सभ्यताओं का उद्गम
प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया: सभ्यता का उद्गम स्थल - इतिहास कंपनी में निवेश करें।
प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया, सभ्यता का उद्गम स्थल, प्राचीन आश्चर्यों और स्थायी विरासतों की एक मनोरम टेपेस्ट्री का अनावरण करता है। इस लेख में हम मेसोपोटामिया नामक प्राचीन भूमि को उसके इतिहास, साम्राज्य, परिदृश्य, ...
दजला
प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया संस्कृति, के बीच उपजाऊ अर्धचंद्र में फल-फूल रही है <anchor>दजला</anchor> और फरात नदियाँ, सभ्यता के कई पहलुओं की नींव रखी। मेसोपोटामियावासी कृषि, गणित, खगोल विज्ञान और शासन सहित विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अग्रणी थे। उन्होंने खेती के लिए नदियों के पानी का उपयोग करने, अधिशेष खाद्य उत्पादन और शहरी विकास को सक्षम करने के लिए परिष्कृत सिंचाई प्रणाली विकसित की। शासन के संदर्भ में, उन्होंने रिकॉर्ड रखने, कानूनों का प्रशासन करने और संचार करने के लिए लेखन के कुछ शुरुआती रूपों, जैसे कि क्यूनिफॉर्म लिपि, की स्थापना की।
Tigris - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Etymology](#Etymology)
- [2Geography](#Geography)
- [3Navigation](#Navigation)
- [4Management and water quality](#Management_and_water_quality)
- [5Religion and mythology](#Religion_and_mythology)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7References](#References)
- [8External links](#External_links)

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# Tigris

119 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Alemannic")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A4%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5 "ጤግሮስ – Amharic")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9 "دجلة – Arabic")
- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%AC "ܕܩܠܬ – Aramaic")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF) "Տիգրիս (գետ) – Western Armenian")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99cl%C9%99 "Dəclə – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C "دجله چایی – South Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE "দজলা – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_H%C3%B4 "Tigris Hô – Minnan")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80 "Тигр – Bashkir")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тыгр (рака) – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тыгр (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80 "दज़ला नदी – Bhojpuri")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Central Bikol")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тигър (река) – Bulgarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Bosnian")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Catalan")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2) "Тигр (юханшыв) – Chuvash")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_River "Tigris River – Cebuano")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Tigris "Afon Tigris – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82 "Τίγρης ποταμός – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigriso "Tigriso – Esperanto")
- [Estremeñu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Extremaduran")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87 "دجله – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_(fleuve) "Tigre (fleuve) – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%ADgris "An Tígris – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tigris "Río Tigris – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95 "티그리스강 – Korean")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin_Tigris "Kogin Tigris – Hausa")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD "Տիգրիս – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80 "दजला नदी – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Ido")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Tigris "Sungai Tigris – Indonesian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADgris "Tígris – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri "Tigri – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%9C "חידקל – Hebrew")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Tigris "Kali Tigris – Javanese")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D "ಟೈಗ್ರಿಸ್ – Kannada")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98 "ტიგროსი – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80 "Тигр – Kazakh")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidekeli "Hidekeli – Swahili")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEcle "Dîcle – Kurdish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80 "Тигр – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_(flumen) "Tigris (flumen) – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigra "Tigra – Latvian")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Luxembourgish")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigras_(up%C4%97) "Tigras (upė) – Lithuanian")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Limburgish")
- [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre "Tigre – Lingala")
- [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigris "Rio Tigris – Lingua Franca Nova")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri "Tigri – Lombard")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_(foly%C3%B3) "Tigris (folyó) – Hungarian")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80 "दजला नदी – Maithili")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тигар (река) – Macedonian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrisy "Tigrisy – Malagasy")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D "ടൈഗ്രിസ് – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80 "तैग्रिस नदी – Marathi")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98 "ტიგროსი – Mingrelian")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87 "نهر دجله – Egyptian Arabic")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87 "دجله – Mazanderani")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Dajlah "Sungai Dajlah – Malay")
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-d%C4%AB-gi%C3%A9k_%C3%92%CC%A4 "Hĭ-dī-giék Ò̤ – Mindong")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD "Тигр мөрөн – Mongolian")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA "တိုင်းဂရစ်မြစ် – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Dutch")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80 "टिग्रिस नदी – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF "तिग्रिस खुसि – Newari")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D "ティグリス川 – Japanese")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiigris "Tiigris – Northern Frisian")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_(flume) "Tigre (flume) – Occitan")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajla "Dajla – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86 "ਦਜਲਾ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%81 "دریاۓ دجلہ – Western Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygrys_(rzeka) "Tygrys (rzeka) – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigre "Rio Tigre – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigru_(r%C3%A2u) "Tigru (râu) – Romanian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81 "Тигрис – Rusyn")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тигр (река) – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81 "Тигрис – Yakut")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri_(ciumi) "Tigri (ciumi) – Sicilian")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A "ටයිග්‍රීස් – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Slovenian")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Somali")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%95 "دیجلە – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тигар (река) – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Tagalog")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 "டைகிரிசு ஆறு – Tamil")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigr_y%C4%B1l%C4%9Fas%C4%B1 "Tigr yılğası – Tatar")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA "แม่น้ำไทกริส – Thai")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91) "Тигрис (дарё) – Tajik")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicle "Dicle – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0) "Тигр (річка) – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%81 "دریائے دجلہ – Urdu")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – Vietnamese")
- [West-Vlams](https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris "Tigris – West Flemish")
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[Coordinates](/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [31°0′18″N47°26′31″E﻿ / ﻿31.00500°N 47.44194°E﻿ / 31.00500; 47.44194](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

River in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria

For other uses, see [Tigris (disambiguation)](/wiki/Tigris_(disambiguation) "Tigris (disambiguation)").

Tigris[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/250px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg)

Tigris river in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/300px-Tigr-euph.png)](/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png)

Map of the [Tigris–Euphrates river system](/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system "Tigris–Euphrates river system")

LocationCountry[Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")Source region[Taurus Mountains](/wiki/Taurus_Mountains "Taurus Mountains")[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)Cities[Elazığ](/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F "Elazığ"), [Diyarbakır](/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r "Diyarbakır"), [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"), [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad")Physical characteristicsSource[Lake Hazar](/wiki/Lake_Hazar "Lake Hazar")[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) • location[Gölardı](/wiki/G%C3%B6lard%C4%B1,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F "Gölardı, Elâzığ"), Turkey • coordinates[38°29′0″N39°25′0″E﻿ / ﻿38.48333°N 39.41667°E﻿ / 38.48333; 39.41667](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=38_29_0_N_39_25_0_E_type:river_region:TR-23) • elevation1,150 m (3,770 ft)[Mouth](/wiki/River_mouth "River mouth")[Shatt al-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab "Shatt al-Arab")

• location

[Al-Qurnah](/wiki/Al-Qurnah "Al-Qurnah"), Iraq

• coordinates

[31°0′18″N47°26′31″E﻿ / ﻿31.00500°N 47.44194°E﻿ / 31.00500; 47.44194](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river)

• elevation

1 m (3.3 ft)Length1,900 km (1,200 mi)Basin size375,000 km2 (145,000 sq mi)Discharge • location[Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") • average1,014 m3/s (35,800 cu ft/s) • minimum337 m3/s (11,900 cu ft/s) • maximum2,779 m3/s (98,100 cu ft/s)Basin featuresProgression[Shatt al-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab "Shatt al-Arab") → [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf")[River system](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin")[Tigris–Euphrates river system](/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system "Tigris–Euphrates river system")Tributaries • left[Garzan](/w/index.php?title=Garzan_River&action=edit&redlink=1 "Garzan River (page does not exist)"), [Botan](/wiki/Botan_River "Botan River"), [Khabur](/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris) "Khabur (Tigris)"), [Greater Zab](/wiki/Great_Zab "Great Zab"), [Lesser Zab](/wiki/Little_Zab "Little Zab"), ['Adhaim](/wiki/%27Adhaim "'Adhaim"), [Cizre](/wiki/Cizre "Cizre"), [Diyala](/wiki/Diyala_River "Diyala River") • right[Wadi Tharthar](/wiki/Lake_Tharthar "Lake Tharthar")[\[4\]](#cite_note-Isaev-4)[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tigris&revid=1245431206&groups=_b58cee3f6bd3567530d2ff42ec766196d71a697d)[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg/220px-Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg)](/wiki/File:Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg) Mosul, on the bank of the Tigris, 1861

The **Tigris** ([/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [_TY-griss_](/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"); see [below](#Etymology)) is the eastern of the two great [rivers](/wiki/River "River") that define [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia"), the other being the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates"). The river flows south from the mountains of the [Taurus](/wiki/Taurus_Mountains "Taurus Mountains") in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), down through northern and eastern [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), before merging with the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates") into the [Shatt Al-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab "Shatt Al-Arab") waterway, which empties into the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf").

The Tigris passes through historical cities like [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"), [Tikrit](/wiki/Tikrit "Tikrit"), [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra "Samarra"), and [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"). It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the [Mandaeans](/wiki/Mandaeans "Mandaeans"), who use it for [baptism](/wiki/Masbuta "Masbuta"). In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the [Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria"), with remnants like the relief of [King Tiglath-Pileser](/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I "Tiglath-Pileser I").

Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.

## Etymology

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Etymology")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg/220px-USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg)](/wiki/File:USSHER(1865)_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg) Bedouin crossing the river Tigris with plunder (c. 1860)

The [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek") form _Tigris_ (Τίγρις) is an alternative form of _Tígrēs_ (Τίγρης), which was adapted from [Old Persian](/wiki/Old_Persian "Old Persian")𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (_Tigrā_), itself from [Elamite](/wiki/Elamite_language "Elamite language") _Tigra_, itself from [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language") 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (_Idigna_ or _Idigina_, probably derived from _\*id (i)gina_ "running water").[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) The Sumerian term, which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasts the Tigris to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more [silt](/wiki/Silt "Silt") and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language") as _Idiqlat_ and from there into the other [Semitic languages](/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages") (compare [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language"): חִדֶּקֶל‎, [romanized](/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew "Romanization of Hebrew"): _Ḥîddéqel_; [Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_language "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language"): דיגלת‎, דיקגלת‎, romanized: _diqlāṯ_ or _diglāṯ_; [Classical Syriac](/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language "Classical Syriac language"): ܕܩܠܬ‎, romanized: _Deqlāṯ_, [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): دِجلَة, [romanized](/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic "Romanization of Arabic"): _Dijlah_).[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

Another name for the Tigris used in [Middle Persian](/wiki/Middle_Persian "Middle Persian") was _Arvand Rud_, literally "swift river". Today, however, _Arvand Rud_ ( [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): اروندرود) refers to the [confluence](/wiki/Confluence "Confluence") of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, known in Arabic as the [_Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab_](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab "Shatt al-Arab"). In [Kurdish languages](/wiki/Kurdish_languages "Kurdish languages"), it is known as _Ava Mezin_, "the Great Water".[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/220px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg)](/wiki/File:Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg) [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"), [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TigrisRiver.JPG/220px-TigrisRiver.JPG)](/wiki/File:TigrisRiver.JPG) Outside of [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"), [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")

The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region:

Language
Name for Tigris
[Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language")𒁇𒄘𒃼, _Idiqlat_[Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic")دِجلَة, _Dijlah_; حُدَاقِل, Ḥudāqil
[Aramaic](/wiki/Aramaic "Aramaic")דיגלת, _Diglath_[Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language")Տիգրիս, _Tigris_, Դգլաթ, _Dglatʿ_[Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek")[ἡ Τίγρης](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82 "incubator:Wp/grc/Τίγρης"), -ητος, _hē Tígrēs, -ētos_;

ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος, _hē, ho Tígris, -idos_

[Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language")חידקל, _Ḥîddéqel_, biblical חִדֶּקֶל‎, _Ḥiddeqel_[\[10\]](#cite_note-Genesis_2:14-10)[Hurrian](/wiki/Hurrian_language "Hurrian language")_Aranzah_[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)[Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language")[Old Persian](/wiki/Old_Persian_language "Old Persian language"): 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 _Tigrā_; [Middle Persian](/wiki/Middle_Persian "Middle Persian"): _Tigr_; [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"): دجله _Dejle_[Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language")𒁇𒄘𒃼_Idigna/Idigina_[![IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/B124ellst.png/77px-B124ellst.png)](/wiki/File:B124ellst.png "IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼")[Syriac](/wiki/Syriac_language "Syriac language")ܕܸܩܠܵܬܼ_Deqlaṯ_[Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language")_Dicle_[Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_languages "Kurdish languages")Dîcle, Dijlê, دیجلە
[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg/220px-Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg)](/wiki/File:Haifa_street,_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg) [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad")

## Geography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Geography")\]

The Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the [Taurus Mountains](/wiki/Taurus_Mountains "Taurus Mountains") of eastern [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of [Elazığ](/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F "Elazığ") and about 30 km (19 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before forming part of the [Syria-Turkey border](/wiki/Syria-Turkey_border "Syria-Turkey border"). This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Isaev-4) Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, [Batman](/wiki/Batman_River "Batman River"), and the [Great](/wiki/Great_Zab "Great Zab") and the [Little Zab](/wiki/Little_Zab "Little Zab").[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial [Shatt al-Hayy](/wiki/Shatt_al-Hayy "Shatt al-Hayy") branches off, to join the Euphrates near [Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah "Nasiriyah"). Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and [Majar al-Kabir](/wiki/Majar_al-Kabir "Majar al-Kabir") branch off to feed the [Central Marshes](/wiki/Central_Marshes "Central Marshes"). Further downstream, two other [distributary channels](/wiki/Distributary_channel "Distributary channel") branch off (the [Al-Musharrah](/w/index.php?title=Al-Musharrah&action=edit&redlink=1 "Al-Musharrah (page does not exist)") and [Al-Kahla](/wiki/Al-Kahla "Al-Kahla")), to feed the [Hawizeh Marshes](/wiki/Hawizeh_Marshes "Hawizeh Marshes"). The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the [Al-Kassarah](/w/index.php?title=Al-Kassarah&action=edit&redlink=1 "Al-Kassarah (page does not exist)"), which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near [al-Qurnah](/wiki/Al-Qurnah "Al-Qurnah") to form the [Shatt-al-Arab](/wiki/Shatt-al-Arab "Shatt-al-Arab"). According to [Pliny](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder "Pliny the Elder") and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

[Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"), the capital of [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of [Basra](/wiki/Basra "Basra") straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the [Sumerians](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer"). Notable Tigris-side cities included [Nineveh](/wiki/Nineveh "Nineveh"), [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon "Ctesiphon"), and [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris "Seleucia on the Tigris"), while the city of [Lagash](/wiki/Lagash "Lagash") was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

## Navigation

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Navigation")\]

The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts have historically been needed for transport downstream from [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul").[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

## Management and water quality

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Management and water quality")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tigris_2015.jpg/220px-Tigris_2015.jpg)](/wiki/File:Tigris_2015.jpg) Batman River

The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. [Mosul Dam](/wiki/Mosul_Dam "Mosul Dam") is the largest dam in Iraq.

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream.

Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus, known as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River", was reached at a meeting organized in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") by the think tank [Strategic Foresight Group](/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Group "Strategic Foresight Group").[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)

In February 2016, the [United States Embassy in Iraq](/wiki/United_States_Embassy_in_Iraq "United States Embassy in Iraq") as well as the [Prime Minister of Iraq](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq "Prime Minister of Iraq") [Haider al-Abadi](/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi "Haider al-Abadi") issued warnings that [Mosul Dam](/wiki/Mosul_Dam "Mosul Dam") could collapse.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to [flash flood](/wiki/Flash_flood "Flash flood") if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul"), [Tikrit](/wiki/Tikrit "Tikrit"), [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra "Samarra"), and [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") were at risk.[\[20\]](#cite_note-20)

## Religion and mythology

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Religion and mythology")\]

In [Sumerian mythology](/wiki/Sumerian_religion "Sumerian religion"), the Tigris was created by the god [Enki](/wiki/Enki "Enki"), who filled the river with flowing water.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)

In [Hittite](/wiki/Hittites "Hittites") and [Hurrian](/wiki/Hurrian "Hurrian") mythology, _[Aranzah](/wiki/Aranzah "Aranzah")_ (or _Aranzahas_ in the [Hittite](/wiki/Hittite_language "Hittite language") nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of [Kumarbi](/wiki/Kumarbi "Kumarbi") and the brother of [Teshub](/wiki/Teshub "Teshub") and [Tašmišu](/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u "Tašmišu"), one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto [Mount Kanzuras](/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kanzuras&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Kanzuras (page does not exist)"). Later he colluded with [Anu](/wiki/Anu "Anu") and the [Teshub](/wiki/Teshub "Teshub") to destroy Kumarbi ( [The Kumarbi Cycle](/wiki/Song_of_Kumarbi "Song of Kumarbi")).

The Tigris appears twice in the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament "Old Testament"). First, in the [Book of Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis"), it is the third of the [four rivers](/wiki/Rivers_of_Paradise "Rivers of Paradise") branching off the river issuing out of the [Garden of Eden](/wiki/Garden_of_Eden "Garden of Eden").[\[10\]](#cite_note-Genesis_2:14-10) The second mention is in the [Book of Daniel](/wiki/Book_of_Daniel "Book of Daniel"), wherein [Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure) "Daniel (biblical figure)") states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".[\[22\]](#cite_note-22)

The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sunan Abi Daud 4306.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23) The tomb of [Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal](/wiki/Imam_Ahmad_Bin_Hanbal "Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal") and [Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani](/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Razzaq_Jilani "Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani") is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.

[Baháʼu'lláh](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h "Baháʼu'lláh"), the founder of the [Baháʼí Faith](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith "Baháʼí Faith"), also wrote _[The Hidden Words](/wiki/The_Hidden_Words "The Hidden Words")_ around 1858 while he walked along the banks of the Tigris river during his exile in Baghdad.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_(1921%E2%80%931958).svg) Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932–1959 depicting the two rivers, the confluence Shatt al-Arab and the date palm forest, which used to be the largest in the world

The river featured on the [coat of arms of Iraq](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq "Coat of arms of Iraq") from 1932 to 1959.

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria")
- [Cradle of civilization](/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization "Cradle of civilization")
- [Ilisu Dam Campaign](/wiki/Ilisu_Dam_Campaign "Ilisu Dam Campaign") campaign against a dam on Tigris in Turkey
- [List of places in Iraq](/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq "List of places in Iraq")
- [Mountains of Ararat](/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat "Mountains of Ararat")
- [Geography of Iraq](/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq "Geography of Iraq")
- [Zagros Mountains](/wiki/Zagros_Mountains "Zagros Mountains")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Barentine, John C. (2016). [_The Lost Constellations_](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 425–438. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9783319227948](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319227948 "Special:BookSources/9783319227948").
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Nicoll, Kathleen (2010). ["Landscape development within a young collision zone: implications for post-Tethyan evolution of the Upper Tigris River system in southeastern Turkey"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00206810902951072?casa_token=D0CJnCinXyYAAAAA%3Aj_nLzNq5m04yPVHsAYOfV0Dow9bYQDekDAAiE-Aw1xCW1LNyRPbe33Ru5FeuwQAfBpPqULiUP7s4). _International Geology Review_. **52** (4–6). Taylor & Francis: 404–405. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/00206810902951072](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00206810902951072).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Nicoll, Kathleen. ["Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey"](https://serc.carleton.edu/47064). University of Utah. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231025123213/https://serc.carleton.edu/vignettes/collection/42077.html) from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Isaev_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Isaev_4-1)Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". _Water Resources_. **36** (4): 380–395. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1134/S0097807809040022](https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0097807809040022). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [129706440](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129706440).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). [_The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project_](https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola/page/6). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. [6–8](https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola/page/6). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8093-1572-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1572-6 "Special:BookSources/0-8093-1572-6").
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**F. Delitzsch, _Sumerisches Glossar_, Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. ["Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"](https://iranicaonline.org/). _iranicaonline.org_. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**["Tigris Meaning - Bible Definition and References"](https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/tigris/). _Bible Study Tools_. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Guo, Rongxing (7 July 2020). "2.1.3 Comparing the Euphrates and Tigris". [_Wadier: A New History of Civilizations_](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318392498)(PDF). Vol. I: What do the Ancestral Voices and Glyphs Say?. pp. 100–104. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
10. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Genesis_2:14_10-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Genesis_2:14_10-1)Genesis 2:14
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**E. Laroche, _Glossaire de la langue Hourrite_, Paris (1980), p. 55.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["Diyarbakir"](https://www.europeanwalledtowns.org/diyarbakir). _europeanwalledtowns_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231025123209/https://www.europeanwalledtowns.org/diyarbakir) from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8\_0\_1/\_pdf](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181031234121/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf) 2018-10-31 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Larsen, M.T., _[The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land](https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8c4E2zkUMC) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8c4E2zkUMC) 2023-03-26 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"),_ Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**["Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm). _naval-history.net_. Archived from [the original](http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**Vidal, John. " [Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/water-key-conflict-iraq-syria-isis)", _[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_, 2 July 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161204151802/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/water-key-conflict-iraq-syria-isis) 2016-12-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**Sümer, Vakur (1 December 2014). ["Analysis & Water Agenda"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061827/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/WaterResources/showAnalysisAgenda.aspx?ID=2735). ORSAM. Archived from [the original](http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/WaterResources/showAnalysisAgenda.aspx?ID=2735) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). ["Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse). _[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160229213305/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse) from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**["US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35690616). _[BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")_. 29 February 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160229211311/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35690616) from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Jeremy A. Black, _The Literature of Ancient Sumer_, [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), 2004, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-926311-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926311-6 "Special:BookSources/0-19-926311-6"), p. 220–221.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Daniel 10:4
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 – Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) – كتاب الملاحم – Sunnah.com – River of Dajal(Tigris)"](https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4306). _sunnah.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210413155438/https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4306) from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-10.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)

[Wikisource](/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has the text of the _[Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")_ (9th ed.) article _**[Tigris](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Tigris "s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tigris")**_.

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Tigris](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tigris "commons:Category:Tigris").

- [Livius.org: Tigris](https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mesopotamia/tigris.html)
- Hausleiter, A.; [M. Roaf](/wiki/Michael_Roaf "Michael Roaf"); St J. Simpson; R. Wenke; P. Flensted Jensen; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (27 December 2020). ["Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)"](http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964). Pleiades. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- [Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed](https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf)
- [Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law](http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82) Peace Palace Library
- [Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River](https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm)
- Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The [National Library of Israel](/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel "National Library of Israel")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Tigris "Template:Tigris")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Tigris "Template talk:Tigris")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris "Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris")

The Tigris

Countries

- [Turkey](/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey "Geography of Turkey") (523 km)
- [Syria](/wiki/Geography_of_Syria "Geography of Syria") (40 km)
- [Iraq](/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq "Geography of Iraq") (1,377 km)

[![Map indicating the Tigris](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/120px-Tigr-euph.png)](/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png "Map indicating the Tigris")

Cities

- [Diyarbakır](/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r "Diyarbakır")
- [Bismil](/wiki/Bismil "Bismil")
- [Hasankeyf](/wiki/Hasankeyf "Hasankeyf")
- [Cizre](/wiki/Cizre "Cizre")
- [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul")
- [Tikrit](/wiki/Tikrit "Tikrit")
- [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra "Samarra")
- [Kadhimiya](/wiki/Kadhimiya "Kadhimiya")
- [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad")
- [Amarah](/wiki/Amarah "Amarah")
- [Al-Kūt](/wiki/Kut "Kut")
- [Kemune](/wiki/Kemune "Kemune")

[Tributaries](/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Tigris "List of tributaries of the Tigris")

- Ambar
- Kuru
- Pamuk
- Hazro
- [Batman](/wiki/Batman_River "Batman River")
- Garzan
- Göksu
- Savur
- [Botan](/wiki/Botan_River "Botan River")
- [Little Khabur](/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris) "Khabur (Tigris)")
- [Great Zab](/wiki/Great_Zab "Great Zab")
- [Little Zab](/wiki/Little_Zab "Little Zab")
- ['Adhaim](/wiki/%27Adhaim "'Adhaim")
- [Diyala](/wiki/Diyala_River "Diyala River")

Dams

- [Dicle](/wiki/Dicle_Dam "Dicle Dam")
- [Ilısu](/wiki/Il%C4%B1su_Dam "Ilısu Dam")
- [Cizre](/wiki/Cizre_Dam "Cizre Dam")
- [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul_Dam "Mosul Dam")
- [Badush](/wiki/Badush_Dam "Badush Dam")
- [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra_Barrage "Samarra Barrage")
- [Kut](/wiki/Kut_Barrage "Kut Barrage")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics "Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics "Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics")

[Ancient Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia")

[Geography](/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia "Geography of Mesopotamia")

Modern

- [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia "Upper Mesopotamia")
- [Lower Mesopotamia](/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia "Lower Mesopotamia")
- [Mesopotamian Marshes](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes "Mesopotamian Marshes")
- [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf")
- [Syrian Desert](/wiki/Syrian_Desert "Syrian Desert")
- [Taurus Mountains](/wiki/Taurus_Mountains "Taurus Mountains")
- [Tigris–Euphrates river system](/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system "Tigris–Euphrates river system")
  - [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates")
  - Tigris
- [Zagros Mountains](/wiki/Zagros_Mountains "Zagros Mountains")
- [Hamrin Mountains](/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains "Hamrin Mountains")
- [Sinjar Mountains](/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains "Sinjar Mountains")

Ancient

- [Fertile Crescent](/wiki/Fertile_Crescent "Fertile Crescent")
- [Adiabene](/wiki/Adiabene "Adiabene")
- [Akkad](/wiki/Akkad_(city) "Akkad (city)")
- [Armani](/wiki/Armani_(kingdom) "Armani (kingdom)")
- [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria")
- [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia "Babylonia")
- [Chaldea](/wiki/Chaldea "Chaldea")
- [Elam](/wiki/Elam "Elam")
- [Gutium](/wiki/Gutian_people "Gutian people")
- [Hamazi](/wiki/Hamazi "Hamazi")
- [Hittites](/wiki/Hittites "Hittites")
- [Kassites](/wiki/Kassites "Kassites")
- [Media](/wiki/Medes "Medes")
- [Mitanni](/wiki/Mitanni "Mitanni")
- [Simurrum](/wiki/Simurrum "Simurrum")
- [Subartu](/wiki/Subartu "Subartu")
- [Suhum](/wiki/Suhum "Suhum")
- [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer")
- [Tukri](/wiki/Turukkaeans "Turukkaeans")
- [Urartu](/wiki/Urartu "Urartu")
- [Cities](/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East "List of cities of the ancient Near East")

[![Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif)](/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif "Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon")

(Pre)history

[Pre- / Protohistory](/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia "Prehistory of Mesopotamia")

- [Acheulean](/wiki/Acheulean "Acheulean")
- [Mousterian](/wiki/Mousterian "Mousterian")
- [Trialetian](/wiki/Trialetian "Trialetian")
- [Zarzian](/wiki/Zarzian_culture "Zarzian culture")
- [Natufian](/wiki/Natufian_culture "Natufian culture")
- [Nemrik](/wiki/Nemrik_9 "Nemrik 9")
- [Khiamian](/wiki/Khiamian "Khiamian")
- [Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)](/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A")
- [Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)](/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B "Pre-Pottery Neolithic B")
- [Hassuna](/wiki/Hassuna_culture "Hassuna culture")/ [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra_culture "Samarra culture")
- [Halaf](/wiki/Halaf_culture "Halaf culture")
- [Ubaid](/wiki/Ubaid_period "Ubaid period")
- [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk_period "Uruk period")
- [Jemdet Nasr](/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period "Jemdet Nasr period")
- [Kish civilization](/wiki/Kish_civilization "Kish civilization")

[History](/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia "History of Mesopotamia")

- [Early Dynastic](/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia) "Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)")
- [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire")
- [Gutians](/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia "Gutian rule in Mesopotamia")
- [Simurrum](/wiki/Simurrum "Simurrum")
- [Ur III](/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur "Third Dynasty of Ur")
- [Isin-Larsa](/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period "Isin-Larsa period")
- [Old Babylonian](/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire "First Babylonian Empire")
- [Kassite](/wiki/Kassite_dynasty "Kassite dynasty")
- [Middle Babylonian](/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period "Middle Babylonian period")
- [Neo-Assyrian](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire")
- [Neo-Babylonian](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire "Neo-Babylonian Empire")
- [Fall of Babylon](/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon "Fall of Babylon")
- [Achaemenid](/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria "Achaemenid Assyria")
- [Seleucid](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire "Seleucid Empire")
- [Parthian](/wiki/Parthian_Empire "Parthian Empire")
- [Roman](/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province) "Mesopotamia (Roman province)")
- [Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire "Sasanian Empire")
- [Muslim conquest](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia "Muslim conquest of Persia")

[Languages](/wiki/Assyriology "Assyriology")

- [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language")
- [Amorite](/wiki/Amorite_language "Amorite language")
- [Aramaic](/wiki/Aramaic "Aramaic")
- [Eblaite](/wiki/Eblaite_language "Eblaite language")
- [Elamite](/wiki/Elamite_language "Elamite language")
- [Gutian](/wiki/Gutian_language "Gutian language")
- [Hittite](/wiki/Hittite_language "Hittite language")
- [Hurrian](/wiki/Hurrian_language "Hurrian language")
- [Kassite](/wiki/Kassite_language "Kassite language")
- [Luwian](/wiki/Luwian_language "Luwian language")
- [Median](/wiki/Median_language "Median language")
- [Middle Persian](/wiki/Middle_Persian "Middle Persian")
- [Old Persian](/wiki/Old_Persian "Old Persian")
- [Parthian](/wiki/Parthian_language "Parthian language")
- [Proto-Armenian](/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language "Proto-Armenian language")
- [Sutean](/wiki/Sutean_language "Sutean language")
- [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language")
- [Urartian](/wiki/Urartian_language "Urartian language")

Culture / Society

- [Architecture](/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia "Architecture of Mesopotamia")
- [Art](/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia "Art of Mesopotamia")
- [Akitu](/wiki/Akitu "Akitu")
- [Cuneiform](/wiki/Cuneiform "Cuneiform")
- [Babylonian astronomy](/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy "Babylonian astronomy")
- [Babylonian mathematics](/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics "Babylonian mathematics")
- [Akkadian literature](/wiki/Akkadian_literature "Akkadian literature")
- [Economy of Sumer](/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer "Economy of Sumer")
- [Warfare in Sumer](/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer "Warfare in Sumer")
- [Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire")
- [Sumerian cuisine](/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)")
- [Sumerian literature](/wiki/Sumerian_literature "Sumerian literature")
- [Music](/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia "Music of Mesopotamia")
- [Indus-Mesopotamia relations](/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations "Indus-Mesopotamia relations")
- [Egypt-Mesopotamia relations](/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations "Egypt-Mesopotamia relations")
- [Royal titles](/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary "Akkadian royal titulary")
- [List of rulers](/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties "List of Mesopotamian dynasties")

Archaeology

- [Looting](/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq "Archaeological looting in Iraq")
- [Destruction by ISIL](/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL "Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL")
- [Tell](/wiki/Tell_(archaeology) "Tell (archaeology)")

Religion

- [Ancient Mesopotamian religion](/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion "Ancient Mesopotamian religion")
- [Sumerian religion](/wiki/Sumerian_religion "Sumerian religion")
- [Deities](/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities "List of Mesopotamian deities")
- [Mesopotamian myths](/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths "Mesopotamian myths")
- [Divination](/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination "Mesopotamian divination")
- [Prayers](/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer "Mesopotamian prayer")
- [Ziggurat (Temple)](/wiki/Ziggurat "Ziggurat")

Academia

- [Assyriology](/wiki/Assyriology "Assyriology")
- [Assyriologists](/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists "List of Assyriologists")
- [Hittitology](/wiki/Hittitology "Hittitology")
- [Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary "Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary")
- [Chicago Assyrian Dictionary](/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary")
- [Chicago Hittite Dictionary](/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary "Chicago Hittite Dictionary")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics "Template:Iraq topics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics "Template talk:Iraq topics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics")

[![Iraq](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png)](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")[Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") topics

[History](/wiki/History_of_Iraq "History of Iraq")

[Chronology](/wiki/History_of_Iraq "History of Iraq")

- [Ubaid period](/wiki/Ubaid_period "Ubaid period")
- [Hassuna culture](/wiki/Hassuna_culture "Hassuna culture")
- [Halaf culture](/wiki/Halaf_culture "Halaf culture")
- [Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period](/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period "Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period")
- [Samarra culture](/wiki/Samarra_culture "Samarra culture")
- [Uruk period](/wiki/Uruk_period "Uruk period")
- [Jemdet Nasr period](/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period "Jemdet Nasr period")
- [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer")
- [Subartu](/wiki/Subartu "Subartu")
- [Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire")
- [Gutian dynasty](/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia "Gutian rule in Mesopotamia")
- [Neo-Sumerian Empire](/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur "Third Dynasty of Ur")
- [Isin-Larsa period](/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period "Isin-Larsa period")
- [First Babylonian Empire](/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire "Old Babylonian Empire")
- [Old Assyrian Period](/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period "Old Assyrian Period")
- [Middle Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire "Middle Assyrian Empire")
- [Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire](/wiki/Kassites "Kassites")
- [Simurrum culture](/wiki/Simurrum "Simurrum")
- [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia "Babylonia")
- [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria")
- [Neo-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire")
- [Neo-Babylonian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire "Neo-Babylonian Empire")
- [Fall of Babylon](/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon "Fall of Babylon")
- [Achaemenid Assyria](/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria "Achaemenid Assyria")
- [Seleucid Babylonia](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire "Seleucid Empire")
- [Parthian Babylonia](/wiki/Parthian_Empire "Parthian Empire")
- [Sassanid Asorestan](/wiki/Asoristan "Asoristan")

638–1958

- [Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia "Muslim conquest of Persia")
- [Umayyad Caliphate](/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate "Umayyad Caliphate")
- [Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate "Abbasid Caliphate")
- [Buyid dynasty](/wiki/Buyid_dynasty "Buyid dynasty")
- [Qara Qoyunlu](/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu "Qara Qoyunlu")
- [Aq Qoyunlu](/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu "Aq Qoyunlu")
- [Safavids](/wiki/Safavid_Iran "Safavid Iran")
- [Ottoman Iraq](/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq "Ottoman Iraq") (incl. [Mamluk dynasty](/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq) "Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)"))
- [Mandate for Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia "Mandate for Mesopotamia")
- [Mandatory Iraq](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq "Mandatory Iraq")
- [Kingdom of Iraq](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq "Kingdom of Iraq")
  - [Kings](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq "List of kings of Iraq")
- [Arab Federation](/wiki/Arab_Federation "Arab Federation")

[Republic](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")

- [1958–1968](/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968) "Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)")
- [1968–2003](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq "Ba'athist Iraq")
- [2003–2011](/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) "Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)")
- [2011–present](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")

- [Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region](/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region "Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region") ( [National Command](/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction) "Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"))
- [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein")
- [Iraqi–Kurdish conflict](/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict "Iraqi–Kurdish conflict")
- [1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict "1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict")
- [1977 Shia uprising in Iraq](/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq "1977 Shia uprising in Iraq")
- [1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq](/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq "1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq")
- [Weapons of mass destruction](/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction "Iraq and weapons of mass destruction")
- [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War")
- [Operation Opera](/wiki/Operation_Opera "Operation Opera")
- [Invasion of Kuwait](/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait "Invasion of Kuwait")
- [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War")
  - [1991 uprisings](/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings "1991 Iraqi uprisings")
- [Sanctions](/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq "Sanctions against Iraq")
- [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War")
  - [U.S. invasion](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq "2003 invasion of Iraq")
  - [Iraqi insurgency](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011) "Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)")
  - [U.S. troop withdrawal](/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)")
- [Insurgency (2011–2013)](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013) "Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)")
- [War (2014–2017)](/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017) "War in Iraq (2013–2017)")
  - [Fall of Mosul](/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul "Fall of Mosul")
  - [Mosul liberation](/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) "Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)")
- [Insurgency](/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present) "Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)")
  - [2019–2021 protests](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests "2019–2021 Iraqi protests")
- [2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis](/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis "2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis")

[Geography](/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq "Geography of Iraq")

- [Faw peninsula](/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula "Al-Faw peninsula")
- [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia "Upper Mesopotamia")
- [Lower Mesopotamia](/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia "Lower Mesopotamia")
- [Borders](/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq "Template:Borders of Iraq")
- [Euphrates river](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates")
- [Hamrin Mountains](/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains "Hamrin Mountains")
- [Iraqi Kurdistan](/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan "Iraqi Kurdistan")
- [Lakes](/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq "Category:Lakes of Iraq")
- [Islands](/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq "List of islands of Iraq")
- [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia")
- [Mesopotamian Marshes](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes "Mesopotamian Marshes")
- [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf")
- [Places](/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq "List of places in Iraq")
- [Shatt al-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab "Shatt al-Arab")
- [Syrian Desert](/wiki/Syrian_Desert "Syrian Desert")
- Tigris river
- [Umm Qasr](/wiki/Umm_Qasr "Umm Qasr")
- [Zagros Mountains](/wiki/Zagros_Mountains "Zagros Mountains")
- [Wildlife](/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq "Wildlife of Iraq")
- [Sinjar Mountains](/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains "Sinjar Mountains")

[Politics](/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq "Politics of Iraq")

- [Administrative divisions](/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq "Governorates of Iraq")
- [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq "Constitution of Iraq")
- [Council of Representatives (legislative)](/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq "Council of Representatives of Iraq")
- [Democracy](/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq "Democracy in Iraq")
- [Elections](/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq "Elections in Iraq")
- [Foreign aid](/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq "Foreign aid to Iraq")
- [Foreign relations](/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq "Foreign relations of Iraq")
- [Government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq "Federal government of Iraq")
  - [Council of Ministers](/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq) "Council of Ministers (Iraq)")
  - [Presidency Council](/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq "Presidency Council of Iraq")
  - [President](/wiki/President_of_Iraq "President of Iraq")
    - [List](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq "List of presidents of Iraq")
  - [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq "Prime Minister of Iraq")
    - [List](/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq "List of prime ministers of Iraq")
- [Human rights](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq "Human rights in Iraq")
  - [in pre-Saddam Iraq](/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq "Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq")
  - [in Saddam Hussein's Iraq](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq "Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq")
  - [in post-invasion Iraq](/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq "Human rights in post-invasion Iraq")
    - [in ISIL-controlled territory](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory "Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory")
  - [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq "LGBT rights in Iraq")
  - [Freedom of religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq "Freedom of religion in Iraq")
  - [Women](/wiki/Women_in_Iraq "Women in Iraq")
- [Law](/wiki/Law_of_Iraq "Law of Iraq")
- [Military](/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces "Iraqi Armed Forces")
- [Police](/wiki/Iraqi_Police "Iraqi Police")
- [Political parties](/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq "List of political parties in Iraq")
- [Judiciary](/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq "Judiciary of Iraq")
- [Wars and conflicts](/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq "List of wars involving Iraq")

[Economy](/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq "Economy of Iraq")

- [Banks](/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq "List of banks in Iraq")
- [Central Bank](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq "Central Bank of Iraq")
- [Companies](/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq "List of companies of Iraq")
- [Corruption](/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq "Corruption in Iraq")
- [Dinar (currency)](/wiki/Iraqi_dinar "Iraqi dinar")
- [Infrastructure](/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq "Infrastructure of Iraq")
- [Foreign Investment](/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq "Investment in post-invasion Iraq")
- [Oil Industry](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq "Petroleum industry in Iraq")
- [Oil reserves](/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq "Oil reserves in Iraq")
- [Reconstruction](/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq "Investment in post-invasion Iraq")
- [Stock Exchange](/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange "Iraq Stock Exchange")
- [Telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq "Telecommunications in Iraq")
- [Transportation](/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq "Transport in Iraq")
- [Airlines](/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq "List of airlines of Iraq")
- [Railways](/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways "Iraqi Republic Railways")
- [Tourism](/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq "Tourism in Iraq")

[Society](/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq "Category:Society of Iraq")

[Demographics](/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq "Demographics of Iraq")

- [Iraqis](/wiki/Iraqis "Iraqis")
- [Languages](/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq "Languages of Iraq")
  - [Mesopotamian Arabic](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic "Mesopotamian Arabic")
  - [Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages "Neo-Aramaic languages")
  - [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_language "Kurdish language")
  - [Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects](/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language "Iraqi Turkmen")
  - [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language")
- [Minorities](/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq "Minorities in Iraq")
  - [Armenians](/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians "Iraqi Armenians")
  - [Assyrians](/wiki/Assyrian_people "Assyrian people")
  - [Circassians](/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq "Circassians in Iraq")
  - [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq "Kurds in Iraq")
  - [Mandaeans](/wiki/Mandaeans "Mandaeans")
  - [Marsh Arabs](/wiki/Marsh_Arabs "Marsh Arabs")
  - [Persians](/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq "Ajam of Iraq")
  - [Solluba](/wiki/Solluba "Solluba")
  - [Iraqi Turkmen](/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen "Iraqi Turkmen")/Turkoman
  - [Jews](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq "History of the Jews in Iraq")
- [Religion](/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq "Religion in Iraq")
- [Secularism](/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq "Secularism in Iraq")
  - [Islam](/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq "Islam in Iraq")
  - [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq "Christianity in Iraq")
  - [Mandaeism](/wiki/Mandaeism "Mandaeism")
  - [Yazidis](/wiki/Yazidis "Yazidis")
  - [Irreligion](/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq "Irreligion in Iraq")

General

- [Art](/wiki/Iraqi_art "Iraqi art")
- [Cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq "Cinema of Iraq")
- [Cuisine](/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine "Iraqi cuisine")
- [Culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq "Culture of Iraq")
- [Literature](/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq "Literature of Iraq")
- [Education](/wiki/Education_in_Iraq "Education in Iraq")
- [Health](/wiki/Health_in_Iraq "Health in Iraq")
- [Media](/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq "Mass media in Iraq")
- [Television](/wiki/Television_in_Iraq "Television in Iraq")
- [Music](/wiki/Music_of_Iraq "Music of Iraq")
- [Smoking](/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq "Smoking in Iraq")
- [Sports](/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq "Sport in Iraq")
- [Squatting](/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq "Squatting in Iraq")
- [Public holidays](/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq "Public holidays in Iraq")
  - [Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)](/wiki/Akitu "Akitu")
  - [Mandaean New Year](/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba "Dehwa Rabba")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Iraq "Category:Iraq")
- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal")[Portal](/wiki/Portal:Iraq "Portal:Iraq")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png)[WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq "Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq "commons:Category:Iraq")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Syria "Template:Rivers of Syria")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Syria "Template talk:Rivers of Syria")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Syria "Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Syria")

[![Syria](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png)](/wiki/Syria "Syria")[Rivers of Syria](/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria "List of rivers of Syria") by [drainage basin](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin")

[Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea")

- [Orontes River](/wiki/Orontes_River "Orontes River") ( [Karasu](/wiki/Karasu_(Hatay) "Karasu (Hatay)") and [Afrin River](/wiki/Afrin_River "Afrin River"))
- [Nahr al-Kabir](/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir "Nahr al-Kabir")
- [Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali](/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir_al-Shamali "Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali")
- [Nahr as-Sinn](/wiki/Nahr_as-Sinn "Nahr as-Sinn")

[Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf")

- [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates") ( [Sajur River](/wiki/Sajur_River "Sajur River"), [Balikh River](/wiki/Balikh_River "Balikh River") and [Khabur](/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates) "Khabur (Euphrates)"))
- Tigris

endorheic

- [Queiq](/wiki/Queiq "Queiq")
- [Awaj](/wiki/Awaj "Awaj")
- [Barada](/wiki/Barada "Barada")
- [Banias River](/wiki/Banias_River "Banias River")
- [Yarmouk River](/wiki/Yarmouk_River "Yarmouk River")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey "Template:Rivers of Turkey")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Turkey "Template talk:Rivers of Turkey")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey "Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Turkey")

[![Turkey](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png)](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey")[Rivers of Turkey](/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey "List of rivers of Turkey") by [drainage basin](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin")

[Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea")

- [Sakarya](/wiki/Sakarya_River "Sakarya River")
- [Filyos](/wiki/Filyos_River "Filyos River")
- [Bartın](/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River "Bartın River")
- [Kızılırmak (Halys)](/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River "Kızılırmak River")
- [Gök](/wiki/G%C3%B6k_River "Gök River")
- [Terme](/wiki/Terme_River "Terme River")
- [Yeşilırmak](/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river) "Yeşilırmak (river)")
- [Yağlıdere](/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1dere_stream "Yağlıdere stream")
- [Aksu](/wiki/Aksu_Deresi "Aksu Deresi")
- [Gelevara](/wiki/Gelevara_Deresi "Gelevara Deresi")
- [Kara Dere](/wiki/Kara_Dere "Kara Dere")
- [Çoruh](/wiki/%C3%87oruh "Çoruh")

[Marmara](/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara "Sea of Marmara")

- [Biga](/wiki/Biga_%C3%87ay%C4%B1 "Biga Çayı")
- [Susurluk (Simav)](/wiki/Simav_River "Simav River")

[Aegean](/wiki/Aegean_Sea "Aegean Sea")

- [Meriç (Maritsa)](/wiki/Maritsa "Maritsa")
- [Tunca](/wiki/Tundzha "Tundzha")
- [Karamenderes (Scamander)](/wiki/Karamenderes_River "Karamenderes River")
- [Bakırçay](/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r%C3%A7ay "Bakırçay")
- [Gediz](/wiki/Gediz_River "Gediz River")
- [Küçük Menderes](/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River "Küçük Menderes River")
- [Büyük Menderes](/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River "Büyük Menderes River")
- [Azmak](/wiki/Azmak_Creek "Azmak Creek")

[Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea")

- [Eşen](/wiki/E%C5%9Fen_River "Eşen River")
- [Aksu](/wiki/Aksu_River_(Turkey) "Aksu River (Turkey)")
- [Manavgat](/wiki/Manavgat_River "Manavgat River")
- [Köprüçay](/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%C3%A7ay_River "Köprüçay River")
- [Kaledran](/wiki/Kaledran_Creek "Kaledran Creek")
- [Dragon](/wiki/Dragon_Creek_(Turkey) "Dragon Creek (Turkey)")
- [Sini](/wiki/Sini_Creek "Sini Creek")
- [Soğuksu](/wiki/So%C4%9Fuksu_Creek "Soğuksu Creek")
- [Babadıl](/wiki/Babad%C4%B1l_Creek "Babadıl Creek")
- [Göksu](/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu "Göksu")
- [Limonlu](/wiki/Limonlu_River "Limonlu River")
- [Alata (Sorgun)](/wiki/Alata_River "Alata River")
- [Tömük](/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCk_Creek "Tömük Creek")
- [Karacaoğlan](/wiki/Karacao%C4%9Flan_River "Karacaoğlan River")
- [Tece](/wiki/Tece_Creek "Tece Creek")
- [Mezitli (Liparis)](/wiki/Mezitli_River "Mezitli River")
- [Efrenk (Müftü)](/wiki/Efrenk_River "Efrenk River")
- [Deliçay](/wiki/Deli%C3%A7ay "Deliçay")
- [Berdan (Tarsus)](/wiki/Berdan_River "Berdan River")
- [Seyhan](/wiki/Seyhan_River "Seyhan River")
- [Ceyhan](/wiki/Ceyhan_River "Ceyhan River")
- [Payas](/wiki/Payas_River "Payas River")
- [Asi (Orontes)](/wiki/Orontes_River "Orontes River")
- [Deli Çay](/wiki/Deli_%C3%87ay "Deli Çay")

[Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf")

- [Fırat (Euphrates)](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates")
- Dicle (Tigris)
- [Hezil](/wiki/Hezil_Suyu "Hezil Suyu")

[Caspian](/wiki/Caspian_Sea "Caspian Sea")

- [Aras](/wiki/Aras_(river) "Aras (river)")
- [Kura](/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea) "Kura (Caspian Sea)")

- **![flag](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png)[Turkey portal](/wiki/Portal:Turkey "Portal:Turkey")**
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)**[Category](/wiki/Category:Turkey "Category:Turkey")**

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International

- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/236538332)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4372014-6)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135330)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138088&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536388705171)

Geographic

- [Pleiades](https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=1245431206](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=1245431206)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Tigris River](/wiki/Category:Tigris_River "Category:Tigris River")
- [International rivers of Asia](/wiki/Category:International_rivers_of_Asia "Category:International rivers of Asia")
- [Rivers of Iraq](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Iraq "Category:Rivers of Iraq")
- [Rivers of Kurdistan](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Kurdistan "Category:Rivers of Kurdistan")
- [Rivers of Syria](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Syria "Category:Rivers of Syria")
- [Rivers of Turkey](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Turkey "Category:Rivers of Turkey")
- [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Category:Mesopotamia "Category:Mesopotamia")
- [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Category:Upper_Mesopotamia "Category:Upper Mesopotamia")
- [Tur Abdin](/wiki/Category:Tur_Abdin "Category:Tur Abdin")
- [Levant](/wiki/Category:Levant "Category:Levant")
- [Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan](/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan "Category:Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan")
- [Landforms of Elazığ Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province "Category:Landforms of Elazığ Province")
- [Landforms of Diyarbakır Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province "Category:Landforms of Diyarbakır Province")
- [Landforms of Batman Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Batman_Province "Category:Landforms of Batman Province")
- [Landforms of Siirt Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Siirt_Province "Category:Landforms of Siirt Province")
- [Landforms of Şırnak Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province "Category:Landforms of Şırnak Province")
- [Border rivers](/wiki/Category:Border_rivers "Category:Border rivers")
- [Water and religion](/wiki/Category:Water_and_religion "Category:Water and religion")
- [Rivers in Mandaeism](/wiki/Category:Rivers_in_Mandaeism "Category:Rivers in Mandaeism")

Hidden categories:

- [Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas "Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas")
- [CS1: long volume value](/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value "Category:CS1: long volume value")
- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Coordinates on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata "Category:Coordinates on Wikidata")
- [Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text "Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text")
- [Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Persian_(ca._600-400_B.C.)-language_text "Category:Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text")
- [Articles containing Sumerian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sumerian-language_text "Category:Articles containing Sumerian-language text")
- [Articles containing Hebrew-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text "Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text")
- [Articles containing Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_(ca._200-1200_CE)-language_text "Category:Articles containing Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text")
- [Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text "Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text")
- [Articles containing Arabic-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text "Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text")
- [Articles containing Persian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text "Category:Articles containing Persian-language text")
- [Articles containing Akkadian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Akkadian-language_text "Category:Articles containing Akkadian-language text")
- [Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Imperial_Aramaic_(700-300_BCE)-language_text "Category:Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text")
- [Articles containing Armenian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text "Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text")
- [Articles containing Syriac-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Syriac-language_text "Category:Articles containing Syriac-language text")
- [Articles containing Turkish-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text "Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text")
- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata")
- [Pages using the Kartographer extension](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension "Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension")

- This page was last edited on 12 September 2024, at 23:34 (UTC).
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