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What Type of Meditation Is Best? | Psychology Today
Meditation is meant to be a daily, lifelong practice to improve your mind and body. As a primary-care internal medicine specialist for over ...
mindfulness
A three-year study comparing the three different forms of meditation showed that elderly subjects who were taught Automatic Self-Transcending improved the most compared to two other meditation techniques ( <anchor>mindfulness</anchor> training and a mental relaxation program) and compared to a non-meditation control group. The subjects who practiced Automatic Self-Transcending (TM in this study) lived longer and had better improvement in their systolic blood pressure, cognitive flexibility, mental health, and self-ratings of aging. All the types of meditation were better than the control group—they worked—but one worked better than the others.
Mindfulness | Psychology Today
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# Mindfulness

Present Moment Awareness

[Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff](/us/docs/editorial-process)

Mindfulness is a state of active, open [attention](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attention "Psychology Today looks at attention") to the present. This state is described as observing one’s thoughts and feelings without judging them as good or bad.

#### Contents

- [Understanding Mindfulness](#understanding-mindfulness)
- [Practicing Mindfulness](#practicing-mindfulness)
- [The Benefits of Mindfulness](#the-benefits-of-mindfulness)

Understanding Mindfulness


![Luna Vandoorne/Shutterstock](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2020-05/shutterstock_119703982.jpg?itok=YiZlJ5SV)

To live mindfully is to live in the moment and reawaken oneself to the present, rather than dwelling on the past or anticipating the future. To be mindful is to observe and label thoughts, feelings, sensations in the body in an objective manner. Mindfulness can therefore be a tool to avoid self-criticism and judgment while identifying and managing difficult emotions.

Mindfulness is rooted in Buddhist and Hindu teachings. Buddhism includes a journey toward enlightenment, and the concept of “sati,”—which encompasses attention, awareness, and being present—is considered the first step toward enlightenment. The term was roughly translated from the ancient language Pali into the term “mindfulness.”

The emergence of mindfulness in Western culture can be attributed to Jon Kabat-Zinn. Kabat-Zinn studied mindfulness under several Buddhist teachers, such as Philip Kapleau and Thich Nhat Hanh. As a professor at the University of Massachusetts medical school in the late 1970s, Kabat-Zinn developed a program called Mindfulness-Based [Stress](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/stress "Psychology Today looks at Stress") Reduction (MBSR) to treat [chronic pain](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/chronic-pain "Psychology Today looks at chronic pain"). He discovered that patients would often try to avoid pain—but that that avoidance would lead to deeper distress. Practicing mindfulness was a more successful approach.

As mindfulness shifted into mainstream science and medicine, it became a pivotal therapeutic technique; it was integrated into Mindfulness-Based Cognitive [Therapy](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/therapy "Psychology Today looks at Therapy"), Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, among others.


What is mindfulness?



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Mindfulness encompasses two key ingredients: [awareness and acceptance.](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/201502/what-is-mindfulness-and-how-does-it-work) Awareness is the knowledge and ability to focus attention on one’s inner processes and experiences, such as the experience of the present moment. Acceptance is the ability to observe and accept—rather than judge or avoid—those streams of thought.


What is the purpose of mindfulness?



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The goal of mindfulness is to [cultivate perspective on one’s consciousness](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/201502/what-is-mindfulness-and-how-does-it-work) and [identity](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/identity "Psychology Today looks at identity") that can bring greater peace mentally and relationally. Mindfulness may also be used in [mindfulness-based therapies,](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/mindfulness-based-cognitive-therapy) to address stress, [anxiety](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/anxiety "Psychology Today looks at anxiety"), or pain, and simply to become more relaxed.


What is the history of mindfulness?



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Mindfulness has its origins in Buddhist and Hindu teachings, from which the concept [“sati” was roughly translated to “mindfulness.”](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-light-in-the-darkness/201603/where-does-the-word-mindfulness-come) The practice was popularized in the West through the work of Jon-Kabat Zinn. Zinn created Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction to treat pain, anxiety, and stress, and he ultimately [brought mindfulness into mainstream clinical practice.](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/201502/what-is-mindfulness-and-how-does-it-work)


What’s the difference between mindfulness and flow?



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Flow is a state in which one is completely absorbed in an activity and loses self-awareness. Flow and mindfulness both involve deep [concentration](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attention "Psychology Today looks at concentration")—but only flow involves goal-directed behavior. While mindfulness channels concentration entirely toward the present moment, flow channels concentration toward skills and goal achievement, which might include thoughts of the past and future and judgment of those thoughts.


What’s the difference between mindfulness and [meditation](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/meditation "Psychology Today looks at meditation")?



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Mindfulness is one form of meditation. Meditation utilizes various practices to quiet the mind or achieve a higher level of consciousness, one of which is mindfulness. [Mindfulness can be cultivated within or outside of formal meditation](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/some-assembly-required/201804/demystifying-meditation) and woven into any activity, such as taking a walk or being engaged in conversation.

article continues after advertisement

Practicing Mindfulness


![Merla/Shutterstock](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2019-07/shutterstock_665619424.jpg?itok=7sOhRCJJ)

A person’s experience of time tends to be subjective and heavily influenced by their emotional state. Fears and insecurities about the past and the future can make it difficult to fully appreciate the present. The key is learning how to pay attention.

Mindfulness can take place through meditation sessions or smaller moments throughout the day. To cultivate a state of mindfulness, you can begin by sitting down and taking deep breaths. Focus on each breath and the sensations of the moment, such as sounds, scents, the temperature, and the feeling of air passing in and out of the body.

Shift your attention, then, to the thoughts and emotions that you’re experiencing. Allow each thought to exist without judging it or ascribing negativity to it. Sit with those thoughts. The experience may evoke a strong emotional reaction. Exploring that response can be an opportunity to address or resolve underlying challenges.


How do I practice mindfulness?



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To cultivate awareness, observe your thoughts and emotions and explore why those specific ideas might be surfacing. [To cultivate acceptance,](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/click-here-happiness/201902/what-is-mindfulness-and-how-be-more-mindful) avoid judging or pushing away unpleasant thoughts. Emotions are natural and everyone has them—acknowledging them can help you understand yourself better and move forward.


How can I be more mindful?



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Mindfulness can help bring you [into the present moment throughout the day.](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/design-your-path/201504/simple-ways-be-more-present-in-our-everyday-lives) As you wake up, you can focus on your breathing and the way your body gradually becomes more energized. You can incorporate a brief meditation into your work day, perhaps on your lunch break, and focus and appreciate the experience of eating during meals.


Why is mindfulness so popular?



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Mindfulness has been embraced by corporate leaders, sports teams, the military, and countless individuals around the world. The practice may owe its popularity to today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world, rife with financial and time pressures. Mindfulness may represent an [unmet need for moments of quiet, contemplation, and calm](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/feeling-it/201901/is-mindfulness-worth-it).

The Benefits of Mindfulness


![George Rudy/Shutterstock](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2020-05/shutterstock_529084606.jpg?itok=QZA0HcLk)

Mindfulness is frequently used in meditation and certain kinds of therapy. Its benefits include lowering stress levels, reducing harmful ruminating, and protecting against [depression](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/depression "Psychology Today looks at depression") and anxiety. Research even suggests that mindfulness can help people better cope with rejection and [social isolation](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/loneliness "Psychology Today looks at social isolation").


Does mindfulness really work?



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Review studies suggest that mindfulness-based interventions can [help reduce anxiety, depression, and pain.](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evidence-based-living/201804/what-do-we-really-know-about-mindfulness) To a lesser extent, they can alleviate stress and improve quality of life. However, inconsistencies in the way mindfulness is defined and measured make it difficult to determine whether mindfulness really provides other benefits.


How does mindfulness help relieve anxiety?



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Mindfulness encompasses awareness and acceptance, which can help people [understand and cope with uncomfortable emotions,](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hack-your-anxiety/201905/how-mindfulness-can-ease-anxiety) allowing them to gain control and relief. To cultivate these skills, concentrate on breathing to lengthen and deepen your breaths. Foster an awareness of the five senses. Notice your thoughts and feelings, and practice curiosity and self-compassion.


Can mindfulness help me break bad habits?



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Mindfulness can play a role in helping people break habits such as [smoking](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/smoking "Psychology Today looks at smoking") or overeating. When a habit has developed, the trigger (hunger) prompts a behavior (eating) that leads to a reward (satisfaction). Becoming aware of the behavior and what is derived from it can help [alter the reward and replace it with a healthier behavior](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-craving-mind/201908/the-science-behind-bad-habits-and-how-break-them).


Can mindfulness help my relationship?



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Higher levels of mindfulness predict happier and more satisfying relationships, research suggests. It’s difficult to disentangle whether mindfulness directly _caused_ those improvements, but [mindfulness does benefit key relationship skills,](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201706/five-ways-mindfulness-makes-your-relationship-happier) such as being present and attentive, regulating emotions, being self-aware, and cultivating empathy and compassion.

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A new study shows that when someone is truly present with us, we feel secure and can move closer to our goals. What does this imply about relationships in distracted times?


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[Benefits of the Wim Hof Method](/us/blog/click-here-for-happiness/202312/benefits-of-the-wim-hof-method)

Learn about the science and history behind the Wim Hof method as well as the physical and psychological benefits.


Learn about the science and history behind the Wim Hof method as well as the physical and psychological benefits.


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