Langlois_.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Maxim Pouska: _Computer – Werbung Grafik-Design und Kunst 1935–2010_, BOD, 2011, S. 60–61, 76–77.  [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-8370-6229-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8370-6229-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-8370-6229-8"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [724848434](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724848434).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=William_Fetter&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [_William Fetter's Boeing Man_.](http://www.boeingimages.com/archive/William-Fetter's-Boeing-Man-2F3XC5YCZNC.html)
- [William Fetter](http://courses.washington.edu/eatreun/html/history/h_nw.html)
- ["Southern Illinois University design department"](http://siudesign.org/fetter.htm)
- [John Lansdown](/wiki/John_Lansdown "John Lansdown"), ["Not only computing - also art"](http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/cache/archive/BCS/Comp%20Bulletin%201980/Computer%20Bulletin%20March%201980.pdf) (Computer Bulletin, March 1980)

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5729349#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000049606450)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/58969339)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRRmxTvxp77DMT4cvfv3)

National

- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95008314)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322285205171)

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