Movimento artistico del Surrealismo - Jose Art Gallery
Il Surrealismo ha avuto un profondo impatto sullo sviluppo dell'arte moderna e la sua influenza è visibile in un'ampia gamma di pratiche e ...
Max Ernst
Salvador Dalí ha esemplificato il Surrealismo attraverso dipinti inquietanti ma altamente dettagliati, in cui gli orologi trasudano e le figure fluttuano senza peso. Rene Magritte creava scene enigmatiche che mettevano in discussione la percezione, come una pipa intitolata "Questa non è una pipa". <anchor>Max Ernst</anchor> è stato il pioniere degli sfregamenti con il frottage e il suo romanzo a collage "Una settimana di gentilezza" ha utilizzato immagini bizzarre per evocare un desiderio inconscio. Leonora Carrington raffigurava creature fantasiose e simbolismi alchemici basati sulle leggende celtiche e sull'occulto. Le loro opere iconiche dimostrano la visione radicale del Surrealismo.
Max Ernst - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- [1Early life](#Early_life)
- [2Dada and surrealism](#Dada_and_surrealism)
- [3World War II and later life](#World_War_II_and_later_life)
- [4Legacy](#Legacy)Toggle Legacy subsection  - [4.1Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors](#Exhibitions,_retrospectives,_and_honors)
- [5Selected works](#Selected_works)Toggle Selected works subsection  - [5.1Early work, Germany (1891–1922)](#Early_work,_Germany_(1891–1922))
  - [5.2First French period (1922–1940)](#First_French_period_(1922–1940))
  - [5.3American period (1941–1952)](#American_period_(1941–1952))
  - [5.4Second French period (1953–1976)](#Second_French_period_(1953–1976))
  - [5.5Prints, collages, and illustrations](#Prints,_collages,_and_illustrations)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7Notes](#Notes)
- [8References](#References)Toggle References subsection  - [8.1Works cited](#Works_cited)
- [9Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [10External links](#External_links)

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# Max Ernst

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

German artist (1891–1976)

Max Ernst

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Max_Ernst_1968.jpg/220px-Max_Ernst_1968.jpg)](/wiki/File:Max_Ernst_1968.jpg)

Max Ernst in 1968

Born

Maximilian Maria Ernst

(1891-04-02)2 April 1891

[Brühl](/wiki/Br%C3%BChl,_North_Rhine-Westphalia "Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia"), [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire")

Died1 April 1976(1976-04-01) (aged 84)

Paris, France

NationalityGerman-American-FrenchKnown forPainting, sculpture, poetryNotable work_[A Week of Kindness](/wiki/A_Week_of_Kindness "A Week of Kindness")_ (1934)Movement[Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada"), [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism")Spouses

[Luise Straus](/wiki/Luise_Straus-Ernst "Luise Straus-Ernst")

​

(m. 1918⁠–⁠1927)​

Marie-Berthe Aurenche

​

​

(m. 1927⁠–⁠1942)​

[Peggy Guggenheim](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim "Peggy Guggenheim")

​

​

(m. 1942⁠–⁠1946)​

[Dorothea Tanning](/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning "Dorothea Tanning")

​

​

(m. 1946⁠–⁠1976)​

Signature[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Max_Ernst_Signature.svg/150px-Max_Ernst_Signature.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Max_Ernst_Signature.svg)

**Max Ernst** (2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German (naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958) painter, sculptor, printmaker, [graphic artist](/wiki/Graphic_artist "Graphic artist"), and poet.[\[1\]](#cite_note-kasmin-1) A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the [Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada") movement and [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe").[\[1\]](#cite_note-kasmin-1) He had no formal artistic training, but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of [frottage](/wiki/Frottage_(surrealist_technique) "Frottage (surrealist technique)")—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of textured objects and relief surfaces to create images—and [grattage](/wiki/Grattage_(art) "Grattage (art)"), an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. Ernst is noted for his unconventional drawing methods as well as for creating novels and pamphlets using the method of [collages](/wiki/Collage "Collage"). He served as a soldier for four years during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), and this experience left him shocked, traumatised and critical of the modern world. During World War II he was designated an "undesirable foreigner" while living in France.

Ernst was born in Brühl. He began painting in 1909 while studying at the University of Bonn, and later joined the Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists. Ernst's work often featured ironic juxtapositions of grotesque elements with [Cubist](/wiki/Cubist "Cubist") and [Expressionist](/wiki/Expressionist "Expressionist") motifs. He had a fascination with birds, often including his alter ego, Loplop, a bird, in his work. He eventually settled in France and achieved financial success in the 1950s. He died in Paris on 1 April 1976.

## Early life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life")\]

Max Ernst was born in [Brühl](/wiki/Br%C3%BChl,_North_Rhine-Westphalia "Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia"), near [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), the third of nine children of a middle-class [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") family. His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter, a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian. He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) In 1909, Ernst enrolled in the [University of Bonn](/wiki/University_of_Bonn "University of Bonn") to read philosophy, art history, literature, psychology and psychiatry.[\[3\]](#cite_note-guggenheim-3) He visited [asylums](/wiki/Lunatic_asylum "Lunatic asylum") and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients; he also started painting that year, producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle, and portraits of his sister and himself. In 1911, Ernst befriended [August Macke](/wiki/August_Macke "August Macke") and joined his _Die Rheinischen Expressionisten_ group of artists, deciding to become an artist.[\[3\]](#cite_note-guggenheim-3)

In 1912, he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where works by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso") and [post-Impressionists](/wiki/Post-Impressionist "Post-Impressionist") such as [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh") and [Paul Gauguin](/wiki/Paul_Gauguin "Paul Gauguin") profoundly influenced him. His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, and then in several group exhibitions in 1913.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) In his paintings of this period, Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside [Cubist](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism") and [Expressionist](/wiki/German_Expressionism "German Expressionism") motifs.[\[4\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur199156-4)

In 1914, Ernst met [Hans Arp](/wiki/Hans_Arp "Hans Arp") in Cologne. The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years. After Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was interrupted by World War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on the [Western](/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I) "Western Front (World War I)") and the [Eastern Fronts](/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I) "Eastern Front (World War I)"). The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating; in his autobiography, he wrote of his time in the army thus: "On the first of August 1914 M\[ax\].E\[rnst\]. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918".[\[5\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005xiv-5) For a brief period on the Western Front, Ernst was assigned to chart maps, which allowed him to continue painting.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) Several [German Expressionist](/wiki/German_Expressionist "German Expressionist") painters died in action during the war, among them [August Macke](/wiki/August_Macke "August Macke") and [Franz Marc](/wiki/Franz_Marc "Franz Marc").

## Dada and surrealism

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Dada and surrealism")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Ubu_Imperator.jpg/220px-Ubu_Imperator.jpg)](/wiki/File:Ubu_Imperator.jpg) Max Ernst, _[Ubu Imperator](/wiki/Ubu_Roi "Ubu Roi")_, 1923, [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou "Centre Pompidou"), Paris

In 1918, Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student [Luise Straus](/wiki/Luise_Straus-Ernst "Luise Straus-Ernst"), of [Jewish](/wiki/Jews "Jews") ancestry, whom he had met in 1914. In 1919, Ernst visited [Paul Klee](/wiki/Paul_Klee "Paul Klee") in Munich and studied paintings by [Giorgio de Chirico](/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico "Giorgio de Chirico"). The same year, inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues, teaching-aide manuals and similar sources, he produced his first [collages](/wiki/Collage "Collage") (notably _Fiat modes_, a portfolio of [lithographs](/wiki/Lithograph "Lithograph")), a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits. Also in 1919, Ernst, social activist [Johannes Theodor Baargeld](/wiki/Johannes_Theodor_Baargeld "Johannes Theodor Baargeld") and several colleagues founded the Cologne [Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada") group. In 1919–20, Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as _Der Strom_, _die Schammade_ and organised Dada exhibitions.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2)

Ernst and Luise's son [Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst](/wiki/Jimmy_Ernst "Jimmy Ernst") was born on 24 June 1920; he also became a painter.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) Ernst's marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921, he met [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard"), who became a lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernst's paintings ( _[Celebes](/wiki/The_Elephant_Celebes "The Elephant Celebes")_ and _Oedipus Rex_) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection _Répétitions_. A year later the two collaborated on _Les malheurs des immortels_ and then with [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton"), whom Ernst met in 1921, on the magazine _[Littérature](/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_(magazine) "Littérature (magazine)")_. In 1922, unable to secure the necessary papers, Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a [ménage à trois](/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois "Ménage à trois") with Éluard and his wife [Gala](/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD "Gala Dalí") in Paris suburb Saint-Brice, leaving behind his wife and son.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) During his first two years in Paris, Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint. In 1923, the Éluards moved to a new home in [Eaubonne](/wiki/Eaubonne "Eaubonne"), near Paris, where Ernst painted numerous [murals](/wiki/Mural "Mural"). The same year his works were exhibited at _Salon des Indépendants_.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2)

Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair. In 1924, he abruptly left, first for [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco") and then for [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon "Saigon").[\[6\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarlick200183-6) He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip. Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend, [Johanna Ey](/wiki/Johanna_Ey "Johanna Ey"), owner of gallery _Das Junge Rheinland_.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2) After a brief time together in Saigon, the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul. The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September, while Ernst followed them some months later, after exploring more of South-East Asia. He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time. In 1925, Ernst established a studio at 22, rue Tourlaque.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286-2)

In 1925, Ernst invented a graphic art technique called [frottage](/wiki/Frottage_(surrealist_technique) "Frottage (surrealist technique)") (see [Surrealist techniques](/wiki/Surrealist_techniques "Surrealist techniques")), which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images.[\[7\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991128-7) He also created the ' [grattage](/wiki/Grattage_(art) "Grattage (art)")' technique, in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. He used this technique in his famous painting _[Forest and Dove](/wiki/Forest_and_Dove "Forest and Dove")_ (as shown at the Tate Modern). The next year he collaborated with [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 "Joan Miró") on designs for [Sergei Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev "Sergei Diaghilev"). With Miró's help, Ernst developed grattage, in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases. He also explored with the technique of [decalcomania](/wiki/Decalcomania "Decalcomania"), which involves pressing paint between two surfaces.[\[note 1\]](#cite_note-8) Ernst was also active, along with fellow Surrealists, at the [Atelier 17](/wiki/Atelier_17 "Atelier 17").[\[8\]](#cite_note-Swann_Galleries-9)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Grabbeplatz%2BKunsthalle_-_Habakuk_02_ies.jpg/180px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Grabbeplatz%2BKunsthalle_-_Habakuk_02_ies.jpg)](/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf_-_Grabbeplatz%2BKunsthalle_-_Habakuk_02_ies.jpg) _Habakuk_ (1934), bronze, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf

Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work. His alter ego in paintings, which he called [Loplop](/wiki/Loplop "Loplop"), was a bird. He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans.[\[9\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991285-10) He said that one night when he was young, he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died; a few minutes later, his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, such as _Loplop presents André Breton_. Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting _The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses: André Breton, Paul Éluard, and the Painter_.[\[10\]](#cite_note-11) In 1927, Ernst married [Marie-Berthe Aurenche](/w/index.php?title=Marie-Berthe_Aurenche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Berthe Aurenche (page does not exist)") \[ [de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Berthe_Aurenche "de:Marie-Berthe Aurenche")\] and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of _The Kiss_ and other works of that year.[\[11\]](#cite_note-12) Ernst appeared in the 1930 film _[L'Âge d'Or](/wiki/L%27%C3%82ge_d%27Or "L'Âge d'Or")_, directed by the [Surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist "Surrealist") [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel "Luis Buñuel"). Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with [Alberto Giacometti](/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti "Alberto Giacometti"). In 1938, the American heiress and artistic [patron](/wiki/Patron "Patron") [Peggy Guggenheim](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim "Peggy Guggenheim") acquired a number of Max Ernst's works, which she displayed in her new gallery in London. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946.

## World War II and later life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: World War II and later life")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg/260px-L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg)](/wiki/File:L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg) One of two versions of _L'Ange du Foyer_ or _The Angel of Hearth and Home_ (1937) oil on canvas, 112.5 x 144 cm., private collection

In September 1939, the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") caused Ernst, being German, to be interned as an "undesirable foreigner" in [Camp des Milles](/wiki/Camp_des_Milles "Camp des Milles"), near [Aix-en-Provence](/wiki/Aix-en-Provence "Aix-en-Provence"), along with fellow Surrealist, [Hans Bellmer](/wiki/Hans_Bellmer "Hans Bellmer"), who had recently emigrated to Paris. He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter, [Leonora Carrington](/wiki/Leonora_Carrington "Leonora Carrington") who, not knowing whether he would return, saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain. Thanks to the intercession of [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard") and other friends, including the journalist [Varian Fry](/wiki/Varian_Fry "Varian Fry"), he was released a few weeks later. Soon after the [German occupation of France](/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II "German military administration in occupied France during World War II"), he was arrested again, this time by the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo "Gestapo"), but managed to escape to America with the help of Fry and [Peggy Guggenheim](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim "Peggy Guggenheim"), a member of a wealthy American art collecting family.[\[12\]](#cite_note-abc-13) Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year.[\[13\]](#cite_note-14) Along with other artists and friends ( [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp "Marcel Duchamp") and [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall "Marc Chagall")) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City, Ernst helped inspire the development of [Abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism").[\[14\]](#cite_note-15)[\[15\]](#cite_note-16)

His marriage to Guggenheim did not last. In October 1946 he married American Surrealist painter [Dorothea Tanning](/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning "Dorothea Tanning") in a double ceremony with [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray") and Juliet P. Browner in [Beverly Hills, California](/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California "Beverly Hills, California").[\[16\]](#cite_note-Juliet's_obituary-17) The couple made their home in [Sedona, Arizona](/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona "Sedona, Arizona"), from 1946 to 1953, where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernst's earlier imagery.[\[17\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-18) Although Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers, orchard workers, merchants and small Native American communities, their presence helped begin what would become an American [artists' colony](/wiki/Artists%27_colony "Artists' colony"). Among the monumental red rocks, Ernst built a small cottage with his own hands on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as [Henri Cartier-Bresson](/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson "Henri Cartier-Bresson") and [Yves Tanguy](/wiki/Yves_Tanguy "Yves Tanguy"). Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst, who compiled his book _Beyond Painting_ and completed his sculptural masterpiece _Capricorn_ while living in Sedona. As a result of the book and its publicity, Ernst began to achieve financial success. From the 1950s he lived mainly in France. In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale").[\[18\]](#cite_note-19) He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at [Père Lachaise Cemetery](/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery "Père Lachaise Cemetery").[\[12\]](#cite_note-abc-13)

## Legacy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Legacy")\]

Ernst's son [Jimmy Ernst](/wiki/Jimmy_Ernst "Jimmy Ernst"), a well-known German/American [abstract expressionist](/wiki/Abstract_expressionist "Abstract expressionist") painter, who lived on the south shore of [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"), died in 1984.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] His memoirs, _A Not-So-Still Life_, were published shortly before his death.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] Max Ernst's grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Max Ernst's life and career are examined in [Peter Schamoni](/wiki/Peter_Schamoni "Peter Schamoni")'s 1991 documentary _Max Ernst_. Dedicated to the art historian [Werner Spies](/wiki/Werner_Spies "Werner Spies"), it was assembled from interviews with Ernst, stills of his paintings and sculptures, and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment.

The **Max Ernst Museum** opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl, Germany. It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion. The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth. The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings, drawings, frottages, collages, nearly the entire lithographic works, over 70 bronze sculptures. and more than 700 documents and photographs by [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray"), [Henri Cartier-Bresson](/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson "Henri Cartier-Bresson"), [Lee Miller](/wiki/Lee_Miller "Lee Miller"), and others. The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist. Thirty-six paintings, gifts from the artist to his fourth wife [Dorothea Tanning](/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning "Dorothea Tanning"), are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln. Some noteworthy works include the sculptures _The King playing with the Queen_ (1944) and _Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers_ (1967). The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist.[\[19\]](#cite_note-20)

The **[Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection")**, in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst. Notable paintings include _In Praise of Freedom_ (1926), _[Loplop Presents Loplop](/wiki/Loplop "Loplop")_ (1930), _Day and Night_ (1941–1942), _Surrealism and Painting_ (1942), _Euclid_ (1945), _A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice_ (1960), _The Marriage of Heaven and Earth_ (1964). Ernst's work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis.[\[20\]](#cite_note-21)

### Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors")\]

- [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale"), Venice (1954), received Grand Prize for Painting
- [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne") Paris (1959), awarded the Grand Prix national des arts
- [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York (1961)
- [Tate Gallery](/wiki/Tate_Gallery "Tate Gallery"), London (1962)
- [Kunsthaus Zürich](/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich "Kunsthaus Zürich") (1963)
- [Moderna Museet](/wiki/Moderna_Museet "Moderna Museet"), Stockholm (1969)
- A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968, drawn entirely from the [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( [Hamburger Kunsthalle](/wiki/Hamburger_Kunsthalle "Hamburger Kunsthalle"), [Kestnergesellschaft](/wiki/Kestnergesellschaft "Kestnergesellschaft"), [Frankfurter Kunstverein](/wiki/Frankfurter_Kunstverein "Frankfurter Kunstverein"), [Academy of Arts, Berlin](/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin "Academy of Arts, Berlin"), Kunsthalle, Cologne, [Musée de l'Orangerie](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie "Musée de l'Orangerie"), [Musée Cantini](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini "Musée Cantini"), [Maison de la Culture de Grenoble](/wiki/Maison_de_la_Culture_de_Grenoble "Maison de la Culture de Grenoble"), [Ancienne Douane (Strasbourg)](/wiki/Ancienne_Douane_(Strasbourg) "Ancienne Douane (Strasbourg)"), [Musée d'Arts de Nantes](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Arts_de_Nantes "Musée d'Arts de Nantes")) and later the US ( [Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art](/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art "Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art"), [Fogg Art Museum](/wiki/Fogg_Art_Museum "Fogg Art Museum"), [The Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago "The Art Institute of Chicago"), [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum")). The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971, Max Ernst's 80th birthday.[\[21\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmannSchmiedSpies1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-22)
- In 2005, "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art") and included works such as _Celebes_ (1921), _Ubu Imperator_ (1923), and _Fireside Angel_ (1937), which is one of Ernst's few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled _The Triumph of Surrealism_ depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe. The exhibition also includes Ernst's works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of [frottage](/wiki/Frottage_(art) "Frottage (art)"), created from a rubbing from a textured surface; [grattage](/wiki/Grattage_(art) "Grattage (art)"), involving scratching at the surface of a painting; and [decalcomania](/wiki/Decalcomania "Decalcomania"), which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away.[\[22\]](#cite_note-23)
- _Dada is Dada_ retrospective group exhibition at [Bildmuseet](/wiki/Bildmuseet "Bildmuseet"), Umeå University, Sweden, running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018.[\[23\]](#cite_note-Bildmuseet-24)

**Documentary images**

- [![Opening of the Max Ernst exhibition at the gallery Au Sans Pareil, May 2, 1921. Left to right: René Hilsum, Benjamin Péret, Serge Charchoune, Philippe Soupault (top of the ladder), Jacques Rigaut (upside down), André Breton and Simone Kahn-Breton](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Exposition_Max_Ernst_Paris_1921.jpg/249px-Exposition_Max_Ernst_Paris_1921.jpg)](/wiki/File:Exposition_Max_Ernst_Paris_1921.jpg "Opening of the Max Ernst exhibition at the gallery Au Sans Pareil, May 2, 1921. Left to right: René Hilsum, Benjamin Péret, Serge Charchoune, Philippe Soupault (top of the ladder), Jacques Rigaut (upside down), André Breton and Simone Kahn-Breton")

Opening of the Max Ernst exhibition at the gallery Au Sans Pareil, May 2, 1921. Left to right: René Hilsum, [Benjamin Péret](/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret "Benjamin Péret"), [Serge Charchoune](/wiki/Serge_Charchoune "Serge Charchoune"), [Philippe Soupault](/wiki/Philippe_Soupault "Philippe Soupault") (top of the ladder), [Jacques Rigaut](/wiki/Jacques_Rigaut "Jacques Rigaut") (upside down), [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton") and Simone Kahn-Breton

- [![Cover of Répétitions (1922) by Paul Éluard, with illustrations by Max Ernst](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Houghton_Typ_915.22.3605_R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titions%2C_1922_-_cover.jpg/116px-Houghton_Typ_915.22.3605_R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titions%2C_1922_-_cover.jpg)](/wiki/File:Houghton_Typ_915.22.3605_R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titions,_1922_-_cover.jpg "Cover of Répétitions (1922) by Paul Éluard, with illustrations by Max Ernst")

Cover of _Répétitions_ (1922) by [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard"), with illustrations by Max Ernst

- [!["Les Fusains": 22, rue Tourlaque, 18th arrondissement of Paris where Max Ernst established a studio in 1925](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Les_Fusains.jpg/238px-Les_Fusains.jpg)](/wiki/File:Les_Fusains.jpg "\"Les Fusains\": 22, rue Tourlaque, 18th arrondissement of Paris where Max Ernst established a studio in 1925")

"Les Fusains": 22, rue Tourlaque, [18th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris "18th arrondissement of Paris") where Max Ernst established a studio in 1925

- [![Three bronze sculptures: left to right: Large Frog (1967), Turtle (1944), and The Spirit of the Bastille (1961), Lenbachhaus, Munich](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Max_Ernst_Der_Assistent-Der_Frosch-Die_Schildkroete_1967.jpg/229px-Max_Ernst_Der_Assistent-Der_Frosch-Die_Schildkroete_1967.jpg)](/wiki/File:Max_Ernst_Der_Assistent-Der_Frosch-Die_Schildkroete_1967.jpg "Three bronze sculptures: left to right: Large Frog (1967), Turtle (1944), and The Spirit of the Bastille (1961), Lenbachhaus, Munich")

Three bronze sculptures: left to right: _Large Frog_ (1967), _Turtle_ (1944), and _The Spirit of the Bastille_ (1961), [Lenbachhaus](/wiki/Lenbachhaus "Lenbachhaus"), Munich

- [![Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo 2004)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Max-Ernst-Museum_02.jpg/270px-Max-Ernst-Museum_02.jpg)](/wiki/File:Max-Ernst-Museum_02.jpg "Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo 2004)")

Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo 2004)


## Selected works

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Selected works")\]

### Early work, Germany (1891–1922)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Early work, Germany (1891–1922)")\]

- _Crucifixion_ (1913), [Wallraf-Richartz Museum](/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum "Wallraf-Richartz Museum"), Cologne
- _Town with Animals or Landscape_ (c. 1916), [Solomon Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"), New York
- _[Aquis Submersus](/wiki/Aquis_Submersus "Aquis Submersus")_ (1919), [Städel](/wiki/St%C3%A4del "Städel"), Frankfurt
- _Fiat modes_ (1919), portfolio of eight [lithographs](/wiki/Lithographs "Lithographs")
- _[Trophy, Hypertrophied](/wiki/Trophy,_Hypertrophied "Trophy, Hypertrophied")_ (1919), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _[Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person](/wiki/Little_Machine_Constructed_by_Minimax_Dadamax_in_Person "Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person")_ (1919–1920), [Peggy Guggenheim Collection](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection "Peggy Guggenheim Collection")

- _He's Not Very Well, the Hairy-hoofed Horse_ (1920) [Turin Civic Gallery](/wiki/Turin_Civic_Gallery_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art "Turin Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art")
- _Dada Gauguin_ (1920), [The Art Institute of Chicago](/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago "The Art Institute of Chicago")
- _[Murdering Airplane](/wiki/Murdering_Airplane "Murdering Airplane")_ (1920), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _[The Hat Makes the Man](/wiki/The_Hat_Makes_the_Man "The Hat Makes the Man")_ (1920), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _[The Elephant of the Celebes](/wiki/The_Elephant_Celebes "The Elephant Celebes")_ (1921), [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern"), London
- _Oedipus Rex_ (1922), Private Collection

### First French period (1922–1940)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: First French period (1922–1940)")\]

- _All Friends Together_ (1922), [Wallraf-Richartz Museum](/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum "Wallraf-Richartz Museum"), Cologne
- _[Pietà or Revolution by Night](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_or_Revolution_by_Night "Pietà or Revolution by Night")_ (1923), [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern"), London
- _The Wavering Woman_ (1923), [Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen](/wiki/Kunstsammlung_Nordrhein-Westfalen "Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen"), Düsseldorf
- _Saint Cecilia_ (1923), [Staatsgalerie](/wiki/Staatsgalerie "Staatsgalerie"), Stuttgart
- _[Of This Men Shall Know Nothing](/wiki/Of_This_Men_Shall_Know_Nothing "Of This Men Shall Know Nothing")_ (1923), [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern"), London
- _[Ubu Imperator](/w/index.php?title=Ubu_Imperator&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ubu Imperator (page does not exist)")_ (1923), [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), Paris
- _Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale_ (1924), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _Woman, Old Man and Flower_ (1924), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _Paris Dream_ (1924–25), [Yale University Art Gallery](/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery "Yale University Art Gallery"), New Haven
- _The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus_ (1926), [Museum Ludwig](/wiki/Museum_Ludwig "Museum Ludwig"), Cologne
- _The Great Forest_ (1927), [Kunstmuseum](/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel "Kunstmuseum Basel"), Basel
- _[Forest and Dove](/wiki/Forest_and_Dove "Forest and Dove")_ (1927), [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern"), London
- _[The Wood](/wiki/The_Wood_(Max_Ernst) "The Wood (Max Ernst)")_ (1927), [National Museum Cardiff](/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff "National Museum Cardiff"), Cardiff
- _Shell Flowers_ (1929), [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), Paris

- _Inside Sight: the Egg_ (1929), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _[Loplop Introduces Loplop](/wiki/Loplop "Loplop")_ (1930), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Loplop Introduces a Young Girl_ (1930), [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), Paris
- _Oedipus I and II_ (both 1934), bronze sculpture (multiples)
- _Lunar Asparagus_ (1935), plaster sculpture, [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _Garden Plane Trap_ (1934–35), [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art "Philadelphia Museum of Art"), Philadelphia
- _[The Giant Snake](https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-giant-snake)_ (1935).
- _The Entire City_ (1935–36), [Kunsthaus](/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich "Kunsthaus Zürich"), Zürich
- _The Blind Swimmer, Effect of Touch_ (1934), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _The Joy of Living_ (1936), [Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art](/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art "Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art"), Edinburg
- _The Nymph Echo_ (1936), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _The Angel of Hearth and Home_ (1937), [Neue Pinakothek](/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek "Neue Pinakothek"), Munich
- _[The Barbarians](/wiki/The_Barbarians_(painting) "The Barbarians (painting)")_ (1937), [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art"), New York
- _The Fascinating Cypress_ (1940), [Sprengel Museum](/wiki/Sprengel_Museum "Sprengel Museum"), Hanover
- _The Robing of the Bride_ (1940), [Peggy Guggenheim Collection](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection "Peggy Guggenheim Collection"), Venice

### American period (1941–1952)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: American period (1941–1952)")\]

- _Totem and Taboo_ (1941), Private collection \[see Freud, _[Totem and Taboo](/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo "Totem and Taboo")_\]
- _Marlene_ (1941), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _[Napoleon in the Wilderness](/wiki/Napoleon_in_the_Wilderness "Napoleon in the Wilderness")_ (1941), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York
- _Day and Night_ (1941–42), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _The Antipope_ (1942), [Peggy Guggenheim Collection](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection "Peggy Guggenheim Collection"), Venice
- _Europe After the Rain II_ (1940–42), [Wadsworth Athenaeum](/wiki/Wadsworth_Athenaeum "Wadsworth Athenaeum"), Hartford
- _Surrealism and Painting_ (1942), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _The Bewildered Planet_ (1942), [Tel Aviv Museum of Art](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art "Tel Aviv Museum of Art"), Tel-Aviv
- _Vox Angelica_ (1943), Private collection
- _Everyone Here Speaks Latin_ (1943), [New Orleans Museum of Art](/wiki/New_Orleans_Museum_of_Art "New Orleans Museum of Art"), New Orleans
- _Painting for Young People_ (1943), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Moonmad_ (1944), bronze sculpture (multiples)

- _An Anxious Friend_ (1944), bronze sculpture (multiples)
- _[The Eye of Silence](/wiki/The_Eye_of_Silence "The Eye of Silence")_ (1944), [Washington University Gallery of Art](/wiki/Washington_University_Gallery_of_Art "Washington University Gallery of Art"), St. Louis
- _[The Temptation of Saint Anthony](/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(Ernst_painting) "The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Ernst painting)")_ (1945), [Lehmbruck Museum](/wiki/Lehmbruck_Museum "Lehmbruck Museum"), Duisburg
- _The Phases of the Night_ (1946), Private collection
- _Dream and Revolution_ (1947), Private collection
- _Design in Nature_ (1947), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Capricorn_ (1948), bronze sculpture (multiples)
- _A Beautiful Day_ (1948), featured in the [_Painting toward architecture_ exhibition](/wiki/Miller_Company_Collection_of_Abstract_Art "Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art") (1947–52)[\[24\]](#cite_note-25)
- _Feast of the Gods_ (1948), [Mumok](/wiki/Mumok "Mumok"), Vienna
- _Paramythes_ (1949), collages with poems
- _Inspired Hill_ (1950), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Spring in Paris_ (1950), [Wallraf-Richartz Museum](/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum "Wallraf-Richartz Museum"), Cologne

### Second French period (1953–1976)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Second French period (1953–1976)")\]

- _Colorado of Medusa_, Color-Raft of Medusa (1953), Private collection
- _Cry of the Gull_ (1953), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Father Rhine_ (1953), [Kunstmuseum](/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel "Kunstmuseum Basel"), Basel
- _The King Playing with the Queen_ (1954), bronze sculpture (multiples)
- _The Twentieth Century_ (1955), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _Bird-head_ (1955–56), bronze sculpture (multiples)
- _The Dark Gods_ (1957), [Museum Folkwang](/wiki/Museum_Folkwang "Museum Folkwang"), Essen
- _Albertus Magnus_ (1957), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _After Me Comes Sleep: Tomb of the Poet_ (1958), [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), Paris
- _Little Girls out to Hunt the White Butterflies_ (1958), [Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum](/wiki/Thyssen-Bornemisza_Museum "Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum"), Madrid
- _Mundus est fabula_ (1959), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York

- _Explosion in a cathedral_ (1960), [Museo Botero](/wiki/Museo_Botero "Museo Botero"), Bogotá
- _The Garden of France_ (1962), [Musée National d'Art Moderne](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne "Musée National d'Art Moderne"), Paris
- _Serenity_ (1963), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _The Marriage of Heaven and Earth_ (1964), [Menil Collection](/wiki/Menil_Collection "Menil Collection"), Houston
- _The World of the Naive_ (1965), Private collection
- _Ubu, Father and Son_ (1966), Private collection
- _Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers_ (1967), bronze sculptures (multiples)
- _Birth of a Galaxy_ (1969), [Beyeler Foundation](/wiki/Beyeler_Foundation "Beyeler Foundation"), Riehen
- _The Last Forest_ (1960–1970), Private collection
- _The Night Prowling Fish_ (1974), Private collection

### Prints, collages, and illustrations

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Prints, collages, and illustrations")\]

- Illustrations for books by [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard"): _Répétitions_ (1922), _Les malheurs des immortels_ (1922), _Au défaut du silence_ (1925)
- _Histoire Naturelle_ (ca. 1925–1926), a set of 34 collotypes after frottages
- _La femme 100 têtes_ (1929, graphic novel)
- _Rêve d'une petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel_ (1930, graphic novel)
- _[Une Semaine de Bonté](/wiki/Une_Semaine_de_Bont%C3%A9 "Une Semaine de Bonté")_ (1934, graphic novel)
- Illustrations for editions of works by [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll "Lewis Carroll"): _Symbolic Logic_ (1966, under the title _Logique sans peine_), _The Hunting of the Snark_ (1968), and _Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn_ (1970, an anthology of texts)
- _Deux Oiseaux_ (1970, lithograph in colours)
- _Aux petits agneaux_ (1971, lithographs)
- _Paysage marin avec capucin_ (1972, illustrated book with essays by various authors)
- _Maximiliana: the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning_ (1974, art book)
- _Oiseaux en péril_ (1975, etchings with aquatint in colours; published posthumously)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [List of German painters](/wiki/List_of_German_painters "List of German painters")
- [Transatlantic](/wiki/Transatlantic_(TV_series) "Transatlantic (TV series)") (portrayal in 2023 TV series)

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Max Ernst working in decalcomania is shown in the 1978 documentary on the Dada and Surrealist art movement, _Europe After the Rain_.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-kasmin_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-kasmin_1-1)["MAX ERNST"](https://www.kasmingallery.com/artist/max-ernst). _Kasmin Gallery_. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-7) [_**i**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005285–286_2-8)[Spies et al. 2005](#CITEREFSpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005), pp. 285–286.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-guggenheim_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-guggenheim_3-1)["The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation"](https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/max-ernst). _The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation_. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur199156_4-0)**[Ernst et al. 1991](#CITEREFErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991), p. 56.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005xiv_5-0)**[Spies et al. 2005](#CITEREFSpiesDerenthalGaehtgensStorr2005), p. xiv.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarlick200183_6-0)**[Warlick 2001](#CITEREFWarlick2001), p. 83.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991128_7-0)**[Ernst et al. 1991](#CITEREFErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991), p. 128.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-Swann_Galleries_9-0)**["Atelier 17: Europe and the Early Years"](https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/19th-20th-century-prints-drawings/2011/10/atelier-17-europe-early-years/). _Swann Galleries News_. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991285_10-0)**[Ernst et al. 1991](#CITEREFErnstMetkenSchneedevon_Maur1991), p. 285.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Image: [The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus Before Three Witnesses: A.B., P.E. and the Artist](http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Max_Ernst/view_1.asp?item=4&view=l)
11. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**Flint, Lucy. [" _The Kiss (Le Baiser)_"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706214957/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/search/?q=76.2553.71). Guggenheim Collection. Archived from [the original](http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/search/?q=76.2553.71) on 6 July 2015.
12. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-abc_13-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-abc_13-1)Olga's Gallery. ["Max Ernst biography"](http://www.abcgallery.com/E/ernst/ernstbio.html).
13. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Iyengar, Rishi (6 April 2015). ["New Google Doodle Honors Surrealist Painter Leonora Carrington"](http://time.com/3771801/google-doodle-leonora-carrington-surrealist-painter/). _Time_. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**["Max Ernst: German Painter and Sculptor"](https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ernst-max/). _theartstory_.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**["Max Ernst"](https://www.ordovasart.com/artist/max-ernst/#:~:text=Max%20Ernst%20was%20one%20of,to%20hold%20great%20sway%20today). _Ordovasart_.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-Juliet's_obituary_17-0)**Flint, Peter B. (21 January 1991). ["Juliet Man Ray, 79, The Artist's Model And Muse, Is Dead"](https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/21/obituaries/juliet-man-ray-79-the-artist-s-model-and-muse-is-dead.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldman1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_18-0)**[Waldman 1975](#CITEREFWaldman1975), p. \[ _[page needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\].
18. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**["Max Ernst 1891–1976"](http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/max-ernst-1065). _Tate Etc_.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**[Max Ernst Museum](https://maxernstmuseum.lvr.de/en/startseite_1.html), Brühl, Germany (accessed 11 February 2021)
20. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**The Menil Collection: [Surrealism](https://www.menil.org/collection/5136-surrealism) (accessed 11 February 2021)
21. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmannSchmiedSpies1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_22-0)**[Hofmann, Schmied & Spies 1973](#CITEREFHofmannSchmiedSpies1973), p. \[ _[page needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\].
22. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["A Max Ernst Retrospective Opens Today in NY"](http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/117/a-max-ernst-retrospective-opens-today-in-ny/). _Art+Auction_. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-Bildmuseet_24-0)**["DADA IS DADA"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171224064353/https://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574). _Bildmuseet_. Archived from [the original](http://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574) on 24 December 2017.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**(15 March 2019). [Max Ernst. _A beautiful day_, (1948)](https://www.artdesigncafe.com/max-ernst-a-beautiful-day-1948). _artdesigncafe.com_. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

### Works cited

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Works cited")\]

- Ernst, Max; Metken, Sigrid; Schneede, Uwe M.; von Maur, Karin; Wilson, Sarah (1991). Spies, Werner (ed.). [_Max Ernst: A Retrospective_](https://books.google.com/books?id=rNLpAAAAMAAJ). Prestel. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-7913-1140-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1140-1 "Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1140-1").
- Hofmann, Werner; Schmied, Wieland; Spies, Werner (1973). [_Max Ernst: Inside the Sight_](https://books.google.com/books?id=AKAPzQEACAAJ). University of Texas Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-914412-06-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914412-06-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-914412-06-9").
- Spies, Werner; Derenthal, Ludger; Gaehtgens, Thomas; Storr, Robert; Karmel, Pepe; Heroy, Catherine (2005). Spies, Werner; Rewald, Sabine (eds.). [_Max Ernst: A Retrospective_](https://books.google.com/books?id=g645i-qeTuoC). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-10718-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10718-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10718-0").
- Waldman, Diane (1975). [_Max Ernst: A Retrospective_](https://books.google.com/books?id=HLkQzQEACAAJ). New York: Guggenheim Museum (NY).
- Warlick, M. E. (15 March 2001). [_Max Ernst and Alchemy: A Magician in Search of Myth_](https://books.google.com/books?id=duCKypeXVKsC). University of Texas Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-292-79136-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79136-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79136-7").

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- John Russell. [_Max Ernst: life and work_](http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/2034599&referer=brief_results) (New York, H.N. Abrams, 1967) [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [2034599](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2034599)
- [Bodley Gallery](/wiki/Bodley_Gallery "Bodley Gallery") (New York, N.Y.) [Max Ernst : paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture : 30 October – 25 November 1961 : Bodley Gallery, 223 East 60, New York](http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/54157692&referer=brief_results) (exhibition catalogue and commentary; published by the gallery, 1961) [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [54157692](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54157692)
- _Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works_. Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen, 1977.
- Legge, Elizabeth M. (1989). [_Max Ernst: The Psychoanalytic Sources_](https://books.google.com/books?id=gE64AAAAIAAJ). UMI Research Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8357-1964-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1964-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1964-3"). [Max Ernst : the psychoanalytic sources](https://archive.org/details/maxernstpsychoan0000legg)
- David Hopkins. _Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst: The Bride Shared_ (Oxford, 1998).
- William Camfield. _Max Ernst Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism_ (MoMA, 1993).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Max Ernst](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_Ernst "commons:Category:Max Ernst").

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- [Max Ernst](https://www.moma.org/artists/1752) at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art")
- [Max Ernst, _A Retrospective_, The Metropolitain Museum of Art](http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2005/max-ernst)
- [Paintings in Museums and Public Art Galleries Worldwide](http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/ernst_max.html), Artcyclopedia
- [Works in the National Galleries of Scotland](https://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/e/artist/max-ernst)
- [Max Ernst](https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002212/http://frenchsculpture.org/en/artist/ernst-max) in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website [![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154842#P2380 "Edit this at Wikidata")

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Max Ernst

Paintings

- _[Aquis Submersus](/wiki/Aquis_Submersus "Aquis Submersus")_ (1919)
- _[Trophy, Hypertrophied](/wiki/Trophy,_Hypertrophied "Trophy, Hypertrophied")_ (1919)
- _[Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person](/wiki/Little_Machine_Constructed_by_Minimax_Dadamax_in_Person "Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person")_ (1919-20)
- _[Murdering Airplane](/wiki/Murdering_Airplane "Murdering Airplane")_ (1920)
- _[The Hat Makes the Man](/wiki/The_Hat_Makes_the_Man "The Hat Makes the Man")_ (1920)
- _[The Elephant Celebes](/wiki/The_Elephant_Celebes "The Elephant Celebes")_ (1921)
- _[Of This Men Shall Know Nothing](/wiki/Of_This_Men_Shall_Know_Nothing "Of This Men Shall Know Nothing")_ (1923)
- _[Pietà or Revolution by Night](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_or_Revolution_by_Night "Pietà or Revolution by Night")_ (1923)
- _[Forest and Dove](/wiki/Forest_and_Dove "Forest and Dove")_ (1927)
- _[The Wood](/wiki/The_Wood_(Max_Ernst) "The Wood (Max Ernst)")_ (1927)
- _[The Barbarians](/wiki/The_Barbarians_(painting) "The Barbarians (painting)")_ (1937)
- _[Napoleon in the Wilderness](/wiki/Napoleon_in_the_Wilderness "Napoleon in the Wilderness")_ (1941)
- _[The Eye of Silence](/wiki/The_Eye_of_Silence "The Eye of Silence")_ (c. 1943-44)
- _[The Temptation of Saint Anthony](/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(Ernst_painting) "The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Ernst painting)")_ (1945)

Miscellaneous

- [Frottage](/wiki/Frottage_(art) "Frottage (art)")
- [Grattage](/wiki/Grattage "Grattage")
- [Loplop](/wiki/Loplop "Loplop")
- _[Une semaine de bonté](/wiki/Une_semaine_de_bont%C3%A9 "Une semaine de bonté")_ (1934)

Related

- [Leonora Carrington](/wiki/Leonora_Carrington "Leonora Carrington") (partner)
- [Peggy Guggenheim](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim "Peggy Guggenheim") (third wife)
- [Dorothea Tanning (fourth wife)](/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning "Dorothea Tanning")
- [Jimmy Ernst (son)](/wiki/Jimmy_Ernst "Jimmy Ernst")
- _[Portrait of Max Ernst](/wiki/Portrait_of_Max_Ernst "Portrait of Max Ernst")_ (c. 1939 painting)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Surrealism "Template:Surrealism")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Surrealism "Template talk:Surrealism")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism "Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism")

[Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism")

Artists

- [Eileen Agar](/wiki/Eileen_Agar "Eileen Agar")
- [Jean Arp](/wiki/Jean_Arp "Jean Arp")
- [Eugène Atget](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget "Eugène Atget")
- [Hans Bellmer](/wiki/Hans_Bellmer "Hans Bellmer")
- [Jacques-André Boiffard](/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Boiffard "Jacques-André Boiffard")
- [Bill Brandt](/wiki/Bill_Brandt "Bill Brandt")
- [Victor Brauner](/wiki/Victor_Brauner "Victor Brauner")
- [Fanny Brennan](/wiki/Fanny_Brennan "Fanny Brennan")
- [Emmy Bridgwater](/wiki/Emmy_Bridgwater "Emmy Bridgwater")
- [Jacques Brunius](/wiki/Jacques_Brunius "Jacques Brunius")
- [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel "Luis Buñuel")
- [Claude Cahun](/wiki/Claude_Cahun "Claude Cahun")
- [Leonora Carrington](/wiki/Leonora_Carrington "Leonora Carrington")
- [Ithell Colquhoun](/wiki/Ithell_Colquhoun "Ithell Colquhoun")
- [Gala Dalí](/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD "Gala Dalí")
- [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí")
- [Jean Dallaire](/wiki/Jean_Dallaire "Jean Dallaire")
- [Paul Delvaux](/wiki/Paul_Delvaux "Paul Delvaux")
- [Óscar Domínguez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Dom%C3%ADnguez "Óscar Domínguez")
- [Christian Dotremont](/wiki/Christian_Dotremont "Christian Dotremont")
- [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp "Marcel Duchamp")
- [Marcel Duhamel](/wiki/Marcel_Duhamel "Marcel Duhamel")
- [Curt Echtermeyer](/wiki/Curt_Echtermeyer "Curt Echtermeyer")
- Max Ernst
- [Leonor Fini](/wiki/Leonor_Fini "Leonor Fini")
- [Gordon Onslow Ford](/wiki/Gordon_Onslow_Ford "Gordon Onslow Ford")
- [Esteban Francés](/wiki/Esteban_Franc%C3%A9s "Esteban Francés")
- [Alberto Giacometti](/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti "Alberto Giacometti")
- [Julio González](/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor) "Julio González (sculptor)")
- [Jane Graverol](/wiki/Jane_Graverol "Jane Graverol")
- [Jacques Hérold](/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9rold "Jacques Hérold")
- [Valentine Hugo](/wiki/Valentine_Hugo "Valentine Hugo")
- [Frida Kahlo](/wiki/Frida_Kahlo "Frida Kahlo")
- [Gerome Kamrowski](/wiki/Gerome_Kamrowski "Gerome Kamrowski")
- [Wifredo Lam](/wiki/Wifredo_Lam "Wifredo Lam")
- [Jacqueline Lamba](/wiki/Jacqueline_Lamba "Jacqueline Lamba")
- [Dora Maar](/wiki/Dora_Maar "Dora Maar")
- [Conroy Maddox](/wiki/Conroy_Maddox "Conroy Maddox")
- [René Magritte](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte "René Magritte")
- [Georges Malkine](/wiki/Georges_Malkine "Georges Malkine")
- [Marcel Mariën](/wiki/Marcel_Mari%C3%ABn "Marcel Mariën")
- [André Masson](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson "André Masson")
- [Roberto Matta](/wiki/Roberto_Matta "Roberto Matta")
- [Mikuláš Medek](/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Medek "Mikuláš Medek")
- [Oscar Mellor](/wiki/Oscar_Mellor "Oscar Mellor")
- [John Melville](/wiki/John_Melville "John Melville")
- [E. L. T. Mesens](/wiki/E._L._T._Mesens "E. L. T. Mesens")
- [Lee Miller](/wiki/Lee_Miller "Lee Miller")
- [Desmond Morris](/wiki/Desmond_Morris "Desmond Morris")
- [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 "Joan Miró")
- [Méret Oppenheim](/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim "Méret Oppenheim")
- [Wolfgang Paalen](/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen "Wolfgang Paalen")
- [Benjamín Palencia](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Palencia "Benjamín Palencia")
- [Roland Penrose](/wiki/Roland_Penrose "Roland Penrose")
- [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray")
- [Toni del Renzio](/wiki/Toni_del_Renzio "Toni del Renzio")
- [Aminollah Rezaei](/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei "Aminollah Rezaei")
- [Kay Sage](/wiki/Kay_Sage "Kay Sage")
- [Kurt Seligmann](/wiki/Kurt_Seligmann "Kurt Seligmann")
- [André Souris](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris "André Souris")
- [Martin Stejskal](/wiki/Martin_Stejskal "Martin Stejskal")
- [Jindřich Štyrský](/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_%C5%A0tyrsk%C3%BD "Jindřich Štyrský")
- [Maurice Tabard](/wiki/Maurice_Tabard "Maurice Tabard")
- [Yves Tanguy](/wiki/Yves_Tanguy "Yves Tanguy")
- [Dorothea Tanning](/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning "Dorothea Tanning")
- [Karel Teige](/wiki/Karel_Teige "Karel Teige")
- [Kristians Tonny](/wiki/Kristians_Tonny "Kristians Tonny")
- [Toyen](/wiki/Toyen "Toyen")
- [Albert Valentin](/wiki/Albert_Valentin "Albert Valentin")
- [Remedios Varo](/wiki/Remedios_Varo "Remedios Varo")
- [James F. Walker](/wiki/James_F._Walker "James F. Walker")
- [Radojica Živanović Noe](/wiki/Radojica_%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87_Noe "Radojica Živanović Noe")
- [Unica Zürn](/wiki/Unica_Z%C3%BCrn "Unica Zürn")

Writers and

Theorists

- [Maxime Moses Alexandre](/wiki/Maxime_Moses_Alexandre "Maxime Moses Alexandre")
- [Guillaume Apollinaire](/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire "Guillaume Apollinaire")
- [Louis Aragon](/wiki/Louis_Aragon "Louis Aragon")
- [Antonin Artaud](/wiki/Antonin_Artaud "Antonin Artaud")
- [Jacques Baron](/wiki/Jacques_Baron "Jacques Baron")
- [Georges Bataille](/wiki/Georges_Bataille "Georges Bataille")
- [Monny de Boully](/wiki/Monny_de_Boully "Monny de Boully")
- [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton")
- [Roger Caillois](/wiki/Roger_Caillois "Roger Caillois")
- [Nicolas Calas](/wiki/Nicolas_Calas "Nicolas Calas")
- [René Crevel](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crevel "René Crevel")
- [René Daumal](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Daumal "René Daumal")
- [Robert Desnos](/wiki/Robert_Desnos "Robert Desnos")
- [Vratislav Effenberger](/wiki/Vratislav_Effenberger "Vratislav Effenberger")
- [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard")
- [Renée Gauthier](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Gauthier "Renée Gauthier")
- [Roger Gilbert-Lecomte](/wiki/Roger_Gilbert-Lecomte "Roger Gilbert-Lecomte")
- [Yvan Goll](/wiki/Yvan_Goll "Yvan Goll")
- [Julien Gracq](/wiki/Julien_Gracq "Julien Gracq")
- [Irène Hamoir](/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Hamoir "Irène Hamoir")
- [Georges Hugnet](/wiki/Georges_Hugnet "Georges Hugnet")
- [Alfred Jarry](/wiki/Alfred_Jarry "Alfred Jarry")
- [Nelly Kaplan](/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan "Nelly Kaplan")
- [Petr Král](/wiki/Petr_Kr%C3%A1l "Petr Král")
- [Jacques Lacan](/wiki/Jacques_Lacan "Jacques Lacan")
- [Philip Lamantia](/wiki/Philip_Lamantia "Philip Lamantia")
- [Comte de Lautréamont](/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont "Comte de Lautréamont")
- [Marcel Lecomte](/wiki/Marcel_Lecomte "Marcel Lecomte")
- [Michel Leiris](/wiki/Michel_Leiris "Michel Leiris")
- [Georges Limbour](/wiki/Georges_Limbour "Georges Limbour")
- [Léo Malet](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Malet "Léo Malet")
- [Joyce Mansour](/wiki/Joyce_Mansour "Joyce Mansour")
- [Dušan Matić](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mati%C4%87 "Dušan Matić")
- [Robert Melville](/wiki/Robert_Melville_(art_critic) "Robert Melville (art critic)")
- [René Ménil](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil "René Ménil")
- [Max Morise](/wiki/Max_Morise "Max Morise")
- [Pierre Naville](/wiki/Pierre_Naville "Pierre Naville")
- [Vítězslav Nezval](/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nezval "Vítězslav Nezval")
- [Paul Nougé](/wiki/Paul_Noug%C3%A9 "Paul Nougé")
- [Paul Păun](/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un "Paul Păun")
- [Benjamin Péret](/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret "Benjamin Péret")
- [Rastko Petrović](/wiki/Rastko_Petrovi%C4%87 "Rastko Petrović")
- [Francis Ponge](/wiki/Francis_Ponge "Francis Ponge")
- [Jacques Prévert](/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert "Jacques Prévert")
- [Raymond Queneau](/wiki/Raymond_Queneau "Raymond Queneau")
- [Herbert Read](/wiki/Herbert_Read "Herbert Read")
- [Pierre Reverdy](/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy "Pierre Reverdy")
- [Marko Ristić](/wiki/Marko_Risti%C4%87_(surrealist) "Marko Ristić (surrealist)")
- [Georges Sadoul](/wiki/Georges_Sadoul "Georges Sadoul")
- [Louis Scutenaire](/wiki/Louis_Scutenaire "Louis Scutenaire")
- [Philippe Soupault](/wiki/Philippe_Soupault "Philippe Soupault")
- [Simon Watson Taylor](/wiki/Simon_Watson_Taylor_(surrealist) "Simon Watson Taylor (surrealist)")
- [André Thirion](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thirion "André Thirion")
- [Dylan Thomas](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas "Dylan Thomas")
- [Tristan Tzara](/wiki/Tristan_Tzara "Tristan Tzara")
- [Jacques Vaché](/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9 "Jacques Vaché")
- [Marianne Van Hirtum](/wiki/Marianne_Van_Hirtum "Marianne Van Hirtum")
- [Roger Vitrac](/wiki/Roger_Vitrac "Roger Vitrac")

Groups

- [Acéphale](/wiki/Ac%C3%A9phale "Acéphale")
- [Les Automatistes](/wiki/Les_Automatistes "Les Automatistes")
- [Birmingham Surrealists](/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists "Birmingham Surrealists")
- [British Surrealist Group](/wiki/British_Surrealist_Group "British Surrealist Group")
- [Bureau of Surrealist Research](/wiki/Bureau_of_Surrealist_Research "Bureau of Surrealist Research")
- [Chicago Imagists](/wiki/Chicago_Imagists "Chicago Imagists")
- [Chicago Surrealist Group](/wiki/Chicago_Surrealist_Group "Chicago Surrealist Group")
- [Dau al Set](/wiki/Dau_al_Set "Dau al Set")
- [Fighting Cock Society](/wiki/Fighting_Cock_Society "Fighting Cock Society")
- [The Firesign Theatre](/wiki/The_Firesign_Theatre "The Firesign Theatre")
- [The Goons](/wiki/The_Goon_Show "The Goon Show")
- [Grup d'Elx](/wiki/Grup_d%27Elx "Grup d'Elx")
- [La Mandrágora](/wiki/La_Mandr%C3%A1gora "La Mandrágora")
- [Monty Python](/wiki/Monty_Python "Monty Python")
- [Refus Global](/wiki/Refus_Global "Refus Global")
- [The Surrealist Group in Stockholm](/wiki/The_Surrealist_Group_in_Stockholm "The Surrealist Group in Stockholm")

Related

- [Surrealist Manifesto](/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto "Surrealist Manifesto")
- [Surrealist automatism](/wiki/Surrealist_automatism "Surrealist automatism")
- [Surrealist cinema](/wiki/Surrealist_cinema "Surrealist cinema")
- [Surrealist music](/wiki/Surrealist_music "Surrealist music")
- [Surrealist techniques](/wiki/Surrealist_techniques "Surrealist techniques")
- [Surreal humour](/wiki/Surreal_humour "Surreal humour")
- [Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_du_Surr%C3%A9alisme "Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme")
- [London International Surrealist Exhibition](/wiki/London_International_Surrealist_Exhibition "London International Surrealist Exhibition")
- [Women surrealists](/wiki/Women_surrealists "Women surrealists")
- [Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada")
- [Abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism")
- [Paranoiac-critical method](/wiki/Paranoiac-critical_method "Paranoiac-critical method")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Dada "Template:Dada")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Dada "Template talk:Dada")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dada "Special:EditPage/Template:Dada")

[Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada")

[New York Dada](/wiki/New_York_Dada "New York Dada")

- [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp "Marcel Duchamp")
- [Francis Picabia](/wiki/Francis_Picabia "Francis Picabia")
- [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray")
- [Beatrice Wood](/wiki/Beatrice_Wood "Beatrice Wood")
- [Louise Norton](/wiki/Louise_Var%C3%A8se "Louise Varèse")
- [Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven](/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven")
- [Juliette Roche Gleizes](/wiki/Juliette_Roche "Juliette Roche")
- [Jean Crotti](/wiki/Jean_Crotti "Jean Crotti")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg/100px-Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg)](/wiki/File:Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg)

European Dada

- [Dragan Aleksić](/wiki/Dragan_Aleksi%C4%87 "Dragan Aleksić")
- [Louis Aragon](/wiki/Louis_Aragon "Louis Aragon")
- [Jean Arp](/wiki/Jean_Arp "Jean Arp")
- [Johannes Baader](/wiki/Johannes_Baader "Johannes Baader")
- [Alice Bailly](/wiki/Alice_Bailly "Alice Bailly")
- [Hugo Ball](/wiki/Hugo_Ball "Hugo Ball")
- [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton")
- [Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia](/wiki/Gabri%C3%A8le_Buffet-Picabia "Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia")
- [Serge Charchoune](/wiki/Serge_Charchoune "Serge Charchoune")
- [Arthur Cravan](/wiki/Arthur_Cravan "Arthur Cravan")
- [Jean Crotti](/wiki/Jean_Crotti "Jean Crotti")
- [Otto Dix](/wiki/Otto_Dix "Otto Dix")
- [Theo van Doesburg](/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg "Theo van Doesburg")
- [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp "Marcel Duchamp")
- [Suzanne Duchamp](/wiki/Suzanne_Duchamp "Suzanne Duchamp")
- [Paul Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard")
- Max Ernst
- [Julius Evola](/wiki/Julius_Evola "Julius Evola")
- [George Grosz](/wiki/George_Grosz "George Grosz")
- [Raoul Hausmann](/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann "Raoul Hausmann")
- [John Heartfield](/wiki/John_Heartfield "John Heartfield")
- [Emmy Hennings](/wiki/Emmy_Hennings "Emmy Hennings")
- [Hannah Höch](/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch "Hannah Höch")
- [Richard Huelsenbeck](/wiki/Richard_Huelsenbeck "Richard Huelsenbeck")
- [Iliazd](/wiki/Ilya_Zdanevich "Ilya Zdanevich")
- [Marcel Janco](/wiki/Marcel_Janco "Marcel Janco")
- [Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven](/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven")
- [Clément Pansaers](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Pansaers "Clément Pansaers")
- [Francis Picabia](/wiki/Francis_Picabia "Francis Picabia")
- [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray")
- [Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes](/wiki/Georges_Ribemont-Dessaignes "Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes")
- [Jacques Rigaut](/wiki/Jacques_Rigaut "Jacques Rigaut")
- [Henri-Pierre Roché](/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Roch%C3%A9 "Henri-Pierre Roché")
- [Kurt Schwitters](/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters "Kurt Schwitters")
- [Walter Serner](/wiki/Walter_Serner "Walter Serner")
- [Philippe Soupault](/wiki/Philippe_Soupault "Philippe Soupault")
- [Sophie Taeuber-Arp](/wiki/Sophie_Taeuber-Arp "Sophie Taeuber-Arp")
- [Julien Torma](/wiki/Julien_Torma "Julien Torma")
- [Tristan Tzara](/wiki/Tristan_Tzara "Tristan Tzara")
- [Jacques Vaché](/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9 "Jacques Vaché")

Works

- _[Bicycle Wheel](/wiki/Bicycle_Wheel "Bicycle Wheel")_
- _[Bottle Rack](/wiki/Bottle_Rack "Bottle Rack")_
- _[Fountain](/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp) "Fountain (Duchamp)")_
- _[Dada-Review](/wiki/Dada-Review "Dada-Review")_
- _[Prelude to a Broken Arm](/wiki/Prelude_to_a_Broken_Arm "Prelude to a Broken Arm")_
- _[Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?](/wiki/Why_Not_Sneeze,_Rose_S%C3%A9lavy%3F "Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?")_
- _[L.H.O.O.Q.](/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q. "L.H.O.O.Q.")_
- _[Tulip Hysteria Co-ordinating](/wiki/Tulip_Hysteria_Co-ordinating "Tulip Hysteria Co-ordinating")_
- [Rrose Sélavy](/wiki/Rrose_S%C3%A9lavy "Rrose Sélavy")
- [Readymades of Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp "Readymades of Marcel Duchamp")
- _[The Gas Heart](/wiki/The_Gas_Heart "The Gas Heart")_ (1921 play)
- _[Handkerchief of Clouds](/wiki/Handkerchief_of_Clouds "Handkerchief of Clouds")_ (1924 play)

Publications

- [Dada Manifesto](/wiki/Dada_Manifesto "Dada Manifesto")
- [_291_ (magazine)](/wiki/291_(magazine) "291 (magazine)")
- [_391_ (magazine)](/wiki/391_(magazine) "391 (magazine)")
- _[The Blind Man](/wiki/The_Blind_Man "The Blind Man")_ (magazine)
- _[Dadaglobe](/wiki/Dadaglobe "Dadaglobe")_

Influences

- [Alfred Jarry](/wiki/Alfred_Jarry "Alfred Jarry")
- [Incoherents](/wiki/Incoherents "Incoherents")
- [Eugène Bataille](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bataille "fr:Eugène Bataille") (aka Sapeck)
- [_Parade_ (ballet)](/wiki/Parade_(ballet) "Parade (ballet)")

Influenced

- [Conceptual art](/wiki/Conceptual_art "Conceptual art")
- [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism")
- [Nouveau réalisme](/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme "Nouveau réalisme")
- [Pop art](/wiki/Pop_art "Pop art")
- [Fluxus](/wiki/Fluxus "Fluxus")
- [Monochrome painting](/wiki/Monochrome_painting "Monochrome painting")
- [Downtown music](/wiki/Downtown_music "Downtown music")

Related

- [Alfred Stieglitz](/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz "Alfred Stieglitz") (photographer, art promoter)
- [Walter Conrad Arensberg](/wiki/Walter_Conrad_Arensberg "Walter Conrad Arensberg") (art collector)
- [291 (art gallery)](/wiki/291_(art_gallery) "291 (art gallery)")
- [Galeries Dalmau](/wiki/Galeries_Dalmau "Galeries Dalmau")
- [Found object](/wiki/Found_object "Found object")
- [Anti-art](/wiki/Anti-art "Anti-art")
- [Anarchism and the arts](/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts "Anarchism and the arts")
- [Anti-anti-art](/wiki/Anti-anti-art "Anti-anti-art")
- [Anti-poetry](/wiki/Anti-poetry "Anti-poetry")
- [Appropriation (art)](/wiki/Appropriation_(art) "Appropriation (art)")
- [Art intervention](/wiki/Art_intervention "Art intervention")
- [Cabaret Voltaire](/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(Z%C3%BCrich) "Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)")
- [Noise music](/wiki/Noise_music "Noise music")
- [Épater la bourgeoisie](/wiki/%C3%89pater_la_bourgeoisie "Épater la bourgeoisie")
- [Shock art](/wiki/Shock_art "Shock art")
- _[Beatrice Wood: Mama of Dada](/wiki/Beatrice_Wood:_Mama_of_Dada "Beatrice Wood: Mama of Dada")_ (1993 documentary)
- _[Man and Boy: Dada](/wiki/Man_and_Boy:_Dada "Man and Boy: Dada")_ (2006 opera)

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154842#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000122775024)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/24601103)
- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47247/)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJccc3vpQwmqQ9ggD4X68C)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118530895)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79144795)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119018489)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119018489)
- [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438984)
- [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV042093)
- [Australia](https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35694044)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002104&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Spain](http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX849866)
- [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39747)
- [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06924037X)
- [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90184292)
- [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000016619&P_CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000052008&local_base=nsk10)
- [Greece](https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record263374)
- [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/20dgggsl3jk2rbw)
- [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623438105606)
- [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116041)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312534605171)
- [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511926706706)
- [Belgium](https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14525066)

Academics

- [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00371931?l=en)

Artists

- [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115729)
- [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6e9f632a-48d0-4523-807d-6aabc59a0c27)
- [RKD Artists](https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/26545)
- [KulturNav](http://kulturnav.org/19a0eb0c-2d77-4ca6-b4b8-72dc7086cc23)
- [Victoria](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/945/)
- [Museum of Modern Art](https://www.moma.org/artists/1752)
- [Photographers' Identities](https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/13986)
- [Auckland](https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/2489/)
- [ADK](https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=53043)
- [Städel](https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ernst-max)
- [National Gallery of Canada](https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/max-ernst)
- [South Australia](https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3205/)

People

- [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1045715)
- [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118530895.html?language=en)

Other

- [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026852497)
- [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sx6h6f)
- [Te Papa (New Zealand)](https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/702)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max\_Ernst&oldid=1244547121](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Ernst&oldid=1244547121)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Max Ernst](/wiki/Category:Max_Ernst "Category:Max Ernst")
- [1891 births](/wiki/Category:1891_births "Category:1891 births")
- [1976 deaths](/wiki/Category:1976_deaths "Category:1976 deaths")
- [20th-century German male artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_male_artists "Category:20th-century German male artists")
- [20th-century German painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_painters "Category:20th-century German painters")
- [20th-century German sculptors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_sculptors "Category:20th-century German sculptors")
- [Artists from the Rhine Province](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_the_Rhine_Province "Category:Artists from the Rhine Province")
- [Atelier 17 alumni](/wiki/Category:Atelier_17_alumni "Category:Atelier 17 alumni")
- [Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery "Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery")
- [Dada](/wiki/Category:Dada "Category:Dada")
- [German Army personnel of World War I](/wiki/Category:German_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I "Category:German Army personnel of World War I")
- [German collage artists](/wiki/Category:German_collage_artists "Category:German collage artists")
- [German dadaists](/wiki/Category:German_dadaists "Category:German dadaists")
- [German emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:German_emigrants_to_the_United_States "Category:German emigrants to the United States")
- [German male painters](/wiki/Category:German_male_painters "Category:German male painters")
- [German male sculptors](/wiki/Category:German_male_sculptors "Category:German male sculptors")
- [German surrealist artists](/wiki/Category:German_surrealist_artists "Category:German surrealist artists")
- [Guggenheim family](/wiki/Category:Guggenheim_family "Category:Guggenheim family")
- [German modern painters](/wiki/Category:German_modern_painters "Category:German modern painters")
- [German modern sculptors](/wiki/Category:German_modern_sculptors "Category:German modern sculptors")
- [People from Brühl (Rhineland)](/wiki/Category:People_from_Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland) "Category:People from Brühl (Rhineland)")
- [People from Sedona, Arizona](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sedona,_Arizona "Category:People from Sedona, Arizona")
- [People of Montmartre](/wiki/Category:People_of_Montmartre "Category:People of Montmartre")
- [Surrealist artists](/wiki/Category:Surrealist_artists "Category:Surrealist artists")
- [University of Bonn alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Bonn_alumni "Category:University of Bonn alumni")

Hidden categories:

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- [Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2021](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021 "Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2021")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [EngvarB from November 2018](/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_November_2018 "Category:EngvarB from November 2018")
- [Use dmy dates from March 2021](/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021 "Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021")
- [Biography with signature](/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature "Category:Biography with signature")
- [Articles with hCards](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards "Category:Articles with hCards")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024")
- [Commons category link from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link from Wikidata")

- This page was last edited on 7 September 2024, at 19:18 (UTC).
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