как были открыты вирусы
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Как русский ученый-биолог первым в мире в 1892 открыл вирус. Вирусы сопровождают человечество, проявляясь гепатитом, туберкулезом, оспой, ...
опубликованы
Уже тогда вирусология развивалась впечатляющими темпами – к середине 1930-х была установлена природа множества болезней, доказано участие вирусов в развитии некоторых форм рака, были открыты вирусы бактерий (бактериофаги), началось использование лабораторных животных для исследований. Было установлено, что вирусы содержат только нуклеиновые кислоты (ДНК или РНК) и белки. Но только в 1939 г. гипотеза Лёффлера и Фроша получила окончательное и стопроцентное подтверждение.Германские ученые Хельмут Руска, Густав Коше и Эдгар Пфанкух использовали новинку того времени – электронный микроскоп – и получили первые фотографии вируса. Им оказался возбудитель все той же табачной мозаики, с которой и началась вся эта история. Снимки были <anchor>опубликованы</anchor> в журнале с обычным непроизносимым названием Naturwissenschaften – «Естествознание». Вот одна из этих картинок – а для наглядности рядом мы приводим снимок с более сильным увеличением, сделанный уже в наши дни.
Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop | The Science of Nature
Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop \| The Science of Nature

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# Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop

- Aufsätze
- Reine Und Technisch Angewandte Chemie
- Published: May 1939

- Volume 27, pages 292–299, (1939)

- [Cite this article](#citeas)

[![](https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/114?as=webp)Naturwissenschaften](/journal/114) [Aims and scope](https://link.springer.com/journal/114/aims-and-scope) [Submit manuscript](https://www.editorialmanager.com/nawi)

- [G. A. Kausche](#auth-G__A_-Kausche),
- [E. Pfankuch](#auth-E_-Pfankuch) &
- [H. Ruska](#auth-H_-Ruska)

- 760 Accesses

- 186 Citations

- 15 Altmetric

- 1 Mention

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## Zusammenfassung

1\. Es wird die Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, im Übermikroskop Tabakmosaik - und Kartoffel-X-Virus sichtbar und abbildbar zu machen.

2\. Die präparative Ausgangssituation wird geschildert. Durch das Austrocknen des Virussols entsteht auf dem Trägerfilm ein Trockengel mit gerichteter Struktur.

3\. Bei hinreichend hoch verdünnten Virussolen gelingt es, die laterale Aggregation zu Bändern zu verhindern, so daß die Stäbchen oder Fäden isoliert voneinander auftrocken.

4\. Die ausgemessenen Dimensionen an den kleinsten der Gebilde entsprechen denjenigen, die auf Grund der Röntgenographie und Ultrazentrifugation ermittelt worden sind.

5\. Wir halten die stäbchen- oder fadenförmigen Gebilde des Dimensionsbereiches von rund 300 mµ bzw. rund 150 mµ Länge und rund 15 mµ Durchmesser für die Moleküle des TM-Virus und sehen die Vielfachen davon als lineare bzw. laterale Aggregationen an.

6\. Im Sinne der submikroskopischen Morphologie konnte zum erstenmal an einem Eiweißtrockengel die Faserstruktur für den micellaren bis molekularen Bereich sichtbar gemacht und abgebildet werden.

7\. Wir haben die bisher hypothetische und nur mittels indirekter Methoden nachgewiesene Aggregation der TM-Virusmoleküle direkt sichtbar gemacht und sie als eine überraschend leicht, zunächst in linearer Verkettung eintretende Reaktion festgestellt, die sich kontinuierlich fortsetzt bis zur Bildung von lichtmikroskopisch und dann weiter von makroskopisch sichtbaren Kristallen.


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## Additional information

Mitteilung aus der Biologischen Reichsanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft und dem Laboratorium für Elektronenoptik der Siemens & Halske A.G.

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Kausche, G.A., Pfankuch, E. & Ruska, H. Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop.
_Naturwissenschaften_ **27**, 292–299 (1939). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01493353

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