पॉप म्यूजिक ट्रेंड्स
Pop music - Wikipedia
Identifying factors of pop music usually include repeated choruses and hooks, short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse–chorus ...
enterprise
From about 1967, the term "pop music" was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms.[18] While rock aspired to authenticity "Authenticity (philosophy)") and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music,[18] pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible.[19] According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced "as a matter of <anchor>enterprise</anchor> not art", and is "designed to appeal to everyone" but "doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste". Frith adds that it is "not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward [...] and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative". It is, "provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below (...) Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged".[4]
Business - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Forms](#Forms)
- [2Classifications](#Classifications)
- [3Activities](#Activities)Toggle Activities subsection  - [3.1Accounting](#Accounting)
  - [3.2Commerce](#Commerce)
  - [3.3Finance](#Finance)
  - [3.4Human resources](#Human_resources)
  - [3.5Information technology](#Information_technology)
  - [3.6Manufacturing](#Manufacturing)
  - [3.7Marketing](#Marketing)
  - [3.8Research and development](#Research_and_development)
  - [3.9Safety](#Safety)
  - [3.10Sales](#Sales)
- [4Management](#Management)Toggle Management subsection  - [4.1Restructuring state enterprises](#Restructuring_state_enterprises)
  - [4.2Business process management](#Business_process_management)
- [5Organization and regulation](#Organization_and_regulation)Toggle Organization and regulation subsection  - [5.1Commercial law](#Commercial_law)
  - [5.2Capital](#Capital)
  - [5.3Intellectual property](#Intellectual_property)
  - [5.4Trade unions](#Trade_unions)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7References](#References)
- [8External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Business

111 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A "عمل تجاري – Arabic")
- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9A%DC%A2%DC%90 "ܦܘܠܚܢܐ – Aramaic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negociu "Negociu – Asturian")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emuh%C3%A3 "Ñemuhã – Guarani")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99ssis%C9%99 "Müəssisə – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4 "ایش – South Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE "ব্যবসা – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-gia%CC%8Dp "Khì-gia̍p – Minnan")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Bashkir")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бізнес – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81 "Бізнэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8 "बिजनेस – Bhojpuri")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosyo "Negosyo – Central Bikol")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Bulgarian")
- [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D "ཚོང་ལས། – Tibetan")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negoci "Negoci – Catalan")
- [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhizimusi "Bhizimusi – Shona")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busnes "Busnes – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virksomhed "Virksomhed – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerbebetrieb "Gewerbebetrieb – German")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negocio "Negocio – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreno "Entrepreno – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negozio "Negozio – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1 "کسب‌وکار – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firme "Firme – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriuw "Bedriuw – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3 "Gnó – Irish")
- [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnothachas "Gnothachas – Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negocio "Negocio – Galician")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AE-ngia%CC%8Dp "Khî-ngia̍p – Hakka Chinese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85 "사업 – Korean")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwanci "Kasuwanci – Hausa")
- [Hawaiʻi](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBoihana "ʻoihana – Hawaiian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD "Բիզնես – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF "व्यवसाय – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslovanje "Poslovanje – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis "Bisnis – Indonesian")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhwebo "Umhwebo – Zulu")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrirt%C3%A6ki "Fyrirtæki – Icelandic")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7 "עסק – Hebrew")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis "Bisnis – Javanese")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0 "ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ – Kannada")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Kazakh")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negys "Negys – Cornish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashara "Biashara – Swahili")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznis "Biznis – Haitian Creole")
- [Kriyòl gwiyannen](https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antroupriz "Antroupriz – Guianan Creole")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Kyrgyz")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94 "ທຸລະກິດ – Lao")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotium "Negotium – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%C5%86%C4%93mums "Uzņēmums – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslas "Verslas – Lithuanian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varotra "Varotra – Malagasy")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF "व्यवसाय – Marathi")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3 "بيزينس – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perniagaan "Perniagaan – Malay")
- [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B3cio "Negócio – Mirandese")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Mongolian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrijf "Bedrijf – Dutch")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0 "व्यापार – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE "बनय्‌ज्या – Newari")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9 "ビジネス – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringsliv "Næringsliv – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringsliv "Næringsliv – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizinasii "Bizinasii – Oromo")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadbirkorlik "Tadbirkorlik – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0 "ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ – Punjabi")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 "کاروبار – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A "سوداگري – Pashto")
- [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizniz "Bizniz – Jamaican Creole English")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznes "Biznes – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B3cio "Negócio – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afacere "Afacere – Romanian")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakina "Wakina – Quechua")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81 "Бізніс – Rusyn")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Russian")
- [Gagana Samoa](https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisinisi "Pisinisi – Samoan")
- [संस्कृतम्](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 "व्यवसायः – Sanskrit")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business "Business – Scots")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznesi "Biznesi – Albanian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facenna "Facenna – Sicilian")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB "ව්‍යාපාර – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business "Business – Simple English")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 "ڪاروبار – Sindhi")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnikanie "Podnikanie – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslovanje "Poslovanje – Slovenian")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganacsi "Ganacsi – Somali")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C "کاسبی – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81 "Бизнис – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznis "Biznis – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis "Bisnis – Sundanese")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiketoiminta "Liiketoiminta – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6retag "Företag – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosyo "Negosyo – Tagalog")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "வியாபாரம் – Tamil")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бизнес – Tatar")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88 "ธุรกิจ – Thai")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80 "Касбукор – Tajik")
- [ᏣᎳᎩ](https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%97 "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ – Cherokee")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fletme "İşletme – Turkish")
- [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleke%C3%A7ilik "Telekeçilik – Turkmen")
- [Tyap](https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwuanng "A̱bwuanng – Tyap")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81 "Бізнес – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 "کاروبار – Urdu")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_doanh "Kinh doanh – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosy%C3%B3 "Negosyó – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A "企业 – Wu")
- [Xitsonga](https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabindzu "Mabindzu – Tsonga")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1 "ביזנעס – Yiddish")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F "生意 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F "生意 – Chinese")

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- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Business)
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Organization undertaking commercial, industrial, or professional activity

For other uses, see [Business (disambiguation)](/wiki/Business_(disambiguation) "Business (disambiguation)").

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**Business** is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or [buying and selling](/wiki/Trade "Trade") [products](/wiki/Product_(business) "Product (business)") (such as [goods](/wiki/Goods "Goods") and [services](/wiki/Service_(economics) "Service (economics)")).[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts the business has acquired.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] The [taxation system](/wiki/Taxation_system "Taxation system") for businesses is different from that of the corporates. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business.

A distinction is made in law and public offices between the term business and a [company](/wiki/Company "Company") such as a [corporation](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation") or [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative"). Colloquially, the terms are used interchangeably.

Corporations are distinct from with [sole proprietors](/wiki/Sole_proprietorship "Sole proprietorship") and [partnerships](/wiki/Partnership "Partnership"). They are separate legal entities and provide [limited liability](/wiki/Limited_liability "Limited liability") for their owners and members. They are subject to [corporate tax](/wiki/Corporate_tax "Corporate tax") rates. They are also more complicated and expensive to set up, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and members.

## Forms

Main article: [List of business entities](/wiki/List_of_business_entities "List of business entities")

This article is part of [a series](/wiki/Category:Corporate_law "Category:Corporate law") on[Corporate law](/wiki/Corporate_law "Corporate law")[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Society.svg)

By jurisdiction

- [Anguilla](/wiki/Anguillan_company_law "Anguillan company law")
- [Australia](/wiki/Australian_corporate_law "Australian corporate law")
- [BVI](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_company_law "British Virgin Islands company law")
- [Canada](/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law "Canadian corporate law")
- [Cayman Islands](/wiki/Cayman_Islands_company_law "Cayman Islands company law")
- [India](/wiki/Indian_company_law "Indian company law")
- [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_company_law "South African company law")
- [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law "United Kingdom company law")
- [United States](/wiki/United_States_corporate_law "United States corporate law")
- [Vietnam](/wiki/Corporate_law_in_Vietnam "Corporate law in Vietnam")
- [European Union](/wiki/European_corporate_law "European corporate law")
  - [France](/wiki/French_company_law "French company law")
  - [Germany](/wiki/German_company_law "German company law")

General corporate forms

- [Company](/wiki/Company "Company")
- [Conglomerate](/wiki/Conglomerate_(company) "Conglomerate (company)")
- [Cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative")
- [Corporation](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation")
- [Holding company](/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company")
- [Joint-stock](/wiki/Joint-stock_company "Joint-stock company")
- [Partnership](/wiki/Partnership "Partnership")
  - [General](/wiki/General_partnership "General partnership")
  - [Limited](/wiki/Limited_partnership "Limited partnership")
  - [Limited liability](/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership "Limited liability partnership")
- [Private limited](/wiki/Private_limited_company "Private limited company")
- [Shell corporation](/wiki/Shell_corporation "Shell corporation")
- [Shelf corporation](/wiki/Shelf_corporation "Shelf corporation")
- [Sole proprietorship](/wiki/Sole_proprietorship "Sole proprietorship")

[Corporate forms\
\
by jurisdiction](/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country "List of legal entity types by country")

[European Union](/wiki/European_corporate_law "European corporate law")

- [_Societas_(SE)](/wiki/Societas_Europaea "Societas Europaea")
- [_Societas cooperativa_(SCE)](/wiki/Societas_cooperativa_Europaea "Societas cooperativa Europaea")
- [_Societas privata_(SPE)](/wiki/Societas_privata_Europaea "Societas privata Europaea")
- [_Societas unius personae_(SUP)](/wiki/Societas_unius_personae "Societas unius personae")
- [Economic interest grouping (EEIG)](/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping "European economic interest grouping")

UK / Ireland / Commonwealth

- [Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) (CIO)](/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation "Charitable incorporated organisation")
- [Scottish charitable incorporated organisation (SCIO)](/wiki/Scottish_charitable_incorporated_organisation "Scottish charitable incorporated organisation")
- [Community interest company (CIC)](/wiki/Community_interest_company "Community interest company")
- [Industrial and provident society (IPS)](/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society "Industrial and provident society")
- [Limited company (Ltd.)](/wiki/Limited_company "Limited company")
  - [by guarantee](/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee "Private company limited by guarantee")
  - [by shares](/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares "Private company limited by shares")
  - [proprietary](/wiki/Proprietary_company "Proprietary company")
  - [public](/wiki/Public_limited_company "Public limited company")
- [Unlimited company](/wiki/Unlimited_company "Unlimited company")

United States

- [Benefit corporation](/wiki/Benefit_corporation "Benefit corporation")
- [C corporation](/wiki/C_corporation "C corporation")
- [Limited liability company (LLC)](/wiki/Limited_liability_company "Limited liability company")
  - [Low-profit LLC](/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company "Low-profit limited liability company")
- [Series LLC](/wiki/Series_LLC "Series LLC")
- [Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)](/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership "Limited liability limited partnership")
- [S corporation](/wiki/S_corporation "S corporation")
- [Delaware corporation](/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law "Delaware General Corporation Law") / [statutory trust](/wiki/Delaware_statutory_trust "Delaware statutory trust")
- [Massachusetts business trust](/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust "Massachusetts business trust")
- [Nevada corporation](/wiki/Nevada_corporation "Nevada corporation")

Others

- [_Aktiebolag_(AB)](/wiki/Aktiebolag "Aktiebolag")
- [_Aktiengesellschaft_(AG)](/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft "Aktiengesellschaft")
- [_Ansvarlig selskap_(ANS)](/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap "Ansvarlig selskap")
- [_Aktieselskab_(A/S)](/wiki/Aktieselskab "Aktieselskab")
- [_Aksjeselskap_(AS)](/wiki/Aksjeselskap "Aksjeselskap")
- [_Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung_(GmbH)](/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung "Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung")
- [_Kabushiki gaisha_(K.K.)](/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha "Kabushiki gaisha")
- [_Naamloze vennootschap_(N.V.)](/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap "Naamloze vennootschap")
- [_Osakeyhtiö_(Oy)](/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6 "Osakeyhtiö")
- [S.A.](/wiki/S.A._(corporation) "S.A. (corporation)")
- [_Société à responsabilité limitée_(SARL)](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e "Société à responsabilité limitée")
- [more...](/wiki/Types_of_business_entity "Types of business entity")

Doctrines

- [Business judgment rule](/wiki/Business_judgment_rule "Business judgment rule")
- [Corporate governance](/wiki/Corporate_governance "Corporate governance")
- [_De facto_ and estoppel corporations](/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel "De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel")
- [Internal affairs doctrine](/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine "Internal affairs doctrine")
- [Limited liability](/wiki/Limited_liability "Limited liability")
- [Tag-along right](/wiki/Tag-along_right "Tag-along right")
- [Drag-along right](/wiki/Drag-along_right "Drag-along right")
- [Piercing the corporate veil](/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil "Piercing the corporate veil")
- [Rochdale Principles](/wiki/Rochdale_Principles "Rochdale Principles")
- _[Ultra vires](/wiki/Ultra_vires "Ultra vires")_

Related areas

- [Beneficial ownership](/wiki/Beneficial_ownership "Beneficial ownership")
- [Civil procedure](/wiki/Civil_procedure "Civil procedure")
- [Contract](/wiki/Contract "Contract")
- [Corporate registers](/wiki/List_of_company_registers "List of company registers")
- [Registered agent](/wiki/Registered_agent "Registered agent")

- [Company portal](/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies")
- [Law portal](/wiki/Portal:Law "Portal:Law")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Corporate_law "Template:Corporate law")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_law "Template talk:Corporate law")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_law "Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate law")

Forms of business ownership vary by [jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction "Jurisdiction"), but several common entities exist:

- A [sole proprietorship](/wiki/Sole_proprietorship "Sole proprietorship"), also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner operates the business alone and may hire [employees](/wiki/Employees "Employees"). A sole proprietor has unlimited [liability](/wiki/Legal_liability "Legal liability") for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from [operating costs](/wiki/Operating_cost "Operating cost") or [judgments](/wiki/Judgment "Judgment") against the business. All [assets](/wiki/Asset "Asset") of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, a computer infrastructure, any [inventory](/wiki/Inventory "Inventory"), [manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing") equipment, or retail [fixtures](/wiki/Fixture_(property_law) "Fixture (property law)"), as well as any [real property](/wiki/Real_property "Real property") owned by the sole proprietor.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)
- A [partnership](/wiki/Partnership "Partnership") is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are [general partnerships](/wiki/General_partnership "General partnership"), [limited partnerships](/wiki/Limited_partnership "Limited partnership"), and [limited liability partnerships](/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership "Limited liability partnership").[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)
- [Corporations](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation")' owners have [limited liability](/wiki/Limited_liability "Limited liability") and the business has a separate [legal personality](/wiki/Legal_personality "Legal personality") from its owners. Corporations can be either [government-owned](/wiki/State-owned_enterprise "State-owned enterprise") or privately owned, and they can organize either for profit or as [nonprofit organizations](/wiki/Nonprofit_organization "Nonprofit organization"). A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its [shareholders](/wiki/Shareholder "Shareholder"), who elect a [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors") to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either [privately held](/wiki/Privately_held_company "Privately held company") by a small group of individuals, or [publicly held](/wiki/Public_company "Public company"), with publicly traded [shares](/wiki/Share_(finance) "Share (finance)") listed on a [stock exchange](/wiki/Stock_exchange "Stock exchange").[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)
- A [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative") or co-op is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either [consumer cooperatives](/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative "Consumers' co-operative") or [worker cooperatives](/wiki/Worker_cooperative "Worker cooperative"). Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of [economic democracy](/wiki/Economic_democracy "Economic democracy").
- [Limited liability companies](/wiki/Limited_liability_companies "Limited liability companies") (LLC) and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from [business failure](/wiki/Business_failure "Business failure") by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, a general partnership or persons working on their own are usually not as protected.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)
- A [franchise](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising") is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of twelve [retail](/wiki/Retail "Retail") businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)
- [Company limited by guarantee](/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee "Private company limited by guarantee") is commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into [insolvent liquidation](/wiki/Liquidation "Liquidation"), but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in [England](/wiki/England "England"). A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having [share capital](/wiki/Share_capital "Share capital").
- A [company limited by shares](/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares "Private company limited by shares") is the most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."[\[12\]](#cite_note-Black's-12) This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a

  - [publicly traded company](/wiki/Public_company "Public company") or a
  - [privately held company](/wiki/Privately_held_company "Privately held company").
- A company limited by guarantee with a share capital is a hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)
- An [unlimited company](/wiki/Unlimited_company "Unlimited company") with or without a share capital is a hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case, the doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.

Less common types of companies are:

- Most corporations by letters patent are _[corporations sole](/wiki/Corporation_sole "Corporation sole")_ and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
- [Charter corporations](/wiki/Royal_charter "Royal charter") were the only types of companies before the passing of modern companies legislation. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England") is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
- Statutory companies are certain companies that have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction, and are relatively rare today.

"Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC ( [public limited company](/wiki/Public_limited_company "Public limited company")) indicates that its shares are widely held."[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the [shareholders](/wiki/Shareholder "Shareholder"). In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some [offshore jurisdictions](/wiki/Offshore_jurisdictions "Offshore jurisdictions") have created special forms of [offshore company](/wiki/Offshore_company "Offshore company") in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include " [segregated portfolio companies](/wiki/Segregated_portfolio_company "Segregated portfolio company")" and restricted purpose companies.

There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.

Companies are also sometimes distinguished into [public companies](/wiki/Public_limited_company "Public limited company") and [private companies](/wiki/Privately_held_company "Privately held company") for legal and regulatory purposes. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a [stock exchange](/wiki/Stock_exchange "Stock exchange") which imposes [listing requirements](/wiki/Listing_(finance) "Listing (finance)")/ [Listing Rules](/wiki/Listing_Rules "Listing Rules") as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and a future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.

A [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company "Parent company") is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The subsidiary company can be allowed to maintain its own board of directors.[\[15\]](#cite_note-:2-15) The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.[\[15\]](#cite_note-:2-15)

## Classifications

Main article: [Industry classification](/wiki/Industry_classification "Industry classification")

- [Agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture"), such as the domestication of fish, animals, and [livestock](/wiki/Livestock "Livestock"), as well as [lumber](/wiki/Lumber_industry "Lumber industry"), [oil](/wiki/Oil_industry "Oil industry"), [vegetables](/wiki/Vegetable "Vegetable"), [fruits](/wiki/Fruit "Fruit"), etc.
- [Mining](/wiki/Mining_industry "Mining industry") businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials, such as [wood](/wiki/Wood "Wood"), [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum"), [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas"), [ores](/wiki/Ore "Ore"), [metals](/wiki/Metal "Metal") or [minerals](/wiki/Mineral "Mineral").
- [Service businesses](/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy "Tertiary sector of the economy") offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to [government](/wiki/Government "Government"), to [consumers](/wiki/Consumer "Consumer"), or to other businesses. Interior decorators, beauticians, hair stylists, make-up artists, tanning salons, laundromats, dry cleaners, and pest controllers are service businesses.

  - [Financial services](/wiki/Financial_services "Financial services") businesses include [banks](/wiki/Bank "Bank"), [brokerage firms](/wiki/Brokerage_firm "Brokerage firm"), [credit unions](/wiki/Credit_union "Credit union"), [credit cards](/wiki/Credit_card_company "Credit card company"), [insurance companies](/wiki/Insurance_company "Insurance company"), [asset](/wiki/Asset_management_company "Asset management company") and [investment companies](/wiki/Investment_company "Investment company") such as [private-equity firms](/wiki/Private-equity_firm "Private-equity firm"), [private-equity funds](/wiki/Private-equity_fund "Private-equity fund"), [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust"), [sovereign wealth funds](/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund "Sovereign wealth fund"), [pension funds](/wiki/Pension_fund "Pension fund"), [mutual funds](/wiki/Mutual_fund "Mutual fund"), [index funds](/wiki/Index_fund "Index fund"), [hedge funds](/wiki/Hedge_fund "Hedge fund"), [stock exchanges](/wiki/Stock_exchange "Stock exchange"), and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of [capital](/wiki/Capital_(economics) "Capital (economics)").
  - [Transportation](/wiki/Transport "Transport") businesses such as [railways](/wiki/Railway_company "Railway company"), [airlines](/wiki/Airline "Airline"), and [shipping companies](/wiki/Shipping_industry "Shipping industry") deliver [goods](/wiki/Goods "Goods") and individuals to their destinations for a fee.
  - [Utilities](/wiki/Utilities "Utilities") produce [public services](/wiki/Public_service "Public service") such as [water](/wiki/Water "Water"), [electricity](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity"), [waste management](/wiki/Waste_management "Waste management") or [sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment "Sewage treatment"). These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public [government](/wiki/State-owned_enterprise "State-owned enterprise").
- [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment_industry "Entertainment industry") companies and [mass media](/wiki/Mass_media "Mass media") agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of [intellectual property](/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property"). They include [film studios](/wiki/Film_studio "Film studio") and [production houses](/wiki/Production_house "Production house"), mass media companies such as [cable television networks](/wiki/Cable_television_network "Cable television network"), online [digital media](/wiki/Digital_media "Digital media") agencies, [talent agencies](/wiki/Talent_agency "Talent agency"), [mobile media](/wiki/Mobile_media "Mobile media") outlets, [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper_publisher "Newspaper publisher"), [book](/wiki/Book_publishing "Book publishing") and [magazine publishing](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine") houses.

  - [Sports](/wiki/Sport_industry "Sport industry") organizations are involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any activity, experience, or business enterprise focused on sports. They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.
- Industrial [manufacturers](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing") produce [products](/wiki/Product_(business) "Product (business)"), either from [raw materials](/wiki/Raw_material "Raw material") or from component parts, then export the finished products at a [profit](/wiki/Profit_(accounting) "Profit (accounting)"). They include [tangible](/wiki/Tangible "Tangible") goods such as [cars](/wiki/Automotive_industry "Automotive industry"), [buses](/wiki/Bus_manufacturing "Bus manufacturing"), [medical devices](/wiki/Medical_device_manufacturing "Medical device manufacturing"), [glass](/wiki/Glass_manufacturing "Glass manufacturing"), or [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft_manufacturing "Aircraft manufacturing").
- [Real estate](/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate") businesses sell, invest, construct and develop [properties](/wiki/Real_property "Real property"), including [land](/wiki/Land "Land"), residential [homes](/wiki/Home "Home"), and other buildings.
- [Retailers](/wiki/Retail "Retail"), [wholesalers](/wiki/Wholesaling "Wholesaling"), and [distributors](/wiki/Distribution_(business) "Distribution (business)") act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers; they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.

## Activities

### Accounting

Main article: [Accounting](/wiki/Accounting "Accounting")

Accounting is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about [economic entities](/wiki/Economic_entity "Economic entity")[\[16\]](#cite_note-NP_2013-16)[\[17\]](#cite_note-17) such as businesses and [corporations](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation"). The modern field was established by the [Italian](/wiki/Italians "Italians") mathematician [Luca Pacioli](/wiki/Luca_Pacioli "Luca Pacioli") in 1494.[\[18\]](#cite_note-jkdiwan-18) Accounting, which has been called the "language of business",[\[19\]](#cite_note-wharton-language-19) measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including [investors](/wiki/Investor "Investor"), [creditors](/wiki/Creditor "Creditor"), [management](/wiki/Management "Management"), and [regulators](/wiki/Regulatory_agency "Regulatory agency").[\[20\]](#cite_note-UW_Dept-20) Practitioners of accounting are known as [accountants](/wiki/Accountant "Accountant"). The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.

### Commerce

Main article: [Commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce")

Commerce is the process of exchanging goods and services.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)
It is not just a single activity, but a set of activities that includes trade (buying and selling goods and services) and auxiliary services or aids to trade,[\[22\]](#cite_note-OXDICT-22) that includes communication and marketing, logistics, finance, banking, insurance, and legal services related to trade. Business is also defined as engaging in commerce, as these are done in all businesses.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)

### Finance

Further information: [Financial management](/wiki/Financial_management "Financial management") and [Managerial finance](/wiki/Managerial_finance "Managerial finance")

See also: [Corporate finance](/wiki/Corporate_finance "Corporate finance") and [Strategic financial management](/wiki/Strategic_financial_management "Strategic financial management")

[Finance](/wiki/Finance "Finance") is a field that deals with the study of money and [investments](/wiki/Investments "Investments"). It includes the dynamics of [assets](/wiki/Asset "Asset") and [liabilities](/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting) "Liability (financial accounting)") over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24)
In the [context of business and management](/wiki/Finance#Corporate_finance "Finance"), finance deals with the problems of ensuring that the firm can safely and profitably carry out its operational and financial objectives; i.e. that it: (1) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming operational expenses, and (2) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments.
Finance also deals with the _long term_ objective of maximizing the value of the business, while also balancing risk and profitability; this includes the interrelated questions of (1) [capital investment](/wiki/Capital_investment "Capital investment"), which businesses and projects to invest in; (2) [capital structure](/wiki/Capital_structure "Capital structure"), deciding on the mix of funding to be used; and (3) [dividend policy](/wiki/Dividend_policy "Dividend policy"), what to do with "excess" capital.

### Human resources

Main article: [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HUMAN_RESOURCES.png/224px-HUMAN_RESOURCES.png)](/wiki/File:HUMAN_RESOURCES.png)

Human resources can be defined as division of business that involves finding, screening, [recruiting](/wiki/Recruitment "Recruitment"), and [training](/wiki/Training "Training") job applicants.[\[25\]](#cite_note-:1-25) Human resources, or HR, is crucial for all businesses to succeed as it helps companies adjust to a fast-moving business environment and the increasing demand for jobs.[\[25\]](#cite_note-:1-25)

The term "Human Resource" was first coined by [John R. Commons](/wiki/John_R._Commons "John R. Commons") in his novel ' _The Distribution of Wealth'._ HR [departments](/wiki/Departmentalization "Departmentalization") are relatively new as they began developing in the late 20th century. HR departments main goal is to maximize employee productivity and protecting the company from any issues that may arise in the future. Some of the most common activities conducted by those working in HR include increasing innovation and creativity within a company, applying new approaches to work projects, and efficient training and communication with [employees](/wiki/Employee "Employee").

Two of the most popular subdivisions of HR are [Human Resource Management](/wiki/Human_resource_management "Human resource management"),[\[26\]](#cite_note-26) HRM, and [Human Resource Information Systems](/wiki/Human_Resource_Information_Systems "Human Resource Information Systems"), [\[27\]](#cite_note-27) or HRIS. The HRM route is for those who prefer an [administrative](/wiki/Management "Management") role as it involves oversight of the entirety of the company. HRIS involves the storage and organization of employee [data](/wiki/Data "Data") including full names, addresses, means of contact, and anything else required by that certain company.

Some careers of those involved in the Human Resource field include enrollment specialists, HR analyst, recruiter, employment relations manager, etc.

### Information technology

Many businesses have an Information technology (IT) department, which supports the use of [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") and computer systems in support of enterprise goals. The role of a [chief information officer](/wiki/Chief_information_officer "Chief information officer") is to lead this department. For example, [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") in the United States employs "more than 3,000 team members with advanced computing, analytical and technical skills".[\[28\]](#cite_note-28)

### Manufacturing

Main article: [Manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing")

[Manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing") is the production of [merchandise](/wiki/Merchandise "Merchandise") for use or sale using [labour](/wiki/Wage_labour "Wage labour") and [machines](/wiki/Machine "Machine"), [tools](/wiki/Tool "Tool"), chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from [handicraft](/wiki/Handicraft "Handicraft") to [high tech](/wiki/High_tech_manufacturing "High tech manufacturing"), but is most commonly applied to [industrial](/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing) "Industry (manufacturing)") production, in which [raw materials](/wiki/Raw_material "Raw material") are transformed into [finished goods](/wiki/Finished_good "Finished good") on a large scale.

### Marketing

Main article: [Marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing")

Marketing is defined by the [American Marketing Association](/wiki/American_Marketing_Association "American Marketing Association") as _"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."_[\[29\]](#cite_note-29) The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics include [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") as well as determining product [pricing](/wiki/Pricing "Pricing").

With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called [digital marketing](/wiki/Digital_marketing "Digital marketing"). It is marketing products and services using digital technologies.

### Research and development

Main article: [Research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development")

Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation.[\[30\]](#cite_note-30) Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product.[\[31\]](#cite_note-britannicaRnD-31) Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result.[\[31\]](#cite_note-britannicaRnD-31)

### Safety

Main article: [Safety](/wiki/Safety "Safety")

Injuries cost businesses billions of dollars annually.[\[32\]](#cite_note-32) Studies have shown how company acceptance and implementation of comprehensive safety and health management systems reduce incidents, [insurance](/wiki/Insurance "Insurance") costs, and workers' compensation claims.[\[33\]](#cite_note-33) New technologies, like wearable safety devices[\[34\]](#cite_note-34) and available online safety training, continue to be developed to encourage employers to invest in protection beyond the " [canary in the coal mine](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canary_in_a_coal_mine "wikt:canary in a coal mine")" and reduce the cost to businesses of protecting their employees.

### Sales

Main article: [Sales](/wiki/Sales "Sales")

Sales are activity related to selling or the number of goods or services sold in a given time period. Sales are often integrated with all lines of business and are key to a companies' success.[\[35\]](#cite_note-35)

## Management

Main article: [Management](/wiki/Management "Management")

For a topical guide, see [Outline of business management](/wiki/Outline_of_business_management "Outline of business management").

The efficient and effective [operation of a business](/wiki/Business_operations "Business operations"), and study of this subject, is called [management](/wiki/Management "Management"). The major branches of management are [financial management](/wiki/Finance "Finance"), [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") management, [human resource management](/wiki/Organizational_studies "Organizational studies"), [strategic management](/wiki/Strategic_management "Strategic management"), [production management](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing"), [operations management](/wiki/Operations_management "Operations management"), [service management](/wiki/Service_management "Service management"), and [information technology management](/wiki/Information_technology_management "Information technology management").[\[36\]](#cite_note-36)

Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business's value: financial resources, capital (tangible resources), and [human resources](/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources"). These resources are administered in at least six functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

### Restructuring state enterprises

In recent decades, states modeled some of their [assets](/wiki/Asset "Asset") and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, [China](/wiki/China "China") modeled 80% of its [state-owned enterprises](/wiki/State-owned_enterprise "State-owned enterprise") on a company-type management system.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37) Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.

### Business process management

Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of [clients](/wiki/Client_(business) "Client (business)"). BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.\[ _[who?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")_\]

## Organization and regulation

See also: [Theory of the firm](/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm "Theory of the firm") and [Industry self-regulation](/wiki/Industry_self-regulation "Industry self-regulation")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg/300px-Time_required_to_start_a_business%2C_OWID.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Time_required_to_start_a_business,_OWID.svg) Time required to start a business in 2017[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)

Most legal [jurisdictions](/wiki/Jurisdiction "Jurisdiction") specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of [commercial law](/wiki/Commercial_law "Commercial law") applicable to business.

The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:

- The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the [theory of the firm](/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm "Theory of the firm"). Generally, a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market "Stock market") or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
- The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.
- [Tax advantages](/wiki/Tax_advantage "Tax advantage"). Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason.
- Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.
- Control and coordination requirements. In function of the risk and complexity of the tasks to organize, a business is organized through a set of formal and informal mechanisms.[\[39\]](#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](#cite_note-:0-40) In particular, [contractual](/wiki/Contract "Contract") and relational governance can help mitigate [opportunism](/wiki/Opportunism "Opportunism") as well as support communication and information sharing.[\[40\]](#cite_note-:0-40)

Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of [shareholders](/wiki/Shareholder "Shareholder"), limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from [personal liability](/wiki/Legal_liability "Legal liability") for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.

Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a _sole proprietor_, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable.

General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.

Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called [double taxation](/wiki/Double_taxation "Double taxation"), because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.

In most countries, there are laws that treat small corporations differently from large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.

"Going public" through a process known as an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public. This requires the organization as a distinct entity, to disclose information to the public, and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public [LLC's](/wiki/Limited_liability_company "Limited liability company") that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well, such as, for example, [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") in the US, and [unit trusts](/wiki/Unit_trust "Unit trust") in the UK. A general partnership cannot "go public".

### Commercial law

Main article: [Commercial law](/wiki/Commercial_law "Commercial law")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Downtownplazala.jpg/200px-Downtownplazala.jpg)](/wiki/File:Downtownplazala.jpg) [Offices](/wiki/Office "Office") in the [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") Downtown Financial District

A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and [commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce") and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The [Code of Hammurabi](/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi "Code of Hammurabi") dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to [shipping](/wiki/Freight_transport "Freight transport") costs and dealings between merchants and [brokers](/wiki/Broker "Broker").[\[41\]](#cite_note-41) The word "corporation" derives from the Latin _corpus_, meaning body, and the [Maurya Empire](/wiki/Maurya_Empire "Maurya Empire") in Iron-Age India accorded legal rights to business entities.[\[42\]](#cite_note-42)

In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source.\[ _[according to whom?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")_\] Laws can govern the treatment of labour and employee relations, [worker protection and safety](/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive "Health and Safety Executive"), discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, and the minimum wage, as well as [unions](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union"), worker compensation, and working hours and leave.

Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.

Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, [public utilities](/wiki/Public_utility "Public utility"), investment securities, banking, insurance, [broadcasting](/wiki/Broadcasting "Broadcasting"), [aviation](/wiki/Aviation "Aviation"), and health care providers. [Environmental regulations](/wiki/Environmental_regulations "Environmental regulations") are also very complex\[ _[according to whom?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")_\] and can affect many businesses.

### Capital

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png/220px-Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png)](/wiki/File:Bolsa_Mexicana_de_Valores.png) [Mexican Stock Exchange](/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange "Mexican Stock Exchange") in [Paseo de la Reforma](/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma "Paseo de la Reforma"), Mexico City

When businesses need to raise money (called [capital](/wiki/Capital_(economics) "Capital (economics)")), they sometimes offer [securities](/wiki/Security_(finance) "Security (finance)") for sale.[\[43\]](#cite_note-investopediaCapital-43)

Capital may be raised through private means, by an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") or IPO on a [stock exchange](/wiki/Stock_exchange "Stock exchange"),[\[44\]](#cite_note-44) or in multiple other ways.[\[43\]](#cite_note-investopediaCapital-43)

Major stock exchanges include the [Shanghai Stock Exchange](/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange "Shanghai Stock Exchange"), [Singapore Exchange](/wiki/Singapore_Exchange "Singapore Exchange"), [Hong Kong Stock Exchange](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange "Hong Kong Stock Exchange"), [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") and [NASDAQ](/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") (the US), the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange") (UK), the [Tokyo Stock Exchange](/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange "Tokyo Stock Exchange") (Japan), and [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange "Bombay Stock Exchange") (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one.

Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC) in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).

The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and [labor law](/wiki/Labour_law "Labour law"), health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing.

Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures.

### Intellectual property

Main article: [Intellectual property](/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property")

Businesses often have important " [intellectual property](/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property")" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require [patents](/wiki/Patent "Patent"), [copyrights](/wiki/Copyright "Copyright"), [trademarks](/wiki/Trademark "Trademark"), or preservation of [trade secrets](/wiki/Trade_secret "Trade secret").[\[45\]](#cite_note-45) Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international [treaties](/wiki/Treaty "Treaty") concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.

### Trade unions

Main article: [Trade union](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union")

A trade union (or labor union) is an [organization of workers](/wiki/Political_organisation#Labour_unions "Political organisation") who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better [working conditions](/wiki/Working_conditions "Working conditions").[\[46\]](#cite_note-indiatimesTradeUnion-46) The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( [rank and file](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file "wikt:rank and file") members) and negotiates [labor contracts](/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law "Labour and employment law") ( [collective bargaining](/wiki/Collective_bargaining "Collective bargaining")) with employers.[\[46\]](#cite_note-indiatimesTradeUnion-46) The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their [employment](/wiki/Employment "Employment")".[\[47\]](#cite_note-Webb-47) This may include the negotiation of [wages](/wiki/Wage "Wage"), work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, [workplace safety](/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health "Occupational safety and health") and policies.

## See also

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg)[Business portal](/wiki/Portal:Business "Portal:Business")

Main article: [Outline of business](/wiki/Outline_of_business "Outline of business")

- [Accounting](/wiki/Accounting "Accounting")
  - [List of accounting topics](/wiki/Index_of_accounting_articles "Index of accounting articles")
- [Advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising")
- [Bank](/wiki/Bank "Bank")
- [Big business](/wiki/Big_business "Big business")
- [Business acumen](/wiki/Business_acumen "Business acumen")
- [Business broker](/wiki/Business_broker "Business broker")
- [Business ethics](/wiki/Business_ethics "Business ethics")
  - [Social responsibility](/wiki/Social_responsibility "Social responsibility")
- [Business hours](/wiki/Business_hours "Business hours")
- [Business law topics](/wiki/Outline_of_commercial_law "Outline of commercial law")
- [Business mathematics](/wiki/Business_mathematics "Business mathematics")
- [Business mediator](/wiki/Business_mediator "Business mediator")
- [Business school](/wiki/Business_school "Business school")
- [Business tourism](/wiki/Business_tourism "Business tourism")
- [Business valuation](/wiki/Business_valuation "Business valuation")
- [Businessperson](/wiki/Businessperson "Businessperson")
- [Capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism "Capitalism")
- [Change management analyst](/wiki/Change_management_analyst "Change management analyst")
- [Commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce")
- [Company](/wiki/Company "Company")
- [Corporate personhood](/wiki/Corporate_personhood "Corporate personhood")
- [Cost overrun](/wiki/Cost_overrun "Cost overrun")
- [E-commerce](/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce")
  - [Electronic business](/wiki/Electronic_business "Electronic business")
- [Economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics")
  - [Economic democracy](/wiki/Economic_democracy "Economic democracy")
  - [Financial economics](/wiki/Financial_economics "Financial economics")
  - [List of economics topics](/wiki/Outline_of_economics "Outline of economics")
- [Entrepreneurship](/wiki/Entrepreneurship "Entrepreneurship")
- [Finance](/wiki/Finance "Finance")
  - [List of finance topics](/wiki/Outline_of_finance "Outline of finance")
- [Franchising](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising")
- [Government ownership](/wiki/State_ownership "State ownership")
- [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources")
- [Industry categories](/wiki/Industry_(economics) "Industry (economics)")
- [Innovation](/wiki/Innovation "Innovation")
- [Insurance](/wiki/Insurance "Insurance")
- [Intellectual property](/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property")
- [Interim management](/wiki/Interim_management "Interim management")
- [International trade](/wiki/International_trade "International trade")
  - [List of international trade topics](/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_topics "Index of international trade topics")
- [Investment](/wiki/Investment "Investment")
- [Job creation program](/wiki/Job_creation_program "Job creation program")
- [Labour economics](/wiki/Labour_economics "Labour economics")
- [Limited liability](/wiki/Limited_liability "Limited liability")
- [List of company registers](/wiki/List_of_company_registers "List of company registers")
- [List of largest employers](/wiki/List_of_largest_employers "List of largest employers")
- [List of oldest companies](/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies "List of oldest companies")
- [Lists of companies](/wiki/Lists_of_companies "Lists of companies")
- [Management information system](/wiki/Management_information_system "Management information system")
- [Manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing")
  - [List of production topics](/wiki/Outline_of_production "Outline of production")
- [Marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing")
  - [List of marketing topics](/wiki/Outline_of_marketing "Outline of marketing")
- [Money](/wiki/Money "Money")
- [Organizational studies](/wiki/Organizational_studies "Organizational studies")
- [Profit](/wiki/Profit_(accounting) "Profit (accounting)")
- [Real estate](/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate")
  - [List of real estate topics](/wiki/Index_of_real_estate_articles "Index of real estate articles")
- [Revenue shortfall](/wiki/Benefit_shortfall "Benefit shortfall")
- [Shareholder value](/wiki/Shareholder_value "Shareholder value")
- [Small business](/wiki/Small_business "Small business")
- [Strategic management](/wiki/Strategic_management "Strategic management")
- [Strategic planning](/wiki/Strategic_planning "Strategic planning")
- [Tax](/wiki/Tax "Tax")
- [Trade](/wiki/Trade "Trade")
- [Types of business entity](/wiki/Types_of_business_entity "Types of business entity")

## References

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**[_American Heritage Dictionary_](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131149/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business). Archived from [the original](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=business) on March 31, 2019. business \[:\] 1. The activity of buying and selling [commodities](/wiki/Commodity "Commodity"), products, or services.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**[_Longman Business English Dictionary_](https://books.google.com/books?id=antLdkMwxMwC) (2nd ed.). Pearson Longman. 2007. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781405852593](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405852593 "Special:BookSources/9781405852593"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [954137383](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/954137383).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[_Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English_](https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032528/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business). Archived from [the original](https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/business) on July 9, 2019. business \[:\] 1 \[...\] the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling goods, or providing services.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**[_Oxford Living Dictionaries_](https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business). Archived from [the original](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business) on May 1, 2019. business \[:\] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in [commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce").
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Burton, William (2007). [_Burton's Legal Thesaurus_](https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGU6qOu_3YC) (4th ed.). [McGraw-Hill Education](/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education "McGraw-Hill Education"). p. 68. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780071472623](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071472623 "Special:BookSources/9780071472623"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [70864526](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70864526).
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**["What is a sole proprietorship"](https://www.acra.gov.sg/how-to-guides/starting-sole-proprietorships/what-is-a-sole-proprietorship). _Default_. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Holloway, S. S.; Parmigiani, A. (2014). "Friends and Profits Don't Mix: The Performance Implications of Repeated Partnerships". _Academy of Management Journal_. **59** (2): 460. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.5465/amj.2013.0581](https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famj.2013.0581). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [168091169](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168091169).
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