सभ्यताओं का उद्गम
प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया: सभ्यता का उद्गम स्थल - इतिहास कंपनी में निवेश करें।
प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया, सभ्यता का उद्गम स्थल, प्राचीन आश्चर्यों और स्थायी विरासतों की एक मनोरम टेपेस्ट्री का अनावरण करता है। इस लेख में हम मेसोपोटामिया नामक प्राचीन भूमि को उसके इतिहास, साम्राज्य, परिदृश्य, ...
एतमेनांकी
अपने समय के दौरान बेबीलोन की महानता कई उल्लेखनीय विशेषताओं से उपजी थी। सबसे पहले, इसकी शहरी योजना और वास्तुशिल्प उपलब्धियाँ अद्वितीय थीं। पक्की ईंटों और कोलतार से निर्मित शहर की विशाल दीवारें दुर्जेय सुरक्षा प्रदान करती थीं और बेबीलोन की ताकत और भव्यता का प्रतीक थीं। पौराणिक प्राणियों को चित्रित करने वाली जीवंत चमकदार ईंटों से सुसज्जित इश्तार गेट, शहर के कलात्मक परिष्कार का एक प्रमाण था। इसके अतिरिक्त, बेबीलोन के ज़िगगुरेट्स इस तरह के रूप में, <anchor>एतमेनांकी</anchor>, धार्मिक केंद्रों और दैवीय संबंध के प्रतीक के रूप में कार्य किया, इसके निवासियों के बीच विस्मय और श्रद्धा को प्रेरित किया। इसके अलावा, बेबीलोन की सांस्कृतिक और बौद्धिक जीवंतता इसे सीखने और नवाचार के केंद्र के रूप में अलग करती है। यह शहर प्रसिद्ध विद्वानों, खगोलविदों और गणितज्ञों का घर था जिन्होंने ज्ञान के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया।
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## Contents

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- [1Construction](#Construction)
- [2Descriptions](#Descriptions)
- [3Final demolition](#Final_demolition)
- [4Modern hypotheses regarding height](#Modern_hypotheses_regarding_height)
- [5In popular culture](#In_popular_culture)
- [6Image gallery](#Image_gallery)
- [7See also](#See_also)
- [8Notes](#Notes)
- [9References](#References)

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# Etemenanki

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[Coordinates](/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [32°32′11″N44°25′15″E﻿ / ﻿32.53639°N 44.42083°E﻿ / 32.53639; 44.42083](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etemenanki&params=32_32_11_N_44_25_15_E_)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ziggurat in ancient Babylon

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png)

**This article contains [cuneiform script](/wiki/Cuneiform_script "Cuneiform script").** Without proper [rendering support](/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform "Help:Multilingual support"), you may see [question marks, boxes, or other symbols](/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character "Specials (Unicode block)") instead of cuneiform script.

[32°32′11″N44°25′15″E﻿ / ﻿32.53639°N 44.42083°E﻿ / 32.53639; 44.42083](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etemenanki&params=32_32_11_N_44_25_15_E_) **Etemenanki** ( [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language"): [𒂍](/wiki/%C3%89_(temple) "É (temple)") 𒋼𒀭𒆠, romanized: _É.TEMEN.AN.KI_, [lit.](/wiki/Literal_translation "Literal translation")'Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth') was a [ziggurat](/wiki/Ziggurat "Ziggurat") dedicated to the [Mesopotamian](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") god [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk") in the ancient city of [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"). It now exists only in ruins, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of [Baghdad, Iraq](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"). Many scholars have identified Etemenanki as a likely inspiration for the biblical story of the [Tower of Babel](/wiki/Tower_of_Babel "Tower of Babel").[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

## Construction

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Construction")\]

It is unclear when Etemenanki was originally constructed. [Andrew R. George](/wiki/Andrew_R._George "Andrew R. George") says that it was constructed sometime between the 14th and the 9th century BCE. He argues as follows:

> The reference to a ziqqurrat at Babylon in the Creation Epic ( [Enûma Eliš](/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1 "Enûma Eliš")· VI 63: George 1992: 301–2) is more solid evidence, ... for a Middle Assyrian piece of this poem survives to prove the long-held theory that it existed already in the second millennium BC. There is no reason to doubt that this ziqqurrat, described as _ziqqurrat apsî elite_, "the upper ziqqurrat of the Apsû", was \[Etemenanki\].[\[3\]](#cite_note-arg-3)

Babylon was destroyed in 689 BCE by [Sennacherib](/wiki/Sennacherib "Sennacherib"), who claims to have destroyed the Etemenanki. It took 88 years to restore the city; work was started by the Assyrian king [Esarhaddon](/wiki/Esarhaddon "Esarhaddon"), and continued under [Nabopolassar](/wiki/Nabopolassar "Nabopolassar") followed by his son [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II "Nebuchadnezzar II") who rebuilt the ziggurat. The city's central feature was the temple of [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk") ( [Esagila](/wiki/Esagila "Esagila")), with which the Etemenanki ziggurat was associated.

Fenollós et al. note that, "The 'Tower of Babel' was not built in a single moment, but rather was the result of a complex history of successive constructions, destruction and reconstruction. Its origin dates back to the reign of [Hammurabi](/wiki/Hammurabi "Hammurabi") and continues to this day with its inevitable and definitive destruction." (Translated from the Italian).[\[4\]](#cite_note-Fenollos_et_al-4) The "Tower" as discussed in ancient sources refers to the monument as it appeared in the [Neo-Babylonian](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian "Neo-Babylonian") period.

## Descriptions

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Descriptions")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Etemenanki_drawing.gif/220px-Etemenanki_drawing.gif)](/wiki/File:Etemenanki_drawing.gif) Reconstruction of Etemenanki, based on Schmid

A Neo-Babylonian royal inscription of [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II "Nebuchadnezzar II") on a [stele](/wiki/Stele "Stele") from [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"), claimed to have been found in the 1917 excavation by [Robert Koldewey](/wiki/Robert_Koldewey "Robert Koldewey"),[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) and of uncertain authenticity, reads: "Etemenanki[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) Zikkurat Babibli \[Ziggurat of Babylon\] I made it, the wonder of the people of the world, I raised its top to heaven, made doors for the gates, and I covered it with bitumen and bricks." The building is depicted in shallow relief, showing its high first stages with paired flights of steps, five further stepped stages and the temple that surmounted the structure. A floor plan is also shown, depicting the buttressed outer walls and the inner chambers surrounding the central _[cella](/wiki/Cella "Cella")_.

Foundation cylinders with inscriptions from Nabopolassar were found in the 1880s, two survive, one of which reads:[\[3\]](#cite_note-arg-3)

> At that time my lord Marduk told me in regard to E-temen-anki, the ziqqurrat of Babylon, which before my day was (already) very weak and badly buckled, to ground its bottom on the breast of the netherworld, to make its top vie with the heavens. I fashioned mattocks, spades and brick-moulds from ivory, ebony, and musukkannu-wood, and set them in the hands of a vast workforce levied from my land. I had them shape mud bricks without number and mould-baked bricks like countless raindrops. I had the River Arahtu bear asphalt and bitumen like a mighty flood. Through the sagacity of Ea, through the intelligence of Marduk, through the wisdom of Nabû and Nissaba, by means of the vast mind that the god who created me let me possess, I deliberated with my great intellect, I commissioned the wisest experts and the surveyor established the dimensions with the twelve-cubit rule. The master-builders drew taut the measuring cords, they determined the limits. I sought confirmation by consulting Samas, Adad and Marduk and, whenever my mind deliberated (and) I pondered (unsure of) the dimensions, the great gods made (the truth) known to me by the procedure of (oracular) confirmation. Through the craft of exorcism, the wisdom of Ea and Marduk, I purified that place and made firm its foundation platform on its ancient base. In its foundations I laid out gold, silver, gemstones from mountain and sea. Under the brickwork, I set heaps of shining _sapsu_, sweet-scented oil, aromatics and red earth. I fashioned representations of my royal likeness bearing a soil-basket and positioned (them) variously in the foundation platform. I bowed my neck to my lord Marduk. I rolled up my garment, my kingly robe, and carried on my head bricks and earth (i.e. mud bricks). I had soil-baskets made of gold and silver and made Nebuchadnezzar, my firstborn son, beloved of my heart, carry alongside my workmen earth mixed with wine, oil and resin-chips. I made Nabûsumilisir, his brother, a boy, issue of my body, my darling younger son, take up mattock and spade. I burdened him with a soil-basket of gold and silver and bestowed him on my lord Marduk as a gift.I constructed the building, the replica of E-sarra, in joy and jubilation and raised its top as high as a mountain. For my lord Marduk I made it an object fitting for wonder, just as it was in former times.

In 2003 scholars discovered in the [Schøyen Collection](/wiki/Sch%C3%B8yen_Collection "Schøyen Collection") the oldest known representation of the Etemenanki.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-stele-8) Carved on a black stone, the "Tower of Babel Stele", as it is known, dates to 604–562 BCE, the time of Nebuchadnezzar II.[\[8\]](#cite_note-stele-8)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Etemenanki_plan.png/220px-Etemenanki_plan.png)](/wiki/File:Etemenanki_plan.png) Plan of the site

The Etemenanki is described in a [cuneiform](/wiki/Cuneiform_(script) "Cuneiform (script)") tablet from [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk") from 229 BCE, a copy of an older text (now in the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre"), Paris and referred to as the "Esagila" tablet).[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) Translated in 1876 by Assyriologist [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist) "George Smith (Assyriologist)"), it gives the height of the tower as seven stocks (91 meters) with a square base of 91 meters on each side. This mudbrick structure was confirmed by excavations conducted by Robert Koldewey after 1913. Large stairs were discovered at the south side of the building, where a triple gate connected it with the [Esagila](/wiki/Esagila "Esagila"). A larger gate to the east connected the Etemenanki with the sacred procession road (now reconstructed in the [Pergamon Museum](/wiki/Pergamon_Museum "Pergamon Museum"), Berlin).

Until the first translation of the "Esagila" tablet, details of Babylon's ziggurat were known only from the ancient Greek historian [Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus "Herodotus"), who wrote in the mid-5th century BCE:[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

> The center of each division of the town was occupied by a fortress. In the one stood the palace of the kings, surrounded by a wall of great strength and size: in the other was the sacred precinct of [Jupiter \[Zeus\] Belus](/wiki/Belus_(Babylonian) "Belus (Babylonian)"), a square enclosure two furlongs \[402 m\] each way, with gates of solid brass; which was also remaining in my time. In the middle of the precinct there was a tower of solid masonry, a furlong \[201 m\] in length and breadth, upon which was raised a second tower, and on that a third, and so on up to eight. The ascent to the top is on the outside, by a path which winds round all the towers. When one is about half-way up, one finds a resting-place and seats, where persons can sit for some time on their way to the summit. On the topmost tower there is a spacious temple, and inside the temple stands a couch of unusual size, richly adorned, with a golden table by its side. There is no statue of any kind set up in the place, nor is the chamber occupied of nights by any one but a single native woman, who, as the Chaldeans \[i.e. the Babylonians\], the priests of this god, affirm, is chosen for himself by the deity out of all the women of the land.

This _Tower of Jupiter Belus_ is believed to refer to the Akkadian god [Bel](/wiki/Bel_(god) "Bel (god)"), whose name has been [Hellenised](/wiki/Hellenization "Hellenization") by Herodotus to _[Zeus Belus](/wiki/Belus_(Babylonian) "Belus (Babylonian)")_. It is likely that it corresponds to Etemenanki. Herodotus does not say that he visited Babylon or the ziggurat, however; the account contains multiple inaccuracies and is most likely second hand.[\[3\]](#cite_note-arg-3)

## Final demolition

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Final demolition")\]

In 331 BCE, [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great") captured Babylon and ordered repairs to the Etemenanki. When Alexander returned to the ancient city in 323 BCE, he noted that no progress had been made, and ordered his army to demolish the entire building in order to prepare a final rebuilding.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) His death, however, prevented the reconstruction.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12) The [Babylonian Chronicles](/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles "Babylonian Chronicles") and [Astronomical Diaries](/wiki/Astronomical_Diaries "Astronomical Diaries") record several attempts to rebuild the Etemenanki, which were always preceded by removing the last debris of the original ziggurat. The _Ruin of Esagila Chronicle_ mentions that the [Seleucid](/wiki/Seleucids "Seleucids") crown prince [Antiochus I](/wiki/Antiochus_I "Antiochus I") decided to rebuild it and made a sacrifice in preparation. However, while there, he stumbled on the rubble and fell. He then angrily ordered his elephant drivers to destroy the last of the remains.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) There are no later references to the Etemenanki from antiquity.

## Modern hypotheses regarding height

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Modern hypotheses regarding height")\]

Modern scholars dispute the claim by the ancient Babylonian source (the "Esagila" tablet) that the Etemenanki was 91 meters tall.

> \[The modern\] interpretation of Esagil's text raises a serious technical problem: the excessive height of the first two terraces of the ziggurat and the total height of the building defy the laws of [statics](/wiki/Statics "Statics") and [compressive strength](/wiki/Compressive_strength "Compressive strength") of a material such as raw earth brick.” (Translated from the Italian).[\[4\]](#cite_note-Fenollos_et_al-4)

Even allowing variation in the design of a six-level terraced structure, at that height, the compression stress on the structure would be somewhere around two to three times as much as comparable structures of the same time period. Fenollós et al. propose that, assuming the structure did indeed use a six-level terrace design as depicted in the Tower of Babel stele, the ziggurat was probably closer to 54 meters tall. The temple at the top contributed another 12 meters in height, for a total height of 66 meters.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Fenollos_et_al-4)

## In popular culture

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: In popular culture")\]

In the Portugal Pack of the video game _[Civilization VI](/wiki/Civilization_VI "Civilization VI")_, Etemenanki was introduced as one of the wonders in the game.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

In the [Lucasarts](/wiki/Lucasarts "Lucasarts") PC video game _[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Infernal_Machine "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine")_, Etemenanki is a key location, eventually revealed to have been both the biblical Tower of Babel and a temple to the god [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk").

## Image gallery

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Image gallery")\]

- [![Model at the Pergamon Museum of Berlin](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Etemenanki_Berlin.jpg/120px-Etemenanki_Berlin.jpg)](/wiki/File:Etemenanki_Berlin.jpg "Model at the Pergamon Museum of Berlin")

Model at the [Pergamon Museum](/wiki/Pergamon_Museum "Pergamon Museum") of Berlin

- [![Remains of the foundations](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Remains_of_the_foundations_of_the_Etemnanki_Zigurat.jpg/120px-Remains_of_the_foundations_of_the_Etemnanki_Zigurat.jpg)](/wiki/File:Remains_of_the_foundations_of_the_Etemnanki_Zigurat.jpg "Remains of the foundations")

Remains of the foundations


## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [List of tallest structures built before the 20th century](/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century "List of tallest structures built before the 20th century")

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Notes")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg)[Asia portal](/wiki/Portal:Asia "Portal:Asia")

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**[Harris, Stephen L.](/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris "Stephen L. Harris") (2002). _Understanding the Bible_. [McGraw-Hill](/wiki/McGraw-Hill "McGraw-Hill"). pp. 50–51. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780767429160](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780767429160 "Special:BookSources/9780767429160").
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Streck, Michael P. (2006). "Die Stadt, an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird". _[Damals](/wiki/Damals "Damals")_ (in German). Vol. Special volume. pp. 11–28.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-arg_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-arg_3-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-arg_3-2)[George, Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_R._George "Andrew R. George") (2007) "The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, history and cuneiform texts" _Archiv für Orientforschung_, **51** (2005/2006). pp. 75–95. [pdf document](http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/3858/2/TowerOfBabel.AfO.pdf).
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Fenollos_et_al_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Fenollos_et_al_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Fenollos_et_al_4-2)Fenollós, Juan Luis; Vegas, Fernando; Mileto, Camilla (January 2005). [" _Etemenanki: nuova ipotesi di ricostruzione dello ziggurat di Nabucodonosor II nella cittá di Babilonia._"](https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/3533/24714_10.pdf?sequence=1)(PDF). _ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad_: 201–216. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Koldewey had identified Etemenanki in November 1900; the vicissitudes of the archaeological enterprise, in which the enormous mass of debris covering it was shoveled away and shafts and tunnels pierced, were summarised in Friedrich Wetzel and F. H. Weissbach, _Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon, Esagila und Etemenanki_ (Leipzig) 1938; the most recent monograph is Hans-Jörg Schmid, _Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon_ (Mainz) 1995.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**The house, the foundation of heaven and earth". The stele was broken in Antiquity in three pieces, two of which are reunited in the [Schøyen collection, MS 2063](http://www.schoyencollection.com/babylonianhist.htm#2063)
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**van de Mieroop, Marc (2003). ["Reading Babylon"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40026077). _American Journal of Archaeology_. **107** (2): 257–275. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-9114](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114).
08. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-stele_8-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-stele_8-1)George, A. R. (2011). ["A Stele of Nebuchadnezzar II"](https://www.academia.edu/25635619). In George, A. R. (ed.). _Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection_. CDL Press. pp. 153–169. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-934309-33-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934309-33-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-934309-33-9").
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Claire, Iselin. ["The "Esagila" tablet"](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010167181). _Louvre_. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Herodotus, [_Histories_](/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus) "Histories (Herodotus)") 1.181
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**[Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus"), 2.9.9; [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo"), _Geography_, 16.1.5.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**R.J. van der Spek, "Darius III, Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship" in: Achaemenid History XIII (Leiden 2003), 289–346.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Bert van der Spek (2004). ["BCHP 6 (Ruin of Esagila Chronicle)"](https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-6-ruin-of-esagila-chronicle/). _Livius.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180130112148/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-ruin_esagila/ruin_esagila_01.html) from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**["Civilization VI _s final DLC for New Frontier Pass to feature zombies"_](https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/civilization-vi-portugal-pack-new-frontier-zombies-2901849) _._ nme _._

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Etemenanki&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: References")\]

- A. R. George, "E-sangil and E-temen-anki, the Archetypal Cult-centre?" in: J. Renger, _Babylon: Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne_ (1999 Saarbrücken)
- Hans-Jörg Schmid, _Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon_ (1995 Mainz) [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [3-8053-1610-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1610-0 "Special:BookSources/3-8053-1610-0")
- [The Tower of Babel Stele, Schoyen Collection](https://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/babylonian-history-collection/tower-babel-stele-ms-2063)
- Jona Lendering (2003). ["Etemenanki (the "Tower of Babel")"](https://www.livius.org/articles/place/babylon/etemenanki/). _Livius.org_. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- [Fenollós, Juan Luis & Vegas, Fernando & Mileto, Camilla. (2005). Etemenanki: nuova ipotesi di ricostruzione dello ziggurat di Nabucodonosor II nella cittá di Babilonia. ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad 8 (2005): 201-216.](https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/3533/24714_10.pdf?sequence=1)

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