List of classical music genres - Wikipedia
Classical and Romantic · Arabesque – Composition with a flowing and ornate style, inspired by Arabic architecture. · Art song – Musical setting of a poem or text ...
symphony
Various terms can be used to classify a classical music composition, mainly including genre, form, compositional technique and style. While distinct, these terms have broad, sometimes overlapping definitions and are occasionally used interchangeably.[1] The genre categorizes a piece based on a shared tradition or an overarching set of conventions, like opera or <anchor>symphony</anchor>. Form refers to its structural aspects, the way its individual sections are constructed and how they relate to each other, such as binary form, rondo or sonata form. Compositional techniques involve specific methods of composition, such as canon "Canon (music)"), fugue or twelve-tone technique. Style indicates the distinctive characteristics of a particular composer or historical period, like Baroque or Romantic, placing the composition within a broader cultural and chronological context and linking it to artistic movements and historical events that influenced its creation.
Symphony - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Etymology and origins](#Etymology_and_origins)
- [2Baroque era](#Baroque_era)
- [3Galant and classical eras](#Galant_and_classical_eras)
- [4Romantic era](#Romantic_era)
- [5Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras](#Late-Romantic,_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras)
- [6Symphonies for concert band](#Symphonies_for_concert_band)
- [7Other modern usages of "symphony"](#Other_modern_usages_of_"symphony")
- [8See also](#See_also)
- [9References](#References)Toggle References subsection  - [9.1Sources](#Sources)
- [10Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [11External links](#External_links)

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# Symphony

100 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonie "Simfonie – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie "Sinfonie – Alemannic")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 "سمفونية – Arabic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa "Sinfonía – Aragonese")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A3 "Համանուագ – Western Armenian")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa "Sinfonía – Asturian")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa "Sinfonía – Guarani")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya "Simfoniya – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C "سمفونی – South Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF "সিম্ফনি – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-hi%C3%A1ng-khek "Kau-hiáng-khek – Minnan")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Bashkir")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F "Сімфонія – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F "Сымфонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Bulgarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Bosnian")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonienn "Sinfonienn – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia "Simfonia – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie "Symfonie – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symffoni "Symffoni – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni "Symfoni – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie "Sinfonie – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmfoonia "Sümfoonia – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE) "Συμφωνία (μουσική) – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa "Sinfonía – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonio "Simfonio – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C "سمفونی – Persian")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony "Symphony – Fiji Hindi")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonie "Symphonie – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfony "Symfony – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siansa "Siansa – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa "Sinfonía – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EA%B3%A1 "교향곡 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1 "Սիմֆոնիա – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 "सिंफनी – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonio "Simfonio – Ido")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni "Simfoni – Indonesian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonia "Symphonia – Interlingua")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinf%C3%B3n%C3%ADa "Sinfónía – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94 "סימפוניה – Hebrew")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90 "სიმფონია – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Kazakh")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni "Simfoni – Swahili")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonia "Symphonia – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Lithuanian")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie "Symfonie – Limburgish")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimf%C3%B3nia "Szimfónia – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0 "Симфонија – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF "സിംഫണി – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 "सिंफनी – Marathi")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87 "سيمفونيه – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni "Simfoni – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE "ဆင်ဖိုနီ – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie "Symfonie – Dutch")
- [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfony "Symfony – Low Saxon")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 "सिम्फोनी – Newari")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2 "交響曲 – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni "Symfoni – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni "Symfoni – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia – Occitan")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya "Simfoniya – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80 "ਸਿੰਫਨੀ – Punjabi")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C "سمفنی – Western Punjabi")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie "Sinfonie – Low German")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonia "Symfonia – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia – Portuguese")
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya "Simfoniya – Crimean Tatar")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonie "Simfonie – Romanian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F "Сімфонія – Rusyn")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Russian")
- [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie "Sinfonie – Saterland Frisian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia "Simfonia – Albanian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony "Symphony – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symf%C3%B3nia "Symfónia – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Slovenian")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C "سیمفۆنی – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija "Simfonija – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni "Symfoni – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "ஒத்தின்னியம் – Tamil")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Tatar")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5 "ซิมโฟนี – Thai")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F "Симфония – Tajik")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senfoni "Senfoni – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F "Симфонія – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C "سمفونی – Urdu")
- [Vepsän kel’](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonii "Simfonii – Veps")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng "Giao hưởng – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simponiya "Simponiya – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E6%9B%B2 "交响曲 – Wu")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2 "סימפאניע – Yiddish")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2 "交響曲 – Cantonese")
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpuon%C4%97j%C4%97 "Simpuonėjė – Samogitian")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2 "交響曲 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Type of extended musical composition

This article is about the type of extended musical composition. For the large musical ensemble, see [Orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra").

For other uses, see [Symphony (disambiguation)](/wiki/Symphony_(disambiguation) "Symphony (disambiguation)").

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG/300px-8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG)](/wiki/File:8th_symphony_of_Mahler,_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie,_27-6-2009.JPG) A performance of [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler")'s [Eighth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler) "Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)") in the [Kölner Philharmonie](/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie "Kölner Philharmonie") by the [Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal](/w/index.php?title=Sinfonieorchester_Wuppertal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal (page does not exist)") \[ [de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonieorchester_Wuppertal "de:Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal")\] conducted by [Heinz Walter Florin](/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Walter_Florin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Walter Florin (page does not exist)") \[ [de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Walter_Florin "de:Heinz Walter Florin")\]

A **symphony** is an extended [musical composition](/wiki/Musical_composition "Musical composition") in [Western classical music](/wiki/Western_classical_music "Western classical music"), most often for [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra"). Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or [movements](/wiki/Movement_(music) "Movement (music)"), often four, with the first movement in [sonata form](/wiki/Sonata_form "Sonata form"). Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a [string section](/wiki/String_section "String section") ( [violin](/wiki/Violin "Violin"), [viola](/wiki/Viola "Viola"), [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), and [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass")), [brass](/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument"), [woodwind](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument "Woodwind instrument"), and [percussion](/wiki/Percussion_instrument "Percussion instrument") [instruments](/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument") which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a [musical score](/wiki/Full_score "Full score"), which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven")'s [Ninth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)"), or [Mahler's Second Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler) "Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)")).

## Etymology and origins

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Etymology and origins")\]

The word _symphony_ is derived from the [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") word συμφωνία (_symphōnía_), meaning "agreement or concord of sound", "concert of vocal or instrumental music", from σύμφωνος (_sýmphōnos_), "harmonious".[\[1\]](#cite_note-OED-1) The word referred to a variety of different concepts before ultimately settling on its current meaning designating a musical form.

In late Greek and medieval theory, the word was used for [consonance](/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance "Consonance and dissonance"), as opposed to διαφωνία (_diaphōnía_), which was the word for "dissonance".[\[2\]](#cite_note-Brown2001-2) In the Middle Ages and later, the Latin form _symphonia_ was used to describe various instruments, especially those capable of producing more than one sound simultaneously.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Brown2001-2) [Isidore of Seville](/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville "Isidore of Seville") was the first to use the word symphonia as the name of a two-headed drum,[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) and from c. 1155 to 1377 the French form _symphonie_ was the name of the _organistrum_ or [hurdy-gurdy](/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy "Hurdy-gurdy"). In late medieval England, _symphony_ was used in both of these senses, whereas by the 16th century it was equated with the [dulcimer](/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer "Appalachian dulcimer"). In German, _Symphonie_ was a generic term for [spinets](/wiki/Spinet "Spinet") and [virginals](/wiki/Virginals "Virginals") from the late 16th century to the 18th century.[\[4\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501-4)

In the sense of "sounding together", the word begins to appear in the titles of some works by 16th- and 17th-century composers including [Giovanni Gabrieli](/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli "Giovanni Gabrieli")'s _Sacrae symphoniae_, and _Symphoniae sacrae, liber secundus_, published in 1597 and 1615, respectively; [Adriano Banchieri](/wiki/Adriano_Banchieri "Adriano Banchieri")'s _Eclesiastiche sinfonie, dette canzoni in aria francese, per sonare, et cantare_, Op. 16, published in 1607; [Lodovico Grossi da Viadana](/wiki/Lodovico_Grossi_da_Viadana "Lodovico Grossi da Viadana")'s _Sinfonie musicali_, Op. 18, published in 1610; and [Heinrich Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz")'s _[Symphoniae sacrae](/wiki/Symphoniae_sacrae_I "Symphoniae sacrae I")_, Op. 6, and _Symphoniarum sacrarum secunda pars_, Op. 10, published in 1629 and 1647, respectively. Except for Viadana's collection, which contained purely instrumental and secular music, these were all collections of sacred vocal works, some with instrumental accompaniment.[\[5\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman19717-5)[\[6\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001-6)

## Baroque era

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In the 17th century, for most of the Baroque era, the terms _symphony_ and _sinfonia_ were used for a range of different compositions, including instrumental pieces used in [operas](/wiki/Opera "Opera"), [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") and [concertos](/wiki/Concerto "Concerto")—usually part of a larger work. The _opera [sinfonia](/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia")_, or _[Italian overture](/wiki/Italian_overture "Italian overture")_ had, by the 18th century, a standard structure of three contrasting movements: fast, slow, fast and dance-like. It is this form that is often considered as the direct forerunner of the orchestral symphony. The terms "overture", "symphony" and "sinfonia" were widely regarded as interchangeable for much of the 18th century.[\[6\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001-6)

In the 17th century, pieces scored for large instrumental ensemble did not precisely designate which instruments were to play which parts, as is the practice from the 19th century to the current period. When composers from the 17th century wrote pieces, they expected that these works would be performed by whatever group of musicians were available. To give one example, whereas the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline "Bassline") in a 19th-century work is scored for [cellos](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), [double basses](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass") and other specific instruments, in a 17th-century work, a [basso continuo](/wiki/Basso_continuo "Basso continuo") part for a sinfonia would not specify which instruments would play the part. A performance of the piece might be done with a basso continuo group as small as a single cello and [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord"). However, if a bigger budget was available for a performance and a larger sound was required, a basso continuo group might include multiple chord-playing instruments (harpsichord, [lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute"), etc.) and a range of bass instruments, including cello, double bass, bass viol or even a [serpent](/wiki/Serpent_(instrument) "Serpent (instrument)"), an early bass wind instrument.

## Galant and classical eras

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LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson write in the second edition of _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_ that "the symphony was cultivated with extraordinary intensity" in the 18th century.[\[7\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]-7) It played a role in many areas of public life, including church services,[\[8\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2-8) but a particularly strong area of support for symphonic performances was the aristocracy. In Vienna, perhaps the most important location in Europe for the composition of symphonies, "literally hundreds of noble families supported musical establishments, generally dividing their time between Vienna and their ancestral estate \[elsewhere in the Empire\]". [\[9\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10-9) Since the normal size of the orchestra at the time was quite small, many of these courtly establishments were capable of performing symphonies. The young [Joseph Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn"), taking up his first job as a music director in 1757 for the [Morzin family](/wiki/Count_Morzin "Count Morzin"), found that when the Morzin household was in Vienna, his own orchestra was only part of a lively and competitive musical scene, with multiple aristocrats sponsoring concerts with their own ensembles.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson's article traces the gradual expansion of the symphonic orchestra through the 18th century.[\[11\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4-11) At first, symphonies were string symphonies, written in just four parts: first violin, second violin, viola, and bass (the bass line was taken by cello(s), double bass(es) playing the part an octave below, and perhaps also a bassoon). Occasionally the early symphonists even dispensed with the viola part, thus creating three-part symphonies. A basso continuo part including a bassoon together with a [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord") or other chording instrument was also possible.[\[11\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4-11)

The first additions to this simple ensemble were a pair of horns, occasionally a pair of oboes, and then both horns and oboes together. Over the century, other instruments were added to the classical [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra"): flutes (sometimes replacing the oboes), separate parts for bassoons, clarinets, and trumpets and timpani. Works varied in their scoring concerning which of these additional instruments were to appear. The full-scale classical orchestra, deployed at the end of the century for the largest-scale symphonies, has the standard string ensemble mentioned above, pairs of winds ( [flutes](/wiki/Flute "Flute"), [oboes](/wiki/Oboe "Oboe"), [clarinets](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet"), [bassoons](/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon")), a pair of horns, and timpani. A keyboard continuo instrument (harpsichord or [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano")) remained an option.

The "Italian" style of symphony, often used as overture and [entr'acte](/wiki/Entr%27acte "Entr'acte") in [opera houses](/wiki/Opera_house "Opera house"), became a standard three-movement form: a fast movement, a slow movement, and another fast movement. Over the course of the 18th century it became the custom to write four-movement symphonies,[\[12\]](#cite_note-12) along the lines described in the next paragraph. The three-movement symphony died out slowly; about half of [Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn")'s first thirty symphonies are in three movements;[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) and for the young [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"), the three-movement symphony was the norm, perhaps under the influence of his friend [Johann Christian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach "Johann Christian Bach").[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) An outstanding late example of the three-movement Classical symphony is Mozart's [_Prague Symphony_](/wiki/Symphony_No._38_(Mozart) "Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)"), from 1786.

The four-movement form that emerged from this evolution was as follows:[\[15\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199926-15)[\[16\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1979106-16)

1. An opening [sonata](/wiki/Sonata_form "Sonata form") or [allegro](/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings "Tempo")
2. A [slow movement](/wiki/Slow_movement_(music) "Slow movement (music)"), such as [andante](/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings "Tempo")
3. A [minuet](/wiki/Minuet "Minuet") or [scherzo](/wiki/Scherzo "Scherzo") with trio
4. An allegro, [rondo](/wiki/Rondo "Rondo"), or sonata

Variations on this layout, like changing the order of the middle movements or adding a slow introduction to the first movement, were common. Haydn, Mozart and their contemporaries restricted their use of the four-movement form to orchestral or multi-instrument chamber music such as quartets, though since Beethoven solo sonatas are as often written in four as in three movements.[\[17\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProut1895249-17)

The composition of early symphonies was centred on Milan, Vienna, and [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim "Mannheim"). The Milanese school centred around [Giovanni Battista Sammartini](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini "Giovanni Battista Sammartini") and included [Antonio Brioschi](/wiki/Antonio_Brioschi "Antonio Brioschi"), Ferdinando Galimberti and [Giovanni Battista Lampugnani](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Lampugnani "Giovanni Battista Lampugnani"). Early exponents of the form in Vienna included [Georg Christoph Wagenseil](/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Wagenseil "Georg Christoph Wagenseil"), [Wenzel Raimund Birck](/wiki/Wenzel_Raimund_Birck "Wenzel Raimund Birck") and [Georg Matthias Monn](/wiki/Georg_Matthias_Monn "Georg Matthias Monn"), while later significant Viennese composers of symphonies included [Johann Baptist Wanhal](/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal "Johann Baptist Wanhal"), [Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf](/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf "Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf") and [Leopold Hofmann](/wiki/Leopold_Hofmann "Leopold Hofmann"). The [Mannheim school](/wiki/Mannheim_school "Mannheim school") included [Johann Stamitz](/wiki/Johann_Stamitz "Johann Stamitz").[\[18\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-18)

The most important symphonists of the latter part of the 18th century are Haydn, who wrote [at least 106 symphonies over the course of 36 years](/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Joseph_Haydn "List of symphonies by Joseph Haydn"),[\[19\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster2001-19) and Mozart, with [at least 47 symphonies in 24 years](/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart").[\[20\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001-20)

## Romantic era

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Romantic era")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

Beethoven's Symphony No. 5

[First movement: Allegro con brio](/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg "File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - i. allegro con brio.ogg")

* * *

[Second movement: Andante con moto](/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg "File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - ii. andante con moto.ogg")

* * *

[Third movement: Scherzo. Allegro](/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg "File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - iii. allegro.ogg")

* * *

[Fourth movement: Allegro](/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg "File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - iv. allegro.ogg")

Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra

* * *

_Problems playing these files? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

At the beginning of the 19th century, [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven") elevated the symphony from an everyday genre produced in large quantities to a supreme form in which composers strove to reach the highest potential of music in just a few works.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Dahlhaus1989-21) Beethoven began with two works directly emulating his models Mozart and Haydn, then seven more symphonies, starting with the [Third Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") ("Eroica") that expanded the scope and ambition of the genre. His [Symphony No. 5](/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)") is perhaps the most famous symphony ever written; its transition from the emotionally stormy [C minor](/wiki/Beethoven_and_C_minor "Beethoven and C minor") opening movement to a triumphant major-key finale provided a model adopted by later symphonists such as [Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms")[\[22\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibbey199940-22) and [Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler").\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] His [Symphony No. 6](/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)") is a [programmatic](/wiki/Program_music "Program music") work, featuring instrumental imitations of bird calls and a storm; and, unconventionally, a fifth movement (symphonies usually had at most four movements). His [Symphony No. 9](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)") includes parts for vocal soloists and choir in the last movement, making it a [choral symphony](/wiki/Choral_symphony "Choral symphony").[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)

Of the [symphonies](/wiki/Schubert%27s_symphonies "Schubert's symphonies") by [Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert "Franz Schubert"), two are core repertory items and are frequently performed. Of the [Eighth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Schubert) "Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)") (1822), Schubert completed only the first two movements; this highly Romantic work is usually called by its nickname "The Unfinished". His last completed symphony, the [Ninth](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Schubert) "Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)") (1826) is a massive work in the Classical idiom.[\[24\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1997521-24)

Of the early Romantics, [Felix Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn") (five symphonies, plus [thirteen string symphonies](/wiki/String_symphonies_(Mendelssohn) "String symphonies (Mendelssohn)")) and [Robert Schumann](/wiki/Robert_Schumann "Robert Schumann") (four) continued to write symphonies in the classical mould, though using their own musical language. In contrast, [Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") favored programmatic works, including his "dramatic symphony" _[Roméo et Juliette](/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette_(Berlioz) "Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)")_, the viola symphony _[Harold en Italie](/wiki/Harold_en_Italie "Harold en Italie")_ and the highly original _[Symphonie fantastique](/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique "Symphonie fantastique")_. The latter is also a programme work and has both a march and a [waltz](/wiki/Waltz "Waltz") and five movements instead of the customary four. His fourth and last symphony, the _[Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale](/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale "Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale")_ (originally titled _Symphonie militaire_) was composed in 1840 for a 200-piece [marching](/wiki/Marching_band "Marching band") [military band](/wiki/Military_band "Military band"), to be performed out of doors, and is an early example of a band symphony. Berlioz later added optional string parts and a choral finale.[\[25\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42-25) In 1851, [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") declared that all of these post-Beethoven symphonies were no more than an epilogue, offering nothing substantially new. Indeed, after Schumann's last symphony, the ["Rhenish"](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann) "Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)") composed in 1850, for two decades the [Lisztian](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt") [symphonic poem](/wiki/Symphonic_poem "Symphonic poem") appeared to have displaced the symphony as the leading form of large-scale instrumental music. However, Liszt also composed two programmatic choral symphonies during this time, _[Faust](/wiki/Faust_Symphony "Faust Symphony")_ and _[Dante](/wiki/Dante_Symphony "Dante Symphony")_. If the symphony had otherwise been eclipsed, it was not long before it re-emerged in a "second age" in the 1870s and 1880s, with [the symphonies](/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Anton_Bruckner "List of symphonies by Anton Bruckner") by [Bruckner](/wiki/Anton_Bruckner "Anton Bruckner"), [Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"), [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"), [Saint-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Camille Saint-Saëns"), [Borodin](/wiki/Alexander_Borodin "Alexander Borodin"), [Dvořák](/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k "Antonín Dvořák"), and [Franck](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck "César Franck")—works which largely avoided the programmatic elements of Berlioz and Liszt and dominated the concert repertory for at least a century.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Dahlhaus1989-21)

Over the course of the 19th century, composers continued to add to the size of the symphonic orchestra. Around the beginning of the century, a full-scale orchestra would consist of the string section plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and lastly a set of timpani.[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26) This is, for instance, the scoring used in Beethoven's symphonies [numbered 1](/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)"), [2](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 2 (Beethoven)"), [4](/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 4 (Beethoven)"), [7](/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)"), and [8](/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)"). Trombones, which had previously been confined to church and theater music, came to be added to the symphonic orchestra, notably in Beethoven's [5th](/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)"), [6th](/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)"), and [9th](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven) "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)") symphonies. The combination of bass drum, triangle, and cymbals (sometimes also: piccolo), which 18th-century composers employed as a coloristic effect in so-called " [Turkish music](/wiki/Turkish_music_(style) "Turkish music (style)")", came to be increasingly used during the second half of the 19th century without any such connotations of genre.[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26) By the time of Mahler (see below), it was possible for a composer to write a symphony scored for "a veritable compendium of orchestral instruments".[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26) In addition to increasing in variety of instruments, 19th-century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew.[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26)

## Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras")\]

Towards the end of the 19th century, [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler") began writing long, large-scale symphonies that he continued composing into the early 20th century. His [Third Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler) "Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)"), completed in 1896, is one of the longest regularly performed symphonies at around 100 minutes in length for most performances. The [Eighth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler) "Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)") was composed in 1906 and is nicknamed the "Symphony of a Thousand" because of the large number of voices required to perform the work.

The 20th century saw further diversification in the style and content of works that composers labeled _symphonies_.[\[27\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-27) Some composers, including [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich "Dmitri Shostakovich"), [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff "Sergei Rachmaninoff"), and [Carl Nielsen](/wiki/Carl_Nielsen "Carl Nielsen"), continued to write in the traditional four-movement form, while other composers took different approaches: [Jean Sibelius](/wiki/Jean_Sibelius "Jean Sibelius")' [Symphony No. 7](/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius) "Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)"), his last, is in one movement, [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss")' [Alpine Symphony](/wiki/Alpine_Symphony "Alpine Symphony"), in one movement, split into twenty-two parts, detailing an eleven hour hike through the mountains and [Alan Hovhaness](/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness "Alan Hovhaness")'s Symphony No. 9, _Saint Vartan_—originally Op. 80, changed to Op. 180—composed in 1949–50, is in twenty-four.[\[28\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawa2001352-28)

A concern with unification of the traditional four-movement symphony into a single, subsuming formal conception had emerged in the late 19th century. This has been called a "two-dimensional symphonic form", and finds its key turning point in [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg")'s [Chamber Symphony No. 1](/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1 "Chamber Symphony No. 1"), Op. 9 (1909), which was followed in the 1920s by other notable single-movement German symphonies, including [Kurt Weill](/wiki/Kurt_Weill "Kurt Weill")'s First Symphony (1921), [Max Butting](/wiki/Max_Butting "Max Butting")'s Chamber Symphony, Op. 25 (1923), and [Paul Dessau](/wiki/Paul_Dessau "Paul Dessau")'s 1926 Symphony.[\[29\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9-29)

Alongside this experimentation, other 20th-century symphonies deliberately attempted to evoke the 18th-century origins of the genre, in terms of form and even musical style, with prominent examples being [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s [Symphony No. 1 "Classical"](/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Prokofiev) "Symphony No. 1 (Prokofiev)") of 1916–17 and the [Symphony in C](/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Stravinsky) "Symphony in C (Stravinsky)") by [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky") of 1938–40.[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

There remained, however, certain tendencies. Designating a work a "symphony" still implied a degree of sophistication and seriousness of purpose. The word _[sinfonietta](/wiki/Sinfonietta_(symphony) "Sinfonietta (symphony)")_ came into use to designate a work that is shorter, of more modest aims, or "lighter" than a symphony, such as [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s [Sinfonietta](/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Prokofiev) "Sinfonietta (Prokofiev)") for [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra").[\[31\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006-31)[\[32\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley2001-32)

In the first half of the century, composers including [Edward Elgar](/wiki/Edward_Elgar "Edward Elgar"), [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler"), [Jean Sibelius](/wiki/Jean_Sibelius "Jean Sibelius"), [Carl Nielsen](/wiki/Carl_Nielsen "Carl Nielsen"), [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [Bohuslav Martinů](/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF "Bohuslav Martinů"), [Roger Sessions](/wiki/Roger_Sessions "Roger Sessions"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev"), [Rued Langgaard](/wiki/Rued_Langgaard "Rued Langgaard") and [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich "Dmitri Shostakovich") composed symphonies "extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression".[\[33\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404-33) One measure of the significance of a symphony is the degree to which it reflects conceptions of temporal form particular to the age in which it was created. Five composers from across the span of the 20th century who fulfil this measure are [Jean Sibelius](/wiki/Jean_Sibelius "Jean Sibelius"), [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [Luciano Berio](/wiki/Luciano_Berio "Luciano Berio") (in his [Sinfonia](/wiki/Sinfonia_(Berio) "Sinfonia (Berio)"), 1968–69), [Elliott Carter](/wiki/Elliott_Carter "Elliott Carter") (in his _Symphony of Three Orchestras_, 1976), and [Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen](/wiki/Pelle_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen "Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen") (in _Symphony/Antiphony_, 1980).[\[34\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287-34)

From the mid-20th century into the 21st there has been a resurgence of interest in the symphony with many postmodernist composers adding substantially to the canon, not least in the United Kingdom: [Peter Maxwell Davies](/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies "Peter Maxwell Davies") (10),[\[35\]](#cite_note-35) [Robin Holloway](/wiki/Robin_Holloway "Robin Holloway") (1),[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) [David Matthews](/wiki/David_Matthews_(composer) "David Matthews (composer)") (9),[\[37\]](#cite_note-37) [James MacMillan](/wiki/James_MacMillan "James MacMillan") (5),[\[38\]](#cite_note-38) [Peter Seabourne](/wiki/Peter_Seabourne "Peter Seabourne") (6),[\[39\]](#cite_note-39) and [Philip Sawyers](/wiki/Philip_Sawyers "Philip Sawyers") (6).[\[40\]](#cite_note-40) British composer [Derek Bourgeois](/wiki/Derek_Bourgeois "Derek Bourgeois") has surpassed the number of symphonies written by Haydn, with 116 symphonies.[\[41\]](#cite_note-41) The greatest number of symphonies to date has been composed by the [Finn](/wiki/Finland "Finland") [Leif Segerstam](/wiki/Leif_Segerstam "Leif Segerstam"), whose list of works includes 371 symphonies.[\[42\]](#cite_note-42)

## Symphonies for concert band

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Symphonies for concert band")\]

[Hector Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") originally wrote the _[Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale](/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale "Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale")_ for [military band](/wiki/Military_band "Military band") in 1840. [Anton Reicha](/wiki/Anton_Reicha "Anton Reicha") had composed his four-movement 'Commemoration' Symphony (also known as _Musique pour célébrer le Mémorie des Grands Hommes qui se sont Illustrés au Service de la Nation Française_) for large wind ensemble even earlier, in 1815, for ceremonies associated with the reburial of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette[\[43\]](#cite_note-43)\[ _[better source needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS "Wikipedia:NOTRS")_\]

After those early efforts, few symphonies were written for wind bands until the 20th century when more symphonies were written for [concert band](/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band") than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance is [Nikolai Myaskovsky](/wiki/Nikolai_Myaskovsky "Nikolai Myaskovsky")'s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939.[\[44\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242-44) Some further examples are [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith "Paul Hindemith")'s [Symphony in B-flat for Band](/wiki/Symphony_in_B-flat_for_Band_(Hindemith) "Symphony in B-flat for Band (Hindemith)"), composed in 1951; [Morton Gould](/wiki/Morton_Gould "Morton Gould")'s Symphony No. 4 "West Point", composed in 1952; [Vincent Persichetti](/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti "Vincent Persichetti")'s Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; [Vittorio Giannini](/wiki/Vittorio_Giannini "Vittorio Giannini")'s Symphony No. 3, composed in 1958; [Alan Hovhaness](/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness "Alan Hovhaness")'s Symphonies No. 4, Op. 165, No. 7, "Nanga Parvat", Op. 175, No. 14, "Ararat", Op. 194, and No. 23, "Ani", Op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively;[\[45\]](#cite_note-45) [John Barnes Chance](/wiki/John_Barnes_Chance "John Barnes Chance")'s Symphony No. 2, composed in 1972; [Alfred Reed](/wiki/Alfred_Reed "Alfred Reed")'s 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively; eight of the ten numbered symphonies of [David Maslanka](/wiki/David_Maslanka "David Maslanka");[\[46\]](#cite_note-46) [five symphonies to date](/wiki/Julie_Giroux#Symphonies_for_concert_band_and_wind_ensemble "Julie Giroux") by [Julie Giroux](/wiki/Julie_Giroux "Julie Giroux") (although she is currently working on a sixth[\[47\]](#cite_note-47)); [Johan de Meij](/wiki/Johan_de_Meij "Johan de Meij")'s [Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"](/wiki/Symphony_No._1_%22The_Lord_of_the_Rings%22 "Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\""), composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 "The Big Apple", composed in 1993; Yasuhide Ito's Symphony in Three Scenes 'La Vita', composed in 1998, which is his third symphony for wind band; [John Corigliano](/wiki/John_Corigliano "John Corigliano")'s [Symphony No. 3 'Circus Maximus](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Corigliano) "Symphony No. 3 (Corigliano)"), composed in 2004; [Denis Levaillant](/wiki/Denis_Levaillant "Denis Levaillant")'s PachaMama Symphony, composed in 2014 and 2015,[\[48\]](#cite_note-48) and James M. Stephenson's Symphony No. 2 which was premiered by the United States Marine Band ("The President's Own") and received both the National Band Association's William D. Revelli (2017)[\[49\]](#cite_note-49) and the American Bandmasters Association's Sousa/Ostwald (2018)[\[50\]](#cite_note-50) awards.

## Other modern usages of "symphony"

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Other modern usages of \"symphony\"")\]

In some forms of English, the word "symphony" is also used to refer to the [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra"), the large ensemble that often performs these works. The word "symphony" appears in the name of many orchestras, for example, the [London Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra "London Symphony Orchestra"), the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra "Boston Symphony Orchestra"), the [St. Louis Symphony](/wiki/St._Louis_Symphony "St. Louis Symphony"), the [Houston Symphony](/wiki/Houston_Symphony "Houston Symphony"), or Miami's [New World Symphony](/wiki/New_World_Symphony_(orchestra) "New World Symphony (orchestra)"). For some orchestras, "(city name) Symphony" provides a shorter version of the full name; for instance, the [OED](/wiki/OED "OED") gives "Vancouver Symphony" as a possible abbreviated form of [Vancouver Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Vancouver_Symphony_Orchestra "Vancouver Symphony Orchestra").[\[51\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d-51)[\[52\]](#cite_note-52) Additionally, in common usage, a person may say they are going out to hear a symphony perform, a reference to the orchestra and not the works on the program. These usages are not common in [British English](/wiki/British_English "British English").

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: See also")\]

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png)[Classical music portal](/wiki/Portal:Classical_music "Portal:Classical music")

- [Choral symphony](/wiki/Choral_symphony "Choral symphony")
- [Curse of the ninth](/wiki/Curse_of_the_ninth "Curse of the ninth")
- [List of symphony composers](/wiki/List_of_symphony_composers "List of symphony composers")
- [Organ symphony](/wiki/Organ_symphony "Organ symphony")
- [Piano symphony](/wiki/Piano_symphony "Piano symphony")
- [Symphonies for concert band](/wiki/Symphonies_for_concert_band "Symphonies for concert band")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-OED_1-0)**["Symphony"](http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/196292?redirectedFrom=symphony#eid), _[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")_ (online version ed.)
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Brown2001_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Brown2001_2-1)[Brown 2001](#CITEREFBrown2001)
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[_The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville_](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C). Cambridge University Press. 8 June 2006. p. 98. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-139-45616-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45616-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45616-6").
04. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501_4-0)**[Marcuse 1975](#CITEREFMarcuse1975), p. 501.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman19717_5-0)**[Bowman 1971](#CITEREFBowman1971), p. 7.
06. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-1)[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001).
07. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]_7-0)**[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001), §I.2, citing two scholarly catalogs listing over 13,000 distinct works: [LaRue 1959](#CITEREFLaRue1959) and [LaRue 1988](#CITEREFLaRue1988).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2_8-0)**[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001), §I.2.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10_9-0)**[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001), §I.10.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**[Carpani, Giuseppe](/wiki/Giuseppe_Carpani "Giuseppe Carpani") (1823). _Le Haydine, ovvero Lettere su la vita e le opere del celebre maestro Giuseppe Haydn_ (Second ed.). p. 66.
11. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-1)[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001), §I.4.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**Hepokoski, James; Darcy, Warren (2006). [_Elements of Sonata Theory : Norms, Types, and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata_](https://books.google.com/books?id=fHasTaNQmK0C&q=mozart+four+movements+three+movements+symphony). [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). p. 320. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0198033451](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198033451 "Special:BookSources/0198033451").
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Count taken from Graham Parkes, "The symphonic structure of _Also sprach Zarathustra_: a preliminary outline", in Luchte, James (2011). _Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise_. Bloomsbury Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1441118455](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441118455 "Special:BookSources/978-1441118455").. Excerpts online at [\[1\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=UFBS4Kpz9ooC&dq=haydn+four+movements+three+movements+symphony&pg=PT24).
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**The conjecture about the child Mozart's three-movement preference is made by Gärtner, who notes that Mozart's father [Leopold](/wiki/Leopold_Mozart "Leopold Mozart") and other older composers already preferred four. See Gärtner, Heinz (1994). _John Christian Bach: Mozart's Friend and Mentor_. Hal Leonard Corporation. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0931340799](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0931340799 "Special:BookSources/0931340799"). Excerpts online at [\[2\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=7mw7Mw9GgSgC&dq=mozart+four+movements+three+movements+symphony&pg=PA216).
15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson199926_15-0)**[Jackson 1999](#CITEREFJackson1999), p. 26.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1979106_16-0)**[Stein 1979](#CITEREFStein1979), p. 106.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProut1895249_17-0)**[Prout 1895](#CITEREFProut1895), p. 249.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._18-0)**[Anon. n.d](#CITEREFAnon.n.d.).
19. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster2001_19-0)**[Webster 2001](#CITEREFWebster2001).
20. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001_20-0)**[Eisen & Sadie 2001](#CITEREFEisenSadie2001).
21. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-1)[Dahlhaus 1989](#CITEREFDahlhaus1989), p. 265
22. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibbey199940_22-0)**[Libbey 1999](#CITEREFLibbey1999), p. 40.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**Beethoven's Ninth is not the first choral symphony, though it is surely the most celebrated one. Beethoven was anticipated by [Peter von Winter](/wiki/Peter_von_Winter "Peter von Winter")'s _Schlacht-Sinfonie_ ("Battle Symphony"), which includes a concluding chorus and was written in 1814, ten years before Beethoven's Ninth. Source: [LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson 2001](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001)
24. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1997521_24-0)**[Rosen 1997](#CITEREFRosen1997), p. 521.
25. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42_25-0)**[Macdonald 2001](#CITEREFMacdonald2001), §3: 1831–42.
26. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-3)[LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)](#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001), II.1.
27. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_27-0)**[Anon. 2008](#CITEREFAnon.2008).
28. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawa2001352_28-0)**[Tawa 2001](#CITEREFTawa2001), p. 352.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9_29-0)**[Vande Moortele 2013](#CITEREFVande_Moortele2013), 269, 284n9.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**BABITZ, SOL (1941). ["Stravinsky's Symphony in C (1940)"](https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mq/xxvii.1.20). _The Musical Quarterly_. **XXVII** (1): 20–25. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/mq/xxvii.1.20](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxxvii.1.20). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-4631](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631).
31. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006_31-0)**[Kennedy 2006](#CITEREFKennedy2006).
32. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley2001_32-0)**[Temperley 2001](#CITEREFTemperley2001).
33. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404_33-0)**[Steinberg 1995](#CITEREFSteinberg1995), 404.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287_34-0)**[Grimley 2013](#CITEREFGrimley2013), p. 287.
35. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**[Whittall, Arnold](/wiki/Arnold_Whittall "Arnold Whittall") (14 March 2016). ["Contemporary Composer – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies"](https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/contemporary-composer-sir-peter-maxwell-davies). _[Gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine) "Gramophone (magazine)")_. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**["Prom 27: Robin Holloway, Strauss & Brahms"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/e9bv4f). [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC"). 4 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**Bratby, Richard (17 May 2018). ["Natural selection"](https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/natural-selection-17-may-2018). _[The Spectator](/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator")_. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**Ashley, Tim (4 August 2015). ["BBCSSO/Runnicles review – MacMillan premiere and the raw power of Mahler"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/04/bbcsso-runnicles-review-prom-24-macmillan-mahler). _[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
39. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**["Peter Seabourne's Symphony of Roses is given a triumphant world premiere by the Biel Solothurn Theatre Orchestra, Switzerland conducted by Kaspar Zehnder"](http://theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com/2016/07/peter-seabournes-symphony-of-roses-is.html). _theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com_. The Classical Reviewer. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**Rickards, Guy. ["Sawyers Symphony No 3. Songs of Loss and Regret"](https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/sawyers-symphony-no-3-songs-of-loss-and-regret). _[Gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine) "Gramophone (magazine)")_. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**["Catalogue"](https://www.derekbourgeois.com/catalogu.htm). _www.derekbourgeois.com_. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
42. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**["The (Mis)numbering of symphonies"](https://www.sco.org.uk/news/misnumbered-symphonies).
43. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**["Commemoration Symphony (Reicha)"](https://www.windrep.org/Commemoration_Symphony). _The [Wind Repertory Project](/wiki/Wind_Repertory_Project "Wind Repertory Project") (Wiki)_.
44. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242_44-0)**[Battisti 2002](#CITEREFBattisti2002), p. 42.
45. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**See [List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness](/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alan_Hovhaness "List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness")
46. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**["Suspending Time and Figuring Out the Impossible—Remembering David Maslanka (1943-2017)"](https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/suspending-time-and-figuring-out-the-impossible-remembering-david-maslanka-1943-2017/). _[NewMusicBox](/wiki/NewMusicBox "NewMusicBox")_. 31 August 2017.
47. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**["Julie Giroux: A Wind Band is a Box of 168 Crayons"](https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/julie-giroux-a-wind-band-is-a-box-of-168-crayons/). _[NewMusicBox](/wiki/NewMusicBox "NewMusicBox")_. 16 December 2020.
48. **[^](#cite_ref-48)**Vagne, Thierry (17 February 2016). ["Denis Levaillant – Pachamama Symphony"](https://vagnethierry.fr/denis-levaillant-pachamama-symphony/). _vagnethierry.fr_ (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2020.
49. **[^](#cite_ref-49)**["James Stephenson Wins 2017 NBA Revelli Award"](https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/social-news/james-stephenson-wins-2017-nba-revelli-award/). _[NewMusicBox](/wiki/NewMusicBox "NewMusicBox")_. 4 January 2018.
50. **[^](#cite_ref-50)**["2018 Sousa-ABA-Ostwald Award Winner"](http://www.americanbandmasters.org/2018-sousa-aba-ostwald-award-winner/). _American Bandmasters Association_. 20 December 2018.
51. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d_51-0)**[OED](#CITEREFOED), definition 5d: _ellipt._ for 'symphony orchestra'
52. **[^](#cite_ref-52)**[Paul Whiteman](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman "Paul Whiteman"); [Mary Margaret McBride](/wiki/Mary_Margaret_McBride "Mary Margaret McBride") (1926). _Jazz_. xiv. 287. The unknown composer has to pay to get his compositions played by a good symphony.

### Sources

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Sources")\]

- Anon. n.d. " [Mannheim School](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362596/Mannheim-school)". _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")_ (accessed 27 January 2015).
- Anon. 2008. " [Symphony](http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e10019)." _The Oxford Dictionary of Music_, second edition, revised, edited by [Michael Kennedy](/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic) "Michael Kennedy (music critic)"), associate editor Joyce Bourne. Oxford Music Online (Accessed 24 July 2008) (subscription required).
- Battisti, Frank L. (2002). _The Winds of Change: The Evolution of the Contemporary American Wind Band/Ensemble and Its Conductor_. Galesville, Maryland: Meredith Music Publications. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780634045226](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780634045226 "Special:BookSources/9780634045226").
- Bowman, Carl Byron. 1971. "The Ecclesiastiche Sinfonie (Opus 16) of Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634)". Ph.D. diss. New York: New York University.
- [Brown, Howard Mayer](/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown "Howard Mayer Brown"). 2001\. "Symphonia". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- [Dahlhaus, Carl](/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus "Carl Dahlhaus"). 1989\. _Nineteenth-Century Music_, translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-520-07644-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0").
- [Eisen, Cliff](/wiki/Cliff_Eisen "Cliff Eisen"), and [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie"). 2001\. "Mozart (3): (Johann Chrysostum) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- Grimley, Daniel M. (2013). "Symphony/Antiphony: Formal Strategies in the Twentieth-Century Symphony". In Julian Horton (ed.). _The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony_. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–310. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781107469709](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107469709 "Special:BookSources/9781107469709").
- [Jackson, Timothy L.](/wiki/Timothy_L._Jackson "Timothy L. Jackson") 1999\. _Tchaikovsky, Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)_. Cambridge Music Handbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-521-64111-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64111-X "Special:BookSources/0-521-64111-X") (cloth); [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-521-64676-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64676-6 "Special:BookSources/0-521-64676-6") (pbk).
- [Kennedy, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic) "Michael Kennedy (music critic)"). 2006a. "Sinfonietta". _The Oxford Dictionary of Music_, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
- LaRue, Jan. 1959. "A Union Thematic Catalogue of 18th Century Symphonies". _Fontes Artis Musicae_ 6:18–20.
- LaRue, Jan. 1988. _A Catalogue of 18th-Century Symphonies, i: Thematic Identifier_. Bloomington, Indiana.
- LaRue, Jan, Mark Evan Bonds, [Stephen Walsh](/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer) "Stephen Walsh (writer)"), and Charles Wilson. 2001. "Symphony". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- Libbey, Theodore. 1999. _The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection_, second edition. New York: Workman Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0761104872](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761104872 "Special:BookSources/978-0761104872")
- [Macdonald, Hugh](/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist) "Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)"). 2001b. "Berlioz, Hector". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- Marcuse, Sybil. 1975. _Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary_. Revised edition. The Norton Library. New York: W. W. Norton. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-00758-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00758-8 "Special:BookSources/0-393-00758-8").
- [Prout, Ebenezer](/wiki/Ebenezer_Prout "Ebenezer Prout"). 1895\. _Applied Forms: A Sequel to 'Musical Form'_, third edition. Augener's Edition, no. 9183. London: Augener. Facsimile reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1971. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-404-05138-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-05138-3 "Special:BookSources/0-404-05138-3").
- [Rosen, Charles](/wiki/Charles_Rosen "Charles Rosen") (1997). _[The Classical Style](/wiki/The_Classical_Style "The Classical Style"): Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven_ (expanded ed.). London: Faber and Faber. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780571192878](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571192878 "Special:BookSources/9780571192878").
- [Stein, Leon](/wiki/Leon_Stein "Leon Stein"). 1979\. _Structure & Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms_, expanded edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Summy-Birchard Music. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-87487-164-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87487-164-6 "Special:BookSources/0-87487-164-6").
- [Steinberg, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic) "Michael Steinberg (music critic)"). 1995\. _[The Symphony: A Listener's Guide](https://archive.org/details/symphonylistener00stei)_. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-506177-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506177-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506177-2") (cloth); [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-512665-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512665-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512665-5") (pbk) (accessed 27 January 2015).
- Tawa, Nicholas E. _From Psalm to Symphony: A History of Music in New England_. Boston: Northeastern University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-55553-491-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-491-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-491-2").
- [Temperley, Nicholas](/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley "Nicholas Temperley"). 2001\. "Sinfonietta." _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- Vande Moortele, Steven. 2013. "'Two-dimensional' Symphonic Forms: Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, Before and After". In _The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony_, edited by Julian Horton, 268–284. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781107469709](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107469709 "Special:BookSources/9781107469709").
- Webster, James, and Georg Feder. 2001. "Haydn, (Franz) Joseph". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Ballantine, Christopher. 1983. _Twentieth Century Symphony._ London: Dennis Dobson. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-234-72042-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-234-72042-5 "Special:BookSources/0-234-72042-5").
- [Berlioz, Hector](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz"). 1857\. _Roméo et Juliette: Sinfonie dramatique: avec choeurs, solos de chant et prologue en récitatif choral, Op. 17_. Partition de piano par Th. Ritter. Winterthur: J. Rieter-Biedermann.
- Berlioz, Hector. 2002. _Berlioz's Orchestration Treatise: A Translation and Commentary_, translated by [Hugh Macdonald](/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist) "Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)"). Cambridge University Press, 2002. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-521-23953-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23953-2 "Special:BookSources/0-521-23953-2").
- Brown, A. Peter. 2002. _The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume II: The First Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert_. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-33487-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9").
- Brown, A. Peter. 2007. _The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part A: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Germany and the Nordic Countries_. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-34801-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34801-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34801-2").
- Brown, A. Peter. 2007. _The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume IV: The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Brahms, Bruckner, Dvořák, Mahler, and Selected Contemporaries_. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-33488-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6").
- Brown, A. Peter with Brian Hart. 2008. _The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part B: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Great Britain, Russia, and France_. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-34897-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34897-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34897-5").
- Cuyler, Louise. 1995. _The Symphony_. Second Edition. Detroit Monographs in Musicology, Studies in Music 16. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-899-90072-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-899-90072-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-899-90072-8").
- Hansen, Richard K. 2005. _The American Wind Band: A Cultural History_. Chicago, Illinois: GIA Publications. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57999-467-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57999-467-9 "Special:BookSources/1-57999-467-9").
- [Holoman, D. Kern](/wiki/D._Kern_Holoman "D. Kern Holoman"). 1996\. _The Nineteenth-Century Symphony_. Studies in Musical Genres and Repertoires. New York: Schirmer. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-028-71105-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-028-71105-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-028-71105-8").
- [Hopkins, Antony](/wiki/Antony_Hopkins "Antony Hopkins"). 1981\. _The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven_. London: Heinemann.
- Layton, Robert, ed. 1993. _Companion to the Symphony_. New York: Simon and Schuster. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-671-71014-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71014-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71014-9").
- Morrow, Mary Sue, and Bathia Churgin, eds. 2012. _The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume I: The Eighteenth-Century Symphony_. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-35640-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35640-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35640-6").
- [Randel, Don Michael](/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel "Don Michael Randel"). 2003\. _The Harvard Dictionary of Music_, fourth edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780674011632](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674011632 "Special:BookSources/9780674011632").
- Ritzarev, Marina. 2014. _Tchaikovsky's Pathétique and Russian Culture_. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4724-2411-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2411-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2411-2").
- [Simpson, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Simpson_(composer) "Robert Simpson (composer)"), ed. 1967. _The Symphony, Volume I: Haydn to Dvořák_. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-140-20772-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20772-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20772-9").
- Simpson, Robert, ed. 1967. _The Symphony, Volume II: Elgar to the Present Day_. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-140-20773-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20773-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20773-6").
- [Stainer, John](/wiki/John_Stainer "John Stainer"), and Francis W Galpin. 1914. " [Wind Instruments – Sumponyah; Sampunia; Sumphonia; Symphonia](http://www.oldandsold.com/articles22/music-bible-7.shtml)". In _The Music of the Bible, with Some Account of the Development of Modern Musical Instruments from Ancient Types_, new edition. London: Novello; New York: H. W. Gray.
- Stedman, Preston. 1992. _The Symphony_. Second edition. Pearson. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-13-880055-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-880055-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-13-880055-0").
- Thomson, Andrew. 2001. "Widor, Charles-Marie(-Jean-Albert)", 2. Works. _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") and [John Tyrrell](/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist) "John Tyrrell (musicologist)"). London: Macmillan.
- [Wyn Jones, David](/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones "David Wyn Jones"). 2006\. _The Symphony in the Age of Beethoven_. New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-521-86261-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86261-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86261-5").
- [Young, Percy M.](/wiki/Percy_M._Young "Percy M. Young") 1968\. _Symphony_. Phoenix Music Guides. Boston: Crescendo Publishers. SBN: 87597-018-4.

## External links

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- ["Symphony"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Symphony). _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")_. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–291.
- [Gann, Kyle](/wiki/Kyle_Gann "Kyle Gann"). ["A Chronology of the Symphony 1730–2005"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150804045025/http://www.kylegann.com/Symphony.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.kylegann.com/Symphony.html) on 4 August 2015. A list of selected major symphonies composed 1800–2005, with composers of 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st century symphonies
- [The Symphony – Interactive Guide](https://web.archive.org/web/20080602104124/http://library.thinkquest.org/22673/index.html)
- "List of symphonists, mostly active after 1800", compiled by Thanh-Tâm Lê: ["A to D"](http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_a-d.htm).["E to J"](http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_e-j.htm).["K to O"](http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_k-o.htm).["P to Z"](http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_p-z.htm).

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