História da Publicidade desde Antiguidade Clássica até hoje
Desde os tempos de Pompeia, quando mensagens eram gravadas em pedra, até aos complexos algoritmos dos anúncios digitais de hoje, a publicidade ...
Mercurius Britannicus
Podes achar difícil imaginar um mundo sem anúncios, certo? Pois bem, até 1625, o cenário publicitário era bem diferente do que conhecemos hoje. Nesse ano, o mundo da publicidade assistiu à estreia de algo pioneiro: o “ <anchor>Mercurius Britannicus</anchor>“, o primeiro anúncio publicitário impresso com o objetivo de promover um livro. Esta foi uma inovação significativa, marcando o início de uma era em que a publicidade começou a ganhar um lugar de destaque, indo além da simples informação e assumindo um papel persuasivo.
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## Contents

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- [1Early life](#Early_life)
- [2Civil War](#Civil_War)Toggle Civil War subsection  - [2.1_Mercurius Britanicus_](#Mercurius_Britanicus)
  - [2.2_Mercurius Pragmaticus_](#Mercurius_Pragmaticus)
- [3Interregnum](#Interregnum)Toggle Interregnum subsection  - [3.1_Mercurius Politicus_](#Mercurius_Politicus)
- [4Restoration](#Restoration)
- [5Style](#Style)
- [6Character assessment](#Character_assessment)
- [7Selected works by Nedham](#Selected_works_by_Nedham)
- [8Notes](#Notes)
- [9References](#References)

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# Marchamont Nedham

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

**Marchamont Nedham**, also **Marchmont** and **Needham** (1620 – November 1678), was a journalist, publisher and [pamphleteer](/wiki/Pamphleteer "Pamphleteer") during the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") who wrote official news and propaganda for both sides of the conflict.

A "highly productive propagandist",[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) he was significant in the evolution of early English journalism, and has been strikingly (if hyperbolically) called the "press agent" of Lord Protector [Oliver Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell "Oliver Cromwell").[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

## Early life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life")\]

Nedham was raised by his mother, the innkeeper of The George Inn, [Burford](/wiki/Burford "Burford"), Oxfordshire, after his father's death. His stepfather was the vicar of Burford and teacher at the local school.[\[3\]](#cite_note-:0-3) He was educated at [All Souls College](/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford "All Souls College, Oxford") of [Oxford University](/wiki/Oxford_University "Oxford University"). After college he became an usher at the [Merchant Taylors' School](/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood "Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood"), and then a clerk at [Gray's Inn](/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn "Gray's Inn"). He also studied medicine and pharmacology.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

## Civil War

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Civil War")\]

### _Mercurius Britanicus_

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Mercurius Britanicus")\]

Nedham came to prominence in 1643 when he began working on _Mercurius Britanicus_, a weekly [newsbook](/wiki/Newsbook "Newsbook") espousing the parliamentary politics of the era, mainly written as a response to the royalist _[Mercurius Aulicus](/wiki/Mercurius_Aulicus "Mercurius Aulicus")_ of [John Birkenhead](/wiki/John_Birkenhead "John Birkenhead"). The _Britanicus_ was originally edited by Captain Thomas Audley, but it has been suggested that Nedham was responsible for the content much earlier, as the style changed little when he took over in May 1644. _Britanicus_ was more overtly polemical and savage than the satirical _Aulicus;_ often refuting the royalist title point for point. Nedham also personalised the debate, declaring that _Aulicus_ was "So full of lying and railing, that I think he is afflicted by all the pimp."[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) The publication of [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England")'s personal letters which were captured after the [Battle of Naseby](/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby "Battle of Naseby") was a significant propaganda coup for the parliamentary forces. However, when Nedham began to launch attacks on the personality of the king and mock his stammer he drew censure from the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") from members who felt he had gone too far. When Nedham again attacked the king during delicate negotiations with the Scots in May 1646, he was sent to the [Fleet prison](/wiki/Fleet_prison "Fleet prison") for two weeks for [seditious libel](/wiki/Seditious_libel "Seditious libel").[\[3\]](#cite_note-:0-3) Upon his release he was banned from publishing but probably authored some of the many anonymous pamphlets around at the time.

### _Mercurius Pragmaticus_

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Mercurius Pragmaticus")\]

Reportedly Nedham obtained an audience with King [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England"), and gained a royal pardon. Despite his history of writing parliamentary propaganda, he was commissioned to print a Royalist periodical, _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, starting in September 1647 and continuing for two years. It has been claimed as "one of the wittier and less ephemeral" of the "Cavalier weeklies".[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) _Pragmaticus_ opened each issue with a satirical poem directed at various parliamentary figures and is notable for the quality of its sources. Nedham certainly didn't tone down any of the scandalous nature of his personal attacks, referring to Cromwell at various points as "Copper- Nose," "Nose Almighty," and "The Town-bull of Ely." Although he was responsible for the majority of issues, this particular newsbook was notable for the number of counterfeits that it inspired, with as many as 17 different versions available at various times. While some would have been created to trade off the name of the original to make money, there seems to be disagreement as to who owned the "true" _Pragmaticus_. It seems that some fellow royalists had never really accepted that Nedham had changed sides in good faith, calling him a "turne-coat and inveterate enemy to the late king."[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) In this way they attempted to remove him from the paper.

## Interregnum

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Interregnum")\]

### _Mercurius Politicus_

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Mercurius Politicus")\]

The triumph of the [Parliamentarians](/wiki/Roundhead "Roundhead") in the Civil War led to Nedham's incarceration in [Newgate Prison](/wiki/Newgate_Prison "Newgate Prison") in June 1649; he gained his release in November by switching sides again. The result was perhaps his most significant enterprise, the weekly periodical _[Mercurius Politicus](/wiki/Mercurius_Politicus_(1650) "Mercurius Politicus (1650)")_, which he used as a platform for the [Commonwealth](/wiki/English_Commonwealth "English Commonwealth") regime (Nedham received a government payment of £50 in May 1650, probably to start this venture). This third Nedham weekly began in June 1650, on a light note: "Why should not the Commonwealth have a Fool as well as the King had?" — but soon settled into a more serious vein as a voice of the republican movement of the day.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) He rested the case for the Commonwealth on arguments similar to those of [Hobbes](/wiki/Hobbes "Hobbes"): that "the Sword is, and ever hath been, the Foundation of all Titles to Government", and that it was hardly likely that the Commonwealth's adversaries would ever succeed in their designs.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

_Politicus_ continued for the next decade, the term of the Commonwealth era, under alternative titles like the _Public Intelligence_ or _Public Intelligencer_. In 1655 Cromwell rewarded Nedham with an official post, so that Nedham was then perceived as a spokesman for the regime, albeit under the editorial aegis of [John Thurloe](/wiki/John_Thurloe "John Thurloe"), spymaster of [Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell "Oliver Cromwell").[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

With the royalist faction suppressed or in exile abroad, Nedham turned away from his previous scurrilous reporting and aimed to educate his readers in political principles of [humanism](/wiki/Humanism "Humanism") and republicanism. As the early radicalism of the Commonwealth began to wane, the revolutionary ideas expressed in _Politicus_ also softened, with a greater emphasis on the merit of a stable state. This did not mean that he did not on occasion criticise some of the conservative and authoritarian aspects of Cromwell's [Protectorate](/wiki/The_Protectorate "The Protectorate") and, like others, called for a return to more republican ideals. The newspaper was widely read in England and Europe amongst exiles and Europeans alike. Another significant innovation was the inclusion of regular advertising.

Nedham was associated with a set of influential republican writers of his generation, a circle that included [Algernon Sidney](/wiki/Algernon_Sidney "Algernon Sidney"), [Henry Nevile](/wiki/Henry_Neville_(writer) "Henry Neville (writer)"), [Thomas Chaloner](/wiki/Thomas_Chaloner_(regicide) "Thomas Chaloner (regicide)"), [Henry Marten](/wiki/Henry_Marten_(regicide) "Henry Marten (regicide)")[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) – and [John Milton](/wiki/John_Milton "John Milton"). Milton, as a secretary to the Council of State in the early 1650s, would have overseen Nedham's publishing activity; later, the two men reportedly became personal friends.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

Nedham was notable as an advocate of the commercial interests of emerging capitalism in preference to the pillars of the older order. In 1652, he wrote that commercial interest "is the true zenith of every state and person...though clothed never so much with the specious disguise of religion, justice and necessity".[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) Consistent with this outlook, Nedham translated [John Selden](/wiki/John_Selden "John Selden")'s _Mare Clausum_ (1636) as _Of the Dominion or Ownership of the Sea_ (1652).

## Restoration

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Restoration")\]

Nedham predicted and wrote pamphlets agitating against the [restoration](/wiki/English_Restoration "English Restoration") of the monarchy and when the king returned he went into hiding, possibly in [Holland](/wiki/Holland "Holland"), but was able to return to England after obtaining a pardon (allegedly purchased with a bribe). Nedham helped his case by re-printing some poems, written in _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, while supporting Charles I during the late 1640s. He retired from political pamphleteering and worked as a doctor, although he did not entirely avoid publishing, producing two pamphlets on education and medicine.[\[14\]](#cite_note-Early_English_Books_Online_-_EEBO-14)

One final foray into the field of political writings came in the mid-1670s when he wrote several pamphlets attacking the [Earl of Shaftesbury](/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury").[\[14\]](#cite_note-Early_English_Books_Online_-_EEBO-14) The motive for these seems to have been simply money; but he used the occasion to renew his attacks on Presbyterianism, and his final pamphlet before his death in 1678, a call for war against the French, was probably sincere.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15)

## Style

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Style")\]

Nedham's particular style and philosophy can be summarised by his proposal for _Mercurius Politicus_ in 1650:

> the design of this pamphlet being to undeceive the people, it must be written in a jocular way, or else it will never be cried up: for those truths which the multitude regard not in a serious dress, being represented in pleasing popular airs, make music to the common sense, and charm the fancy, which ever sways the sceptre in vulgar judgement, much more than reason.[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

Nedham used mockery, satire and a biting wit to attack his enemies and generate as much controversy as possible. He believed that a popular audience needed to have humour in addition to the more serious business of news. Propaganda would only be effective with a large circulation. He often invokes [The Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic") as an ideal model for a government without a monarch. Later, he would also use the self-interest theories of [Henri, Duke of Rohan](/wiki/Henri,_duc_de_Rohan "Henri, duc de Rohan") and [Machiavelli](/wiki/Machiavelli "Machiavelli") to compare the motivations for each side's actions and predicting the ensuing political climate. He pioneered this kind of analysis of an ongoing event and used it to determine his own stance

## Character assessment

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Character assessment")\]

Nedham's political reversals were depicted as dishonest; but he seems to have regarded religious toleration, usually advocated by the king's party, as the best way to cure the political problems of the times. [Presbyterianism](/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism"), and the Scots in general, he attacked at almost every opportunity. His writing continued to be influential among the [Whigs](/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party) "Whig (British political party)").[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

In the 18th century, Nedham's theories of republicanism were severely criticised by American Founding Father [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") in the third volume of his _A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America_ (1787–88).[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)

In the next century, Nedham's name was used as a pseudonym by other republican political writers; both [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") and [Josiah Quincy Jr.](/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_II "Josiah Quincy II") published pieces signed "Marchmont Nedham" in the early 1770s.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)

Nedham's later reputation was coloured by the apparent cynicism and opportunism of his wavering allegiances, and by hostility towards his republicanism from subsequent generations of English critics. Yet even some hostile critics have conceded his literary talent and his influence. Sympathetic modern commentator Paul Rahe has called Nedham "the world's first great journalist".[\[20\]](#cite_note-20)

## Selected works by Nedham

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Selected works by Nedham")\]

- _The Levellers Levell'd_, 1647
- _The Case of the Commonwealth of England Stated_, 1650
- _The Excellencie of a Free-State_ 1656
- _A Short History of the English Rebellion_, 1661
- _A Discourse Concerning Schools and Schoolmasters_, 1663

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Notes")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Baldwin, Geoff (2000), "The 'public' as a rhetorical community in early modern England", in Shepard, Alexandra; Withington, Phil (eds.), _Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, Place, Rhetoric_, Manchester University Press, p. 207
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Frank, Joseph (1980), _Cromwell's Press Agent: A Critical Biography of Marchmont Nedham, 1620–78_, Lanham, MD: University Press of America\[ _[page needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\]
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_3-1)Knoppers, Laura (2012). _The Oxford Handbook of Literature and The English Revolution_. Oxford: OUP. p. 375. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780199560608](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199560608 "Special:BookSources/9780199560608").
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**["Biography of Marchamont Nedham"](http://bcw-project.org/biography/marchamont-nedham). _bcw-project.org_. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Nedham, Marchamont (10 October 1643). "Mercurius Britanicus".
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Anthony, H. Sylvia (October–December 1966), "Mercurius Politicus under Milton", _Journal of the History of Ideas_, **27** (4): 593–609, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.2307/2708343](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708343), [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [2708343](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708343) see p. 595.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Anon (8 May 1649). "Mercurius Pragmaticus for King Charles II" – via EBBO.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Anthony 1966](#CITEREFAnthony1966), pp. 595–6.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Franklin, J. (2001), _The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal_, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 82
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**["Biography of John Thurloe"](http://bcw-project.org/biography/john-thurloe). _bcw-project.org_. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Susan Wiseman, _Drama and Politics in the English Civil War_, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998; p. 71.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**[Anthony 1966](#CITEREFAnthony1966), pp. 593–4.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**_The Case Stated Between England and the United Provinces_; quoted in: Knights, Mark (2005), _Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture_, Oxford University Press, p. 351
14. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Early_English_Books_Online_-_EEBO_14-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Early_English_Books_Online_-_EEBO_14-1)["ProQuest \| Better research, better learning, better insights"](http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=config.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=11765792).
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**["ProQuest \| Better research, better learning, better insights"](http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=config.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=12938806).
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Frank, J (1980). _Cromwell's press agent: A critical biography of Marchamont Nedham, 1620–1678_. Lantham, MD: University Press of America. p. 90. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0819111937](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819111937 "Special:BookSources/0819111937").
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**Hill, Christopher, The Experience of Defeat (1984), London: Faber and Faber, p20
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**Copley, John Singleton; Smither, James; Adams, John (1 January 1797). [_A defence of the constitutions of government of the United States of America: against the attack of M. Turgot in his letter to Dr. Price, dated the twenty-second day of March, 1778_](https://archive.org/details/adefenceconstit03adamgoog) (The third ed.). Philadelphia: Printed by Budd and Bartram, for William Cobbett, opposite Christ Church. p. [399](https://archive.org/details/adefenceconstit03adamgoog/page/n443). [OL](/wiki/OL_(identifier) "OL (identifier)") [7065581M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7065581M).
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Olasky, Marvin N. (16 July 2015). [_Central Ideas in the Development of American Journalism: A Narrative History_](https://books.google.com/books?id=NegsCgAAQBAJ). Routledge. p. 46. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781317403371](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317403371 "Special:BookSources/9781317403371").
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**["Wayback Machine has not archived that URL"](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_72/ai_105369911/pg_9). CBSi. Retrieved 29 September 2023 – via Find Articles.\[ _[dead link](/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")_\]

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Marchamont_Nedham&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: References")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)

[Wikisource](/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has the text of the 1885–1900 _[Dictionary of National Biography's](/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography "Dictionary of National Biography")_ article about _**[Needham, Marchamont](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Needham,_Marchamont "s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Needham, Marchamont")**_.

- Drabble, Margaret (1997). _The Oxford Companion to English Literature_. London: Oxford University Press.
- Raymond, Joad (2004). "Nedham , Marchamont (bap. 1620, d. 1678)". _[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography "Dictionary of National Biography")_ (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/ref:odnb/19847](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19847).(Subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

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- This page was last edited on 29 August 2024, at 11:44 (UTC).
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