Montessori: The world's most influential school? - BBC
... Montessori method. Remarkably, however, the benefits of a Montessori education remain a matter of debate. This is partly due to the inherent ...
their progress at age five
Angeline Lillard, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, has attempted to overcome these issues by looking at a particular Montessori School in Milwaukee, the US. Children who applied for the school were selected through a lottery system. This random selection should eliminate those other confounding factors – allowing Lillard to be more confident that any differences were down to the Montessori method itself. Analysing <anchor>their progress at age five</anchor>, Lillard found that the children who went to the Montessori school tended to have better literacy, numeracy, executive function and social skills, compared to those who had attended the other schools. And at age 12, they showed better story-telling abilities.
Evaluating Montessori Education | Science
Evaluating Montessori Education \| Science

Advertisement

- [news](/news)
- [careers](/careers)
- [commentary](/commentary)
- [Journals](/journals)

[![Science](/pb-assets/images/styleguide/logo-dark-1672180581427.svg)![Science](/pb-assets/images/styleguide/logo-1672180580750.svg)](/)

- [Search](#header-quick-search-wrapper "Search")
- [Log in](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132362)

- [Become A Member](https://promo.aaas.org/science/join/?CTC=SMHPJN "")


[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/5f9925d7-2fdb-4db7-91d0-4282ee23d988/science.2024.385.issue-6714.cover.gif)\
science](/journal/science "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/0c0b6bd8-0958-4f95-a0d3-5f55a891d9a9/sciadv.2024.10.issue-37.cover.gif)\
science advances](/journal/sciadv "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/945cb50a-a2a9-48a9-9c41-2f698f8cc1ea/sciimmunol.2024.9.issue-99.cover.gif)\
science immunology](/journal/sciimmunol "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/20335fd0-680b-4e2f-97d1-9cfebcc7ea33/scirobotics.2024.9.issue-94.cover.gif)\
science robotics](/journal/scirobotics "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/a96446a7-fa20-4d3f-b74b-8e18c76e36f9/signaling.2024.17.issue-853.cover.gif)\
science signaling](/journal/signaling "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/cms/asset/aba85a83-5ef9-427a-a7e9-5c6b692132a1/stm.2024.16.issue-764.cover.gif)\
science translational medicine](/journal/stm "Science")

[![journal-menu-img](/pb-assets/images/styleguide/spj-cover-1695403298717.png)\
science partner journals](https://spj.science.org/ "Science Partner Journals")

Quick Search anywhere

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Quick Search in Journals

Enter Search Term

Searching:

Anywhere

[Anywhere](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-0) [Science](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-1) [Science Advances](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-2) [Science Immunology](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-3) [Science Robotics](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-4) [Science Signaling](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-5) [Science Translational Medicine](#quick-search-form-9ea9b667-c3ce-40d1-870b-f7e001bbac01-6)

[Advanced Search](/search/advanced) Search

###### Trending Terms:

- [cancer](/action/doSearch?AllField=cancer)
- [climate](/action/doSearch?AllField=climate)
- [artificial intelligence](/action/doSearch?AllField=artificial intelligence)
- [postdoc](/action/doSearch?AllField=postdoc)
- [aging](/action/doSearch?AllField=aging)

[Log In](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=/doi/10.1126/science.1132362)

[Become A Member](/action/clickThrough?id=501021&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpromo.aaas.org%2Fscience%2Fjoin%2F%3FCTC%3DSMLDJN&loc=%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132362&pubId=41827854&placeholderId=501021&productId=501021)

[Donate](/news/donate?intcmp=sitemenu-donate&utm_id=recB0g01G48yiGSBD)

Quick Search anywhere

Enter Search Term

[science.org](/)

- [Custom publishing](/custom-publishing)
- [newsletters](/topic/article-type/scienceadviser?intcmp=menu-adviserfeed&utm_id=recI11u4srAIiGNLZ)
- [collections](/collections)
- [videos](/videos)
- [podcasts](/podcasts)
- [blogs](/blogs)
- [visualizations](/content/page/visualizations)
- [prizes and awards](/content/page/prizes-and-awards)

- [authors & reviewers](/content/page/contributing-science-family-journals)
- [librarians](/content/page/librarian-portal)
- [advertisers](https://advertising.sciencemag.org/)
- [about](/content/page/aboutus)
- [help](/content/page/help)

- [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/ScienceMagazine "Facebook")
- [Share on X](https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine "Share on X")
- [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/ScienceMagazine "Instagram")
- [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/user/ScienceMag "YouTube")
- [RSS feeds](/content/page/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds "RSS feeds")
- [WeChat](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=100002815&idx=1&sn=2949c025a553ac718b9612a0473b9f60&chksm=6b1120465c66a9508b01eaef1589b15d440e50b189106c8c594de8c6471f696a978de952fb15&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=0716JJQ5V4cKbgMMsya2MQ0n&sharer_sharetime= "WeChat")

![AAAS Logo](/pb-assets/images/styleguide/logo-1672180580750.svg)

- [Terms of Service](/content/page/terms-service)
- [Privacy Policy](/content/page/privacy-policy)
- [Accessibility](/content/page/accessibility)

[![logo](/pb-assets/images/logos/science-logo-1620488349680.svg)](/journal/science)

- [Current Issue](/toc/science/current)
- [First release papers](/toc/science/0/0)
- [Archive](/loi/science)
- About

[About Science](/content/page/about-science-aaas) [Mission & Scope](/content/page/mission-and-scope) [Editors & Advisory Boards](/content/page/editors-and-advisory-boards) [Editorial Policies](/content/page/science-journals-editorial-policies) [Information for Authors](/content/page/science-information-authors) [Information for Reviewers](/content/page/peer-review-science-publications) [Journal Metrics](/content/page/journal-metrics-overview) [Staff](/content/page/team-members) [Contact Us](/content/page/contact-us) [TOC Alerts and RSS Feeds](/content/page/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds)


- [Submit manuscript](https://cts.sciencemag.org/)
- [More](About)


[GET OUR E-ALERTS](/action/showPreferences?menuTab=Alerts)

[Home](https://www.science.org/ "Home") [Science](/journal/science "Science") [Vol. 313, No. 5795](/toc/science/313/5795 "Vol. 313, No. 5795") Evaluating Montessori Education

[Back To Vol. 313, No. 5795](/toc/science/313/5795 "Back To Vol. 313, No. 5795")

No access

Education Forum

Share on

# Evaluating Montessori Education

[AngelineLillard](#con1) [\[email protected\]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d1bdb8bdbdb0a3b591a7b8a3b6b8bfb8b0ffb4b5a4) and [NicoleElse-Quest](#con2) [Authors Info & Affiliations](#tab-contributors)

Science

29 Sep 2006

Vol 313, Issue 5795

pp. 1893-1894

[DOI: 10.1126/science.1132362](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132362)

[**PREVIOUS ARTICLE** \
\
Books Received\
\
Previous](/doi/10.1126/science.313.5795.1892b "Books Received") [**NEXT ARTICLE** \
\
Tuning Interface States\
\
Next](/doi/10.1126/science.1133138 "Tuning Interface States")

[Notifications](/action/addCitationAlert?doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1132362 "Notifications")[Bookmark](/personalize/addFavoritePublication?doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1132362 "Bookmark")

[CITE](#tab-citations "CITE")

[CHECK ACCESS](#core-collateral-purchase-access "CHECK ACCESS")

- Contents

- [Supplementary Material](#supplementary-materials)
- [References and Notes](#bibliography)

- - [Information & Authors](#core-collateral-info)
- [Metrics & Citations](#core-collateral-metrics)
- [Check Access](#core-collateral-purchase-access)
- [References](#core-collateral-references)
- [Media](#core-collateral-media)
- [Tables](#core-collateral-tables)
- [Share](#core-collateral-share)

![First page of PDF](/cms/10.1126/science.1132362/asset/79be9368-408c-40d1-bd58-a7e2c1b88b44/assets/science.1132362.fp.png)

Related Letter

[Studying Students in Montessori Schools](/doi/10.1126/science.315.5812.596b)

By Patrik Lindenfors•Science•2 Feb 2007

## Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

[CHECK ACCESS](#core-collateral-purchase-access)

ALREADY A SUBSCRIBER OR AAAS MEMBER? Sign in as an [individual](/action/showLogin?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132362) or via your [institution](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132362)

## Supplementary Material

File(1132362\_spss\_files.zip)

- [Download](/doi/suppl/10.1126/science.1132362/suppl_file/1132362_spss_files.zip)
- 3.96 KB

File(lillard.som.pdf)

- [Download](/doi/suppl/10.1126/science.1132362/suppl_file/lillard.som.pdf)
- 214.16 KB

## References and Notes

1

Montessori M., _The Montessori Method_ (Schocken, New York, 1964).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Montessori+Method&author=M.+Montessori&publication_year=1964)

2

Lillard A. S., _Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius_ (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2005).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Montessori%3A+The+Science+Behind+the+Genius&author=A.+S.+Lillard&publication_year=2005)

3

Milwaukee Public Schools ( [http://mpsportal.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/portal/server.pt](http://mpsportal.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/portal/server.pt)).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Milwaukee+Public+Schools+%28http%3A%2F%2Fmpsportal.milwaukee.k12.wi.us%2Fportal%2Fserver.pt%29.)

4

Association Montessori Internationale ( [www.montessori-ami.org/](http://www.montessori-ami.org/)).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Association+Montessori+Internationale+%28www.montessori-ami.org%2F%29.)

5

NICHD Early Child-Care Research Network, _Harvard Ed. Rev._ **_74_**, 1 (2004).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.74.1.k845735459043543)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=NICHD+Early+Child-Care+Research+Network&publication_year=2004&journal=Harvard+Ed.+Rev.&pages=1&doi=10.17763%2Fhaer.74.1.k845735459043543)

6

Duncan G. J., Yeung W. J., Brooks-Gunn J., Smith J. R., _Am. Soc. Rev._ **_63_**, 406 (1998).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.2307/2657556)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000074355100005)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=G.+J.+Duncan&author=W.+J.+Yeung&author=J.+Brooks-Gunn&author=J.+R.+Smith&publication_year=1998&journal=Am.+Soc.+Rev.&pages=406&doi=10.2307%2F2657556)

7

McGrew K. S., Woodcock R. W., _Woodcock-Johnson III Technical Manual_ (Riverside Publishing, Itasca, IL, 2001).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Woodcock-Johnson+III+Technical+Manual&author=K.+S.+McGrew&author=R.+W.+Woodcock&publication_year=2001)

8

Hart B., Risley T., _Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children_ (P. H. Brookes, Baltimore, MD, 1995).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Meaningful+Differences+in+the+Everyday+Experience+of+Young+American+Children&author=B.+Hart&author=T.+Risley&publication_year=1995)

9

Rubin K. H., _The Social Problem Solving Test-Revised_ (Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, MI, 1988).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Social+Problem+Solving+Test-Revised&author=K.+H.+Rubin&publication_year=1988)

10

Wimmer H., Perner J., _Cognition_ **_13_**, 103 (1983).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5)

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6681741/)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=A1983QA46400003)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=H.+Wimmer&author=J.+Perner&publication_year=1983&journal=Cognition&pages=103&doi=10.1016%2F0010-0277%2883%2990004-5&pmid=6681741)

11

Zimmer C., _Science_ **_300_**, 1079 (2003).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.300.5622.1079)

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750496/)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000182886500016)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=C.+Zimmer&publication_year=2003&journal=Science&pages=1079&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.300.5622.1079&pmid=12750496)

12

Amsterlaw J., Wellman H., _J. Cogn. Dev._ **_7_**, 139 (2006).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0702_1)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000239954100001)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=J.+Amsterlaw&author=H.+Wellman&publication_year=2006&journal=J.+Cogn.+Dev.&pages=139&doi=10.1207%2Fs15327647jcd0702_1)

13

Cunningham A. E., Stanovich K. E., _Dev. Psych._ **_33_**, 934 (1997).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.934)

[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9383616/)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=A1997YE77000005)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=A.+E.+Cunningham&author=K.+E.+Stanovich&publication_year=1997&journal=Dev.+Psych.&pages=934&doi=10.1037%2F0012-1649.33.6.934&pmid=9383616)

14

Borman G. D., et al., _Am. Ed. Res. J._ **_42_**, 673 (2005).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312042004673)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000241047700004)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=G.+D.+Borman&publication_year=2005&journal=Am.+Ed.+Res.+J.&pages=673&doi=10.3102%2F00028312042004673)

15

Lipsey M. W., _Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci._ **_587_**, 69 (2003).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716202250791)

[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000182113500005)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=M.+W.+Lipsey&publication_year=2003&journal=Ann.+Am.+Acad.+Polit.+Soc.+Sci.&pages=69&doi=10.1177%2F0002716202250791)

16

Cronbach L. J., et al., _Toward Reform of Program Evaluation: Aims, Methods, and Institutional Arrangments_ (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1980).

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Toward+Reform+of+Program+Evaluation%3A+Aims%2C+Methods%2C+and+Institutional+Arrangments&author=L.+J.+Cronbach&publication_year=1980)

17

NICHD Early Child-Care Research Network, _Am. Ed. Res. J._ **_42_**, 537 (2005).

[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312042003537)

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=NICHD+Early+Child-Care+Research+Network&publication_year=2005&journal=Am.+Ed.+Res.+J.&pages=537&doi=10.3102%2F00028312042003537)

18

The _z_-score conversion was used for the graph to give all tests the same metric. A _z_ score sets the mean (in this case of the entire sample) at 0, one standard deviation above the mean at 1.68, and one standard deviation below the mean at −1.68.

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+z-score+conversion+was+used+for+the+graph+to+give+all+tests+the+same+metric.+A+z+score+sets+the+mean+%28in+this+case+of+the+entire+sample%29+at+0%2C+one+standard+deviation+above+the+mean+at+1.68%2C+and+one+standard+deviation+below+the+mean+at+%E2%88%921.68.)

19

Funding was provided by the Jacobs and Cantus Foundations and sabbatical fellowships from the Cattell Foundation and the University of Virginia to A.L. J. DeLoache, B. Detmer, L. Ma, A. Pinkham, R. Tai, and J. van Reet provided helpful comments, and E. Turkheimer provided valuable statistical advice. We thank the Milwaukee schools that participated; the children and their families; and A. Hart, T. Nishida, A. Pinkham, J. van Reet, and B. Rosen.

[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Funding+was+provided+by+the+Jacobs+and+Cantus+Foundations+and+sabbatical+fellowships+from+the+Cattell+Foundation+and+the+University+of+Virginia+to+A.L.+J.+DeLoache%2C+B.+Detmer%2C+L.+Ma%2C+A.+Pinkham%2C+R.+Tai%2C+and+J.+van+Reet+provided+helpful+comments%2C+and+E.+Turkheimer+provided+valuable+statistical+advice.+We+thank+the+Milwaukee+schools+that+participated%3B+the+children+and+their+families%3B+and+A.+Hart%2C+T.+Nishida%2C+A.+Pinkham%2C+J.+van+Reet%2C+and+B.+Rosen.)

[www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5795/1893/DC1](http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5795/1893/DC1)

### Submit a Response to This Article

×

##### Compose eLetter

Title:

Title is required

Contents:

##### Contributors

remove contributor

First name:

Last name:

Email:

Role/occupation:

affiliation:

add another contributor

##### Statement of Competing Interests

Competing interests?

YES

NO

Please describe the competing interests

CANCELSUBMIT

## (0)eLetters

eLetters is a forum for ongoing peer review. eLetters are not edited, proofread, or indexed, but they are screened. eLetters should provide substantive and scholarly commentary on the article. Embedded figures cannot be submitted, and we discourage the use of figures within eLetters in general. If a figure is essential, please include a link to the figure within the text of the eLetter. Please read our [Terms of Service](/content/page/terms-service) before submitting an eLetter.

[Log In to Submit a Response](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=/doi/full/10.1126/science.1132362)

No eLetters have been published for this article yet.

## Information & Authors

### Information

#### Published In

![](/cms/asset/3ecddc93-aa71-49cc-855b-bf8a092152fe/science.2006.313.issue-5795.largecover.jpg)

Science

Volume 313 \| Issue 5795

29 September 2006

#### Copyright

© 2006 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

#### Submission history

**Published in print**: 29 September 2006

#### Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

[Request Permissions](https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=AAAS&publication=sci&title=Evaluating+Montessori+Education&publicationDate=2006-09-29&author=Angeline+Lillard%2C+Nicole+Else-Quest&contentID=10.1126%2Fscience.1132362&volumeNum=313&issueNum=5795&startPage=1893&endPage=1894&numPages=2&orderBeanReset=true)

### Authors

#### Affiliations

AngelineLillard[\*](#COR1) [\[email protected\]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#6c000500000d1e082c1a051e0b0502050d42090819)

Department of Psychology, University of Virginia P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.

[View all articles by this author](/authored-by/Lillard/Angeline)

NicoleElse-Quest

Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53202, USA.

[View all articles by this author](/authored-by/Else-Quest/Nicole)

#### Notes

\*

Author for correspondence. E-mail: [\[email protected\]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a9c5c0c5c5c8dbcde9dfc0dbcec0c7c0c887cccddc)

## Metrics & Citations

### Metrics

#### Article Usage

**Note:** The article usage is presented with a three- to four-day delay and will update daily once available. Due to this delay, usage data will not appear immediately following publication.

Citation information is sourced from [Crossref Cited-by](https://www.crossref.org/services/cited-by/ "Follow link") service.

#### Altmetrics

### Citations

#### Cite as

- Angeline Lillard,
- Nicole Else-Quest

,

Evaluating Montessori Education._Science_**313**,1893-1894(2006).DOI: [10.1126/science.1132362](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132362)

#### Export citation

Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.

Please select one from the listRIS (ProCite, Reference Manager)EndNoteBibTexMedlarsRefWorks

Direct import


#### Cited by

01. - Yusuke Moriguchi,
    - Steven Phillips,

Evaluating the Distinction between Cool and Hot Executive Function during Childhood, Brain Sciences, **13**, 2, (313), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020313](https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020313 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020313)

02. - Merve ÖZÇELİK,
    - Özkan SAPSAĞLAM,

Examination of the Social Competence and Types of Competition of Preschool Children in terms of Different Early Childhood Education ProgramsExamination of the Social Competence and Types of Competition of Preschool Children in terms of Different Early Childhood Education Programs, International e-Journal of Educational Studies, (1-12), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1189921](https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1189921 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1189921)

03. - Carmen Sanchidrián Blanco,


    La pedagogía de Montessori y la formación de profesores. La importancia de la teoría, Pedagogía y Saberes, 58, (2023). [https://doi.org/10.17227/pys.num58-17194](https://doi.org/10.17227/pys.num58-17194 "Crossref")
    [Crossref](https://doi.org/10.17227/pys.num58-17194)

04. - Robin Samuelsson,


    Leveraging Play for Learning and Development: Incorporating Cultural‐Evolutionary Insights into Early Educational Practices, Mind, Brain, and Education, (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12347](https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12347 "Crossref")
    [Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12347)

05. - Ji Young Lee,
    - Hyun Ji Lee,
    - Allyson S. Masters,
    - Katelyn K. Fletcher,
    - Daniel D. Suh,
    - Roberta M. Golinkoff,
    - Kathy Hirsh-Pasek,

Bringing playful learning to South Korea: An alternative pedagogical approach to promote children's learning and success, International Journal of Educational Development, **97**, (102710), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102710](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102710 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102710)

06. - Sabine Doebel,
    - Angeline S. Lillard,

How does play foster development? A new executive function perspective, Developmental Review, **67**, (101064), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101064](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101064 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101064)

07. - Destany Calma-Birling,
    - Andrei Semenov,
    - Philip David Zelazo,

Executive function and education, International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition), (168-178), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.14022-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.14022-9 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.14022-9)

08. - Aida Zhanatkyzy,
    - Zhansaule Telisheva,
    - Aida Amirova,
    - Nurziya Oralbayeva,
    - Arna Aimysheva,
    - Anara Sandygulova,

Moveable Älıpbi: The Montessori Method for Robot-Assisted Alphabet Learning, Social Robotics, (114-123), (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8\_11](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8_11 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8_11)

09. - Kerry Miller,
    - Amanda Prokasky,
    - Holly Roberts,
    - Carol McMorris,
    - Howard Needelman,

Associations between risk factors, developmental outcomes, and executive function in neonatal intensive care unit graduates at 2 years: A retrospective study, Infant and Child Development, (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2411](https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2411 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2411)

10. - Zehra ÇAKIR,
    - Sema ALTUN YALÇIN,

The Effect of the Montessori Approach-based STEM Activities on the Pre-school Pre-service Teachers’ Lifelong Learning, Pamukkale University Journal of Education, (2022). [https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1022966](https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1022966 "Crossref")
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1022966)

11. [See more](javascript:void(0))

Loading...

Citation information is sourced from [Crossref Cited-by](https://www.crossref.org/services/cited-by/ "Follow link") service.

## View Options

### Check Access

#### Log in to view the full text

[AAAS ID LOGIN](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=)

**Loading institution options**

[Select another institution](/action/ssostart?redirectUri=)

AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS Members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.

- [Become a AAAS Member](http://www.aaas.org/join/?CTC=SMAAJN)
- [Activate your AAAS ID](https://account.aaas.org/Identity/Lookup)
- [Purchase Access to Other Journals in the Science Family](/content/page/purchase-journal-access)
- [Account Help](/content/page/access-and-subscriptions)

#### More options

[Purchase digital access to this article](/action/addToCart?offer=ppv&format=ONLINE&doi=10.1126/science.1132362)

Download and print this article for your personal scholarly, research, and educational
use.

[Purchase this issue in print](https://backissues.science.org/)

Buy a single issue of Science for just **$15 USD**.

### View options

#### PDF format

Download this article as a PDF file

[Download PDF](/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1132362?download=true)

#### Full Text

[FULL TEXT](https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1132362 "Full Text")

## Media

### Figures

### Multimedia

## Tables

## Share

### Share

#### Share article link

Copy Link

Copied!

Copying failed.

#### Share on social media

FacebookXLinkedinRedditWeChatWhatsAppemail

#### Current Issue

[![Science cover image](/cdn-cgi/image/width=400/cms/asset/52a453e9-b6b4-41e6-887d-973905075488/science.2024.385.issue-6714.largecover.jpg)](/toc/science/385/6714 "View Science current issue")

### [Microbial dietary preference and interactions affect the export of lipids to the deep ocean](/doi/10.1126/science.aab2661 "Microbial dietary preference and interactions affect the export of lipids to the deep ocean")

- By
  - Lars Behrendt
  - Uria Alcolombri
  - _et al._

### [Autoregulated splicing of _TRA2_ β programs T cell fate in response to antigen-receptor stimulation](/doi/10.1126/science.adj1979 "Autoregulated splicing of <i>TRA2</i>&\#x3b2; programs T cell fate in response to antigen-receptor stimulation")

- By
  - Timofey A. Karginov
  - Antoine Ménoret
  - _et al._

### [Transcripts of repetitive DNA elements signal to block phagocytosis of hematopoietic stem cells](/doi/10.1126/science.adn1629 "Transcripts of repetitive DNA elements signal to block phagocytosis of hematopoietic stem cells")

- By
  - Cecilia Pessoa Rodrigues
  - Joseph M. Collins
  - _et al._

[Table of Contents](/toc/science/current)

#### Advertisement

### Sign up for ScienceAdviser

Subscribe to ScienceAdviser to get the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily.

[Subscribe](/content/page/scienceadviser?intcmp=rrail-adviser&utm_id=recFUzjFNRznSEEDd)

#### LATEST NEWS

[Careers](/news/careers-editorial)12 Sep 2024

[International postdocs in the U.S. are short-changed—in more ways than one](/content/article/international-postdocs-u-s-are-short-changed-more-ways-one "International postdocs in the U.S. are short-changed—in more ways than one")

[News](/news/all-news)12 Sep 2024

[AI chatbot shows promise in talking people out of conspiracy theories](/content/article/ai-chatbot-shows-promise-talking-people-out-conspiracy-theories "AI chatbot shows promise in talking people out of conspiracy theories")

[ScienceInsider](/news/scienceinsider)12 Sep 2024

[Arctic ecosystems get long-term look with drifting research station](/content/article/arctic-ecosystems-get-long-term-look-drifting-research-station "Arctic ecosystems get long-term look with drifting research station")

[ScienceShots](/news/scienceshots)12 Sep 2024

[U.S. state composting laws are mostly trash—except for one, study finds](/content/article/u-s-state-composting-laws-are-mostly-trash-except-one-study-finds "U.S. state composting laws are mostly trash—except for one, study finds")

[News](/news/all-news)12 Sep 2024

[Strong El Niños primed Earth for mass extinction](/content/article/strong-el-niños-primed-earth-mass-extinction "Strong El Niños primed Earth for mass extinction")

[News](/news/all-news)12 Sep 2024

[News at a glance: Satellite tracks, jailed Russian physicist, and North Korea’s foreign professors](/content/article/news-glance-satellite-tracks-jailed-russian-physicist-and-north-korea-s-foreign "News at a glance: Satellite tracks, jailed Russian physicist, and North Korea’s foreign professors")

#### Advertisement

#### Advertisement

[View full text](/doi/full/10.1126/science.1132362) \| [Download PDF](/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1132362)

Now Reading:

SHARE

[**PREVIOUS ARTICLE** \
\
Books Received\
\
Previous](/doi/10.1126/science.313.5795.1892b) [**NEXT ARTICLE** \
\
Tuning Interface States\
\
Next](/doi/10.1126/science.1133138)

Open in viewer

GO TO

GO TO

Show all references

Request permissionsExpand All

Collapse

Expand for more

[Authors Info & Affiliations](#tab-contributors)

SHOW ALL BOOKS

[Skip slideshow](#afterSlideshow-j3n)

[Science Journal Logo](/journal/science "Science Journal Logo")

[Science Advances Journal Logo](/journal/sciadv "Science Advances Journal Logo")

[Science Immunology Journal Logo](/journal/sciimmunol "Science Immunology Journal Logo")

[Science Robotics Journal Logo](/journal/scirobotics "Science Robotics Journal Logo")

[Science Signaling Journal Logo](/journal/signaling "Science Signaling Journal Logo")

[Science Translational Medicine Journal Logo](/journal/stm "Science Translational Medicine Journal Logo")

###### [Follow Us](https://www.science.org/content/page/science-family-journals-social-media)

- [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/ScienceMagazine "Facebook")
- [Share on X](https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine "Share on X")
- [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/ScienceMagazine "Instagram")
- [Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/user/ScienceMag "Youtube")
- [RSS feeds](/about/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds "RSS feeds")
- [WeChat](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=100002815&idx=1&sn=2949c025a553ac718b9612a0473b9f60&chksm=6b1120465c66a9508b01eaef1589b15d440e50b189106c8c594de8c6471f696a978de952fb15&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=0716JJQ5V4cKbgMMsya2MQ0n&sharer_sharetime= "WeChat")
- [Get our newsletter](/content/page/scienceadviser?intcmp=ftr-adviser&utm_id=recdExfxt1yeSJxzi)

- [NEWS](/news)
- [All News](/news/all-news)
- [ScienceInsider](/news/scienceinsider)
- [News Features](/news/features)
- [Subscribe to News from Science](/content/page/news-science-subscriptions)
- [News from Science FAQ](/content/page/news-subscriber-faqs)
- [About News from Science](/content/page/about-news-science)
- [Donate to News](/news/donate?intcmp=footer-donate&utm_id=recVQVKKRRLdidlGT)

- [CAREERS](/careers)
- [Careers Articles](/topic/article-type/careers-editorial)
- [Find Jobs](https://jobs.sciencecareers.org/)
- [Employer Hubs](/careers/employers)

- [COMMENTARY](/commentary)
- [Opinion](/commentary/opinion)
- [Analysis](/commentary/analysis)
- [Blogs](/blogs)

- [JOURNALS](/journals)
- [Science](/journal/science)
- [Science Advances](/journal/sciadv)
- [Science Immunology](/journal/sciimmunol)
- [Science Robotics](/journal/scirobotics)
- [Science Signaling](/journal/signaling)
- [Science Translational Medicine](/journal/stm)
- [Science Partner Journals](https://spj.sciencemag.org/)

- [AUTHORS & REVIEWERS](/content/page/contributing-science-family-journals)
- [Information for Authors](/content/page/contributing-science-family-journals)
- [Information for Reviewers](/content/page/peer-review-science-publications)

- [LIBRARIANS](/content/page/librarian-portal)
- [Manage Your Institutional Subscription](/action/institutionAccessEntitlements)
- [Library Admin Portal](/content/page/librarian-portal)
- [Request a Quote](https://scienceaaas.org/request)
- [Librarian FAQs](/content/page/librarian-portal-frequently-asked-questions)

- [ADVERTISERS](https://advertising.sciencemag.org/)
- [Advertising Kits](https://advertising.sciencemag.org/)
- [Custom Publishing Info](/custom-publishing)
- [Post a Job](https://employers.sciencecareers.org/)

- [RELATED SITES](/content/page/related-sites)
- [AAAS.org](//www.aaas.org/)
- [AAAS Communities](//members.aaas.org/home)
- [EurekAlert!](//www.eurekalert.org/)
- [Science in the Classroom](//www.scienceintheclassroom.org/)

- [ABOUT US](/content/page/aboutus)
- [Leadership](/content/page/leadership-and-management)
- [Work at AAAS](//www.aaas.org/careers/workataaas)
- [Prizes and Awards](/content/page/prizes-and-awards)

- [HELP](/content/page/help)
- [FAQs](/content/page/faqs)
- [Access and Subscriptions](/content/page/access-and-subscriptions)
- [Order a Single Issue](//backissues.science.org/)
- [Reprints and Permissions](/content/page/reprints-and-permissions)
- [TOC Alerts and RSS Feeds](/content/page/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds)
- [Contact Us](/content/page/contact-us)

###### [Follow Us](https://www.science.org/content/page/science-family-journals-social-media)

- [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/ScienceMagazine "Facebook")
- [Share on X](https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine "Share on X")
- [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/ScienceMagazine "Instagram")
- [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/user/ScienceMag "YouTube")
- [RSS feeds](/content/page/email-alerts-and-rss-feeds "RSS feeds")
- [WeChat](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=100002815&idx=1&sn=2949c025a553ac718b9612a0473b9f60&chksm=6b1120465c66a9508b01eaef1589b15d440e50b189106c8c594de8c6471f696a978de952fb15&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=0716JJQ5V4cKbgMMsya2MQ0n&sharer_sharetime= "WeChat")

[Get our newsletter](/content/page/scienceadviser?intcmp=ftr-adviser&utm_id=recdExfxt1yeSJxzi)

[![AAAS logo](/pb-assets/images/styleguide/aaas-logo-1672180581667.svg)](//www.aaas.org/ "Visit the AAAS homepage")

© 2024 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER. _Science_ ISSN 0036-8075.

back to top

- [Terms of Service](/content/page/terms-service "Terms of Service")
- [Privacy Policy](/content/page/privacy-policy "Privacy Policy")
- [Accessibility](/content/page/accessibility "Accessibility")

[![ScienceAdviser](/pb-assets/images/logos/ScienceAdviser-logo-1683228767297.svg)](/scienceadviser)

Get the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily.

[Subscribe](/content/page/scienceadviser)Not Now

×

Back to article