Montessori education - Wikipedia
The Montessori method of education is a type of educational method that involves children's natural interests and activities rather than formal teaching methods ...
Leopoldo Franchetti
In 1901, Maria Montessori met the prominent education reformers Alice and <anchor>Leopoldo Franchetti</anchor>.[10] Maria Montessori was invited to hold her first course for teachers and to set up a "Casa dei Bambini" at Villa Montesca, the home of the Franchettis in Città di Castello. Montessori lived with the Franchettis for two years and refined her methodology together with Alice Franchetti. In 1909, she documented her theories in Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (later translated into English as The Montessori Method in 1912). The Franchetti Barons financed the publication of the book, and the methodology had the name "Method Franchetti-Montessori".[11]
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- [1Early life](#Early_life)
- [2Inquiry into the Mafia](#Inquiry_into_the_Mafia)
- [3In Eritrea](#In_Eritrea)
- [4Civil passion](#Civil_passion)
- [5References](#References)

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# Leopoldo Franchetti

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Italian writer (1847–1917)

Leopoldo Franchetti

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leopoldo_Franchetti.jpg/220px-Leopoldo_Franchetti.jpg)](/wiki/File:Leopoldo_Franchetti.jpg)Born(1847-05-31)31 May 1847

[Livorno](/wiki/Livorno "Livorno"), Italy

Died4 November 1917(1917-11-04) (aged 70)

Rome, Italy

Occupation(s)Publicist and politicianKnown forInquiry into the [Sicilian Mafia](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia "Sicilian Mafia")Spouse[Alice Hallgarten](/wiki/Alice_Hallgarten "Alice Hallgarten")

**Leopoldo Franchetti** (Italian pronunciation:[\[leoˈpɔldofraŋˈketti\]](/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian "Help:IPA/Italian"); 31 May 1847 – 4 November 1917) was an Italian publicist, politician, and patron. He was a deputy in the [Italian Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies "Italian Chamber of Deputies") and later became a [Senator](/wiki/Italian_Senate "Italian Senate"). He was very active in promoting education and concrete solutions for economic, social and political problems in Italy both through his own political initiatives and through his support of his wife [Alice Hallgarten](/wiki/Alice_Hallgarten "Alice Hallgarten").

## Early life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life")\]

Franchetti was born in [Livorno](/wiki/Livorno "Livorno") into a family in good standing. The Franchetti family came to Livorno from Tunisia in the last decades of the eighteenth century. From the [Napoleonic era](/wiki/Napoleonic_era "Napoleonic era") to the second half of the 1830s they were one of the most important families in the local Jewish community.[\[1\]](#cite_note-scardozzi-1)

Leopoldo Franchetti was influenced by the ideas of [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill "John Stuart Mill") and became a [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism"). His relation with his Jewishness was so conflictual that no trace of it can be found in his public activity.[\[1\]](#cite_note-scardozzi-1) In 1873, he took a sabbatical in southern Italy and became one of the foremost authorities regarding the " [problems of southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy_autonomist_movements#The_Southern_Question "Southern Italy autonomist movements")",[\[2\]](#cite_note-castello-2) and pioneer of [meridionalism](/wiki/Meridionalism "Meridionalism").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)

## Inquiry into the Mafia

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Inquiry into the Mafia")\]

In 1876, Franchetti travelled to Sicily with [Sidney Sonnino](/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino "Sidney Sonnino") to conduct an unofficial inquiry into the state of Sicilian society. In 1877, the two men published their research on [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily") in a substantial two-part report.[\[4\]](#cite_note-report-4) In the first part Sonnino analysed the lives of the island's landless peasants. Franchetti's half of the report, _Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily_, was an analysis of [the Mafia](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia "Sicilian Mafia") in the nineteenth century that is still considered authoritative today. Franchetti would ultimately influence thinking about the Mafia more than anyone else until [Giovanni Falcone](/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone "Giovanni Falcone") over a hundred years later. _Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily_ is the first convincing explanation of how the Mafia came to be.[\[5\]](#cite_note-dickie-5)

Franchetti saw the Mafia as an “industry of violence” and described the designation of the term “Mafia”: “the term mafia found a class of violent criminals ready and waiting for a name to define them, and, given their special character and importance in Sicilian society, they had the right to a different name from that defining vulgar criminals in other countries”.[\[6\]](#cite_note-gambetta137-6) He saw the Mafia as deeply rooted in Sicilian society and impossible to quench unless the very structure of the island's social institutions were to undergo a fundamental change. The Franchetti-Sonnino report was rebuked and labelled as ‘unpatriotic’.[\[7\]](#cite_note-servadio42-7) It is now considered one of the most coherent and comprehensive accounts of the Sicilian mafia and its surroundings.[\[8\]](#cite_note-distrust-8)

## In Eritrea

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: In Eritrea")\]

Franchetti, as an agricultural advisor of the Italian government in [Eritrea](/wiki/Eritrea "Eritrea"), estimated that there was plenty of land and few people in Eritrea and recommended the colonization of the highlands by Italian settlers. He undertook the first land expropriations in 1893 with the vision that two million Italian peasants would settle down in Eritrea. Large tracts of land were declared public and all grazing land was declared state owned, which was a clear interference with the traditional land right system in the highlands.

However, the highlands were only sparsely populated because of the great famine in 1888–92 as a result of [rinderpest](/wiki/Rinderpest "Rinderpest") (see [1890s African rinderpest epizootic](/wiki/1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic "1890s African rinderpest epizootic")) and subsequent epidemics. Returning to their villages they had abandoned because of the famine, they saw their land confiscated. Riots and revolts broke out and most of the Italian settlers returned to Italy in dismay.

## Civil passion

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Civil passion")\]

In 1880 Franchetti moved to [Città di Castello](/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello "Città di Castello") and in 1900 married [Alice Hallgarten](/wiki/Alice_Hallgarten "Alice Hallgarten") born in New York in 1874, with whom he moved into the recently completed [Villa della Montesca](/w/index.php?title=Villa_della_Montesca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Villa della Montesca (page does not exist)").[\[2\]](#cite_note-castello-2) The educator and reformer [Maria Montessori](/wiki/Maria_Montessori "Maria Montessori") collaborated with Hallgarten on the creation of a seminar which gave life to the first publication of the Method for Scientific Pedagogy, universally known as the [Montessori Method](/wiki/Montessori_Method "Montessori Method"). Montessori's first training course for teachers was conducted at Villa della Montesca in 1909.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

Franchetti died of mysterious causes, perhaps suicide, after the dawn of the defeat in the [Caporetto](/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto "Battle of Caporetto") in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and left his estate to a charitable organization and his farm to the farmers who worked it.[\[2\]](#cite_note-castello-2)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: References")\]

1. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-scardozzi_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-scardozzi_1-1)[Una storia di famiglia: i Franchetti dalle coste del Mediterraneo all'Italia liberale](http://www.mulino.it/rivisteweb/scheda_articolo.php?id_articolo=12077), by Mirella Scardozzi, Quaderni storici, nr 3, December 2003
2. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-castello_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-castello_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-castello_2-2)[Biography in Città di Castello](https://web.archive.org/web/20120208131711/http://www.comunecittadicastello.it/en/art/leopoldo_franchetti.asp)
3. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question](http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9195/9195.intro.html), by Nelson Moe, Studies on the History of Society and Culture 46, July 2002
4. **[^](#cite_ref-report_4-0)**An online version is available at: Leopoldo Franchetti & Sidney Sonnino, _[La Sicilia nel 1876](http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ita2434/_INDEX.HTM)_
5. **[^](#cite_ref-dickie_5-0)**Dickie, _Cosa Nostra_, p. 43-54
6. **[^](#cite_ref-gambetta137_6-0)**Gambetta, _The Sicilian Mafia’’, p. 137_
7. **[^](#cite_ref-servadio42_7-0)**Servadio, _Mafioso_, p. 42-43
8. **[^](#cite_ref-distrust_8-0)**Gambetta, Diego (2000). ['Mafia: The Price of Distrust'](http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/kollock/classes/cooperation/resources/Gambetta%201988%20-%20Mafia-The%20Price%20of%20Distrust.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080425021020/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/kollock/classes/cooperation/resources/Gambetta%201988%20-%20Mafia-The%20Price%20of%20Distrust.pdf) 2008-04-25 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Department of Sociology, University of Oxford
9. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**[Villa Montesca and the Franchetti Heritage](http://www.adher.mii.lt/italy/index.php?HERITAGE_FOR_EDUCATION:Villa_Montesca)

- Dickie, John (2004). _Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia_, London: Coronet  [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-340-82435-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-82435-2 "Special:BookSources/0-340-82435-2")
- Gambetta, Diego (1993). _The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection_, London: Harvard University Press, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-674-80742-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1 "Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1")
- Servadio, Gaia (1976). _Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day_, London: Secker & Warburg [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-440-55104-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-55104-8 "Special:BookSources/0-440-55104-8")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Sicilian_Mafia "Template:Sicilian Mafia")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Sicilian_Mafia "Template talk:Sicilian Mafia")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sicilian_Mafia "Special:EditPage/Template:Sicilian Mafia")

[Sicilian Mafia](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia "Sicilian Mafia")

Chain of command

- [Commission](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission "Sicilian Mafia Commission") (Cupola)
- [Interprovincial Commission](/wiki/Interprovincial_Commission "Interprovincial Commission")
- [Capo dei capi](/wiki/Capo_dei_capi "Capo dei capi")
- [Family](/wiki/Crime_family "Crime family") ( [Cosca](/wiki/Cosca "Cosca"))
- [Boss](/wiki/Crime_boss "Crime boss") ( [Capomandamento](/wiki/Capomandamento "Capomandamento"))
- [Underboss](/wiki/Underboss "Underboss") (Sottocapo)
- [Consigliere](/wiki/Consigliere "Consigliere")
- [Capodecina](/wiki/Capodecina "Capodecina") ( [Caporegime](/wiki/Caporegime "Caporegime"))
- [Soldato](/wiki/Soldato "Soldato") (Soldier)

[Codes and terms](/wiki/Glossary_of_Mafia-related_words "Glossary of Mafia-related words")

- [Made man](/wiki/Made_man "Made man")
- [Mandamento](/wiki/Mandamento_(Sicilian_Mafia) "Mandamento (Sicilian Mafia)")
- [Omertà](/wiki/Omert%C3%A0 "Omertà")
- [Faida](/wiki/Feud "Feud")
- [Pizzo](/wiki/Pizzo_(mafia) "Pizzo (mafia)")
- [Pizzino](/wiki/Pizzino "Pizzino")

[Clans](/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_Mafia_clans "List of Sicilian Mafia clans")

- [Corleonesi](/wiki/Corleonesi_Mafia_clan "Corleonesi Mafia clan")
- [Galatolo](/wiki/Galatolo_Mafia_clan "Galatolo Mafia clan")
- [Greco](/wiki/Greco_Mafia_clan "Greco Mafia clan")
- [Minore](/wiki/Minore_Mafia_clan "Minore Mafia clan")
- [Motisi](/wiki/Motisi_Mafia_clan "Motisi Mafia clan")
- [Inzerillo](/wiki/Inzerillo_Mafia_clan "Inzerillo Mafia clan")
- [Cuntrera-Caruana](/wiki/Cuntrera-Caruana_Mafia_clan "Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan")
- [Graviano](/wiki/Graviano_family "Graviano family")

[Mandamenti](/wiki/Mandamento_(Sicilian_Mafia) "Mandamento (Sicilian Mafia)")

[Agrigento Province](/wiki/Agrigento_Province "Agrigento Province")

- [Agrigento](/wiki/Agrigento "Agrigento")
- [Santa Elisabetta](/wiki/Santa_Elisabetta "Santa Elisabetta")
- [Porto Empedocle](/wiki/Porto_Empedocle "Porto Empedocle")
- [Canicattì](/wiki/Canicatt%C3%AC "Canicattì")
- [Cianciana](/wiki/Cianciana "Cianciana")
- [Ribera](/wiki/Ribera,_Agrigento "Ribera, Agrigento")
- [Sambuca di Sicilia](/wiki/Sambuca_di_Sicilia "Sambuca di Sicilia")
- [Casteltermini](/wiki/Casteltermini "Casteltermini")
- [Palma di Montechiaro](/wiki/Palma_di_Montechiaro "Palma di Montechiaro")
- [Campobello di Licata](/wiki/Campobello_di_Licata "Campobello di Licata")

[Caltanissetta Province](/wiki/Caltanissetta_Province "Caltanissetta Province")

- [Gela](/wiki/Gela "Gela")
- [Vallelunga Pratameno](/wiki/Vallelunga_Pratameno "Vallelunga Pratameno")
- [Riesi](/wiki/Riesi "Riesi")
- [Mussomeli](/wiki/Mussomeli "Mussomeli")

[Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo")

- [Porta Nuova](/wiki/Porta_Nuova,_Palermo "Porta Nuova, Palermo")
- [Brancaccio](/wiki/Brancaccio "Brancaccio")
- [Pagliarelli](/wiki/Pagliarelli "Pagliarelli")

[Palermo Province](/wiki/Palermo_Province "Palermo Province")

- [Camporeale](/wiki/Camporeale "Camporeale")
- [Corleone](/wiki/Corleone "Corleone")
- [Cinisi](/wiki/Cinisi "Cinisi")
- [Bagheria](/wiki/Bagheria "Bagheria")
- [Trabia](/wiki/Trabia "Trabia")
- [Belmonte Mezzagno](/wiki/Belmonte_Mezzagno "Belmonte Mezzagno")
- [San Mauro Castelverde](/wiki/San_Mauro_Castelverde "San Mauro Castelverde")

[Trapani Province](/wiki/Trapani_Province "Trapani Province")

- [Castelvetrano](/wiki/Castelvetrano "Castelvetrano")
- [Trapani](/wiki/Trapani "Trapani")
- [Mazara del Vallo](/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo "Mazara del Vallo")
- [Alcamo](/wiki/Alcamo "Alcamo")

Other

- [Mistretta](/wiki/Mistretta "Mistretta")
- Sud [Siracusa](/wiki/Siracusa,_Sicily "Siracusa, Sicily")

Members

- [List of Sicilian Mafia members](/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_Mafia_members "List of Sicilian Mafia members")
- [List of Sicilian Mafia members by city](/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_Mafia_members_by_city "List of Sicilian Mafia members by city")

Meetings

- [Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting](/wiki/Grand_Hotel_et_des_Palmes_Mafia_meeting "Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting")

Wars

- [First Mafia War](/wiki/First_Mafia_War "First Mafia War") (1962–1963)
- [Second Mafia War](/wiki/Second_Mafia_War "Second Mafia War") (1981–1984)

Massacres

and bombings

- [Portella della Ginestra massacre](/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre "Portella della Ginestra massacre") (1947)
- [Ciaculli bombing](/wiki/Ciaculli_bombing "Ciaculli bombing") (1963)
- [Viale Lazio massacre](/wiki/Viale_Lazio_massacre "Viale Lazio massacre") (1969)
- [Circonvallazione massacre](/wiki/Circonvallazione_massacre "Circonvallazione massacre") (1982)
- [Via Carini massacre](/wiki/Via_Carini_massacre "Via Carini massacre") (1982)
- [Via Federico Pipitone massacre](/wiki/Rocco_Chinnici#Assassination "Rocco Chinnici") (1983)
- [Train 904 bombing](/wiki/Train_904_bombing "Train 904 bombing") (1984)
- [Pizzolungo bombing](/wiki/Pizzolungo_bombing "Pizzolungo bombing") (1985)
- [Capaci bombing](/wiki/Capaci_bombing "Capaci bombing") (1992)
- [Via D'Amelio bombing](/wiki/Via_D%27Amelio_bombing "Via D'Amelio bombing") (1992)
- [Via dei Georgofili bombing](/wiki/Via_dei_Georgofili_bombing "Via dei Georgofili bombing") (1993)
- [Via Palestro massacre](/wiki/Via_Palestro_massacre "Via Palestro massacre") (1993)

Antimafia

- [Sangiorgi report (1898-1900)](/wiki/Sangiorgi_report "Sangiorgi report")
- [Italian Antimafia Commission](/wiki/Antimafia_Commission "Antimafia Commission") ( [members](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Italian_Antimafia_Commission "List of members of the Italian Antimafia Commission"))
- [Direzione Investigativa Antimafia](/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia "Direzione Investigativa Antimafia")
- [State-Mafia Pact](/wiki/State-Mafia_Pact "State-Mafia Pact")
- [Addiopizzo](/wiki/Addiopizzo "Addiopizzo")
- [Pentito](/wiki/Pentito "Pentito")
- [List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia](/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_Sicilian_Mafia "List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia")

Trials

- [1960s Sicilian Mafia trials](/wiki/1960s_Sicilian_Mafia_trials "1960s Sicilian Mafia trials")
- [Maxi Trial](/wiki/Maxi_Trial "Maxi Trial") (1986–1992)
- [Pizza Connection Trial](/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial "Pizza Connection Trial") (1985–1986)

Related

- [American Cosa Nostra](/wiki/American_Cosa_Nostra "American Cosa Nostra")
- [Anonima sarda](/wiki/Anonima_sarda "Anonima sarda")
- [Article 41-bis prison regime](/wiki/Article_41-bis_prison_regime "Article 41-bis prison regime")
- [Banda della Comasina](/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina "Banda della Comasina")
- [Banda della Magliana](/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana "Banda della Magliana")
- [Basilischi](/wiki/Basilischi "Basilischi")
- [Beati Paoli](/wiki/Beati_Paoli "Beati Paoli")
- [Camorra](/wiki/Camorra "Camorra")
- [Corsican mafia](/wiki/Corsican_mafia "Corsican mafia")
  - [Unione Corse](/wiki/Unione_Corse "Unione Corse")
- [Garduña](/wiki/Gardu%C3%B1a "Garduña")
- [Italian brigandage (19th century)](/wiki/Brigandage_in_southern_Italy_after_1861 "Brigandage in southern Italy after 1861")
- [Sicilian brigandage and rebels (20th century)](/wiki/Salvatore_Giuliano "Salvatore Giuliano")
- [Mala del Brenta](/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta "Mala del Brenta")
- ['Ndrangheta](/wiki/%27Ndrangheta "'Ndrangheta")
- [Sacra Corona Unita](/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita "Sacra Corona Unita")
- [Stidda](/wiki/Stidda "Stidda")
- [Stuppagghiari](/wiki/Stuppagghiari "Stuppagghiari")
- [Vendicatori](/wiki/Vendicatori "Vendicatori")

- [American Cosa Nostra](/wiki/American_Cosa_Nostra "American Cosa Nostra")
- [Organized crime in Italy](/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy "Organized crime in Italy")
- [Mafia bibliography](/wiki/Mafia_bibliography "Mafia bibliography")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3830696#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000080935607)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/14794584)
- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1957503/)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hR3tjk8RGr6hJM7mBP)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118956906)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84158746)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12078811p)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12078811p)
- [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV013805)
- [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072957557)
- [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/71989)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007511770805171)

People

- [Italian People](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leopoldo-franchetti_(Dizionario-Biografico))

Other

- [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/029089689)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo\_Franchetti&oldid=1240577170](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Franchetti&oldid=1240577170)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [1847 births](/wiki/Category:1847_births "Category:1847 births")
- [1917 deaths](/wiki/Category:1917_deaths "Category:1917 deaths")
- [19th-century Italian people](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Italian_people "Category:19th-century Italian people")
- [19th-century Sephardi Jews](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Sephardi_Jews "Category:19th-century Sephardi Jews")
- [19th-century Italian Jews](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Italian_Jews "Category:19th-century Italian Jews")
- [Italian people of Tunisian-Jewish descent](/wiki/Category:Italian_people_of_Tunisian-Jewish_descent "Category:Italian people of Tunisian-Jewish descent")
- [Jewish Italian politicians](/wiki/Category:Jewish_Italian_politicians "Category:Jewish Italian politicians")
- [Franchetti family](/wiki/Category:Franchetti_family "Category:Franchetti family")
- [Livornese Jews](/wiki/Category:Livornese_Jews "Category:Livornese Jews")
- [Jewish Italian writers](/wiki/Category:Jewish_Italian_writers "Category:Jewish Italian writers")
- [Historians of the Sicilian Mafia](/wiki/Category:Historians_of_the_Sicilian_Mafia "Category:Historians of the Sicilian Mafia")
- [People from Città di Castello](/wiki/Category:People_from_Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello "Category:People from Città di Castello")
- [1917 suicides](/wiki/Category:1917_suicides "Category:1917 suicides")

Hidden categories:

- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Articles with hCards](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards "Category:Articles with hCards")
- [Pages with Italian IPA](/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA "Category:Pages with Italian IPA")

- This page was last edited on 16 August 2024, at 04:15 (UTC).
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