JavaScript vs Python: Understand the Key Differences | Simplilearn
While Python can be used to create the back-end of a web application, JavaScript can be used to create the back-end as well as the front-end.
object-oriented programming language
Python is a simple to use interpreter-based high-level programming language. It's also very simple to understand a Python program. Python is an <anchor>object-oriented programming language</anchor> that supports a variety of programming paradigms, including structured and functional programming, as previously stated. As a result, it can be utilized to create full software. Contract programming and logic programming are also supported, but only through the use of extensions.
Python OOPs [Made Easy for Beginners]
Python OOPs \[Made Easy for Beginners\]

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### Tutorial Playlist

[**Python Tutorial for Beginners** Overview](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial)

[**The Best Tips for Learning Python** Lesson - 1](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/learn-python) [**Top 10 Reason Why You Should Learn Python** Lesson - 2](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/why-learn-python) [**How to Install Python on Windows?** Lesson - 3](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-installation-on-windows) [**Top 20 Python IDEs in 2024: Choosing The Best One** Lesson - 4](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-ide) [**A Beginner’s Guide To Python Variables** Lesson - 5](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-variables) [**Python Numbers: Integers, Floats, Complex Numbers** Lesson - 6](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-numbers) [**Understanding Python If-Else Statement** Lesson - 7](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-if-else-statement) [**Introduction to Python Strings** Lesson - 8](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-strings) [**The Basics of Python Loops** Lesson - 9](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-loops) [**Python For Loops Explained With Examples** Lesson - 10](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-for-loop) [**Introduction to Python While Loop** Lesson - 11](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-while-loop) [**Everything You Need to Know about Python Arrays** Lesson - 12](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-arrays) [**All You Need To Know About Python List** Lesson - 13](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-list) [**How to Easily Implement Python Sets and Dictionaries** Lesson - 14](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-sets-and-dictionaries) [**Tuples in Python: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 15](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-tuples) [**Everything You Need to Know About Python Slicing** Lesson - 16](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-slicing) [**Python Regular Expression (RegEX)** Lesson - 17](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-regular-expressions) [**Learn A to Z About Python Functions** Lesson - 18](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-functions) [**Objects and Classes in Python: Create, Modify and Delete** Lesson - 19](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/objects-and-classes-in-python) [**Python OOPs Concept: Here's What You Need to Know** Lesson - 20](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-object-oriented-programming) [**An Introduction to Python Threading** Lesson - 21](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-threading) [**Getting Started With Jupyter Network** Lesson - 22](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/jupyter-notebook) [**PyCharm Tutorial: Getting Started with PyCharm** Lesson - 23](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/pycharm) [**The Best NumPy Tutorial for Beginners** Lesson - 24](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/numpy-tutorial) [**The Best Python Pandas Tutorial** Lesson - 25](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-pandas) [**An Introduction to Matplotlib for Beginners** Lesson - 26](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/matplotlib) [**The Best Guide to Time Series Analysis In Python** Lesson - 27](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/time-series-analysis-in-python) [**An Introduction to Scikit-Learn: Machine Learning in Python** Lesson - 28](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/scikit-learn) [**A Beginner's Guide to Web Scraping With Python** Lesson - 29](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/web-scraping-with-python) [**Expressions in Python** Lesson - 30](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/expressions-in-python) [**Python Django Tutorial: The Best Guide on Django Framework** Lesson - 31](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-django) [**10 Cool Python Project Ideas For Beginners in 2024** Lesson - 32](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-project-ideas) [**Top 20 Python Automation Projects Ideas For Beginners** Lesson - 33](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-automation-projects) [**How to Become a Python Developer?: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 34](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-become-python-developer) [**The Best Guide for RPA Using Python** Lesson - 35](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/rpa-tutorial/python-rpa) [**Comprehending Web Development With PHP vs. Python** Lesson - 36](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/php-tutorial/php-vs-python) [**The Best Way to Learn About Box and Whisker Plot** Lesson - 37](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/box-and-whisker-plot) [**An Interesting Guide to Visualizing Data Using Python Seaborn** Lesson - 38](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-seaborn) [**The Complete Guide to Data Visualization in Python** Lesson - 39](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/data-visualization-in-python) [**Everything You Need to Know About Game Designing With Pygame in Python** Lesson - 40](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/what-is-pygame) [**Python Bokeh: What Is Bokeh, Types of Graphs and Layout** Lesson - 41](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-bokeh) [**Top 150+ Python Interview Questions You Must Know for 2025** Lesson - 42](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-interview-questions) [**The Supreme Guide to Understand the Workings of CPython** Lesson - 43](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/understand-the-workings-of-cpython) [**The Best Guide to String Formatting in Python** Lesson - 44](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/string-formatting-in-python) [**How to Automate an Excel Sheet in Python: All You Need to Know** Lesson - 45](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-automate-excel-sheet-in-python) [**How to Make a Chatbot in Python** Lesson - 46](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-make-a-chatbot-in-python) [**What is a Multiline Comment in Python?** Lesson - 47](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/what-is-a-multiline-comment) [**Palindrome in Python** Lesson - 48](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/palindromes-in-python) [**Data Structures in Python: A Comprehensive Guide** Lesson - 49](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/data-structures) [**Fibonacci Series in Python** Lesson - 50](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/fibonacci-series) [**Errors in Python: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 51](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/errors-in-python)

# Object-Oriented Programming in Python

Lesson 20 of 51 [By Avijeet Biswal](https://www.simplilearn.com/authors/avijeet-biswal)

Last updated on Jun 21, 202443833

![Python OOPs Concept: Here's What You Need to Know](https://www.simplilearn.com/ice9/free_resources_article_thumb/Python_Object_Oriented_Programming.jpg)

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[**Python Tutorial for Beginners** Overview](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial)

[**The Best Tips for Learning Python** Lesson - 1](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/learn-python) [**Top 10 Reason Why You Should Learn Python** Lesson - 2](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/why-learn-python) [**How to Install Python on Windows?** Lesson - 3](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-installation-on-windows) [**Top 20 Python IDEs in 2024: Choosing The Best One** Lesson - 4](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-ide) [**A Beginner’s Guide To Python Variables** Lesson - 5](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-variables) [**Python Numbers: Integers, Floats, Complex Numbers** Lesson - 6](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-numbers) [**Understanding Python If-Else Statement** Lesson - 7](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-if-else-statement) [**Introduction to Python Strings** Lesson - 8](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-strings) [**The Basics of Python Loops** Lesson - 9](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-loops) [**Python For Loops Explained With Examples** Lesson - 10](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-for-loop) [**Introduction to Python While Loop** Lesson - 11](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-while-loop) [**Everything You Need to Know about Python Arrays** Lesson - 12](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-arrays) [**All You Need To Know About Python List** Lesson - 13](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-list) [**How to Easily Implement Python Sets and Dictionaries** Lesson - 14](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-sets-and-dictionaries) [**Tuples in Python: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 15](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-tuples) [**Everything You Need to Know About Python Slicing** Lesson - 16](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-slicing) [**Python Regular Expression (RegEX)** Lesson - 17](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-regular-expressions) [**Learn A to Z About Python Functions** Lesson - 18](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-functions) [**Objects and Classes in Python: Create, Modify and Delete** Lesson - 19](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/objects-and-classes-in-python) [**Python OOPs Concept: Here's What You Need to Know** Lesson - 20](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-object-oriented-programming) [**An Introduction to Python Threading** Lesson - 21](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-threading) [**Getting Started With Jupyter Network** Lesson - 22](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/jupyter-notebook) [**PyCharm Tutorial: Getting Started with PyCharm** Lesson - 23](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/pycharm) [**The Best NumPy Tutorial for Beginners** Lesson - 24](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/numpy-tutorial) [**The Best Python Pandas Tutorial** Lesson - 25](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-pandas) [**An Introduction to Matplotlib for Beginners** Lesson - 26](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/matplotlib) [**The Best Guide to Time Series Analysis In Python** Lesson - 27](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/time-series-analysis-in-python) [**An Introduction to Scikit-Learn: Machine Learning in Python** Lesson - 28](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/scikit-learn) [**A Beginner's Guide to Web Scraping With Python** Lesson - 29](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/web-scraping-with-python) [**Expressions in Python** Lesson - 30](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/expressions-in-python) [**Python Django Tutorial: The Best Guide on Django Framework** Lesson - 31](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-django) [**10 Cool Python Project Ideas For Beginners in 2024** Lesson - 32](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-project-ideas) [**Top 20 Python Automation Projects Ideas For Beginners** Lesson - 33](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-automation-projects) [**How to Become a Python Developer?: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 34](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-become-python-developer) [**The Best Guide for RPA Using Python** Lesson - 35](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/rpa-tutorial/python-rpa) [**Comprehending Web Development With PHP vs. Python** Lesson - 36](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/php-tutorial/php-vs-python) [**The Best Way to Learn About Box and Whisker Plot** Lesson - 37](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/box-and-whisker-plot) [**An Interesting Guide to Visualizing Data Using Python Seaborn** Lesson - 38](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-seaborn) [**The Complete Guide to Data Visualization in Python** Lesson - 39](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/data-visualization-in-python) [**Everything You Need to Know About Game Designing With Pygame in Python** Lesson - 40](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/what-is-pygame) [**Python Bokeh: What Is Bokeh, Types of Graphs and Layout** Lesson - 41](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-bokeh) [**Top 150+ Python Interview Questions You Must Know for 2025** Lesson - 42](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/python-interview-questions) [**The Supreme Guide to Understand the Workings of CPython** Lesson - 43](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/understand-the-workings-of-cpython) [**The Best Guide to String Formatting in Python** Lesson - 44](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/string-formatting-in-python) [**How to Automate an Excel Sheet in Python: All You Need to Know** Lesson - 45](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-automate-excel-sheet-in-python) [**How to Make a Chatbot in Python** Lesson - 46](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/how-to-make-a-chatbot-in-python) [**What is a Multiline Comment in Python?** Lesson - 47](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/what-is-a-multiline-comment) [**Palindrome in Python** Lesson - 48](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/palindromes-in-python) [**Data Structures in Python: A Comprehensive Guide** Lesson - 49](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/data-structures) [**Fibonacci Series in Python** Lesson - 50](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/fibonacci-series) [**Errors in Python: A Complete Guide** Lesson - 51](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/errors-in-python)


## Table of Contents

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Comprehending objects and classes is essential for becoming proficient in Python object-oriented programming. This paradigm offers a structured method for managing and organizing code by enabling developers to add, edit, and remove items. You can construct object blueprints by using classes, which encapsulate behaviors and data corresponding to real-world entities. With the help of this article, you will learn how to create, edit, and remove Python objects and classes, giving you the tools you need to perform [object oriented programming in Python](https://www.simplilearn.com/mern-stack-salary-in-india-article) for more reliable, scalable, and maintainable programs.

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## What Is the Python Object-Oriented Programming Concept?

Python's object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm is a programming style that builds software using "objects" for design and organization. A class serves as a blueprint for constructing objects; an object is an instance of that class. Developers can model real-world entities using OOP as objects with methods (functions) that manipulate data and attributes (data). This method facilitates the encapsulation, modularity, and reuse of code, which makes complex program management and maintenance simpler. Python's OOP makes writing flexible, scalable code easier by utilizing the concepts of inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. This improves code quality and productivity.

Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name, species):
        self.name = name
        self.species = species

    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

dog = Dog("Buddy", "Canine")
cat = Cat("Whiskers", "Feline")

print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
print(cat.speak())  # Output: Whiskers says Meow!
```

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## Python Class

### Syntax

Python defines a class with the 'class' keyword, the class name, and a colon. The special '\_\_init\_\_' function, the constructor used to initialize the object's [attributes](https://www.simplilearn.com/sql-certification-cost-article), is one of the method definitions in the class body.

```
class ClassName:
    def __init__(self, attribute1, attribute2):
        self.attribute1 = attribute1
        self.attribute2 = attribute2

    def method_name(self):
        # Method body
        pass
```

### Example

This is an example that shows how to define a class and create an object from it in its entirety:

```
# Defining a class named Car
class Car:
    # Constructor to initialize attributes
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year

    # Method to display car details
    def display_info(self):
        print(f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}")

# Creating an object of the Car class
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020)

# Accessing attributes
print(my_car.make)  # Output: Toyota
print(my_car.model)  # Output: Corolla
print(my_car.year)  # Output: 2020

# Calling a method
my_car.display_info()  # Output: 2020 Toyota Corolla
```

### Explanation

#### 1\. Defining the Class

The ‘Car’ class is defined with an ‘\_\_init\_\_’ [method](https://www.simplilearn.com/mern-stack-alternatives-article) to initialize the ‘make’, ‘model’, and ‘year’ attributes.

The ‘display\_info’ method is defined to print the car's details.

#### 2\. Creating an Object

The object ‘my\_car’ is [created](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/operators-in-python) as an instance of the ‘Car’ class, initializing its attributes with the values "Toyota", "Corolla", and 2020.

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#### 3\. Accessing Attributes and Calling Methods

The object's attributes are accessed using dot notation (‘my\_car.make, my\_car.model, my\_car.year’).

The ‘display\_info’ method is called on ‘my\_car’ to [print](https://www.simplilearn.com/python-unit-testing-article) its details.

## Python Objects

### Overview

An instance of a class is what Python calls an object. Objects are the basic building blocks of object-oriented programming (OOP). Objects can represent real-world things by encapsulating behaviors (methods) and data (attributes). Every object formed from a class can interact with other objects via methods and have a distinct set of [characteristics](https://www.simplilearn.com/mern-stack-salary-in-india-article). Managing and maintaining complicated programs is simpler when code is organized, reusable, and modular, thanks to objects.

### Creating an Object

In Python, an object cannot be created before a class has been instantiated. Using the '\_\_init\_\_' method defined in the class, this process initializes the object's attributes. The [following](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/html-tutorial/html-tags) methods are available when creating an object in Python:

#### 1\. Standard Initialization

The most popular method for creating an object is this one. To use the class, call it like any other function and give any necessary [arguments](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cpp-tutorial/abstract-class-in-cpp) to the '\_\_init\_\_' method.

- Example

```
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def bark(self):
        print("Woof!")

# Creating an object of the Dog class
my_dog = Dog("Buddy", 3)

# Accessing attributes and methods
print(my_dog.name)  # Output: Buddy
print(my_dog.age)   # Output: 3
my_dog.bark()       # Output: Woof!
```

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#### 2\. Using Default Arguments

The \_\_init\_\_ method lets you [set](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/c-tutorial/what-is-macros-in-c) default values for parameters so you can construct objects with fewer arguments.

- Example

```
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name="Unknown", age=0):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

# Creating an object without passing arguments
stray_dog = Dog()
print(stray_dog.name)  # Output: Unknown
print(stray_dog.age)   # Output: 0
```

#### 3\. Using Class Methods

Objects can be created more precisely or [tailored](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/c-tutorial/enum-in-c) using class methods. These methods can be utilized as substitute constructors and are defined using the '@classmethod' decorator.

- Example

```
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    @classmethod
    def from_birth_year(cls, name, birth_year):
        age = 2024 - birth_year
        return cls(name, age)

# Creating an object using the class method
puppy = Dog.from_birth_year("Max", 2021)
print(puppy.name)  # Output: Max
print(puppy.age)   # Output: 3
```

#### 4\. Using Factory Methods

Functions that return new instances of a class are known as factory methods. Usually, they are employed to contain the [logic](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/java-tutorial/linked-list-in-java) needed to produce an object.

- Example

```
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

def create_dog(name, age):
    return Dog(name, age)

# Creating an object using a factory method
guard_dog = create_dog("Rex", 5)
print(guard_dog.name)  # Output: Rex
print(guard_dog.age)   # Output: 5
```

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#### 5\. Using Copy Constructors

Moreover, you can make an item by replicating its properties from another object. Modules like 'copy' can be used, or you can [accomplish](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/java-tutorial/linked-list-in-java) this by yourself.

- Example

```
import copy

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

original_dog = Dog("Buddy", 3)
copied_dog = copy.copy(original_dog)

print(copied_dog.name)  # Output: Buddy
print(copied_dog.age)   # Output: 3
```

## The\_init\_method

The constructor, also known as the '\_\_init\_\_' method in Python, is a unique function that is invoked automatically upon creating a new instance of a class. Its main objective is initializing the object's attributes with the values supplied upon instantiation. The first parameter for this [function](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cpp-tutorial/cpp-cin) is 'self', which corresponds to the instance being formed. Any other parameters needed to populate the object's attributes are then sent in. You can establish an object's initial state with the '\_\_init\_\_' method, ensuring it is correctly initialized and [prepared](https://www.simplilearn.com/salesforce-marketing-cloud-article) for use.

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### Example

```
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name  # Initialize instance attribute 'name'
        self.age = age    # Initialize instance attribute 'age'

    def display_info(self):
        print(f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}")

# Creating an object of the Person class
person1 = Person("Alice", 30)

# Accessing attributes
print(person1.name)  # Output: Alice
print(person1.age)   # Output: 30

# Calling a method
person1.display_info()  # Output: Name: Alice, Age: 30
```

## Python Inheritance

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is based on the fundamental idea of inheritance, which lets a class inherit [properties](https://www.simplilearn.com/r-vs-python-battle-of-programming-languages-article) and functions from another class. This encourages the reuse of code and aids in developing a hierarchical structure among classes. In Python, a new class called a derived class can be created by inheriting from an existing class called a base class.

### Types of Inheritance

#### 1\. Single Inheritance

A derived class inherits from a single base class.

- Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
```

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#### 2\. Multiple Inheritance

A derived class inherits from more than one base class.

- Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Canine:
    def bark(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Dog(Animal, Canine):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says {self.bark()}"

dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
```

#### 3\. Multilevel Inheritance

A derived class inherits from another derived class.

- Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Mammal(Animal):
    def __init__(self, name, has_fur):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.has_fur = has_fur

class Dog(Mammal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

dog = Dog("Buddy", True)
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
```

#### 4\. Hierarchical Inheritance

Multiple derived classes inherit from a single base class.

- Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
print(cat.speak())  # Output: Whiskers says Meow!
```

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#### 5\. Hybrid Inheritance

A combination of two or more types of inheritance. It usually involves a mix of hierarchical, multilevel, and multiple inheritance.

- Example

```
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Canine(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Feline(Animal):
    def meow(self):
        return "Meow!"

class Dog(Canine):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says {self.bark()}"

class Cat(Feline):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says {self.meow()}"

dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Buddy says Woof!
print(cat.speak())  # Output: Whiskers says Meow!
```

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## Python Polymorphism

One of the fundamental ideas of object-oriented programming is [polymorphism](https://www.simplilearn.com/final-year-computer-science-project-ideas-article), which enables objects of many classes to be viewed as members of a single superclass. It allows several underlying forms (data types) to be represented via a single interface. Python allows for implementing polymorphism through method overloading and overriding, enabling distinct classes to [provide](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/javascript-tutorial/scope-of-variables-in-javascript) methods with the same name but differing behavior according to the object's class. Building generic, reusable code becomes more straightforward due to the promotion of flexibility and integration.

- Example

This is an illustration of polymorphism in Python:

```
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"

def make_animal_speak(animal):
    print(animal.speak())

dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()

make_animal_speak(dog)  # Output: Woof!
make_animal_speak(cat)  # Output: Meow!
```

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## Python Encapsulation

One of the core ideas of object-oriented programming is [encapsulation](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/split-in-python), which is the grouping of methods (functions) and data (attributes) into a class unit. It also prevents unauthorized access to parts of the object's components, which helps guard against data misuse and unintentional interference. Usually, this is accomplished by utilizing a leading underscore or double underscore to make [certain](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/c-tutorial/use-of-c-language) attributes or methods private. Encapsulation, which allows controlled access through public methods, encourages modularity and aids in maintaining the integrity of the object's data.

- Example

This is an illustration of Python encapsulation:

```
class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, owner, balance):
        self.owner = owner
        self.__balance = balance  # Private attribute

    def deposit(self, amount):
        if amount > 0:
            self.__balance += amount
            print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {self.__balance}")
        else:
            print("Deposit amount must be positive.")

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if 0 < amount <= self.__balance:
            self.__balance -= amount
            print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance: {self.__balance}")
        else:
            print("Invalid withdrawal amount.")

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance

# Creating an object of the BankAccount class
account = BankAccount("Alice", 1000)

# Accessing public method
account.deposit(500)  # Output: Deposited 500. New balance: 1500
account.withdraw(200)  # Output: Withdrew 200. New balance: 1300

# Trying to access private attribute directly (not recommended)
# print(account.__balance)  # This will raise an AttributeError

# Accessing private attribute through public method
print(account.get_balance())  # Output: 1300
```

In this example, the 'BankAccount' class has the methods (deposit, withdraw, and get\_balance) that manipulate the data and the data itself (owner and balance). One cannot [directly](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/programming-tutorial/what-is-system-software) access the private '\_\_balance' attribute outside the class. As an alternative, the public methods "deposit," "withdraw," and "get\_balance" can be used to access and modify it. This preserves data integrity and encourages encapsulation by [guaranteeing](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/c-tutorial/function-in-c-programming) that the balance can only be altered through regulated procedures.

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## Data Abstraction

The goal of object-oriented [programming's](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/sql-tutorial/stored-procedure-in-sql) data abstraction principle is to conceal a system's intricate implementation details from the user and only reveal to them the elements that are essential and pertinent. Data abstraction contributes to efficiency gains and complexity reduction by offering a straightforward and uncomplicated interface. It enables programmers to work with a simplified system representation and manage complex [operations](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/programming-tutorial/what-is-application-software). Abstract classes and interfaces in Python can be used to create data abstraction. They specify methods derived classes must be implemented to guarantee a standardized and streamlined interaction with the underlying data.

- Example

This is an illustration of how to use abstract base classes to achieve data abstraction in Python:

```
from abc import ABC, abstract method

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def perimeter(self):
        pass

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def area(self):
        return self.width * self.height

    def perimeter(self):
        return 2 * (self.width + self.height)

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.radius = radius

    def area(self):
        return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

    def perimeter(self):
        return 2 * 3.14 * self.radius

# Creating objects of Rectangle and Circle
rect = Rectangle(10, 20)
circ = Circle(15)

# Accessing area and perimeter methods
print(f"Rectangle Area: {rect.area()}")       # Output: Rectangle Area: 200
print(f"Rectangle Perimeter: {rect.perimeter()}")  # Output: Rectangle Perimeter: 60
print(f"Circle Area: {circ.area()}")          # Output: Circle Area: 706.5
print(f"Circle Perimeter: {circ.perimeter()}")     # Output: Circle Perimeter: 94.2
```

The abstract base class "Shape" in this example has [abstract](https://www.simplilearn.com/java-developer-salary-in-india-article) methods "area" and "perimeter." Any concrete subclass must implement these methods. Concrete classes called "Rectangle" and "Circle" implement the abstract methods of "Shape" and are descended from it. By hiding the intricate complexities of calculating area and perimeter, this abstraction offers a straightforward and standardized user interface for working with various shapes. Data abstraction simplifies code maintainability and interaction by enabling the user to work with different shapes without [comprehending](https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/java-tutorial/for-loop-in-java) the underlying mathematics.

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## Conclusion

Comprehending objects and classes is essential for becoming proficient in Python object-oriented programming. You can manage program complexity and accurately model real-world entities by learning how to create, edit, and delete objects. Classes act as an object's blueprint, containing behaviors and data to enable the construction of numerous distinct instances. You can build more readable, modular, and reusable code if you grasp these ideas.

Enrolling in [Python Training](https://www.simplilearn.com/mobile-and-software-development/python-development-training?source=GhPreviewCoursepages) can be quite helpful for people who want to learn more and obtain real-world experience. A [Full Stack Developer - MERN Stack](https://www.simplilearn.com/full-stack-developer-course-mern-certification-training?source=GhPreviewCoursepages) program, on the other hand, will provide you with extensive experience in both front-end and back-end development, making you a versatile and in-demand professional in the IT world. This program will also give you a wider range of skills. You can become an expert Python object-oriented programmer and create scalable, effective software by utilizing these abilities.

## FAQs

### 1\. What Is Method Overriding in Python?

An object-oriented programming feature in Python called "method overriding" enables a subclass to give a particular implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows a subclass to extend or change that method's functionality to suit its own requirements. Python utilizes the implementation of the subclass rather than the one defined in the superclass when an overridden method is invoked on an object of the subclass. The promotion of polymorphism through method overriding enables more adaptable and dynamic code because the same method call might yield several outcomes based on the class of the object.

### 2\. What Is Method Overloading in Python?

In Python, the ability to define numerous methods with the same name but different parameters in the same class is known as method overloading. Python does not, however, natively support method overloading, in contrast to certain other programming languages. Alternatively, Python uses '\*args' and '\*\*kwargs' to create variable-length arguments and default parameters to accomplish comparable capabilities. These strategies enable a single method to manage various numbers and kinds of arguments, closely resembling the behavior of method overloading. This makes code more adaptable and varied since the method can change how it behaves depending on the inputs it gets.

## About the Author

![Avijeet Biswal](https://www.simplilearn.com/ice9/assets/form_opacity.png) [Avijeet Biswal](https://www.simplilearn.com/authors/avijeet-biswal)

Avijeet is a Senior Research Analyst at Simplilearn. Passionate about Data Analytics, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning, Avijeet is also interested in politics, cricket, and football.

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