Nanotechnology - Wikipedia
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale ...
extended producer responsibility
A Royal Society report identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that "manufacturers of products that fall under <anchor>extended producer responsibility</anchor> regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure".[15]
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## Contents

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- [1Origin](#Origin)
- [2Definition](#Definition)
- [3OECD guidance manuals](#OECD_guidance_manuals)
- [4Take-back](#Take-back)
- [5Plastic bags](#Plastic_bags)
- [6Electronics](#Electronics)Toggle Electronics subsection  - [6.1Advantages](#Advantages)
  - [6.2Disadvantages](#Disadvantages)
- [7Fossil fuels](#Fossil_fuels)
- [8Implementation](#Implementation)
- [9Examples](#Examples)
- [10Results](#Results)
- [11See also](#See_also)
- [12References](#References)
- [13Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [14External links](#External_links)

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# Extended producer responsibility

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with goods

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alte_Fabrik_Finkemeier_002.jpg/220px-Alte_Fabrik_Finkemeier_002.jpg)](/wiki/File:Alte_Fabrik_Finkemeier_002.jpg) Tires are an example the products subject to extended producer responsibility in many industrialized countries.

**Extended producer responsibility** ( **EPR**) is a strategy to add all of the estimated [environmental costs](/wiki/Environmental_costs "Environmental costs") associated with a product throughout the [product life cycle](/wiki/Product_life_cycle "Product life cycle") to the [market price](/wiki/Market_price "Market price") of that product, contemporarily mainly applied in the field of [waste management](/wiki/Waste_management "Waste management").[\[1\]](#cite_note-:4-1) Such societal costs are typically [externalities](/wiki/Externalities "Externalities") to market mechanisms, with a common example being [the impact of cars](/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies#Public_or_external_costs "Effects of the car on societies").

Extended producer responsibility legislation is a driving force behind the adoption of remanufacturing initiatives because it "focuses on the end-of-use treatment of consumer products and has the primary aim to increase the amount and degree of product recovery and to minimize the environmental impact of waste materials".[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

Passing responsibility to producers as [polluters](/wiki/Polluter "Polluter") is not only a matter of [environmental policy](/wiki/Environmental_policy "Environmental policy") but also the most effective means of achieving higher [environmental standards](/wiki/Standardization#Environmental_protection "Standardization") in [product design](/wiki/Sustainable_design "Sustainable design").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)

## Origin

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Origin")\]

The concept was first formally introduced in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") by [Thomas Lindhqvist](/wiki/Thomas_Lindhqvist "Thomas Lindhqvist") in a 1990 report to the Swedish [Ministry of the Environment](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Sweden) "Ministry of the Environment (Sweden)").[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) In subsequent reports prepared for the Ministry, the following definition emerged: "\[EPR\] is an environmental protection strategy to reach an environmental objective of a decreased total environmental impact of a product, by making the manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire life-cycle of the product and especially for the take-back, recycling and final disposal."[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

## Definition

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Definition")\]

Extended producer responsibility uses financial [incentives](/wiki/Incentive "Incentive") to encourage manufacturers to design [environmentally friendly](/wiki/Environmentally_friendly "Environmentally friendly") products by holding producers responsible for the costs of managing their products at [end of life](/wiki/End-of-life_(product) "End-of-life (product)"). This policy approach differs from [product stewardship](/wiki/Product_stewardship "Product stewardship"), which shares responsibility across the chain of custody of a product,[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) in that it attempts to relieve local governments of the costs of managing certain [priority products](/wiki/Priority_product "Priority product") by requiring manufacturers to internalize the cost of [recycling](/wiki/Recycling "Recycling") within the product price. EPR is based on the principle that manufacturers (usually [brand](/wiki/Brand "Brand") owners) have the greatest control over [product design](/wiki/Product_design "Product design") and [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") and have the greatest ability and responsibility to reduce [toxicity](/wiki/Toxicity "Toxicity") and [waste](/wiki/Waste_minimization "Waste minimization").[\[7\]](#cite_note-Sierra_Club-7)

EPR may take the form of a [reuse](/wiki/Reuse "Reuse"), [buyback](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/buyback "wikt:Special:Search/buyback"), or recycling program. The producer may also choose to delegate this responsibility to a third party, a so-called _producer responsibility organization_ (PRO), which is paid by the producer for used-product management. In this way, EPR shifts the responsibility for waste management from government to [private industry](/wiki/Private_industry "Private industry"), obliging producers, importers and/or sellers to internalise waste management costs in their product prices and ensure the safe handling of their products.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) However, different stakeholders perceive the concept and the role of producers in various ways.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

A good example of a producer responsibility organization is PRO Europe S.P.R.L. (Packaging Recovery Organisation Europe),[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) founded in 1995, the [umbrella organization](/wiki/Umbrella_organization "Umbrella organization") for European packaging and [packaging waste](/wiki/Packaging_waste "Packaging waste") [recovery](/wiki/Resource_recovery "Resource recovery") and recycling schemes. Product stewardship organizations like PRO Europe are intended to relieve industrial companies and commercial enterprises of their individual obligation to take back used products through the operation of an organization which fulfills these obligations on a nationwide basis on behalf of their member companies. The aim is to ensure the recovery and recycling of packaging waste in the most economically efficient and ecologically sound manner. In many countries, this is done through the [Green Dot](/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol) "Green Dot (symbol)") trademark of which PRO Europe is the general licensor. In twenty-five nations, companies are now using the Green Dot as the financing symbol for the organization of recovery, sorting and recycling of sales packaging.

## OECD guidance manuals

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: OECD guidance manuals")\]

The [OECD](/wiki/OECD "OECD") published a guidance manual about EPR in 2001[\[1\]](#cite_note-:4-1) after several years of discussion by experts in this field, and updated it in 2016[\[12\]](#cite_note-12) to include developing countries' perspectives, based on experiences and policy changes.

## Take-back

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Take-back")\]

In response to the growing problem of excessive waste, several countries adopted waste management policies in which manufacturers are responsible for [taking back](/wiki/Take-back "Take-back") their products from end users at the end of the products' useful life, or partially financing a collection and recycling infrastructure. These policies were adopted due to the lack of collection infrastructure for certain products that contain [hazardous materials](/wiki/Hazardous_material "Hazardous material"), or due to the high costs to local governments of providing such collection services. The primary goals of these take-back laws therefore are to partner with the private sector to ensure that all waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment.
The goals of take-back laws are to

1. encourage companies to design products for [reuse](/wiki/Reuse "Reuse"), [recyclability](/wiki/Recyclability "Recyclability"), and materials reduction;
2. correct market signals to the consumer by incorporating waste management costs into product price;
3. promote innovation in recycling technology.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

Take-back programs help promote these goals by creating incentives for companies to design products that minimize waste management costs, to design products that contain safer materials (so they do not need to be managed separately), or to design products that are easier to recycle and reuse (so recycling becomes more profitable).[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) The earliest take-back activity began in Europe, where government-sponsored take-back initiatives arose from concerns about scarce landfill space and potentially hazardous substances in component parts. The European Union adopted a directive on [Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)](/wiki/WEEE "WEEE"). The purpose of this directive is to prevent the production of waste electronics and also to encourage reuse and recycling of such waste. The directive requires the Member States to encourage design and production methods that take into account the future dismantling and recovery of their products.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) These take-back programs have been adopted in nearly every OECD country. In the United States, most of these policies have been implemented at the state level.

## Plastic bags

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Plastic bags")\]

Recycling, [banning](/wiki/Plastic_bag_ban "Plastic bag ban"), and taxation fails to adequately reduce the pollution caused by [plastic bags](/wiki/Plastic_bags "Plastic bags"). An alternative to these policies would be to increase extended producer responsibility.[\[16\]](#cite_note-:5-16) In the US, under the [Clinton presidency](/wiki/Clinton_presidency "Clinton presidency"), the President's Council on Sustainable Development suggested EPR in order to target different participants in the cycle of a product's life.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17) This can, however, make the product more expensive since the cost must be taken into consideration before being put on the market, which is why it is not widely used in the United States currently.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18) Instead, there is banning or taxation of plastic bags, which puts the responsibility on the consumers. In the United States, EPR is voluntary. What has been recommended\[ _[by whom?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")_\] is a comprehensive program which combines taxation, producer responsibility, and recycling to combat pollution.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)

## Electronics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Electronics")\]

Many governments and companies have adopted extended producer responsibility to help address the growing problem of [e-waste](/wiki/Electronic_waste "Electronic waste")—used electrical and electronic equipment that contains materials that cannot be safely thrown away with regular [household trash](/wiki/Garbage "Garbage"). In 2007, according to the [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency "Environmental Protection Agency"), people threw away 2.5 million tons of [cell phones](/wiki/Cell_phone "Cell phone"), TVs, computers, and printers.[\[20\]](#cite_note-:0-20) Many governments have partnered with corporations in creating the necessary collection and recycling infrastructure.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)

The kinds of chemicals found in e-waste that are particularly dangerous to human health and the environment are [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead"), [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_(element) "Mercury (element)"), [brominated flame-retardants](/wiki/Brominated_flame-retardant "Brominated flame-retardant"), and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"). Lead is found in the screens of phones, TVs and computer monitors and can damage kidneys, nerves, blood, bones, reproductive organs, and muscles. Mercury is found in flat screen TVs, laptop screens, and fluorescent bulbs, and can cause damage to the kidneys and the nervous system. Brominated flame-retardants found in cables and plastic cases can cause cancer, disruption of liver function, and nerve damage. Cadmium is found in [rechargeable batteries](/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries "Rechargeable batteries") and can cause kidney damage and cancer. Poorer countries are dumping grounds for e-waste as many governments accept money for disposing of this waste on their lands. This causes increased health risks for people in these countries, especially ones who work or live close to these dumps.[\[20\]](#cite_note-:0-20)

In the United States, 25 states have implemented laws that require the recycling of electronic waste. Of those, 23 have incorporated some form of extended producer responsibility into their laws.[\[22\]](#cite_note-:1-22) According to analysis done by the Product Stewardship Institute, some states have not enacted EPR laws because of a lack of recycling infrastructure and funds for proper e-waste disposal.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23) In contrast, according to a study of EPR legislation by the [Electronics TakeBack Coalition](/w/index.php?title=Electronics_TakeBack_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1 "Electronics TakeBack Coalition (page does not exist)") (ETBC), states that have seen success in their [e-waste recycling](/wiki/E-waste_recycling "E-waste recycling") programs have done so because they have developed a convenient e-waste infrastructure or the state governments have instituted goals for manufacturers to meet.

Advocates for EPR also argue that including "high expectations for performance" into the laws, and ensuring that those are only minimum requirements, contribute to making the laws successful. The larger the scope of products that can be collected, the more e-waste will be disposed of properly.[\[22\]](#cite_note-:1-22)

Similar laws have been passed in other parts of the world as well. The [European Union](/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive") has taken steps to address some electronic waste management issues. They have restricted the use of harmful substances in member countries and have made it illegal to export waste.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24)

China banned the import of e-waste in 2000, and adopted EPR in 2012. This has proven to be difficult, however, because illegal smuggling of waste still occurs in the country.[\[25\]](#cite_note-25) In order to dispose of [e-waste in China](/wiki/E-waste_in_China "E-waste in China") today, a license is required and plants are held responsible for treating pollution. EPR laws in the U.S. still allow e-waste to be exported to China. The [Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers](/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers") (IEEE) has also proposed a deposit-refund system dealt with by producers.[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

### Advantages

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Advantages")\]

When producers face either the financial or physical burden of recycling their electronics after use, they may be incentivized to design more sustainable, less [toxic](/wiki/Electronic_waste "Electronic waste"), and more easily recyclable electronics.[\[7\]](#cite_note-Sierra_Club-7)[\[27\]](#cite_note-epa-27)[\[28\]](#cite_note-seven-28) Using fewer materials and designing products to last longer can directly reduce producers' end-of-life costs.[\[27\]](#cite_note-epa-27)[\[29\]](#cite_note-epr-29) Thus, extended producer responsibility is often cited[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](#cite_note-31) as one way to fight [planned obsolescence](/wiki/Planned_obsolescence "Planned obsolescence"), because it financially encourages manufacturers to design for recycling and make products last longer. In addition to fighting planned obsolescence, by allocating part of the financial responsibility for paying for and managing waste on the producer, the pressures placed on governments may be alleviated. Currently, many governments bear the weight of disposal and spend millions of dollars on collecting and removing electronic waste.[\[32\]](#cite_note-:2-32) However, these plans usually fail because governments do not have enough money to create and enforce them properly.[\[32\]](#cite_note-:2-32) Placing responsibility on producers to dispose of their products can give governments more freedom to create legislation which benefits sustainability with little cost to both parties, while also raising awareness about the issues EPR seeks to solve.[\[32\]](#cite_note-:2-32)

One of the advantages of EPR is that it becomes more and more effective as the EPR policy puts pressure on countries that export their E-waste. The regulation of this E-waste forces infrastructure to deal with the waste or implement new ways of creating products from the producers.[\[33\]](#cite_note-33) As more countries adopt these policies it restricts other countries from ignoring the issues. For example, when China stopped importing E-waste from the U.S., a build-up of waste was formed at ports.[\[34\]](#cite_note-:3-34) The lack of infrastructure around recycling E-waste in the US has been possible because of the ability to export and the negligence of producers. The pressure of this growing dump of E-waste forces countries to have their own infrastructure and will force more regulations from the government, state and federal, to be placed on producers.[\[34\]](#cite_note-:3-34)

### Disadvantages

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Disadvantages")\]

Some people have concerns about extended producer responsibility programs for complex electronics that can be difficult to safely recycle, such as [lithium-ion polymer batteries](/wiki/Lithium-ion_polymer_battery "Lithium-ion polymer battery").[\[28\]](#cite_note-seven-28) Others worry that such laws could increase the cost of electronics because producers would add recycling costs into the initial price tag.[\[28\]](#cite_note-seven-28) When companies are required to transport their products to a recycling facility, it can be expensive if the product contains hazardous materials and does not have a scrap value, such as with CRT televisions, which can contain up to five pounds of lead.[\[35\]](#cite_note-35) Organizations and researchers against EPR claim that the mandate would slow innovation and impede technological progress.[\[28\]](#cite_note-seven-28)

Other critics[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) are concerned that manufacturers may use takeback programs to take secondhand electronics off the reuse market, by shredding rather than reusing or repairing goods that come in for recycling. Another argument against EPR is that EPR policies are not accelerating environmentally friendly designs because "manufacturers are already starting to moving toward reduced material-use per unit of output, reduced energy use in making and delivering each product, and improved environmental performance."[\[37\]](#cite_note-37)

The [Reason Foundation](/wiki/Reason_Foundation "Reason Foundation") argues that EPR is not clear in the way fees are established for the particular recycling processes. Fees are set in place to help incentivize recycling, but this may deter the use of manufacturing with better materials for the different electronic products. There are not set fees for certain materials, so confusion occurs when companies do not know what design features to include in their devices.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)

## Fossil fuels

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Fossil fuels")\]

A study suggests that applying the principle of extended producer responsibility to [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry "Fossil fuel industry") could deconflict [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security "Energy security") and [climate policy](/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change "Politics of climate change") at an affordable [cost](/wiki/Cost "Cost"); in particular, authors suggested the responsibility could be used to establish the financing of [CO2 storage](/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage "Carbon capture and storage") and [nature-based solutions](/wiki/Nature-based_solutions "Nature-based solutions").[\[39\]](#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](#cite_note-40)

## Implementation

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Implementation")\]

EPR has been implemented in many forms, which may be classified into three major approaches:

- Mandatory
- Negotiated
- Voluntary

It is perhaps because of the tendency of economic policy in [market-driven economies](/wiki/Market_economy "Market economy") not to interfere with consumers' preferences that the producer-centric representation is the dominant form of viewing the environmental impacts of industrial production: in statistics on energy, emissions, water, etc., impacts are almost always presented as attributes of industries ("on-site" or "direct" allocation) rather than as attributes of the supply chains of products for consumers. On a smaller scale, most existing schemes for [corporate sustainability](/wiki/Corporate_sustainability "Corporate sustainability") reporting include only impacts that arise out of operations controlled by the reporting company, and not supply-chain impacts[\[41\]](#cite_note-41) According to this world view, "upstream and downstream \[environmental\] impacts are ... allocated to their immediate producers. The institutional setting and the different actors' spheres of influence are not reflected".[\[42\]](#cite_note-42)

On the other hand, a number of studies have highlighted that final consumption and affluence, especially in the industrialised world, are the main drivers for the level and growth of environmental pressure. Even though these studies provide a clear incentive for complementing producer-focused environmental policy with some consideration for consumption-related aspects, demand-side measures to address environmental problems are rarely exploited.[\[43\]](#cite_note-43)

The nexus created by the different views on impacts caused by industrial production is exemplified by several contributions to the discussion about producer or consumer responsibility for [greenhouse gas emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions "Greenhouse gas emissions"). Emissions data are reported to the [IPCC](/wiki/IPCC "IPCC") as contributions of producing industries located in a particular country rather than as embodiments in products consumed by a particular population, irrespective of productive origin. However, especially for open economies, taking into account the greenhouse gases embodied in internationally traded commodities can have a considerable influence on national greenhouse gas balance sheets. Assuming consumer responsibility, exports have to be subtracted from, and imports added to national greenhouse gas inventories. In Denmark, for example, Munksgaard and Pedersen (2001) report that a significant amount of power and other energy-intensive commodities are traded across Danish borders, and that between 1966 and 1994 the Danish [foreign trade balance](/w/index.php?title=Foreign_trade_balance&action=edit&redlink=1 "Foreign trade balance (page does not exist)") in terms of CO2 developed from a 7 Mt deficit to a 7 Mt surplus, compared to total emissions of approximately 60 Mt.[\[44\]](#cite_note-44) In particular, electricity traded between Norway, Sweden and Denmark is subject to large annual fluctuations due to varying rainfall in Norway and Sweden. In wet years Denmark imports [hydro-electricity](/wiki/Hydro-electricity "Hydro-electricity") whereas electricity from coal-fired power plants is exported in dry years. The official Danish emissions inventory includes a correction for electricity trade and thus applies the consumer responsibility principle.[\[45\]](#cite_note-45)

Similarly, at the company level, "when adopting the concept of [eco-efficiency](/wiki/Eco-efficiency "Eco-efficiency") and the scope of an [environmental](/wiki/Natural_environment "Natural environment") management system stated in for example ISO 14001, it is insufficient to merely report on the carbon dioxide emissions limited to the judicial borders of the company".[\[46\]](#cite_note-46) 7 "Companies must recognise their wider responsibility and manage the entire life-cycle of their products ... Insisting on high environmental standards from suppliers and ensuring that raw materials are extracted or produced in an environmentally conscious way provides a start."[\[47\]](#cite_note-47) A life-cycle perspective is also taken in EPR frameworks: "Producers of products should bear a significant degree of responsibility (physical and/or financial) not only for the environmental impacts of their products downstream from the treatment and disposal of their product, but also for their upstream activities inherent in the selection of materials and in the design of products."[\[48\]](#cite_note-48) "The major impetus for EPR came from northern European countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they were facing severe landfill shortages. \[... As a result,\] EPR is generally applied to post-consumer wastes which place increasing physical and financial demands on municipal waste management."[\[49\]](#cite_note-49)

EPR has rarely been consistently quantified. Moreover, applying conventional [life cycle assessment](/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment "Life cycle assessment"), and assigning environmental impacts to producers and consumers can lead to [double-counting](/wiki/Double_counting_(accounting) "Double counting (accounting)"). Using [input-output analysis](/wiki/Input-output_analysis "Input-output analysis"), researchers have attempted for decades to account for both producers and consumers in an economy in a consistent way. Gallego and Lenzen demonstrate and discuss a method of consistently delineating producers' supply chains, into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive responsibilities to be shared by all agents in an economy.[\[50\]](#cite_note-50) Their method is an approach to allocating responsibility across agents in a fully inter-connected circular system. Upstream and downstream environmental impacts are shared between all agents of a supply chain—producers and consumers.

## Examples

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Examples")\]

Auto Recycling Nederland (ARN) is a producer responsibility organisation (PRO) that organises vehicle recycling in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"). An advanced recycling fee is charged to those who purchase a new vehicle and is used to fund the recycling of it at the end of its useful life. The PRO was set up to satisfy the European Union's [End of Life Vehicles Directive](/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive "End of Life Vehicles Directive").

The Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organisational Technology (SWICO), an ICT industry organisation, became a PRO to address the problem of [electronic waste](/wiki/Electronic_waste "Electronic waste").

The Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility (CAP-EPR) was adopted in Canada in 2009 under the guidance of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.[\[51\]](#cite_note-Canada-51) The CAP-EPR followed years of waste and recycling efforts in Canada that remained largely ineffective as the diversion rates from landfills and incineration persisted. Despite three decades worth of recycling efforts, Canada fell short of many other [G8](/wiki/Group_of_Eight "Group of Eight") and [OECD](/wiki/OECD "OECD") countries.[\[51\]](#cite_note-Canada-51) Since the CAP-EPR's 2009 inception, most [provinces](/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada "Provinces of Canada") have enforced legislation or restrictions on a wider range of products and materials under EPR programs. "Nine out of ten provinces have \[since implemented\] EPR programs or \[put\] requirements in place... As a result of these new programs or requirements and expansion of existing ones, almost half of the product categories for Phase 1 are now covered by legislated EPR programs or requirements across Canada."[\[52\]](#cite_note-52)

In [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), EPR was launched in 2015 but financing of waste management facilities still largely relies on taxes paid by the Russian population. In 2022, all packaging was supposed to be recycled or else products from companies not respecting the regulation would have been withdrawn from shelves. But the country postponed the reform as several ministers found it unfeasible.[\[53\]](#cite_note-53)

In the United Kingdom an extended producer responsibility system is going to be implemented over the coming years. The government has already shared guidance with those most affected. The core issue is with identifying a way to encourage polluters to take on the responsibility rather than pass on the cost to suppliers or end consumers[\[54\]](#cite_note-54)

In India, the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 introduced the concept of EPR for the first time, while the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 set more stringent targets for collection of end-of-life products and simplified the process of applying for EPR authorization. In 2016, government expanded the EPR approach to tackle [plastic waste](/wiki/Plastic_waste "Plastic waste") through the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] In the Indian system, the trading mechanism is similar to the carbon trading mechanism, where EPR certificates are generated and traded further between the producers and brand owners.[\[16\]](#cite_note-:5-16)

In [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), the polluter-pays principle was introduced on January 1, 2023. Thus, the costs of recycling are paid by the companies that produce it.

## Results

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Results")\]

In Germany, since the adoption of EPR, "between 1991 and 1998, the per capita consumption of [packaging](/wiki/Packaging "Packaging") was reduced from 94.7 kg to 82 kg, resulting in a reduction of 13.4%".[\[55\]](#cite_note-Hanisch_170A-75A-55) Furthermore, due to Germany's influence in EPR, the "European Commission developed one waste directive" for all EU member states (Hanisch 2000). One major goal was to have all member states recycle "25% of all packaging material"[\[55\]](#cite_note-Hanisch_170A-75A-55) and the goal has been accomplished.

In the United States, EPR is gaining popularity "with 40 such laws enacted since 2008. In 2010 alone, 38 such EPR bills were introduced in state legislatures across the United States, and 12 were signed into law."[\[56\]](#cite_note-JIE_175-85-56) However, these laws are at the state level: there are no federal laws for EPR. So far, "only a handful of states have imposed five to six EPR laws as well as 32 states having at least one EPR law".[\[56\]](#cite_note-JIE_175-85-56)

From 2022, if the product is sold in France or Germany, Marketplaces must confirm that the manufacturer complies with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) rules in the country where it sells the product.

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [Takeback](/wiki/Takeback "Takeback"), when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives
- [Life-cycle assessment](/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment "Life-cycle assessment")
- [Environmental justice](/wiki/Environmental_justice "Environmental justice")
- [Personal carbon allowance](/wiki/Personal_carbon_allowance "Personal carbon allowance")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:4_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:4_1-1)OECD (2001). _Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments_. Paris: OECD Publications Service. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1787/9789264189867-en](https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264189867-en). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9789264189867](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264189867 "Special:BookSources/9789264189867").
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44. **[^](#cite_ref-44)**Munksgaard, J. and K. A. Pedersen (2001). CO2 accounts for open economies: producer or consumer responsibility. Energy Policy, 29, pp. 327-334.
45. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**Danish Environmental Protection Agency (1998). Denmark's Second National Communication on Climate Change submitted under the UN FCCC. [Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy](http://www.mst.dk) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090908210501/http://www.mst.dk/) 2009-09-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
46. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**Cerin, P. and L. Karlson (2002). Business incentives for sustainability: a property rights approach. Ecological Economics, 40, pp. 13-22.
47. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**Cerin, P. (2005) Environmental Strategies in Industry: Turning Business Incentives into Sustainability. Report 5455. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
48. **[^](#cite_ref-48)**Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2001, p. 21-22
49. **[^](#cite_ref-49)**Environment Protection Authority New South Wales 2003, p. 2-4
50. **[^](#cite_ref-50)**Gallego, B. and M. Lenzen (2005). A consistent input-output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility. Economic Systems Research, 17(4), pp. 365-391.
51. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Canada_51-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Canada_51-1)["Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility"](https://www.ccme.ca/files/current_priorities/waste/pn_1499_epr_cap_e.pdf)(PDF). _Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment_. October 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083638/https://www.ccme.ca/files/current_priorities/waste/pn_1499_epr_cap_e.pdf)(PDF) from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
52. **[^](#cite_ref-52)**["Progress Report on the Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extender Producer Responsibility"](https://www.ccme.ca/files/Resources/waste/extended/CAP-EPR%20Progress%20Report.pdf)(PDF). _Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment_. 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
53. **[^](#cite_ref-53)**["Russia postpones recycling and waste management reform"](https://www.newsendip.com/russia-postpones-packaging-recycling-waste-management-reform/). 10 December 2021.
54. **[^](#cite_ref-54)**["Packaging waste: prepare for extended producer responsibility"](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/packaging-waste-prepare-for-extended-producer-responsibility). _GOV.UK_. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
55. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Hanisch_170A-75A_55-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Hanisch_170A-75A_55-1)Hanisch, Carola. "Is Extended Producer Responsibility Effective?" Environmental Science & Technology 34.7 (2000): 170A-75A. Web.
56. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-JIE_175-85_56-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-JIE_175-85_56-1)Nash, Jennifer, and Christopher Bosso. "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States." _Journal of Industrial Ecology_ 17.2 (2013): 175-85. Web.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Ogushi, Yasuhiko; Milind Kandlikar (2007). ["Assessing Extended Producer Responsibility Laws in Japan"](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes072561x). _Environmental Science & Technology_. **41** (13): 4502–4508. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2007EnST...41.4502O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnST...41.4502O). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1021/es072561x](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes072561x). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-936X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [17695888](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17695888).
- Fishbein, Bette; Ehrenfeld, John; Young, John (June 2000). [_Extended Producer Responsibility: A Materials Policy for the 21st Century_](https://web.archive.org/web/20130503000950/http://www.informinc.org/eprpolicy.php). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-918780-73-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918780-73-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-918780-73-7"). Archived from [the original](http://informinc.org/eprpolicy.php) on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- Lenzen, M; J Murray; F Sack; T Wiedmann (2007). ["Shared producer and consumer responsibility — Theory and practice"](https://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/documents/Lenzen,Murray,Sack&Wiedmann_2006-Shared_Responsibility.pdf)(PDF). _Ecological Economics_. **61** (1): 27–42. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.018](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2006.05.018). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0921-8009](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8009).
- SAIC, [Evaluation of Extended Producer Responsibility for Consumer Packaging](http://www.gmaonline.org/file-manager/Sustainability/GMA_SAIC_EPR_Report_091112.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160808190745/http://www.gmaonline.org/file-manager/Sustainability/GMA_SAIC_EPR_Report_091112.pdf) 2016-08-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), published by the Grocery Manufacturers Association (US), September 2012.
- Sheehan, Bill; Spiegelman, Helen, [_Extended producer responsibility policies in the United States and Canada: history and status_](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327060285) in Scheer, Dirk; Frieder Rubik (2006). _Governance of integrated product policy: in search of sustainable production and consumption_. Greenleaf Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781874719328](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874719328 "Special:BookSources/9781874719328").

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Extended_producer_responsibility&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [Product Stewardship Institute](https://productstewardship.us)
- [Container Recycling Institute](http://www.container-recycling.org/)
- [Reforming Water Use Rights in Canterbury: A Shared Responsibilities Perspective](https://web.archive.org/web/20061009191530/http://www.iioa.org/pdf/Intermediate-2006/Full%20paper_Lennox.pdf)
- [Extended Producer Responsibility (in the EEE industry)](http://milieu.defolter.nl/English/Note-EPR%20071114s.pdf)

Links to related articles

- [v](/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology "Template:Industrial ecology")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology "Template talk:Industrial ecology")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology "Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology")

[Industrial ecology](/wiki/Industrial_ecology "Industrial ecology")

Tools

- [Agent-based model](/wiki/Agent-based_model "Agent-based model")
- [Cost–benefit analysis](/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis "Cost–benefit analysis")
- [DPSIR](/wiki/DPSIR "DPSIR")
- [Ecolabel](/wiki/Ecolabel "Ecolabel")
- [Ecological footprint](/wiki/Ecological_footprint "Ecological footprint")
- [Environmental full-cost accounting](/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting "Environmental full-cost accounting")
- [Environmental impact assessment](/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment")
- [Environmental management system](/wiki/Environmental_management_system "Environmental management system")
- [EIO-LCA](/wiki/EIO-LCA "EIO-LCA")
- [Input–output model](/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model "Input–output model")
- [Integrated chain management](/wiki/Integrated_chain_management "Integrated chain management")
- [ISO 14000](/wiki/ISO_14000 "ISO 14000")
- [Life-cycle assessment](/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment "Life-cycle assessment")
- [Life-cycle cost analysis](/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis "Life-cycle cost analysis")
- [Material flow analysis](/wiki/Material_flow_analysis "Material flow analysis")
- [MET Matrix](/wiki/MET_Matrix "MET Matrix")
- [Stakeholder analysis](/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis "Stakeholder analysis")

Concepts

- [Circular economy](/wiki/Circular_economy "Circular economy")
- [Cradle-to-cradle design](/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design "Cradle-to-cradle design")
- [Dematerialization](/wiki/Dematerialization_(products) "Dematerialization (products)")
- [Eco-efficiency](/wiki/Eco-efficiency "Eco-efficiency")
- [Eco-industrial development](/wiki/Eco-industrial_development "Eco-industrial development")
- [Eco-industrial park](/wiki/Eco-industrial_park "Eco-industrial park")
- [Ecological modernization](/wiki/Ecological_modernization "Ecological modernization")
- [Efficient energy use](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use")
- [Exergy](/wiki/Exergy "Exergy")
- Extended producer responsibility
- [Industrial metabolism](/wiki/Industrial_metabolism "Industrial metabolism")
- [Industrial symbiosis](/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis "Industrial symbiosis")
- [Polluter pays principle](/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle "Polluter pays principle")
- [Precautionary principle](/wiki/Precautionary_principle "Precautionary principle")
- [Rebound effect](/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation) "Rebound effect (conservation)")
- [Waste hierarchy](/wiki/Waste_hierarchy "Waste hierarchy")
- [Waste minimisation](/wiki/Waste_minimisation "Waste minimisation")
- [Waste valorization](/wiki/Waste_valorization "Waste valorization")

Related fields

- [Cleaner production](/wiki/Cleaner_production "Cleaner production")
- [Design for environment](/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment "Design for the Environment")
- [Earth systems engineering and management](/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management "Earth systems engineering and management")
- [Ecological economics](/wiki/Ecological_economics "Ecological economics")
- [Ecological modernization](/wiki/Ecological_modernization "Ecological modernization")
- [Environmental economics](/wiki/Environmental_economics "Environmental economics")
- [Green chemistry](/wiki/Green_chemistry "Green chemistry")
- [Sustainable development](/wiki/Sustainable_development "Sustainable development")
- [Urban ecology](/wiki/Urban_ecology "Urban ecology")
- [Urban metabolism](/wiki/Urban_metabolism "Urban metabolism")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Recycling "Template:Recycling")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling "Template talk:Recycling")
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[Recycling](/wiki/Recycling "Recycling")

[Materials](/wiki/Recycling_by_material "Recycling by material")

- [Aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium_recycling "Aluminium recycling")
- [Asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling "Asphalt concrete")
- [Concrete](/wiki/Concrete_recycling "Concrete recycling")
- [Copper](/wiki/Copper#Recycling "Copper")
- [Cotton](/wiki/Cotton_recycling "Cotton recycling")
- [Energy](/wiki/Energy_recycling "Energy recycling")
- [Glass](/wiki/Glass_recycling "Glass recycling")
- [Gypsum](/wiki/Gypsum_recycling "Gypsum recycling")
- [Paper](/wiki/Paper_recycling "Paper recycling")
- [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic_recycling "Plastic recycling")
- [Refrigerant](/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation "Refrigerant reclamation")
- [Scrap](/wiki/Scrap "Scrap")
- [Timber](/wiki/Timber_recycling "Timber recycling")
- [Cooking oil](/wiki/Yellow_grease "Yellow grease")
- [Water](/wiki/Reclaimed_water "Reclaimed water")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg)

[Products](/wiki/Recycling_by_product "Recycling by product")

- [Appliances](/wiki/Appliance_recycling "Appliance recycling")
- [Automotive oil](/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling "Automotive oil recycling")
- [Batteries](/wiki/Battery_recycling "Battery recycling")
- [Bottles](/wiki/Bottle_recycling "Bottle recycling")
  - [PET bottles](/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling "PET bottle recycling")
- [Computers](/wiki/Computer_recycling "Computer recycling")
- [Drugs](/wiki/Drug_recycling "Drug recycling")
- [Fluorescent lamps](/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling "Fluorescent lamp recycling")
- [Lumber](/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber "Reclaimed lumber")
- [Mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling "Mobile phone recycling")
- [Paint](/wiki/Paint_recycling "Paint recycling")
- [Ships](/wiki/Ship_disposal "Ship disposal")
- [Textiles](/wiki/Textile_recycling "Textile recycling")
- [Tires](/wiki/Tire_recycling "Tire recycling")
- [Vehicles](/wiki/Vehicle_recycling "Vehicle recycling")

Apparatus

- [Bins](/wiki/Recycling_bin "Recycling bin")
- [Blue bags](/wiki/Blue_bag "Blue bag")
- [Blue boxes](/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system "Blue box recycling system")
- [Codes](/wiki/Recycling_codes "Recycling codes")
- [Collection](/wiki/Kerbside_collection "Kerbside collection")
- [Materials recovery facility](/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility "Materials recovery facility")
- [Waste sorting](/wiki/Waste_sorting "Waste sorting")

Countries

- [Rate by country](/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country "Recycling rates by country")
- [Australia](/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia "Recycling in Australia")
- [Brazil](/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil "Recycling in Brazil")
- [Canada](/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada "Recycling in Canada")
- [Ireland](/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Recycling in the Republic of Ireland")
- [Israel](/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel "Recycling in Israel")
- [Japan](/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan "Recycling in Japan")
- [Malaysia](/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia "Recycling in Malaysia")
- [Mongolia](/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia "Recycling in Mongolia")
- [The Netherlands](/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands "Recycling in the Netherlands")
- [Switzerland](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling "Waste management in Switzerland")
- [Taiwan](/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan "Recycling in Taiwan")
- [United Kingdom](/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom "Recycling in the United Kingdom")
  - [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland "Recycling in Northern Ireland")
- [United States](/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States "Recycling in the United States")

Concepts

- [Circular economy](/wiki/Circular_economy "Circular economy")
- [Dematerialization](/wiki/Dematerialization_(products) "Dematerialization (products)")
- [Downcycling](/wiki/Downcycling "Downcycling")
- [Durable good](/wiki/Durable_good "Durable good")
- [Eco-industrial park](/wiki/Eco-industrial_park "Eco-industrial park")
- [Ecological design](/wiki/Ecological_design "Ecological design")
- Extended producer responsibility
- [Green economy](/wiki/Green_economy "Green economy")
- [Industrial ecology](/wiki/Industrial_ecology "Industrial ecology")
- [Industrial metabolism](/wiki/Industrial_metabolism "Industrial metabolism")
- [Interchangeable parts](/wiki/Interchangeable_parts "Interchangeable parts")
- [Land recycling](/wiki/Land_recycling "Land recycling")
- [Material flow analysis](/wiki/Material_flow_analysis "Material flow analysis")
- [Precycling](/wiki/Precycling "Precycling")
- [Product stewardship](/wiki/Product_stewardship "Product stewardship")
- [Recycling (ecological)](/wiki/Nutrient_cycle "Nutrient cycle")
- [Refill (campaign)](/wiki/Refill_(campaign) "Refill (campaign)")
- [Repairability](/wiki/Repairability "Repairability")
- [Resource recovery](/wiki/Resource_recovery "Resource recovery")
- [Reusable packaging](/wiki/Reusable_packaging "Reusable packaging")
- [Reuse of bottles](/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles "Reuse of bottles")
- [Reuse of human excreta](/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta "Reuse of human excreta")
- [Repurposing](/wiki/Repurposing "Repurposing")
- [Reuse](/wiki/Reuse "Reuse")
- [Right to repair](/wiki/Right_to_repair "Right to repair")
- [Symbol](/wiki/Recycling_symbol "Recycling symbol") ( [Green Dot](/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol) "Green Dot (symbol)"))
- [Upcycling](/wiki/Upcycling "Upcycling")
- [Urban lumberjacking](/wiki/Dumpster_diving "Dumpster diving")
- [Waste hierarchy](/wiki/Waste_hierarchy "Waste hierarchy")
- [Waste minimisation](/wiki/Waste_minimisation "Waste minimisation")
- [Waste picking](/wiki/Waste_picker "Waste picker")
- [Wishcycling](/wiki/Wishcycling "Wishcycling")
- [Zero waste](/wiki/Zero_waste "Zero waste")

See also

- [Bottle cutting](/wiki/Bottle_cutting "Bottle cutting")
- [Cogeneration](/wiki/Cogeneration "Cogeneration")
- [Composting](/wiki/Compost "Compost")
- [Container-deposit legislation](/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation "Container-deposit legislation")
- [Dumpster diving](/wiki/Dumpster_diving "Dumpster diving")
- [Ethical consumerism](/wiki/Ethical_consumerism "Ethical consumerism")
- [Freeganism](/wiki/Freeganism "Freeganism")
- [Pallet crafts](/wiki/Pallet_crafts "Pallet crafts")
- [Reverse vending machine](/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine "Reverse vending machine")
- [Simple living](/wiki/Simple_living "Simple living")
- [Waste](/wiki/Waste "Waste")
- [Waste-to-energy](/wiki/Waste-to-energy "Waste-to-energy")
- [Waste collection](/wiki/Waste_collection "Waste collection")
- [Waste management law](/wiki/Waste_management_law "Waste management law")
- [Waste management](/wiki/Waste_management "Waste management")
- [Water heat recycling](/wiki/Water_heat_recycling "Water heat recycling")
- [Water recycling shower](/wiki/Water_recycling_shower "Water recycling shower")

- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal")[Environment portal](/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Recycling "Category:Recycling")
  - [by country](/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country "Category:Recycling by country")
  - [by material](/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material "Category:Recycling by material")
  - [by product](/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product "Category:Recycling by product")
  - [organizations](/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations "Category:Recycling organizations")
- [Index](/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles "Index of recycling articles")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)**[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling "commons:Category:Recycling")**

- [v](/wiki/Template:Social_accountability "Template:Social accountability")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Social_accountability "Template talk:Social accountability")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_accountability "Special:EditPage/Template:Social accountability")

[Social](/wiki/Social_accounting#Formal_accountability "Social accounting") and [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_accounting "Environmental accounting") [accountability](/wiki/Accountability "Accountability")

[Ethics](/wiki/Business_ethics "Business ethics") and

principles

- [Aarhus Convention](/wiki/Aarhus_Convention "Aarhus Convention")
- [Climate justice](/wiki/Climate_justice "Climate justice")
- [Corporate accountability](/wiki/Corporate_crime "Corporate crime") / [behaviour](/wiki/Corporate_behaviour "Corporate behaviour") / [environmental responsibility](/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility "Corporate environmental responsibility") / [responsibility](/wiki/Corporate_responsibility "Corporate responsibility") / [social responsibility](/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility "Corporate social responsibility")
- [Dirty hands](/wiki/Dirty_hands "Dirty hands")
- [Environmental racism](/wiki/Environmental_racism "Environmental racism") / [in Russia](/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Russia "Environmental racism in Russia") / [in the United States](/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States "Environmental racism in the United States") / [in Western Europe](/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe "Environmental racism in Western Europe") / [inequality in the UK](/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom "Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom") / [injustice in Europe](/wiki/Environmental_injustice_in_Europe "Environmental injustice in Europe")
- [Ethical banking](/wiki/Ethical_banking "Ethical banking")
- [Ethical code](/wiki/Ethical_code "Ethical code")
- Extended producer responsibility
- [Externality](/wiki/Externality "Externality")
- [Harm](/wiki/Harm "Harm")
- [Little Eichmanns](/wiki/Little_Eichmanns "Little Eichmanns")
- [Loss and damage](/wiki/Loss_and_damage "Loss and damage")
- [Organizational ethics](/wiki/Organizational_ethics "Organizational ethics")
- [Organizational justice](/wiki/Organizational_justice "Organizational justice")
- [Pollution](/wiki/Pollution "Pollution")
- [Principles for Responsible Investment](/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment "Principles for Responsible Investment")
- [Racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism")
- [Social impact assessment](/wiki/Impact_Assessment "Impact Assessment")
- [Social justice](/wiki/Social_justice "Social justice")
- [Social responsibility](/wiki/Social_responsibility "Social responsibility")
- [Stakeholder theory](/wiki/Stakeholder_theory "Stakeholder theory")
- [Sullivan principles](/wiki/Sullivan_principles "Sullivan principles")
- [Transparency (behavioral](/wiki/Transparency_(behavior) "Transparency (behavior)")
- [social)](/wiki/Transparency_(behavior) "Transparency (behavior)")
- [UN Global Compact](/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact "United Nations Global Compact")

[![Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/125px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg)](/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg "Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill")

[Social\
\
accounting](/wiki/Social_accounting "Social accounting")

- [Corporate crime](/wiki/Corporate_crime "Corporate crime")
- [Double bottom line](/wiki/Double_bottom_line "Double bottom line")
- [Ethical positioning index](/wiki/Ethical_positioning_index "Ethical positioning index")
- [Higg Index](/wiki/Higg_Index "Higg Index")
- [Impact assessment](/wiki/Impact_assessment "Impact assessment") ( [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment")
- [equality](/wiki/Equality_impact_assessment "Equality impact assessment")
- [social](/wiki/Social_impact_assessment "Social impact assessment"))
- [ISO 26000](/wiki/ISO_26000 "ISO 26000")
- [ISO 45001](/wiki/ISO_45001 "ISO 45001")
- [Genuine progress indicator](/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator "Genuine progress indicator")
- [Performance indicator](/wiki/Performance_indicator "Performance indicator")
- [SA8000](/wiki/SA8000 "SA8000")
- [Social return on investment](/wiki/Social_return_on_investment "Social return on investment")
- [Whole-life cost](/wiki/Whole-life_cost "Whole-life cost")

[Environmental\
\
accounting](/wiki/Environmental_accounting "Environmental accounting")

- [Carbon accounting](/wiki/Carbon_accounting "Carbon accounting")
- [Eco-Management and Audit Scheme](/wiki/Eco-Management_and_Audit_Scheme "Eco-Management and Audit Scheme")
- [Emission inventory](/wiki/Emission_inventory "Emission inventory")
- [Environmental full-cost accounting](/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting "Environmental full-cost accounting") / [Environmental conflict](/wiki/Environmental_conflict "Environmental conflict") / [impact assessment](/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment") / [management system](/wiki/Environmental_management_system "Environmental management system") / [profit-and-loss account](/wiki/Environmental_profit_and_loss_account "Environmental profit and loss account")
- [ISO 14000](/wiki/ISO_14000 "ISO 14000")
- [ISO 14031](/wiki/ISO_14031 "ISO 14031")
- [Life-cycle assessment](/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment "Life-cycle assessment")
- [Pollutant release and transfer register](/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register "Pollutant release and transfer register")
- [Sustainability accounting](/wiki/Sustainability_accounting "Sustainability accounting") / [measurement](/wiki/Sustainability_measurement "Sustainability measurement") / [metrics and indices](/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices "Sustainability metrics and indices") / [standards and certification](/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification "Sustainability standards and certification") / [supply chain](/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability "Supply chain sustainability")
- [Toxics Release Inventory](/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory "Toxics Release Inventory")
- [Triple bottom line](/wiki/Triple_bottom_line "Triple bottom line")

Reporting

- [Global Reporting Initiative](/wiki/Global_Reporting_Initiative "Global Reporting Initiative")
- [GxP guidelines](/wiki/GxP "GxP")
- [Sustainability reporting](/wiki/Sustainability_reporting "Sustainability reporting")

[Auditing](/wiki/Audit "Audit")

- [Community-based monitoring](/wiki/Community-based_monitoring "Community-based monitoring")
- [Environmental](/wiki/Environmental_audit "Environmental audit") ( [certification](/wiki/Environmental_certification "Environmental certification"))
- [Fair trade](/wiki/Fair_trade "Fair trade") ( [certification](/wiki/Fair_trade_certification "Fair trade certification"))
- [ISO 19011](/wiki/ISO_19011 "ISO 19011")

Related

- [Bangladesh Accord](/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh "Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh")
- [Benefit corporation](/wiki/Benefit_corporation "Benefit corporation")
- [Child labour](/wiki/Child_labour "Child labour")
- [Community interest company](/wiki/Community_interest_company "Community interest company")
- [Conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest")
- [Disasters](/wiki/Disaster "Disaster")
- [Disinvestment](/wiki/Disinvestment "Disinvestment")
- [Eco-labeling](/wiki/Ecolabel "Ecolabel")
- [Environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation")
- [Environmental pricing reform](/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform "Environmental pricing reform")
- [Environmental, social, and corporate governance](/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance "Environmental, social, and corporate governance")
- [Ethical consumerism](/wiki/Ethical_consumerism "Ethical consumerism")
- [Euthenics](/wiki/Euthenics "Euthenics")
- [Global justice movement](/wiki/Global_justice_movement "Global justice movement")
- [Health impact assessment](/wiki/Health_impact_assessment "Health impact assessment")
- [Market governance mechanism](/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism "Market governance mechanism")
- [Product certification](/wiki/Product_certification "Product certification")
- [Public participation](/wiki/Public_participation "Public participation")
- [SDG Publishers Compact](/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact "SDG Publishers Compact")
- [Social enterprise](/wiki/Social_enterprise "Social enterprise")
- [Socially responsible business](/wiki/Socially_responsible_business "Socially responsible business")
- [Socially responsible investing](/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing "Socially responsible investing")
- [Socially responsible marketing](/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing "Socially responsible marketing")
- [Stakeholder](/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate) "Stakeholder (corporate)") ( [engagement](/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement "Stakeholder engagement"))
- [Supply chain management](/wiki/Supply_chain_management "Supply chain management")

- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal")[Environment portal](/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility "Category:Social responsibility")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)**[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_accountability "commons:Category:Social accountability")**
- [Organizations](/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations "Category:Social responsibility organizations")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Waste "Template:Waste")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Waste "Template talk:Waste")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste "Special:EditPage/Template:Waste")

[Biosolids](/wiki/Biosolids "Biosolids"), [waste](/wiki/Waste "Waste"), and [waste management](/wiki/Waste_management "Waste management")

[Major types](/wiki/List_of_waste_types "List of waste types")

- [Agricultural wastewater](/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment "Agricultural wastewater treatment")
- [Biodegradable waste](/wiki/Biodegradable_waste "Biodegradable waste")
- [Biomedical waste](/wiki/Biomedical_waste "Biomedical waste")
- [Brown waste](/wiki/Brown_waste "Brown waste")
- [Chemical waste](/wiki/Chemical_waste "Chemical waste")
- [Construction waste](/wiki/Construction_waste "Construction waste")
- [Demolition waste](/wiki/Demolition_waste "Demolition waste")
- [Electronic waste](/wiki/Electronic_waste "Electronic waste")
  - [by country](/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country "Electronic waste by country")
- [Food waste](/wiki/Food_waste "Food waste")
- [Green waste](/wiki/Green_waste "Green waste")
- [Hazardous waste](/wiki/Hazardous_waste "Hazardous waste")
- [Heat waste](/wiki/Waste_heat "Waste heat")
- [Industrial waste](/wiki/Industrial_waste "Industrial waste")
- [Industrial wastewater](/wiki/Industrial_wastewater "Industrial wastewater")
- [Litter](/wiki/Litter "Litter")
- [Marine debris](/wiki/Marine_debris "Marine debris")
- [Mining waste](/wiki/Tailings "Tailings")
- [Municipal solid waste](/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste "Municipal solid waste")
- [Open defecation](/wiki/Open_defecation "Open defecation")
- [Packaging waste](/wiki/Packaging_waste "Packaging waste")
- [Post-consumer waste](/wiki/Post-consumer_waste "Post-consumer waste")
- [Radioactive waste](/wiki/Radioactive_waste "Radioactive waste")
- [Scrap metal](/wiki/Scrap "Scrap")
- [Sewage](/wiki/Sewage "Sewage")
- [Sharps waste](/wiki/Sharps_waste "Sharps waste")
- [Surface runoff](/wiki/Surface_runoff "Surface runoff")
- [Toxic waste](/wiki/Toxic_waste "Toxic waste")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg)](/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg)

Processes

- [Anaerobic digestion](/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion "Anaerobic digestion")
- [Balefill](/wiki/Balefill "Balefill")
- [Biodegradation](/wiki/Biodegradation "Biodegradation")
- [Composting](/wiki/Compost "Compost")
- [Durable good](/wiki/Durable_good "Durable good")
- [Ecological design](/wiki/Ecological_design "Ecological design")
- [Garden waste dumping](/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping "Garden waste dumping")
- [Illegal dumping](/wiki/Illegal_dumping "Illegal dumping")
- [Incineration](/wiki/Incineration "Incineration")
- [Landfill](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill")
- [Landfill mining](/wiki/Landfill_mining "Landfill mining")
- [Mechanical biological treatment](/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment "Mechanical biological treatment")
- [Mechanical sorting](/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility "Materials recovery facility")
- [Photodegradation](/wiki/Photodegradation "Photodegradation")
- [Reclaimed lumber](/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber "Reclaimed lumber")
- [Recycling](/wiki/Recycling "Recycling")
  - [appliance recycling](/wiki/Appliance_recycling "Appliance recycling")
  - [battery recycling](/wiki/Battery_recycling "Battery recycling")
  - [bottle recycling](/wiki/Bottle_recycling "Bottle recycling")
  - [fluorescent lamp recycling](/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling "Fluorescent lamp recycling")
  - [land recycling](/wiki/Land_recycling "Land recycling")
  - [plastic recycling](/wiki/Plastic_recycling "Plastic recycling")
  - [textile recycling](/wiki/Textile_recycling "Textile recycling")
  - [timber recycling](/wiki/Timber_recycling "Timber recycling")
  - [tire recycling](/wiki/Tire_recycling "Tire recycling")
  - [water heat recycling](/wiki/Water_heat_recycling "Water heat recycling")
  - [water recycling shower](/wiki/Water_recycling_shower "Water recycling shower")
- [Repurposing](/wiki/Repurposing "Repurposing")
- [Resource recovery](/wiki/Resource_recovery "Resource recovery")
- [Reusable packaging](/wiki/Reusable_packaging "Reusable packaging")
- [Right to repair](/wiki/Right_to_repair "Right to repair")
- [Sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment "Sewage treatment")
- [Urban mining](/wiki/Urban_mining "Urban mining")
- [Waste collection](/wiki/Waste_collection "Waste collection")
- [Waste sorting](/wiki/Waste_sorting "Waste sorting")
- [Waste trade](/wiki/Global_waste_trade "Global waste trade")
- [Waste treatment](/wiki/Waste_treatment "Waste treatment")
- [Waste-to-energy](/wiki/Waste-to-energy "Waste-to-energy")

[Countries](/wiki/Waste_by_country "Waste by country")

- [Afghanistan](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan "Waste management in Afghanistan")
- [Albania](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania "Waste management in Albania")
- [Armenia](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia "Waste management in Armenia")
- [Australia](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia "Waste management in Australia")
- [Belgium](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium "Waste management in Belgium")
- [Bangladesh](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh "Waste management in Bangladesh")
- [Brazil](/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste "Environmental issues in Brazil")
- [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina")
- [Egypt](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt "Waste management in Egypt")
- [Georgia](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country) "Waste management in Georgia (country)")
- [Hong Kong](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong "Waste management in Hong Kong")
- [India](/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy "Waste management in India")
- [Israel](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel "Waste management in Israel")
- [Japan](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan "Waste management in Japan")
- [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan "Waste management in Kazakhstan")
- [New Zealand](/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand "Waste in New Zealand")
- [Russia](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia "Waste management in Russia")
- [South Korea](/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea "Waste management in South Korea")
- [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka "Waste management in Sri Lanka")
- [Switzerland](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland "Waste management in Switzerland")
- [Syria](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria "Waste management in Syria")
- [Tanzania](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania "Waste management in Tanzania")
- [Taiwan](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan "Waste management in Taiwan")
- [Thailand](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand "Waste management in Thailand")
- [Turkey](/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey "Waste management in Turkey")
- [United Kingdom](/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom "Waste in the United Kingdom")
- [United States](/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States "Waste in the United States")

Agreements

- [Bamako Convention](/wiki/Bamako_Convention "Bamako Convention")
- [Basel Convention](/wiki/Basel_Convention "Basel Convention")
- [EU directives](/wiki/Directive_(European_Union) "Directive (European Union)")
  - [batteries](/wiki/Battery_Directive "Battery Directive")
    - [Recycling](/wiki/Battery_recycling "Battery recycling")
  - [framework](/wiki/Waste_framework_directive "Waste framework directive")
  - [incineration](/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive "Waste Incineration Directive")
  - [landfills](/wiki/Landfill_Directive "Landfill Directive")
  - [RoHS](/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive")
  - [vehicles](/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive "End of Life Vehicles Directive")
  - [waste water](/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive "Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive")
  - [WEEE](/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive")
- [London Convention](/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter "London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter")
- [Oslo Convention](/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention "Oslo Dumping Convention")
- [OSPAR Convention](/wiki/OSPAR_Convention "OSPAR Convention")

Occupations

- [Sanitation worker](/wiki/Sanitation_worker "Sanitation worker")
- [Street sweeper](/wiki/Street_sweeper "Street sweeper")
- [Waste collector](/wiki/Waste_collector "Waste collector")
- [Waste picker](/wiki/Waste_picker "Waste picker")

Other topics

- [Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future](/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future "Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future")
- [China's waste import ban](/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban "China's waste import ban")
- [Cleaner production](/wiki/Cleaner_production "Cleaner production")
- [Downcycling](/wiki/Downcycling "Downcycling")
- [Eco-industrial park](/wiki/Eco-industrial_park "Eco-industrial park")
- Extended producer responsibility
- [High-level radioactive waste management](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management "High-level radioactive waste management")
- [History of waste management](/wiki/History_of_waste_management "History of waste management")
- [Landfill fire](/wiki/Landfill_fire "Landfill fire")
- [Sewage regulation and administration](/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration "Sewage regulation and administration")
- [Upcycling](/wiki/Upcycling "Upcycling")
- [Waste hierarchy](/wiki/Waste_hierarchy "Waste hierarchy")
- [Waste legislation](/wiki/Waste_management_law "Waste management law")
- [Waste minimisation](/wiki/Waste_minimisation "Waste minimisation")
- [Zero waste](/wiki/Zero_waste "Zero waste")

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)](/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)[Environment portal](/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category: Waste](/wiki/Category:Waste "Category:Waste")
- [Index](/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles "Index of waste management articles")
- [Journals](/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals "Category:Waste management journals")
- [Lists](/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists "Category:Waste-related lists")
- [Organizations](/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations "Category:Waste organizations")

[Portals](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg)[Law](/wiki/Portal:Law "Portal:Law")
- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)](/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)[Environment](/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")

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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Industrial ecology](/wiki/Category:Industrial_ecology "Category:Industrial ecology")
- [Products and the environment](/wiki/Category:Products_and_the_environment "Category:Products and the environment")
- [Waste legislation](/wiki/Category:Waste_legislation "Category:Waste legislation")
- [Waste management concepts](/wiki/Category:Waste_management_concepts "Category:Waste management concepts")

Hidden categories:

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- This page was last edited on 15 July 2024, at 13:49 (UTC).
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