por que precisamos de novas regras para a exploração espacial
A primeira expedição humana a Marte pode ocorrer dentro de cinco a dez anos. A tripulação será composta principalmente por voluntários, ...
Tratado do Espaço Sideral
O <anchor>Tratado do Espaço Sideral</anchor> foi assinado em 1967, sendo os signatários iniciais os Estados Unidos, o Reino Unido e a antiga União Soviética. O documento afirmava que os corpos celestes e o espaço não estavam lá para serem tomados; nenhuma das partes do tratado reivindicaria soberania sobre o espaço, os planetas ou outros objetos do sistema solar. Além disso, quando os EUA e a URSS estavam envolvidos na Guerra Fria, armamento no espaço foi categoricamente proibido.
The Outer Space Treaty
The Outer Space Treaty

# [United NationsOffice for Outer Space Affairs](//www.unoosa.org/oosa/index.html)

- [About Us](/oosa/en/aboutus/index.html)
  - [Roles and Responsibilities](/oosa/en/aboutus/roles-responsibilities.html)
  - [Annual Reports](/oosa/en/aboutus/annual-reports.html)
  - [Director](/oosa/en/aboutus/director.html)
  - [Structure](/oosa/en/aboutus/structure.html)
  - [Partnerships](/oosa/en/aboutus/partnerships.html)
  - [History](/oosa/en/aboutus/history/index.html)
    - [Treaties](/oosa/en/aboutus/history/treaties.html)
    - [UNISPACE Conferences](/oosa/en/aboutus/history/unispace.html)
    - [Timeline: UN and Space](/oosa/en/timeline/index.html)
  - [Employment](/oosa/en/aboutus/employment.html)
  - [Contact Us](/oosa/en/aboutus/contact.html)
- [Our Work](/oosa/en/ourwork/index.html)
  - [Secretariat of COPUOS](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/index.html)
    - [Committee and its Subcommittees](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/comm-subcomms.html)
      - [COPUOS 2023 Session](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/2023/index.html)
      - [STSC 2024 Session](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/stsc/2024/index.html)
      - [LSC 2024 Session](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2024/index.html)
      - [Past sessions](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/past-sessions.html)
      - [Working Groups](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/working-groups.html)
    - [General Assembly Joint Panel](/oosa/en/ourwork/gajointpanel/index.html)
    - [History](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/history.html)
    - [Member States and Observer Organizations](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/evolution.html)
      - [Membership Evolution](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/evolution.html)
      - [Observer Organizations](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/copuos-observers.html)
    - [Meetings Schedule](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/schedule.html)
    - [Documents](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/documents.html)
      - [VIC Online](http://myconference.unov.org/?lf_id=)
      - [Technical Presentations](/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/technical-presentations-index.html)
      - [Digital Recordings](/oosa/audio/v3/index-staging.jspx)
  - [Programme on Space Applications](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/index.html)
    - [PSA News](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/news.html)
    - [Schedule of Activities](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/schedule.html)
      - [2024](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2024_events.html)
      - [2023](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2023_events.html)
      - [2022](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2022_events.html)
      - [2021](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2021_events.html)
      - [2020](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/schedule.html)
      - [2019](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/schedule.html)
      - [2018](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/schedule.html)
      - [2017](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2017_events.html)
      - [2016](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016_events.html)
      - [2015](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2015_events.html)
      - [2014](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2014_events.html)
      - [2013](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2013_events.html)
      - [2012](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2012_events.html)
      - [2011](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2011_events.html)
      - [2010](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2010_events.html)
      - [2009](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2009_events.html)
      - [2008](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2008_events.html)
    - [Fellowships](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/fellowships.html)
      - [DropTES](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/capacity-building/droptes.html)
      - [PNST](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/fellowships.html)
    - [Basic Space Science Initiative (BSSI)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bssi/index.html)
      - [BSS Workshops (1991-2004)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bssi/workshops.html)
      - [International Heliophysical Year 2007](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bssi/ihy2007.html)
      - [International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bssi/iswi.html)
    - [Basic Space Technology Initiative (BSTI)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/index.html)
      - [Events and Activities](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/events_activities.html)
      - [Fellowship Programme](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/fellowships.html)
      - [Resources](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/resources.html)
      - [Education](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/education.html)
      - [Projects](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bsti/projects.html)
    - [Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/index.html)
      - [Events](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/events.html)
      - [Ground-based Experiments](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/ground-based-experiments.html)
        - [ZGIP](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/capacity-building/zgip.html)
        - [DropTES](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/capacity-building/droptes.html)
        - [HyperGES](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/ldc_hyperges/ao_main.html)
      - [Orbital Opportunities](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/orbital-opportunities.html)
        - [KiboCUBE](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/kibocube.html)
        - [Orbital Mission](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/FreeFlyer_Orbital_Mission.html)
        - [China Space Station](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/chinaspacestation/ao_main.html)
        - [Bartolomeo](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/orbitalmission/bartolomeo/index.html)
        - [CubeSats with Vega-C](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/hsti/vegac.html)
    - [Areas of work](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/thematic.html)
      - [Biodiversity/Ecosystems](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/emnrm/biodiversity.html)
      - [Climate Change](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/emnrm/climatechange.html)
      - [Disaster Management](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/index.html)
      - [Environmental Monitoring and Natural Resource Management](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/emnrm/index.html)
      - [Global Health](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/globalhealth/index.html)
      - [Global Navigation Satellite Systems](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/gnss/gnss.html)
        - [Current Workshop](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/gnss/workshops.html)
        - [Past Workshops](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/gnss/past-workshops.html)
      - [Satellite Communications](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/satellite-communications.html)
    - [Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/index.html)
      - [Africa, Nigeria (ARCSSTE-E)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/arcsste-e.html)
      - [Africa, Morocco (CRASTE-LF)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/craste-lf.html)
      - [Latin America & Caribbean, Mexico & Brazil (CRECTEALC)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/crectealc.html)
      - [Asia/Pacific, India (CSSTEAP)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/cssteap.html)
      - [West Asia, Jordan (RCSSTEWA)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/rcsstewa.html)
      - [Asia/Pacific, China (RCSSTEAP)](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/rcssteap-china.html)
      - [Education Curricula](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/study_curricula.html)
    - [Publications](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/psa-publications-redirect.html)
    - [Reports](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/reports/index.html)
  - [UN-SPIDER](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/index.html)
    - [Knowledge Management](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/knowledge-management.html)
    - [Technical Advisory Support](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/tas.html)
    - [Network](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/network.html)
    - [News and Events](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/events.html)
    - [Contact Us](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/contact.html)
  - [International Committee on GNSS](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html)
    - [Overview](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html)
    - [Members](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/members.html)
    - [ICG Terms of Reference](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg-tor.html)
    - [Providers' Forum](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/providers-forum.html)
      - [GNSS Providers](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/providers-forum/principles.html)
      - [Meetings](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/providers-forum/meetings.html)
    - [Working Groups](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups.html)
      - [Working Group S](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/s.html)
        - [IDM](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/s/IDMIndex.html)
        - [Performance Standards](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/s/PSindex.html)
      - [Working Group B](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/b.html)
      - [Working Group C](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/c.html)
      - [Working Group D](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups/d.html)
        - [Templates](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/resources/Regl-ref.html)
      - [Recommendations](/documents/pdf/icg/misc/ICG_Working_Groups_Recommendations_Compendium_26_July_2024.pdf?lng=en)
    - [ICG Annual Meetings](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/annual-meetings.html)
      - [Current Meeting](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/ICG-2024.html)
      - [Past Meetings](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/past.html)
    - [ICG Programme on GNSS Applications](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/activities.html)
      - [Workshops](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/gnss/workshops.html)
      - [Space Weather](/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/bssi/iswi.html)
    - [Resources](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/resources.html)
      - [Reference Systems](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/resources/Regl-ref.html)
      - [Education Materials](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/resources/educational-material.html)
    - [ICG Documents](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/documents.html)
      - [A/AC.105/ series](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/documents/105.html)
      - [Terms of Reference](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg-tor.html)
      - [Working Group Reports](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/working-groups.html)
      - [Publications](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/documents/publications.html)
      - [Videos](/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/documents/videos.html)
      - [Performance Standards](/documents/pdf/icg/PS/Performance_Standards_Guidelines_V2.0_Final.pdf?lng=en)
      - [ICG Reports Extracts](/documents/pdf/icg/2024/Extracts_from_the_ICG_Reports_edited_01-01-2024.pdf?lng=en)
      - [ICG WG Recommendations](/documents/pdf/icg/misc/ICG_Working_Groups_Recommendations_Compendium_26_July_2024.pdf?lng=en)
    - [ICG Timeline](/oosa/en/timeline-icg/index.html)
  - [UN-Space](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/index.html)
    - [Inter-Agency Meeting](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/iam.html)
      - [Current/Upcoming Session](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/iam/43rd-session.html)
    - [Open Informal Sessions](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/ois.html)
    - [List of Participating Organizations](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/po.html)
    - [Secretary-General's and meeting reports](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/documents.html)
    - [Special Reports & Publications](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/reports_publications.html)
    - [Contacts](/oosa/en/ourwork/un-space/contacts.html)
  - [Space Law](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/index.html)
    - [Treaties & Principles](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html)
      - [Treaty Status](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html)
      - [Travaux Préparatoires](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/travaux-preparatoires.html)
    - [Space Law Resolutions](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/resolutions.html)
    - [National Space Law](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nationalspacelaw.html)
    - [Bilateral & Multilateral Agreements](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nationalspacelaw/bi-multi-lateral-agreements.html)
    - [Non-legally Binding UN Instruments on Outer Space](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nlbcompendium.html)
    - [Treaty Implementation](/oosa/en/treatyimplementation/index.html)
      - [Space Object Register](/oosa/en/spaceobjectregister/index.html)
    - [Publications](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/publications.html)
    - [Capacity Building](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/capacitybuilding.html)
      - [UN Conference on Space Law and Policy](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/conferences.html)
        - [First UN Conference on Space Law & Policy](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/first-united-nations-conference-on-space-law-and-policy.html)
        - [UN/Turkey/APSCO Conference](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/un-turkey-apsco-conference-on-space-law-and-policy.html)
        - [UN Conference - African Perspectives](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/un-conference-on-space-law-and-policy-organized-in-cooperation-with-the-economic-commission-for-africa.html)
        - [UN/Chile Conference on Space Law and Policy](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/un-chile-conference-on-space-law-and-policy.html)
        - [UN Conference on Space Law and Policy: The Outer Space Treaty for the 21st Century](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/un-conference-on-space-law-and-policy-the-outer-space-treaty-for-the-21st-century.html)
        - [2024 UN Conference on Space Law and Policy](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/2024-un-conference-on-space-law-and-policy.html)
      - [Space Law Workshops](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/workshops/index.html)
      - [Space Law Curriculum](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/space-law-curriculum.html)
  - [Moon, Mars and Beyond](/oosa/en/ourwork/moon-mars-and-beyond/index.html)
    - [Sustainable Lunar Activities Conference 2024](/oosa/en/ourwork/moon-mars-and-beyond/sustainable-lunar-activities-conference-2024.html)
  - [Benefits of Space](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/benefits.html)
    - [Agriculture](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/agriculture.html)
    - [Global Health](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/global-health.html)
    - [Environment](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/environment.html)
    - [Sustainable Development](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/sustainable-development.html)
    - [Disasters](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/disasters.html)
    - [Education](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/education.html)
    - [Human Settlements](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/human-settlements.html)
    - [Research & Develoment](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/research.html)
    - [Transportation](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/transportation.html)
    - [Communication](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/communication.html)
    - [Humanitarian Assistance](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/humanitarian-assistance.html)
    - [International Peace & Security](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/international-peace-and-security.html)
  - [Access to Space for All](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/index.html)
    - [For Member States](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/AccSpace4All_memberstates.html)
    - [Partnerships](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/AccSpace4All_partnerships.html)
    - [Opportunities](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/prospectiveapplicants.html)
      - [Hypergravity/Microgravity Track](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/HM_Track.html)
      - [Satellite Development Track](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/SatDev_Track.html)
      - [Space Exploration Track](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/SpaceExploration_Track.html)
    - [Awardees](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/Awardees.html)
    - [Acknowledgement](/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/Acknowledgement.html)
  - [Space Law for New Space Actors](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/capacitybuilding/advisory-services/index.html)
  - [Space for Persons with Disabilities](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4personswithdisabilites/index.html)
  - [Space4Youth](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/index.html)
    - [Space4Youth Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/index.html)
      - [2024 Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/2024/index.html)
      - [2022 Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/2022/index.html)
      - [2021 Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/2021/index.html)
      - [2020 Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/2020/index.html)
      - [2019 Competition](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/competition/2019/index.html)
    - [Space4Youth Stories](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/stories/index.html)
      - [Submitting Stories](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4youth/stories/story-submission.html)
  - [Space4Water](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-for-water.html)
  - [Space4Women](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/spaceforwomen/index.html)
  - [World Space Forum](/oosa/en/ourwork/world-space-forum/WSF-main-page.html)
    - [Current Event - WSF 2024](/oosa/en/ourwork/world-space-forum/2024/world-space-forum-2024.html)
    - [Past Events](/oosa/en/ourwork/world-space-forum/past-world-space-fora.html)
  - [Worldwide Space Agencies](/oosa/en/ourwork/space-agencies.html)
  - [Capacity Building Activities](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/promoting-space-sustainability.html)
    - [Capacity Building Projects](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/capacity-building.html)
    - [Space Treaty Implementation](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-treaty-implementation.html)
    - [Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities.html)
    - [Disaster Management](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/disaster-management.html)
    - [Near Earth Objects](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/index.html)
      - [SMPAG](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/smpag.html)
      - [IAWN](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/iawn.html)
      - [Planetary Defence Conferences](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/2023/IAAPDC/index.html)
      - [International Asteroid Day](/oosa/en/outreach/events/iad/index.html)
      - [Documents](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/docs.html)
    - [Space and Climate Change](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-and-climate-change.html)
    - [Nuclear Power Sources](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/nps.html)
    - [GNSS](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/gnss.html)
    - [Remote Sensing](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/remote-sensing.html)
    - [Space Debris](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-debris.html)
      - [Space Debris Compendium](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-debris/compendium.html)
    - [Space Weather](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-weather.html)
    - [Space Solutions for the Pacific](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/spacesolutions4thepacific/index.html)
    - [Space Exploration and Innovation](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-exploration-and-innovation.html)
    - [Space Economy](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-economy/index.html)
    - [Space and Global Health](/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/SpaceandGlobalHealth.html)
    - [Promoting Space Sustainability](/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/promoting-space-sustainability.html)
- [Space4SDGs](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/index.html)
  - [SDG 1: No Poverty](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg1.html)
  - [SDG 2: Zero Hunger](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg2.html)
  - [SDG 3: Good Health & Well-being](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg3.html)
  - [SDG 4: Quality Education](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg4.html)
  - [SDG 5: Gender Equality](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg5.html)
  - [SDG 6: Clean Water & Sanitation](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg6.html)
  - [SDG 7: Affordable & Clean Energy](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg7.html)
  - [SDG 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg8.html)
  - [SDG 9: Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg9.html)
  - [SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg10.html)
  - [SDG 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg11.html)
  - [SDG 12: Responsible Consumption & Production](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg12.html)
  - [SDG 13: Climate Action](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg13.html)
  - [SDG 14: Life Below Water](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg14.html)
  - [SDG 15: Life on Land](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg15.html)
  - [SDG 16: Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg16.html)
  - [SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals](/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg17.html)
- [Information for...](/oosa/en/informationfor/index.html)
  - [For Member States & Organizations](/oosa/en/informationfor/memberstates.html)
    - [Access](/oosa/en/informationfor/memberstates/access.html)
    - [Meeting logistics](/oosa/en/informationfor/memberstates/meeting-logistics.html)
  - [For Students](/oosa/en/informationfor/students.html)
    - [Online Learning](/oosa/en/informationfor/students/online-learning.html)
  - [For Media](/oosa/en/informationfor/media.html)
    - [Media Archive](/oosa/en/informationfor/mediaarchive.html)
    - [Photo Gallery](/oosa/en/media/photo-gallery.html)
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# Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

The
[Outer Space Treaty](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html) was considered by the Legal Subcommittee in 1966 and agreement was reached in the General Assembly in the same year (
[resolution 2222 (XXI)](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html)). The Treaty was largely based on the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, which had been adopted by the General Assembly in its
[resolution 1962 (XVIII)](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/principles/legal-principles.html) in 1963, but added a few new provisions. The Treaty was opened for signature by the three depository Governments (the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America) in January 1967, and it entered into force in October 1967. The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework on international space law, including the following principles:

- the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind;
- outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States;
- outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means;
- States shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner;
- the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes;
- astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind;
- States shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities;
- States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects; and
- States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies.

### Available online resources for the Outer Space Treaty

- [Treaty Status webpage](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html)
- [Travaux Préparatoires](/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/travaux-preparatoires/outerspacetreaty.html)

[RES 2222 (XVI)](/oosa/documents-and-resolutions/search.jspx?view=resolutions&&match=RES%202222%20(XXI))

### Latest

- September 6, 2024

News [ST/SG/SER.E/1210 - Registration information from Slovakia on GRBBeta](/oosa/en/osoindex/data/documents/sk/st/stsgser.e1210.html)

- June 19, 2024

Publications [ST/SPACE/90 - UNOOSA 2023 Annual Report](/oosa/en/oosadoc/data/documents/2024/stspace/stspace90_0.html)

- September 6, 2024

Reports [ST/SG/SER.E/1210 - Registration information from Slovakia on GRBBeta](/oosa/en/osoindex/data/documents/sk/st/stsgser.e1210.html)


### Links

[VIC Online](http://myconference.unov.org/)

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[United Nations](http://www.un.org/)

[Terms of Use](/oosa/en/aboutus/terms-of-use.html)

### Contact us

#### United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

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