Il test più preciso del principio di equivalenza - MEDIA INAF
È uno dei capisaldi della fisica: tutti i corpi in un campo gravitazionale, se nessun'altra forza agisce su di essi, cadono allo stesso modo, ...
Microscope
Testare questo principio sulla terra, però, ha una serie di limitazioni legate all’attività sismica e altre perturbazioni, ed è solo possibile fino a una parte su 1013 (ovvero una parte su dieci milioni di milioni). Così, nel 2016, il Centre national d’études spatiales (Cnes) francese ha lanciato, nel 2016, il satellite <anchor>Microscope</anchor>, per misurare, con precisione elevatissima, l’accelerazione di due corpi diversi in caduta libera nello spazio.
MICROSCOPE - Wikipedia
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- [1Experiment](#Experiment)
- [2Satellite control](#Satellite_control)
- [3Launch](#Launch)
- [4Results](#Results)
- [5End of mission](#End_of_mission)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7References](#References)
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# MICROSCOPE

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Satellite for testing the principle of equivalence (2016–18)

This article is about the satellite. For the instrument, see [Microscope](/wiki/Microscope "Microscope"). For other uses, see [Microscope (disambiguation)](/wiki/Microscope_(disambiguation) "Microscope (disambiguation)").

MICROSCOPEMission typePhysicsOperator[CNES](/wiki/CNES "CNES")[COSPAR ID](/wiki/International_Designator "International Designator")[2016-025B](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-025B)[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931562#P247 "Edit this at Wikidata")[SATCAT no.](/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number "Satellite Catalog Number")41457Website[https://microscope.cnes.fr/en/](https://microscope.cnes.fr/en/)Mission durationPlanned: 2 years

Final: 2 years, 5 months, 22 daysSpacecraft properties[Bus](/wiki/Satellite_bus "Satellite bus")[Myriade](/wiki/Myriade "Myriade")[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)Manufacturer[CNES](/wiki/CNES "CNES") **·** [Airbus](/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space "Airbus Defence and Space")Launch mass330 kg (728 lb)[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)Dimensions138 × 104 × 158 cm (54 × 41 × 62 in)[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)Power140 watts[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)Start of missionLaunch date25 April 2016, 21:02:13 (2016-04-25UTC21:02:13) UTC[\[2\]](#cite_note-sfnow20160426-2)Rocket[Soyuz ST-A](/wiki/Soyuz-2 "Soyuz-2") (VS-14)[\[3\]](#cite_note-ariane20160425-3)Launch site[Guiana Space Centre](/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre "Guiana Space Centre") [ELS](/wiki/Ensemble_de_Lancement_Soyouz "Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz")[\[3\]](#cite_note-ariane20160425-3)Contractor[Arianespace](/wiki/Arianespace "Arianespace")Entered service2 May 2016[\[2\]](#cite_note-sfnow20160426-2)End of missionDisposalDecommissionedDeactivatedc. 18 October 2018 (2018-10-19)[\[4\]](#cite_note-EoM_CNES-4)Orbital parametersReference system[Geocentric](/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit")Regime[Low Earth](/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit")[Semi-major axis](/wiki/Semi-major_axis "Semi-major axis")7,090.9 km (4,406.1 mi)[Eccentricity](/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity "Orbital eccentricity")0.000167[Perigee altitude](/wiki/Apsis "Apsis")711.6 km (442.2 mi)[Apogee altitude](/wiki/Apsis "Apsis")713.9 km (443.6 mi)[Inclination](/wiki/Orbital_inclination "Orbital inclination")98.23°[Period](/wiki/Orbital_period "Orbital period")99.03 minutes[Epoch](/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy) "Epoch (astronomy)")5 December 2016, 21:17:20 UTC[\[5\]](#cite_note-heavens-above-5)InstrumentsT-SAGETwin-Space Accelerometer for Gravity ExperimentDFACSDrag-Free Attitude Control SystemCGPSCold Gas Propulsion System

The **Micro-Satellite à traînée Compensée pour l'Observation du Principe d'Equivalence** ( **Micro-Satellite with Compensated Drag for Observing the Principle of Equivalence**, **MICROSCOPE**) is a 300-kilogram (660 lb) class [minisatellite](/wiki/Small_satellite "Small satellite") operated by [CNES](/wiki/CNES "CNES") to test the universality of [free fall](/wiki/Free_fall "Free fall") (the [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle "Equivalence principle")) with a precision to the order of 10−15,[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) 100 times more precise than can be achieved on Earth. It was launched on 25 April 2016 alongside [Sentinel-1B](/wiki/Sentinel-1B "Sentinel-1B") and other small satellites, and was decommissioned around 18 October 2018 after completion of its science objectives.[\[4\]](#cite_note-EoM_CNES-4) The final report was published in 2022.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

## Experiment

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Experiment")\]

To test the [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle "Equivalence principle") (i.e. the similarity of free fall for two bodies of different composition in an identical gravity field), two differential [accelerometers](/wiki/Accelerometer "Accelerometer") are used successively. If the equivalence principle is verified, the two sets of masses will be subjected to the same acceleration. If different accelerations have to be applied, the principle will be violated.

The principal experiment is the Twin-Space Accelerometer for Gravity Experiment (T-SAGE), built by [ONERA](/wiki/ONERA "ONERA") and composed of two identical accelerometers and their associated, concentric cylindrical masses. One accelerometer serves as a reference and contains two [platinum](/wiki/Platinum "Platinum")- [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium") alloy masses, while the other is the test instrument and contains two masses with different [neutron–proton ratios](/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio "Neutron–proton ratio"): one mass of [platinum](/wiki/Platinum "Platinum")- [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium") alloy and another mass of [titanium](/wiki/Titanium "Titanium")- [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium")- [vanadium](/wiki/Vanadium "Vanadium") alloy (TA6V). The masses are maintained within their test areas by [electrostatic repulsion](/wiki/Electrostatic_repulsion "Electrostatic repulsion"), designed to render them motionless with respect to the satellite.[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)[\[8\]](#cite_note-cnes-tsage-8)

It is necessary to create a thermally benign environment for the accelerometers. To that end, a [Sun-synchronous orbit](/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit "Sun-synchronous orbit") provides constant illumination; the experiments are mounted on the end of the satellite bus away from the Sun; and to maintain thermal isolation from the satellite itself, the modes of thermal connection were modelled and wire connections were minimised.[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)

## Satellite control

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Satellite control")\]

The satellite employs a [Drag-Free Attitude Control System](/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control "Spacecraft attitude control") (DFACS), also called the Acceleration and Attitude Control System (AACS), that uses a double-redundant primary and backup set of four microthrusters (sixteen total) to "fly" the satellite around the test masses. This system takes into account the dynamic forces acting on the spacecraft, including aerodynamic forces due to residual atmosphere, solar pressure forces due to photon impacts, electromagnetic forces within the Earth's magnetosphere, and gravitational forces in the Sun-Earth-Moon system.[\[9\]](#cite_note-cnes-aacs-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-esa20160426-10)

## Launch

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Launch")\]

MICROSCOPE was successfully launched on 25 April 2016 at 21:02:13 [UTC](/wiki/UTC "UTC") from the [Guiana Space Centre](/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre "Guiana Space Centre") outside [Kourou](/wiki/Kourou "Kourou"), [French Guiana](/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana").[\[2\]](#cite_note-sfnow20160426-2) It was carried by a [Soyuz ST-A](/wiki/Soyuz_ST-A "Soyuz ST-A") booster with a [Fregat-M](/wiki/Fregat-M "Fregat-M") upper stage.[\[11\]](#cite_note-gunter-11) Other payloads on this flight were the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency")'s [Sentinel-1B](/wiki/Sentinel-1B "Sentinel-1B") Earth observation satellite and three [CubeSats](/wiki/CubeSat "CubeSat"): [OUFTI-1](/w/index.php?title=OUFTI-1&action=edit&redlink=1 "OUFTI-1 (page does not exist)") from the [University of Liège](/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge "University of Liège"), [e-st@r-II](/wiki/E-st@r-II "E-st@r-II") from the [Polytechnic University of Turin](/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin "Polytechnic University of Turin"), and [AAUSAT-4](/w/index.php?title=AAUSAT-4&action=edit&redlink=1 "AAUSAT-4 (page does not exist)") from [Aalborg University](/wiki/Aalborg_University "Aalborg University").[\[2\]](#cite_note-sfnow20160426-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-ariane20160425-3)

## Results

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Results")\]

On 4 December 2017, the first results were published. The [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle "Equivalence principle") was measured to hold true within a precision of 10−15, improving prior measurements by an order of magnitude.[\[12\]](#cite_note-Touboul2017-12)

## End of mission

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: End of mission")\]

After completing its mission goals and exhausting its supply of nitrogen fuel, the decommissioning of MICROSCOPE was announced on 18 October 2018. The spacecraft was first [passivated](/wiki/Passivation_(spacecraft) "Passivation (spacecraft)"), then two 4.5-metre (15 ft) IDEAS (Innovative DEorbiting Aerobrake System) inflatable booms were deployed to passively de-orbit the spacecraft by creating a higher [drag](/wiki/Drag_(physics) "Drag (physics)") profile. By this method, MICROSCOPE is expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere within 25 years instead of 73 years.[\[1\]](#cite_note-eoportal-1)[\[4\]](#cite_note-EoM_CNES-4)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg)[Physics portal](/wiki/Portal:Physics "Portal:Physics")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight portal](/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight "Portal:Spaceflight")

- [Tests of general relativity](/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity "Tests of general relativity")
- [Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity](/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity "Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-eoportal_1-6)["MicroSCOPE"](https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/microscope). _eoPortal_. [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency"). Retrieved 7 December 2016.
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-sfnow20160426_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-sfnow20160426_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-sfnow20160426_2-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-sfnow20160426_2-3)Clark, Stephen (26 April 2016). ["Soyuz blasts off with environmental satellite, general relativity probe"](http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/04/26/soyuz-blasts-off-with-environmental-satellite-general-relativity-probe/). _Spaceflight Now_. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-ariane20160425_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-ariane20160425_3-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-ariane20160425_3-2)["Flight VS14 – A successful Arianespace launch with Soyuz, supporting sustainable development, fundamental physics and promoting space careers"](http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/flight-vs14-a-successful-arianespace-launch-with-soyuz-supporting-sustainable-development-fundamental-physics-and-promoting-space-careers/). Arianespace. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-EoM_CNES_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-EoM_CNES_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-EoM_CNES_4-2)Bresson, Pascale; Sart, Raphaël (18 October 2018). ["End of mission for Microscope - CNES's satellite bows out with successful and innovative de-orbiting"](https://presse.cnes.fr/en/end-mission-microscope-cness-satellite-bows-out-successful-and-innovative-de-orbiting) (Press release). [CNES](/wiki/CNES "CNES"). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-heavens-above_5-0)**["MICROSCOPE - Orbit"](http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=41457). _[Heavens-Above](/wiki/Heavens-Above "Heavens-Above")_. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Brax, Philippe (September 14, 2022). ["Satellite Confirms the Principle of Falling"](https://physics.aps.org/articles/v15/94). _Physics_. **15** (94). American Physical Society (APS): 94. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2022PhyOJ..15...94B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhyOJ..15...94B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1103/Physics.15.94](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysics.15.94). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [252801272](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252801272).
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Touboul, Pierre; Métris, Gilles; Rodrigues, Manuel; Bergé, Joel; Robert, Alain; et al. (2022). ["MICROSCOPE Mission: Final Results of the Test of the Equivalence Principle"](https://hal.science/hal-03781337v1/file/tou1pl.pdf)(PDF). _Physical Review Letters_. **129** (12): 121102. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2209.15487](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.15487). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2022PhRvL.129l1102T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhRvL.129l1102T). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121102](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.129.121102). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [36179190](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36179190). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [252468544](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252468544).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-cnes-tsage_8-0)**["T-SAGE Instrument"](https://microscope.cnes.fr/en/MICROSCOPE/t-sage.htm). CNES. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-cnes-aacs_9-0)**["Attitude and acceleration control"](https://microscope.cnes.fr/en/MICROSCOPE/scaa.htm). CNES. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-esa20160426_10-0)**Bauer, Markus (26 April 2016). ["Space Microscope to test universality of freefall"](http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Space_Microscope_to_test_universality_of_freefall). European Space Agency. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-gunter_11-0)**Krebs, Gunter (29 April 2016). ["MICROSCOPE"](http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/microscope.htm). _Gunter's Space Page_. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-Touboul2017_12-0)**Touboul, Pierre; et al. (8 December 2017). " _MICROSCOPE_ Mission: First Results of a Space Test of the Equivalence Principle". _Physical Review Letters_. **119** (23). 231101. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1712.01176](https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01176). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2017PhRvL.119w1101T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119w1101T). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.231101](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.231101). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [29286705](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29286705). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [6211162](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6211162).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=MICROSCOPE&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [MICROSCOPE website](https://microscope.cnes.fr/en/) at CNES.fr

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- [EGNOS](/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service "European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service")
- [GALILEO](/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) "Galileo (satellite navigation)")
- [ELIPS](/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space "European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space")
- [ExoMars](/wiki/ExoMars "ExoMars")
- [FLPP](/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme "Future Launchers Preparatory Programme")
- [Living Planet Programme](/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme "Living Planet Programme")
- [Space Situational Awareness Programme](/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme "Space Situational Awareness Programme")
- [Science Programme](/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme "European Space Agency Science Programme")
  - [Horizon 2000](/wiki/Horizon_2000 "Horizon 2000")
  - [Cosmic Vision](/wiki/Cosmic_Vision "Cosmic Vision")
- [Pride](/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe "Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe")

Predecessors

- [European Launcher Development Organisation](/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation "European Launcher Development Organisation")
- [European Space Research Organisation](/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation "European Space Research Organisation")

Related topics

- [Arianespace](/wiki/Arianespace "Arianespace")
- [ESA Television](/wiki/ESA_Television "ESA Television")
- [EUMETSAT](/wiki/EUMETSAT "EUMETSAT")
- [European Space Camp](/wiki/European_Space_Camp "European Space Camp")
- [GEWEX](/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges "Global Energy and Water Exchanges")
- [Planetary Science Archive](/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive "Planetary Science Archive")

[Projects and missions](/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions "List of European Space Agency programs and missions")

Science

Solar physics

- [ISEE-2](/wiki/ISEE-2 "ISEE-2") (1977–1987)
- [Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft) "Ulysses (spacecraft)") (1990–2009)
- [SOHO](/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory") (1995–present)
- [Cluster II](/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft) "Cluster II (spacecraft)") (2000–2024)
- [Solar Orbiter](/wiki/Solar_Orbiter "Solar Orbiter") (2020–present)
- _[Vigil](/wiki/ESA_Vigil "ESA Vigil")_ (2031)

Planetary science

- [Giotto](/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft) "Giotto (spacecraft)") (1985–1992)
- [Huygens](/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft) "Huygens (spacecraft)") (1997–2005)
- [SMART-1](/wiki/SMART-1 "SMART-1") (2003–2006)
- [Mars Express](/wiki/Mars_Express "Mars Express") (2003–present)
- [Rosetta](/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft) "Rosetta (spacecraft)")/ [Philae](/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft) "Philae (spacecraft)") (2004–2016)
- [Venus Express](/wiki/Venus_Express "Venus Express") (2005–2014)
- [ExoMars _Trace Gas Orbiter_](/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter "Trace Gas Orbiter") (2016–present)
- [BepiColombo](/wiki/BepiColombo "BepiColombo") (2018–present)
- [Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer](/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer "Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer") (2023)
- _[Hera](/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft) "Hera (spacecraft)")_ (2024)
- [_Rosalind Franklin_ rover](/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover) "Rosalind Franklin (rover)") (2028)
- _[Comet Interceptor](/wiki/Comet_Interceptor "Comet Interceptor")_ (2029)
- _[EnVision](/wiki/EnVision "EnVision")_ (2031)

Astronomy and

cosmology

- [Cos-B](/wiki/Cos-B "Cos-B") (1975–1982)
- [IUE](/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer "International Ultraviolet Explorer") (1978–1996)
- [EXOSAT](/wiki/EXOSAT "EXOSAT") (1983–1986)
- [Hipparcos](/wiki/Hipparcos "Hipparcos") (1989–1993)
- [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope") (1990–present)
- [Eureca](/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier "European Retrievable Carrier") (1992–93)
- [ISO](/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory "Infrared Space Observatory") (1995–1998)
- [XMM-Newton](/wiki/XMM-Newton "XMM-Newton") (1999–present)
- [INTEGRAL](/wiki/INTEGRAL "INTEGRAL") (2002–present)
- [CoRoT](/wiki/CoRoT "CoRoT") (2006–13)
- [Planck](/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft) "Planck (spacecraft)") (2009–2013)
- [Herschel](/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory "Herschel Space Observatory") (2009–2013)
- [Gaia](/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft) "Gaia (spacecraft)") (2013–present)
- [CHEOPS](/wiki/CHEOPS "CHEOPS") (2019–present)
- [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope") (2021–present)
- [Euclid](/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft) "Euclid (spacecraft)") (2023–present)
- _[PLATO](/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft) "PLATO (spacecraft)")_ (2026)
- _[ARIEL](/wiki/ARIEL "ARIEL")_ (2029)
- _[ARRAKIHS](/wiki/ARRAKIHS "ARRAKIHS")_ (2030s)
- _[Athena](/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics "Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics")_ (2035)
- _[LISA](/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna "Laser Interferometer Space Antenna")_ (2035)

Earth observation

- [Copernicus](/wiki/Copernicus_Programme "Copernicus Programme") (1988–present)
- [Meteosat First Generation](/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation "Meteosat") (1977–1997)
- [ERS-1](/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite "European Remote-Sensing Satellite") (1991–2000)
- [ERS-2](/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite "European Remote-Sensing Satellite") (1995–2011)
- [Meteosat Second Generation](/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation "Meteosat") (2002–present)
- [Envisat](/wiki/Envisat "Envisat") (2002–2012)
- [Double Star](/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite) "Double Star (satellite)") (2003–2007)
- [MetOp](/wiki/MetOp "MetOp") (2006–present)
- [GOCE](/wiki/Gravity_Field_and_Steady-State_Ocean_Circulation_Explorer "Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer") (2009–2013)
- [SMOS](/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity "Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity") (2009–present)
- [CryoSat-2](/wiki/CryoSat-2 "CryoSat-2") (2010–present)
- [Swarm](/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft) "Swarm (spacecraft)") (2013–present)
- [Sentinel-1](/wiki/Sentinel-1 "Sentinel-1") / [1A](/wiki/Sentinel-1A "Sentinel-1A") / [1B](/wiki/Sentinel-1B "Sentinel-1B") (2014–present)
- [Sentinel-2](/wiki/Sentinel-2 "Sentinel-2") / [2A](/wiki/Sentinel-2A "Sentinel-2A") / [2B](/wiki/Sentinel-2B "Sentinel-2B") / [2C](/wiki/Sentinel-2C "Sentinel-2C") (2015–present)
- [Sentinel-3](/wiki/Sentinel-3 "Sentinel-3") / [3A](/wiki/Sentinel-3A "Sentinel-3A") / [3B](/wiki/Sentinel-3B "Sentinel-3B") (2016–present)
- [Sentinel-5 Precursor](/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor "Sentinel-5 Precursor") (2017–present)
- [ADM-Aeolus](/wiki/ADM-Aeolus "ADM-Aeolus") (2018–present)
- _[Biomass](/wiki/Biomass_(satellite) "Biomass (satellite)")_ (2024)
- _[EarthCARE](/wiki/EarthCARE "EarthCARE")_ (2024)
- _[Meteosat Third Generation](/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation "Meteosat Third Generation")_ ( _[Sentinel-4](/wiki/Sentinel-4 "Sentinel-4")_) (2024)
- _[ALTIUS](/wiki/ALTIUS "ALTIUS")_ (2025)
- _[FLEX](/wiki/FLEX_(satellite) "FLEX (satellite)")_ (2025)
- _[MetOp-SG-A](/wiki/MetOp-SG-A "MetOp-SG-A")_ (2025)
- _[MetOp-SG-B](/wiki/MetOp-SG-B "MetOp-SG-B")_ (2025)
- _[SMILE](/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft) "SMILE (spacecraft)")_ (2025)
- _[FORUM](/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring "Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring")_ (2027)

[ISS](/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") spaceflight

- [ISS contribution](/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station "European contribution to the International Space Station") (1998–present)
- [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module) "Columbus (ISS module)") (2008–present)
- [Jules Verne](/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV "Jules Verne ATV") (2008)
- [Cupola](/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module) "Cupola (ISS module)") (2010–present)
- [Johannes Kepler](/wiki/Johannes_Kepler_ATV "Johannes Kepler ATV") (2011)
- [Edoardo Amaldi](/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi_ATV "Edoardo Amaldi ATV") (2012)
- [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein_ATV "Albert Einstein ATV") (2013)
- [Georges Lemaître](/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre_ATV "Georges Lemaître ATV") (2014)
- [European Robotic Arm](/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm "European Robotic Arm") (2021)

Telecommunications

- [GEOS 2](/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS "European Space Research Organisation") (1978)
- [Olympus-1](/wiki/Olympus-1 "Olympus-1") (1989–1993)
- [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis_(satellite) "Artemis (satellite)") (2001–present)
- [GIOVE-A](/wiki/GIOVE-A "GIOVE-A") (2005–present)
- [GIOVE-B](/wiki/GIOVE-B "GIOVE-B") (2008–present)
- [HYLAS-1](/wiki/HYLAS-1 "HYLAS-1") (2010–present)
- [Galileo IOV](/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites "Galileo (satellite navigation)") (2011–present)
- [Galileo FOC](/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites "Galileo (satellite navigation)") (2014–present)
- [EGNOS](/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service "European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service")
- [European Data Relay System](/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System "European Data Relay System") (2016–present)

Technology

demonstrators

- [ARD](/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator "Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator") (1998)
- [PROBA-1](/wiki/PROBA "PROBA") (2001–present)
- [YES2](/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2 "Young Engineers' Satellite 2") (2007)
- [PROBA-2](/wiki/PROBA-2 "PROBA-2") (2009–present)
- [PROBA-V](/wiki/PROBA-V "PROBA-V") (2013–present)
- [IXV](/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle "Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle") (2015)
- [LISA Pathfinder](/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder "LISA Pathfinder") (2015–2017)
- [OPS-SAT](/wiki/OPS-SAT "OPS-SAT") (2019–present)
- _[PROBA-3](/wiki/PROBA-3 "PROBA-3")_ (2024)

Cancelled

and proposed

- [AIDA](/wiki/AIDA_(mission) "AIDA (mission)")
- [Ariane 5 ME](/wiki/Ariane_5_ME "Ariane 5 ME")
- [Calathus Mission](/wiki/Calathus_Mission "Calathus Mission")
- [Ceres Polar Lander](/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander "Ceres Polar Lander")
- [Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer](/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer "Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer")
- [CSTS](/wiki/CSTS "CSTS")
- [Darwin Mission](/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft) "Darwin (spacecraft)")
- [Don Quijote](/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft) "Don Quijote (spacecraft)")
- [e.Deorbit](/wiki/E.Deorbit "E.Deorbit")
- [EChO](/wiki/EChO "EChO")
- [Eddington](/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft) "Eddington (spacecraft)")
- [EXPERT](/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed "European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed")
- [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft) "Hermes (spacecraft)")
- [Hopper](/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft) "Hopper (spacecraft)")
- [LOFT](/wiki/LOFT "LOFT")
- [Lunar Lander](/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft) "Lunar Lander (spacecraft)")
- [Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft) "Marco Polo (spacecraft)")
- [MarcoPolo-R](/wiki/MarcoPolo-R "MarcoPolo-R")
- [Mars sample return mission](/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission "Mars sample return mission")
- [ODINUS](/wiki/ODINUS "ODINUS")
- [Phootprint](/wiki/Phootprint "Phootprint")
- [SOLARIS](/wiki/SOLARIS "SOLARIS")
- [SPICA](/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft) "SPICA (spacecraft)")
- [STE-QUEST](/wiki/STE-QUEST "STE-QUEST")
- [THESEUS](/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite) "THESEUS (satellite)")

Failed

- [Cluster](/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft) "Cluster (spacecraft)")
- [CryoSat-1](/wiki/CryoSat-1 "CryoSat-1")
- [GEOS 1](/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS "European Space Research Organisation")
- [Schiaparelli EDM](/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM "Schiaparelli EDM")

Future missions in _italics_

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)**[Category](/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency "Category:European Space Agency")**
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)[**Commons**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency "commons:Category:European Space Agency")
- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg "Wikinews page")**[Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency "wikinews:Category:European Space Agency")**
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png)[WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA "Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016 "Template:Orbital launches in 2016")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2016 "Template talk:Orbital launches in 2016")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016 "Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2016")

[← 2015](/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight "2015 in spaceflight")

[Orbital launches in 2016](/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight "2016 in spaceflight")

[2017 →](/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight "2017 in spaceflight")

January

- [Belintersat-1](/wiki/Belintersat-1 "Belintersat-1")
- [Jason-3](/wiki/Jason-3 "Jason-3")
- [IRNSS-1E](/wiki/IRNSS-1E "IRNSS-1E")
- [Intelsat 29e](/wiki/Intelsat_29e "Intelsat 29e")
- [Eutelsat 9B](/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites "Eutelsat")

February

- [BeiDou](/wiki/BeiDou "BeiDou") [M3-S](/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites "List of BeiDou satellites")
- [USA-266](/wiki/USA-266 "USA-266") / [GPS IIF](/wiki/GPS_IIF "GPS IIF") [-12](/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites "List of GPS satellites")
- [Kosmos 2514](/wiki/Kosmos_2514 "Kosmos 2514") / [GLONASS-M](/wiki/GLONASS-M "GLONASS-M") [751](/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites "List of GLONASS satellites")
- [Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4](/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-4 "Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4")
- [USA-267](/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites "List of USA satellites") / [Topaz-4](/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture "Future Imagery Architecture")
- [Sentinel-3A](/wiki/Sentinel-3A "Sentinel-3A")
- [ASTRO-H / Hitomi](/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite) "Hitomi (satellite)")

March

- [SES-9](/wiki/SES-9 "SES-9")
- [Eutelsat 65 West A](/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites "Eutelsat")
- [IRNSS-1F](/wiki/IRNSS-1F "IRNSS-1F")
- [Resurs-P №3](/wiki/Resurs-P "Resurs-P")
- [ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter](/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter "ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"), [Schiaparelli EDM](/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM "Schiaparelli EDM")
- [Soyuz TMA-20M](/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M "Soyuz TMA-20M")
- [Cygnus CRS OA-6](/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-6 "Cygnus CRS OA-6") ( [Diwata-1](/wiki/Diwata-1 "Diwata-1"), [Flock-2e'](/wiki/Flock_(satellite) "Flock (satellite)") × 20 , [Lemur-2](/wiki/Lemur-2 "Lemur-2") × 9)
- [Kosmos 2515](/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750) "List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)") / Bars-M 2L
- [BeiDou](/wiki/BeiDou "BeiDou") [IGSO-6](/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites "List of BeiDou satellites")
- [Progress MS-02](/wiki/Progress_MS-02 "Progress MS-02")

April

- [Shijian-10](/wiki/Shijian "Shijian")
- [Dragon CRS-8](/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8 "SpaceX CRS-8"), [BEAM](/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module "Bigelow Expandable Activity Module")
- [Sentinel-1B](/wiki/Sentinel-1B "Sentinel-1B"), MICROSCOPE, [e-st@r-II](/wiki/E-st@r-II "E-st@r-II")
- [Mikhailo Lomonosov](/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite) "Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)")
- [IRNSS-1G](/wiki/IRNSS-1G "IRNSS-1G")

May

- [JCSAT-14](/wiki/JCSAT-2B "JCSAT-2B")
- [Yaogan 30](/wiki/Yaogan "Yaogan")
- [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) "Galileo (satellite navigation)") [FOC-10, FOC-11](/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites "List of Galileo satellites")
- [Thaicom 8](/wiki/Thaicom_8 "Thaicom 8")
- [Kosmos 2516](/wiki/Kosmos_2516 "Kosmos 2516") / [GLONASS-M](/wiki/GLONASS-M "GLONASS-M") [753](/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites "List of GLONASS satellites")
- [Ziyuan III-02](/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite) "Ziyuan (satellite)"), [ÑuSat](/wiki/%C3%91uSat "ÑuSat") 1, 2

June

- [Kosmos 2517](/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750) "List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)") / [Geo-IK-2 №12](/wiki/Geo-IK-2 "Geo-IK-2")
- [Intelsat 31](/wiki/List_of_Intelsat_satellites "List of Intelsat satellites") / DLA-2
- [USA-268](/wiki/USA-268 "USA-268") / [Orion 9](/wiki/Orion_(satellite) "Orion (satellite)")
- [BeiDou](/wiki/BeiDou "BeiDou") [G7](/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites "List of BeiDou satellites")
- [Eutelsat 117 West B](/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites "Eutelsat"), [ABS-2A](/wiki/ABS-2A "ABS-2A")
- [Cartosat-2C](/wiki/Cartosat-2C "Cartosat-2C"), [M3MSat](/wiki/Maritime_Monitoring_and_Messaging_Microsatellite "Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite"), [Flock-2p](/wiki/Flock_(satellite) "Flock (satellite)") × 12, [SathyabamaSat](/wiki/SathyabamaSat "SathyabamaSat"), [Swayam](/wiki/Swayam "Swayam")
- [MUOS-5](/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System "Mobile User Objective System")
- [Chinese next-generation crew capsule scale model](/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft "Next-generation crewed spacecraft")
- [Shijian 16-02](/wiki/Shijian "Shijian")

July

- [Soyuz MS-01](/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01 "Soyuz MS-01")
- [Progress MS-03](/wiki/Progress_MS-03 "Progress MS-03")
- [Dragon CRS-9](/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-9 "SpaceX CRS-9")
- [USA-269](/w/index.php?title=USA-269&action=edit&redlink=1 "USA-269 (page does not exist)") / [NROL](/wiki/NROL "NROL")-61

August

- [Tiantong-1](/wiki/Tiantong-1 "Tiantong-1") 01
- [Gaofen-3](/wiki/Gaofen "Gaofen")
- [JCSAT-16](/wiki/JCSAT-16 "JCSAT-16")
- [QUESS / Mozi / Micius](/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale "Quantum Experiments at Space Scale")
- [USA-270](/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites "List of USA satellites") / [GSSAP-3](/wiki/GSSAP "GSSAP"), [USA-271](/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites "List of USA satellites") / [GSSAP-4](/wiki/GSSAP "GSSAP")
- [Intelsat 33e](/wiki/Intelsat_33e "Intelsat 33e"), [Intelsat 36](/wiki/Intelsat_36 "Intelsat 36")
- [Gaofen-10](/wiki/Gaofen "Gaofen")†

September

- [AMOS-6](/wiki/AMOS-6_(satellite) "AMOS-6 (satellite)")†
- [INSAT-3DR](/wiki/INSAT-3DR "INSAT-3DR")
- [OSIRIS-REx](/wiki/OSIRIS-REx "OSIRIS-REx")
- [Ofek-11](/wiki/Ofek-11 "Ofek-11")
- [Tiangong-2](/wiki/Tiangong-2 "Tiangong-2")
- [SkySat](/wiki/SkySat "SkySat") × 4
- [ScatSat-1](/wiki/ScatSat-1 "ScatSat-1"), [Alsat-1B](/wiki/Alsat-1B "Alsat-1B"), [Alsat-2B](/wiki/Alsat-2B "Alsat-2B"), [BlackSky Pathfinder-1](/wiki/BlackSky_Pathfinder-1 "BlackSky Pathfinder-1"), [Pratham](/wiki/Pratham_(satellite) "Pratham (satellite)"), [CanX-7](/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program "Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program"), [PISat](/wiki/PISat "PISat")

October

- [Sky Muster II](/wiki/Sky_Muster_II "Sky Muster II"), [GSAT-18](/wiki/GSAT-18 "GSAT-18")
- [Shenzhou 11](/wiki/Shenzhou_11 "Shenzhou 11")
- [Cygnus CRS OA-5](/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-5 "Cygnus CRS OA-5") ([Lemur-2](/wiki/Lemur-2 "Lemur-2") × 4)
- [Soyuz MS-02](/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02 "Soyuz MS-02")

November

- [Himawari 9](/wiki/Himawari_9 "Himawari 9")
- [Shijian-17](/wiki/Shijian "Shijian")
- [XPNAV 1](/wiki/XPNAV_1 "XPNAV 1")
- [WorldView-4](/wiki/WorldView-4 "WorldView-4"), CELTEE 1, Prometheus-2 × 2, AeroCube 8 × 2, U2U, RAVAN
- [Yunhai-1](/w/index.php?title=Yunhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Yunhai-1 (page does not exist)")
- [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) "Galileo (satellite navigation)") [FOC 7, 12, 13, 14](/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites "List of Galileo satellites")
- [Soyuz MS-03](/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03 "Soyuz MS-03")
- [GOES-R](/wiki/GOES_16 "GOES 16")
- [Tianlian I](/wiki/Tianlian_I "Tianlian I")-04

December

- _[Progress MS-04](/wiki/Progress_MS-04 "Progress MS-04")_
- [Göktürk-1](/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1 "Göktürk-1")
- [Resourcesat-2A](/wiki/Resourcesat-2A "Resourcesat-2A")
- [WGS-8](/wiki/WGS-8 "WGS-8")
- [HTV-6](/wiki/HTV-6 "HTV-6") / [Kounotori 6](/wiki/Kounotori_6 "Kounotori 6"), (EGG, TuPOD, UBAKUSAT, AOBA-VELOX, STARS, FREEDOM, ITF, Waseda-SAT, OSNSAT, [Tancredo-1](/wiki/Tancredo-1 "Tancredo-1"), TechEDSat, [Lemur-2](/wiki/Lemur-2 "Lemur-2") × 4)
- [Fengyun 4A](/wiki/Fengyun "Fengyun")
- [CYGNSS](/wiki/Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System "Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System") × 8
- [EchoStar 19](/w/index.php?title=EchoStar_19&action=edit&redlink=1 "EchoStar 19 (page does not exist)")
- [Arase](/wiki/Arase_(satellite) "Arase (satellite)") / ERG
- [TanSat](/wiki/TanSat "TanSat"), [Spark](/w/index.php?title=Spark_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Spark (satellite) (page does not exist)") × 2
- [Star One D1](/wiki/Star_One_D1 "Star One D1"), [JCSAT-15](/wiki/JCSAT-15 "JCSAT-15")
- [SuperView](/w/index.php?title=SuperView&action=edit&redlink=1 "SuperView (page does not exist)") / Gaojing-1 01, 02, [Bayi Kepu](/w/index.php?title=Bayi_Kepu&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bayi Kepu (page does not exist)") 1

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [General relativity](/wiki/Category:General_relativity "Category:General relativity")
- [European Space Agency satellites](/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency_satellites "Category:European Space Agency satellites")
- [Satellites orbiting Earth](/wiki/Category:Satellites_orbiting_Earth "Category:Satellites orbiting Earth")
- [Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets](/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Soyuz-2_rockets "Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets")
- [Spacecraft launched in 2016](/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_2016 "Category:Spacecraft launched in 2016")
- [Secondary payloads](/wiki/Category:Secondary_payloads "Category:Secondary payloads")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")

- This page was last edited on 2 July 2024, at 11:10 (UTC).
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