Jenis-Jenis Tes Kepribadian yang Biasa Digunakan dalam Tes ...
Jenis-Jenis Tes Kepribadian yang Biasa Digunakan dalam Tes Seleksi Kerja · 1. Big Five Personality Model (OCEAN) · 2. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
penelitian
Terdapat <anchor>penelitian</anchor> yang menegaskan bahwa kesesuaian kepribadian memiliki dampak langsung pada performance di tempat kerja. Personality fit akan melihat bagaimana kepribadian seseorang sesuai dengan pekerjaan dan budaya perusahaan. Seorang kandidat dengan kepribadian ekstrovert mungkin akan memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam posisi yang berhubungan dengan orang banyak seperti sales atau public relation dibandingkan dengan orang yang introvert, misalnya.
The Congruence Myth: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Person–Environment Fit Model - ScienceDirect
The Congruence Myth: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Person–Environment Fit Model - ScienceDirect[Skip to main content](#screen-reader-main-content) [Skip to article](#screen-reader-main-title)

[![Elsevier logo](https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/24/images/elsevier-non-solus-new-grey.svg)ScienceDirect](/)

- [Journals & Books](/browse/journals-and-books)

- Help

- [Search](/search "Search")


[My account](/user/login?targetURL=%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS000187919991727X&from=globalheader)

[Sign in](/user/institution/login?targetURL=%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS000187919991727X)

- [Access through **your organization**](/user/institution/login?targetUrl=%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS000187919991727X)
- [Purchase PDF](/getaccess/pii/S000187919991727X/purchase)

Search ScienceDirect

## Article preview

- [Abstract](#preview-section-abstract)
- [References (111)](#preview-section-references)
- [Cited by (219)](#preview-section-cited-by)

[![Elsevier](https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/prod/ad2b697081e458c8c9c8a5084642a9cf7e440782/image/elsevier-non-solus.png)](/journal/journal-of-vocational-behavior "Go to Journal of Vocational Behavior on ScienceDirect")

## [Journal of Vocational Behavior](/journal/journal-of-vocational-behavior "Go to Journal of Vocational Behavior on ScienceDirect")

[Volume 56, Issue 2](/journal/journal-of-vocational-behavior/vol/56/issue/2 "Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"), April 2000, Pages 147-179

[![Journal of Vocational Behavior](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0001879124X0007X-cov150h.gif)](/journal/journal-of-vocational-behavior/vol/56/issue/2)

# Regular Article  The Congruence Myth: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Person–Environment Fit Model [☆](\#aep-article-footnote-id1)

Author links open overlay panelHoward E.A.Tinsley

Show more

Add to Mendeley

Share

Cite

[https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1727](https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1727 "Persistent link using digital object identifier") [Get rights and content](https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S000187919991727X&orderBeanReset=true)

## Abstract

The idea that person–environment (P–E) fit is an important moderator of outcomes is a central theoretical construct and the subject of empirical scrutiny in vocational, counseling, educational, social, industrial/organizational, and management psychology. For the most part the research reveals that the P–E fit model is valid. Indeed, the research evidence may understate the efficacy of P–E fit models because of sampling inadequacies, the use of fit indices to evaluate the models, and the lack of commensurate measurement, but these design flaws are offset to some extent by the confirmatory bias that has characterized P–E fit research. The literature also demonstrates that hexagonal congruence is not related to satisfaction or other important vocational outcomes and that Holland's (1997) circumplex hypothesis lacks validity. The lack of support for Holland's theory is not due to design flaws involving the sample size, the validity of the instruments used in the research, nor the validity of the fit indices used, but the lack of commensurate measurement in research investigating Holland's theory may be a contributing factor. The needs for further conceptual development, research using longitudinal designs, and the use of conceptually sound approaches to data analysis are discussed.

Recommended articles

## References (111)

- M.Z. Anderson _et al._


### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1997)

- M. Assouline _et al._

### [Meta-analysis of the relationship between congruence and well-being measures](/science/article/pii/0001879187900467)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1987)

- S.D. Brown

### [Contemporary psychological science and the Theory of Work Adjustment: A proposal for integration and a favor returned](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710304)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1993)

- S.D. Brown _et al._

### [An evaluation of interest congruence indices: Distribution characteristics and measurement properties](/science/article/pii/S0001879184710384)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1994)

- C.C. Camp _et al._

### [A comparison and evaluation of interest congruence indices](/science/article/pii/000187919290018U)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1992)

- R.D. Caplan

### [Person–environment fit theory and organizations: Commensurate dimensions, time perspectives, and mechanisms](/science/article/pii/000187918790042X)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1987)

- R.V. Dawis _et al._

### [A note on the dynamics of work adjustment](/science/article/pii/0001879178900088)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1978)

- R.V. Dawis _et al._

### [From TWA to PEC](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710377)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1993)

- B.A. Fritzsche _et al._

### [Person–Environment congruence as a predictor of customer service performance](/science/article/pii/S0001879198916451)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1999)

- I. Gati

### [Using career-related aspects to elicit preferences and characterize occupations for a better person–environment fit](/science/article/pii/S0001879197916237)




### Journal of Vocational Behavior



(1998)


I. Gati _et al._

### [An aspect-based approach to person–environment fit: A comparison between the aspect structure derived from characteristics of occupations and that derived from counselees' preferences](/science/article/pii/S0001879197916092)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1998)

R. Gonzalez

### [Circles and squares, spheres and cubes: What's the deal with circumplex models](/science/article/pii/S0001879196900081)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

V.A. Harren

### [A model of career decision making for college students](/science/article/pii/0001879179900654)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1979)

B. Hesketh

### [Toward a better adjusted Theory of Work Adjustment](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710328)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

T. Hoeglund _et al._

### [Holland-style measures of congruence: Are complex indices more effective predictors of satisfaction](/science/article/pii/S000187919891675X)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1999)

J.C. Kwak _et al._

### [A mathematical model for comparing Holland's personality and environmental codes](/science/article/pii/000187918290032X)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1982)

L. Lawson

### [Theory of Work Adjustment personality constructs](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710298)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

E.B. Lent _et al._

### [Congruence from many angles: Relations of multiple congruence indices to job satisfaction among adult workers](/science/article/pii/S0001879196900317)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

R.H. Moos

### [Person–environment congruence in work, school, and health care settings](/science/article/pii/0001879187900418)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

D. Oleski _et al._

### [Congruence and career change in employed adults](/science/article/pii/S000187919690041X)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

D.J. Prediger

### [Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations](/science/article/pii/0001879182900367)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1982)

D.J. Prediger _et al._

### [Locating occupations on Holland's hexagon: Beyond RIASEC](/science/article/pii/000187919290060D)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

D.J. Prediger _et al._

### [Who claims Holland's hexagon is perfect](/science/article/pii/000187919290070G)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

J.B. Rounds _et al._

### [Measurement of person–environment fit and prediction of satisfaction in the Theory of Work Adjustment](/science/article/pii/0001879187900455)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

J. Rounds _et al._

### [Research methodology: Methods for evaluating vocational interest structural hypotheses](/science/article/pii/0001879192900739)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

L.F. Sutherland _et al._

### [Congruence as a predictor of occupational stress](/science/article/pii/S0001879185710226)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1995)

K. Swaney _et al._

### [The relation between interest-occupation congruence and job satisfaction](/science/article/pii/0001879185900223)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1985)

M.L. Tenopyr

### [Construct validation needs in vocational behavior theories](/science/article/pii/S000187918371033X)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

D.J. Tinsley

### [Extensions, elaborations, and construct validation of the Theory of Work Adjustment](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710316)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

H.E.A. Tinsley

### [Special issue on the Theory of Work Adjustment](/science/article/pii/S0001879183710250)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

H.E.A. Tinsley

### [The structure of vocational interests](/science/article/pii/S0001879196900019)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

J. Tisak _et al._

### [Rejoinder to Edwards' comments](/science/article/pii/0149206394900124)

### Journal of Management

(1994)

D.M. Tokar _et al._

### [Personality and vocational behavior: A selective review of the literature](/science/article/pii/S0001879198916608)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1998)

D.M. Tokar _et al._

### [Relative contributions of congruence and personality dimensions to job satisfaction](/science/article/pii/S0001879196915468)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1997)

T.J. Tracey _et al._

### [The spherical representation of vocational interests](/science/article/pii/S0001879196900020)

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

F.J. Anscombe

### Graphs in statistical analysis

### The American Statistician

(1973)

A.G. Bedeian _et al._

### Difference scores: Rationale, formulation, and interpretation

### Journal of Management

(1994)

J.T. Behrens

### Principles and procedures of exploratory data analysis

### Psychological Methods

(1997)

F.H. Borgen _et al._

### The measurement of occupational reinforcer patterns

(1968)

P. Brickman _et al._

### Hedonic relativism and planning the good society

P. Brickman _et al._

### Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative

### Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

(1978)

K.R. Brousseau

### Toward a dynamic model of job–person relationships: Findings, research questions and implications for work system design

### Academy of Management Review

(1983)

J. Cohen

### The earth is round ( _p_ < .05)

### American Psychologist

(1994)

M. Csikszentmihalyi

### Flow: The psychology of optimal experience

(1990)

R.V. Dawis _et al._

### A theory of work adjustment

(1964)

R.V. Dawis _et al._

### Personality style and the process of work adjustment

### Journal of Counseling Psychology

(1976)

R.V. Dawis _et al._

### A psychological theory of work adjustment

(1984)

R.V. Dawis _et al._

### A theory of work adjustment (A revision)

(1968)

S.X. Day _et al._

### The structure of vocational interests for diverse racial-ethnic groups

### Psychological Science

(1998)

J.R. Edwards

### Person–job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique

View more references

## Cited by (219)

- ### [A mediated model of study choice profiles and person-environment fit with bachelor's program as predictors of academic success in higher education](/science/article/pii/S1041608024001055)



2024, Learning and Individual Differences



Show abstract







Career development theory identifies two crucial tasks for study choices: self- and environmental exploration and finding a bachelor's program that fits students' characteristics. This study aimed to unravel the intricate relationships between students' study choice process, fit with their bachelor's program, and subsequent academic success. 1965 prospective university students completed questionnaires prior to the start of their bachelor's program. Latent profile analysis identified three study choice profiles: achievement/foreclosure, troubled diffusion, and undifferentiated. Our findings partially supported our hypotheses, indicating that these profiles were connected to satisfaction, which was mediated by students' perceived fit. The model demonstrated moderate relationships between objective fit and both academic achievement and persistence, controlling for high school GPA. The models remained impartial regarding first-generation status, but revealed differences in gender. This study underscores the importance of exploration and commitment-making to ensure better perceived fit and highlights the role of objective fit in ensuring academic success.



Selecting the right higher education program can be a complicated task, often resulting in dropout rates due to students making incorrect choices. This study emphasises the importance of thorough exploration and commitment making in the decision-making process, as it correlates with a better program fit and higher satisfaction. A strong match between students' interests and the program was associated with higher achievement and persistence. These associations varied between male and female students, but did not differ between first- and continuing-generation students. This research highlights the need to provide tailored support to students during their study choice process, potentially benefiting both secondary and higher education by enhancing study orientation and career education.

- ### [Does interest fit between student and study program lead to better outcomes? A meta-analysis of vocational interest congruence as predictor for academic success](/science/article/pii/S1747938X24000289)



2024, Educational Research Review



Show abstract







Vocational interests are a commonly used concept to help students choose a study program in higher education. The underlying assumption is that a good choice reflects congruence of the program with a student's vocational interests. This assumption however remains controversial, given the lack of conclusive evidence due to methodological problems, mixed results, and absence of meta-analyses using multiple indicators of academic success. Therefore, we aimed to provide reliable meta-analytic evidence regarding the relationship between interest congruence and three indicators of academic success in higher education, along with the sources of variation moderating this relationship. We first performed a systematic search in three databases, which included 23 studies. We then used psychometric meta-analysis and narrative analysis to synthesise these studies. The meta-analytic results revealed that interest congruence is a positive, albeit small, predictor of academic achievement, persistence in the study program, and satisfaction with the study program. Interestingly, the manner in which interest congruence was operationalised moderated this relation: congruence measures that were operationalised with the full interest profile showed larger effects. The outcomes of the narrative review showed a great variety of methodological approaches, rendering it difficult to draw a firm conclusion. However, the general observation based on the review is that the congruence-outcome relationship is affected by individual characteristics of students, such as prior achievement, gender, first-generation status, and race. In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis and subsequent narrative review indicate that the concept of interest congruence has the potential to be a helpful tool for adolescents for reflection on study choice. However, the relationship between interest congruence and academic success is influenced by a complex interplay of measurement variables and other individual characteristics, which should be considered in future research.

- ### [From traditional to transformed: Examining the pre- and post-COVID consumers’ shopping mall experiences](/science/article/pii/S096969892300334X)



2024, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services



Show abstract







Recently published exploratory research has suggested COVID-19 control protocols implemented during the pandemic may have altered the values and experiences customers seek within shopping malls. We refer to this as a shift from ‘traditional’ to ‘transformed’. This current study responds directly to calls for a deeper understanding of changes in post-pandemic consumer behaviour. Data were collected from shoppers via an online survey in two stages – pre-COVID ( _n_ = 356) and post-COVID ( _n_ = 367). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to test the developed hypotheses, with the key objective to determine if the relationships between the variables have changed. Path invariance was tested using the structural invariance technique, finding the model differed between pre-COVID and post-COVID time points. Results indicate in a post-COVID era, utilitarian and transactional value have a stronger influence on customer's functional experience, leading to revisit intentions, whereas hedonic and social interaction value, have a weaker influence on the customer's social experience within shopping malls. Contributions to knowledge and practice are offered.

- ### [Regressed person-environment interest fit: Validating polynomial regression for a specific environment](/science/article/pii/S0001879122000598)



2022, Journal of Vocational Behavior







Citation Excerpt :



The present study reduces the number of predictors needed to calculate RIF to the twelve individual terms. As a third and final limitation, polynomial regression tends to result in multicollinearity, even when applying counter measures like variable centering (Tinsley, 2000). Multicollinearity is a regression phenomenon in which at least one independent variable is highly correlated with at least one of the other independent variables (Johnston et al., 2018).







Show abstract







Polynomial regression is a proven method to calculate person-environment (PE) interest fit between the RIASEC (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional) interests of a student and the RIASEC profile of a study program. The method has shown much larger effects of PE interest fit on academic achievement than earlier approaches in literature. However, the polynomial regression method in its current form only focuses on establishing the regressed interest fit (RIF) of a population of students with their study environments, in order to observe how large the general impact of PE interest fit can become on academic achievement. The present study ( _N_ = 4407 across _n_ = 22 study programs) further validates this method towards new applications by theoretically deriving two measures of RIF that only affect a single environment like a study program. Analyses show that the use of RIF for a single study environment results in an even stronger positive relation between PE interest fit and academic achievement of _r_ = 0.36, compared to _r_ = 0.25 for the original polynomial regression method. Analyses also show that RIF for one environment can be used to generate interpretable and reliable RIASEC environment profiles. In sum, RIF for a single (study) environment is a promising operationalization of PE interest fit which facilitates both empirical research as well as the practical application of interest fit in counseling settings.

- ### [Interrelations of managing position with person-environment fit of gender-role orientation, and burnout](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-024-00403-y)



2024, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology

- ### [Navigating academia: Designing and evaluating a multidimensional recommendation system for university and major selection](https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23255)



2024, Psychology in the Schools


[View all citing articles on Scopus](http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/citedby.url?partnerID=10&rel=3.0.0&eid=2-s2.0-0000063011&md5=59ea456c4066966185824fd92a87daf)

[☆](#baep-article-footnote-id1)

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Howard E. A. Tinsley, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250. Fax: (352) 392-9785. E-mail: [\[email protected\]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection).

[View full text](/science/article/pii/S000187919991727X)

Copyright © 2000 Academic Press. All rights reserved.

## Recommended articles

- ### [Does the effect of power distance moderate the relation between person environment fit and job satisfaction leading to job performance? Evidence from Afghanistan and Pakistan](/science/article/pii/S2314721017300762 "Does the effect of power distance moderate the relation between person environment fit and job satisfaction leading to job performance? Evidence from Afghanistan and Pakistan")





Future Business Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, pp. 68-83





HabibGul, …, KhalilJebran

- ### [Job crafting and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: A three-wave study](/science/article/pii/S0001879115300129 "Job crafting and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: A three-wave study")





Journal of Vocational Behavior, Volume 92, 2016, pp. 44-53





MariaTims, …, Arnold B.Bakker

- ### [Person–job fit, person–organization fit and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of innovation trust](/science/article/pii/S104783101500019X "Person–job fit, person–organization fit and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of innovation trust")





The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 105-116





BilalAfsar, …, Muhammad MuddassarKhan

- ### [Core self-evaluations as a mediator of the relationship between person–environment fit and job satisfaction among laboratory technicians](/science/article/pii/S0191886916303397 "Core self-evaluations as a mediator of the relationship between person–environment fit and job satisfaction among laboratory technicians")





Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 99, 2016, pp. 89-93





NathanNguyen, XavierBorteyrou

- ### [Person, environment, and occupation characteristics: What predicts work performance of employees with autism?](/science/article/pii/S1750946720301331 "Person, environment, and occupation characteristics: What predicts work performance of employees with autism?")





Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Volume 78, 2020, Article 101643





MichalWaisman-Nitzan, …, EynatGal

- ### [Toward better purchase decision-performance: Linking person-environment fit to explorative and exploitative use of branded applications](/science/article/pii/S1567422321000351 "Toward better purchase decision-performance: Linking person-environment fit to explorative and exploitative use of branded applications")





Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Volume 48, 2021, Article 101063





Chia-YingLi, Yu-HuiFang


Show 3 more articles

## Article Metrics

[View article metrics](https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.1006/jvbe.1999.1727)

[![Elsevier logo with wordmark](https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/47/images/elsevier-non-solus-new-with-wordmark.svg)](https://www.elsevier.com/)

- [About ScienceDirect](https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/sciencedirect)
- [Remote access](/user/institution/login?targetURL=%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS000187919991727X)
- [Shopping cart](https://sd-cart.elsevier.com/?)
- [Advertise](https://www.elsmediakits.com)
- [Contact and support](https://service.elsevier.com/app/contact/supporthub/sciencedirect/)
- [Terms and conditions](https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions)
- [Privacy policy](https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy)

Cookies are used by this site. **Cookie Settings**

All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.

[![RELX group home page](https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/60/images/logo-relx-tm.svg)](https://www.relx.com/)