Древние животные и их образ жизни
15 фотосравнений животных с их доисторическими предками, от ...
Их предки, миациды, были больше похожи на современных куниц и жили на деревьях, спускаясь на землю лишь в поисках добычи. Впрочем, эти древние животные стали п ...
компенсировал
Опоссумы — это небольшого размера животные, которые в настоящее время обитают в Северной и Южной Америке. Часто этих безобидных зверушек показывают в зоопарках, однако с перспективой оказаться в одном из них вряд ли согласился бы древний родственник этих лесных обитателей — сумчатый саблезубый тигр. Острый слух зверя <anchor>компенсировал</anchor> его относительно слабое зрение, а верхние клыки тигра росли на протяжении всей его жизни. Возможно, именно необычный внешний вид животного способствовал распространению слухов о том, что грозный предок опоссумов каким-то образом мог дожить до наших дней: время от времени похожего зверя замечают в Африке, в Южной Америке и даже у Азовского моря.
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## Contents

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- [1Taxonomy](#Taxonomy)Toggle Taxonomy subsection  - [1.1Evolution](#Evolution)
- [2Description](#Description)Toggle Description subsection  - [2.1Skull](#Skull)
  - [2.2Postcranial skeleton](#Postcranial_skeleton)
- [3Palaeobiology](#Palaeobiology)Toggle Palaeobiology subsection  - [3.1Diet and feeding](#Diet_and_feeding)
  - [3.2Motion](#Motion)
- [4Distribution and habitat](#Distribution_and_habitat)
- [5Extinction](#Extinction)
- [6Notes](#Notes)
- [7References](#References)
- [8Bibliography](#Bibliography)
- [9External links](#External_links)

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# _Thylacosmilus_

27 languages

- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilus_atrox "Thylacosmilus atrox – Catalan")
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- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80 "Сумчатый саблезубый тигр – Russian")
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- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%8B%E5%8A%8D%E8%99%8E "袋劍虎 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extinct genus of mammals

_Thylacosmilus_

Temporal range: [Late Miocene](/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") – [Pliocene](/wiki/Pliocene "Pliocene") ( [Huayquerian](/wiki/Huayquerian "Huayquerian")– [Chapadmalalan](/wiki/Chapadmalalan "Chapadmalalan"))

c. 9–3 [Ma](/wiki/Megaannum "Megaannum")

[PreꞒ](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian")

[Ꞓ](/wiki/Cambrian "Cambrian")

[O](/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician")

[S](/wiki/Silurian "Silurian")

[D](/wiki/Devonian "Devonian")

[C](/wiki/Carboniferous "Carboniferous")

[P](/wiki/Permian "Permian")

[T](/wiki/Triassic "Triassic")

[J](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic")

[K](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous")

[Pg](/wiki/Paleogene "Paleogene")

[N](/wiki/Neogene "Neogene")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MEF_Thylacosmilus.jpg/220px-MEF_Thylacosmilus.jpg)](/wiki/File:MEF_Thylacosmilus.jpg)Two reconstructed skeletons mounted in fighting pose, [Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio](/wiki/Museum_of_Paleontology_Egidio_Feruglio "Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio")[Scientific classification](/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology) "Taxonomy (biology)")[![Edit this classification](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png)](/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Thylacosmilus "Edit this classification")Domain:
[Eukaryota](/wiki/Eukaryote "Eukaryote")Kingdom:
[Animalia](/wiki/Animal "Animal")Phylum:
[Chordata](/wiki/Chordate "Chordate")Class:
[Mammalia](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal")Order:
† [Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta")Family:
† [Thylacosmilidae](/wiki/Thylacosmilidae "Thylacosmilidae")Genus:
†_Thylacosmilus_

[Riggs](/wiki/Elmer_S._Riggs "Elmer S. Riggs") 1933Species:

† _**T. atrox**_

[Binomial name](/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature")**† _Thylacosmilus atrox_**

Riggs 1933

[Synonyms](/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy) "Synonym (taxonomy)")

- _Achlysictis_ [Ameghino](/wiki/Florentino_Ameghino "Florentino Ameghino") 1891
- _T. lentis_ Riggs 1933

_**Thylacosmilus**_ is an extinct [genus](/wiki/Genus "Genus") of [saber-toothed](/wiki/Saber-toothed_predator "Saber-toothed predator") [metatherian](/wiki/Metatheria "Metatheria") [mammals](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal") that inhabited [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America") from the [Late Miocene](/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") to [Pliocene](/wiki/Pliocene "Pliocene") [epochs](/wiki/Epoch_(geology) "Epoch (geology)"). Though _Thylacosmilus_ looks similar to the " [saber-toothed cats](/wiki/Machairodontinae "Machairodontinae")", it was not a [felid](/wiki/Felid "Felid"), like the well-known North American _[Smilodon](/wiki/Smilodon "Smilodon")_, but a [sparassodont](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta"), a group closely related to [marsupials](/wiki/Marsupial "Marsupial"), and only superficially resembled other saber-toothed mammals due to [convergent evolution](/wiki/Convergent_evolution "Convergent evolution"). A 2005 study found that the bite forces of _Thylacosmilus_ and _Smilodon_ were low, which indicates the killing-techniques of saber-toothed animals differed from those of extant species. Remains of _Thylacosmilus_ have been found primarily in [Catamarca](/wiki/Catamarca_Province "Catamarca Province"), [Entre Ríos](/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province "Entre Ríos Province"), and [La Pampa Provinces](/wiki/La_Pampa_Province "La Pampa Province") in northern [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina").[\[1\]](#cite_note-academia-1)

## Taxonomy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Taxonomy")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thylacosmilus_Holotype_FMNH.jpg/220px-Thylacosmilus_Holotype_FMNH.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_Holotype_FMNH.jpg) Partially reconstructed [holotype](/wiki/Holotype "Holotype") skull, [Field Museum of Natural History](/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History "Field Museum of Natural History")

In 1926, the [Marshall Field Paleontological Expeditions](/wiki/Marshall_Field_Paleontological_Expeditions "Marshall Field Paleontological Expeditions") collected mammal fossils from the [Ituzaingó Formation](/wiki/Ituzaing%C3%B3_Formation "Ituzaingó Formation") of [Corral Quemado](/wiki/Corral_Quemado,_Catamarca "Corral Quemado, Catamarca"), in [Catamarca Province](/wiki/Catamarca_Province "Catamarca Province"), northern Argentina. Three specimens were recognized as representing a new type of [marsupial](/wiki/Marsupial "Marsupial"), related to the [borhyaenids](/wiki/Borhyaenids "Borhyaenids"), and were reported to the [Paleontological Society of America](/wiki/Paleontological_Society_of_America "Paleontological Society of America") in 1928, though without being named. In 1933, the American paleontologist [Elmer S. Riggs](/wiki/Elmer_S._Riggs "Elmer S. Riggs") named and preliminarily described the new genus _Thylacosmilus_ based on these specimens, while noting that a full description was being prepared and would be published at a later date. He named two new species in the genus, _T. atrox_ and _T. lentis_.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Naming1933-2) The generic name _Thylacosmilus_ means "pouch knife", while the specific name _atrox_ means "cruel".[\[3\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2016194–195-3) Riggs found the genus distinct enough to warrant a new [subfamily](/wiki/Subfamily "Subfamily") within Borhyaenidae, [Thylacosmilinae](/wiki/Thylacosmilinae "Thylacosmilinae"), and stated it was "one of the most unique flesh-eating mammals of all times".[\[2\]](#cite_note-Naming1933-2)

The [holotype specimen](/wiki/Holotype_specimen "Holotype specimen") of _T. atrox_, FMNH P 14531, was collected by Riggs and an assistant. It consists of a skull with the teeth of the right side entirely preserved as well as the left canine found separate in the [matrix](/wiki/Matrix_(geology) "Matrix (geology)"), fragments of the mandibles, and a partial skeleton consisting of a humerus, a broken radius and broken femora, and foot bones. Missing and scattered parts of the skull and mandible were reconstructed and fitted together. Specimen P 14344 was designated as the [paratype](/wiki/Paratype "Paratype") of _T. atrox_, and consists of the skull, the mandible, seven cervical, two dorsal, two lumbar, and two sacral vertebrae, a femur, a tibia, a fibula, and various foot bones. It was one fourth smaller than the holotype, and may have been a young adult. It was collected by the American paleontologist [Robert C. Thorne](/wiki/Robert_C._Thorne "Robert C. Thorne"). The holotype of _T. lentis_, specimen P 14474, is a partial skull with the teeth of the right side preserved, and is about the same size as the _T. atrox_ paratype. It was collected a few miles away from the site of the _T. atrox_ holotype discovery, by the German biologist [Rudolf Stahlecker](/wiki/Rudolf_Stahlecker "Rudolf Stahlecker"). These specimens were housed at the [Field Museum of Natural History](/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History "Field Museum of Natural History") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), while the _T. lentis_ type later became part of the [Museum of La Plata](/wiki/Museum_of_La_Plata "Museum of La Plata") collection. In 1934, Riggs fully described the animal, after the fossils had been prepared and compared with other mammals from the same formation and better known borhyaenids from the [Santa Cruz Formation](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Formation,_Argentina "Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina").[\[4\]](#cite_note-Riggs1934-4)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thylacosmilus_atrox_holotype_skull.jpg/220px-Thylacosmilus_atrox_holotype_skull.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_atrox_holotype_skull.jpg) Holotype skull in multiple views

More fragmentary _Thylacosmilus_ specimens have since been discovered. Riggs and the American paleontologist [Bryan Patterson](/wiki/Bryan_Patterson "Bryan Patterson") reported in 1939 that a canine (MLP 31-XI-12-4) tentatively assigned to _Achlysictis_ or _[Stylocynus](/w/index.php?title=Stylocynus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stylocynus (page does not exist)")_ by the Argentinian paleontologist Lucas Kraglievich in 1934 belonged to _Thylacosmilus_. A partial right ramus and front half of a skull (MLP 65\_VI 1-29-41.) was collected in 1965. In a 1972 thesis, the Argentinian paleontologist Jorge Zetti suggested that _T. atrox_ and _T. lentis_ represented a single species, and the American paleontologist Larry G, Marshall agreed in 1976, stating the features distinguishing the two were of dubious taxonomic value, and probably due to differences in age and sex. He also found it hard to explain how two [sympatric species](/wiki/Sympatric_species "Sympatric species") (related species that lived in the same area at the same time) would be virtually identical in their specializations. Marshall also suggested _[Hyaenodonops](/w/index.php?title=Hyaenodonops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hyaenodonops (page does not exist)")_ could be cogeneric, though it was impossible to determine from the available specimens.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

### Evolution

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Evolution")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Megantereon_and_Thylacosmilus_skulls_compared.png/220px-Megantereon_and_Thylacosmilus_skulls_compared.png)](/wiki/File:Megantereon_and_Thylacosmilus_skulls_compared.png) Comparison of the skulls of the two [saber toothed](/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat "Saber-toothed cat") mammals _[Megantereon](/wiki/Megantereon "Megantereon")_ and _Thylacosmilus_[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Thylacosmilus_atlas%2C_axis%2C_and_limb_bones.jpg/170px-Thylacosmilus_atlas%2C_axis%2C_and_limb_bones.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_atlas,_axis,_and_limb_bones.jpg) Atlas, axis, and limb bones; the outlines of the missing foot bones are restored after the [thylacine](/wiki/Thylacine "Thylacine")

Though _Thylacosmilus_ is one of several predatory mammal genera typically called " [saber-toothed cats](/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat "Saber-toothed cat")", it was not a [felid](/wiki/Felidae "Felidae") [placentalian](/wiki/Placentalia "Placentalia"), but a [sparassodont](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta"), a group closely related to [marsupials](/wiki/Marsupial "Marsupial"), and only superficially resembled other saber-toothed mammals due to [convergent evolution](/wiki/Convergent_evolution "Convergent evolution").[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

The term "saber-tooth" refers to an [ecomorph](/wiki/Ecomorph "Ecomorph") consisting of various groups of extinct predatory [synapsids](/wiki/Synapsid "Synapsid") (mammals and close relatives), which [convergently evolved](/wiki/Convergent_evolution "Convergent evolution") extremely long [maxillary canines](/wiki/Maxillary_canine "Maxillary canine"), as well as adaptations to the skull and skeleton related to their use. This includes members of [Gorgonopsia](/wiki/Gorgonopsia "Gorgonopsia"), [Thylacosmilidae](/wiki/Thylacosmilidae "Thylacosmilidae"), [Machaeroidinae](/wiki/Machaeroides "Machaeroides"), [Nimravidae](/wiki/Nimravidae "Nimravidae"), [Barbourofelidae](/wiki/Barbourofelidae "Barbourofelidae"), and [Machairodontinae](/wiki/Machairodontinae "Machairodontinae").[\[9\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntón20133–26-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

The [cladogram](/wiki/Cladogram "Cladogram") below shows the position of _Thylacosmilus_ within Sparassodonta, according to Suarez and colleagues, 2015.[\[11\]](#cite_note-Suarez-11)

[Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta")

_[Patene](/w/index.php?title=Patene&action=edit&redlink=1 "Patene (page does not exist)")_

_[Hondadelphys](/wiki/Hondadelphys "Hondadelphys")_

_[Stylocynus](/w/index.php?title=Stylocynus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stylocynus (page does not exist)")_

[Hathliacynidae](/w/index.php?title=Hathliacynidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hathliacynidae (page does not exist)")

_[Acyon](/w/index.php?title=Acyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Acyon (page does not exist)")_

_[Cladosictis](/wiki/Cladosictis "Cladosictis")_[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cladosictis_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Cladosictis_%28white_background%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Cladosictis_(white_background).jpg)

_[Sipalocyon](/w/index.php?title=Sipalocyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sipalocyon (page does not exist)")_

_[Notogale](/w/index.php?title=Notogale&action=edit&redlink=1 "Notogale (page does not exist)")_

_[Sallacyon](/w/index.php?title=Sallacyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sallacyon (page does not exist)")_

[Borhyaenoidea](/wiki/Borhyaenoidea "Borhyaenoidea")

_[Lycopsis](/wiki/Lycopsis "Lycopsis")_

_[Prothylacynus](/wiki/Prothylacynus "Prothylacynus")_

_[Pharsophorus](/wiki/Pharsophorus "Pharsophorus")_

[Borhyaenidae](/wiki/Borhyaenidae "Borhyaenidae")

_[Borhyaena](/wiki/Borhyaena "Borhyaena")_

_[Australohyaena](/wiki/Australohyaena "Australohyaena")_

_[Arctodictis](/w/index.php?title=Arctodictis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arctodictis (page does not exist)")_

_[Callistoe](/wiki/Callistoe "Callistoe")_

_[Paraborhyaena](/wiki/Paraborhyaena "Paraborhyaena")_

[Thylacosmilidae](/wiki/Thylacosmilidae "Thylacosmilidae")

_[Patagosmilus](/wiki/Patagosmilus "Patagosmilus")_

_**Thylacosmilus**_[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg/70px-Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg)

[![Skeletal Reconstruction of Thylacosmilus atrox. Missin parts based on other members of Sparassodonta.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Thylacosmilus_atrox_Skeletal_Reconstruction.png/220px-Thylacosmilus_atrox_Skeletal_Reconstruction.png)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_atrox_Skeletal_Reconstruction.png) Skeletal reconstruction of Thylacosmilus atrox. Missing parts based on other members of [Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta").

## Description

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Description")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thylacosmilus_Size_Comparison.svg/220px-Thylacosmilus_Size_Comparison.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_Size_Comparison.svg) Size of _Thylacosmilus_ compared to a human

Body mass for sparassodonts is difficult to estimate, since these animals have relatively large heads in proportion to their bodies, leading to overestimations, particularly when compared with skulls of modern members of Carnivora, which have different locomotive and functional adaptations, or with those of the recent predatory marsupials, which do not exceed 30 kilograms (66 lb) of body mass. Recent methods, like Ercoli and Prevosti's (2011) linear regressions on postcranial elements that directly support the body's weight (such as tibiae, humeri and ulnae), comparing _Thylacosmilus_ to both extinct and modern carnivorans and metatherians, suggest that it weighed between 80 and 120 kilograms (180 and 260 lb),[\[12\]](#cite_note-Prevosti_et_al_2011-12)[\[13\]](#cite_note-Ercoli2011-13) with one estimate suggesting up to 150 kg (330 lb),[\[14\]](#cite_note-Sorkin-14) about the same size as a modern [jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar"). The differences in weight estimations may be due to the individual size variation of the specimens studied in each analysis, as well as the different samples and methods used. In any case, the weight estimations are consistent for terrestrial species that are generalists or have some degree of cursoriality.[\[13\]](#cite_note-Ercoli2011-13) A weight in this range would make _Thylacosmilus_ one of the largest known [carnivorous](/wiki/Carnivore "Carnivore") metatherians.

### Skull

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Skull")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Craniodental_details_of_Thylacosmilus.png/220px-Craniodental_details_of_Thylacosmilus.png)](/wiki/File:Craniodental_details_of_Thylacosmilus.png) Details in the skull and teeth, compared with _Megantereon_

_Thylacosmilus_ had large, saber-like canines. The roots of these canines grew throughout the animal's life, growing in an arc up the maxilla and above the orbits.[\[15\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntón201386-15) _Thylacosmilus_ teeth are in many aspects even more specialized than the teeth of other sabertoothed predators. In these animals the predatory function of the "sabres" gave rise to a specialization of the general dentition, in which some teeth were reduced or lost. In _Thylacosmilus_ the canines are relatively longer and more slender, relatively triangular in cross-section, in contrast with the oval shape of [carnivorans'](/wiki/Carnivora "Carnivora") saber-like canines. The function of these large canines was once thought to have apparently even eliminated the need for functional incisors, while carnivorans like _[Smilodon](/wiki/Smilodon "Smilodon")_ and _[Barbourofelis](/wiki/Barbourofelis "Barbourofelis")_ still have a full set of incisors.[\[16\]](#cite_note-Turnbull1978-16) However, evidence in the form of wear facets on the internal sides of the lower canines of _Thylacosmilus_ indicate that the animal did indeed have incisors, though they remain hitherto unknown due to poor fossilization and the fact that no specimen thus far has been preserved with its premaxilla intact.[\[17\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntón201387-17)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thylacosmilus_atrox_skull.JPG/170px-Thylacosmilus_atrox_skull.JPG)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_atrox_skull.JPG) Skull cast mounted with open jaws, [North American Museum of Ancient Life](/wiki/North_American_Museum_of_Ancient_Life "North American Museum of Ancient Life")

In _Thylacosmilus_ there is also evidence of the reduction of postcanine teeth, which developed only a tearing cusp, as a continuation of the general trend observed in other sparassodonts, which lost many of the grinding surfaces in the premolars and molars. The canines were hypsodont and more anchored in the skull, with more than half of the tooth contained within the [alveoli](/wiki/Dental_alveolus "Dental alveolus"), which were extended over the braincase. They were protected by the large symphyseal flange and they were powered by the highly developed musculature of the neck, which allowed forceful downward and backward movements of the head. The canines had only a thin layer of [enamel](/wiki/Tooth_enamel "Tooth enamel"), just 0.25 mm in its maximum depth at the lateral facets, this depth being consistent down the length of the teeth. The teeth had open roots and grew constantly, which eroded the abrasion marks that are present in the surface of the enamel of other sabertooths, such as _Smilodon_. The sharp serrations of the canines were maintained by the action of the wear with the lower canines, a process known as thegosis.[\[16\]](#cite_note-Turnbull1978-16)

The convex upper portion of the maxilla is ornamented with extensive furrows and pits. This texturing has been correlated with an extensive network of blood vessels, which may suggest that the upper maxilla was covered by some form of soft tissue[\[18\]](#cite_note-Janis2020-18) which tentatively has been hypothesized as a "horn covering" (keratinous structure).[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)

### Postcranial skeleton

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Postcranial skeleton")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thylacosmilus_3D_model.jpg/220px-Thylacosmilus_3D_model.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_3D_model.jpg) Restoration

Although the postcranial remains of _Thylacosmilus_ are incomplete, the elements recovered so far allow the examination of characteristics that this animal acquired in convergence with the sabertooth felids. Its cervical vertebrae were very strong and to some extent resembled the vertebrae of [Machairodontinae](/wiki/Machairodontinae "Machairodontinae");[\[20\]](#cite_note-Benes,_Josef_1979._Pg._237-8-20) also the cervical vertebrae have neural apophysis well developed, along with ventral apophysis in some cervicals, an element that is characteristic of other borhyaenoids. The lumbar vertebrae are short and more rigid than in _[Prothylacynus](/wiki/Prothylacynus "Prothylacynus")_. The bones of the limbs, like the [humerus](/wiki/Humerus "Humerus") and [femur](/wiki/Femur "Femur"), are very robust, since they probably had to deal with larger forces than in the modern felids. In particular, the features of the humerus suggest a great development of the pectoral and deltoid muscles, not only required to capture its prey, also to absorb the energy of the impact of the collision with such prey.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Argot2002-21)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Thylacosmilus_vertebrae.jpg/220px-Thylacosmilus_vertebrae.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_vertebrae.jpg) Vertebrae

The features of the hindlimb, with a robust femur equipped with a [greater trochanter](/wiki/Greater_trochanter "Greater trochanter") in the lower part, the short [tibia](/wiki/Tibia "Tibia") and plantigrade feet shows that this animal was not a runner, and probably stalked its prey animals. The hindlimbs also allowed a certain mobility of the hip, and possibly the ability to stand up only with its hindlimbs, like _Prothylacynus_ and _[Borhyaena](/wiki/Borhyaena "Borhyaena")_. Contrary to felids, [barbourofelids](/wiki/Barbourofelid "Barbourofelid") and [nimravids](/wiki/Nimravid "Nimravid"), the claws of _Thylacosmilus_ were not retractable.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Argot2002-21)

## Palaeobiology

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Palaeobiology")\]

### Diet and feeding

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Diet and feeding")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tylacosmilus_DB.jpg/170px-Tylacosmilus_DB.jpg)](/wiki/File:Tylacosmilus_DB.jpg) Restoration of the head

Recent comparative biomechanical analysis have estimated the bite force of _T. atrox_, starting from maximum gape, at 38 newtons (8.5 lbf), much weaker than that of a [leopard](/wiki/Leopard "Leopard"), suggesting its jaw muscles had an insignificant role in the dispatch of prey. Its skull was similar to that of _[Smilodon](/wiki/Smilodon "Smilodon")_ in that it was much better adapted to withstand loads applied by the neck musculature, which, along with evidence for powerful and flexible forelimb musculature and other skeleton adaptations for stability, support the hypothesis that its killing method consisted on immobilization of its prey followed by precisely directed, deep bites into the soft tissue driven by powerful neck muscles.[\[22\]](#cite_note-Hogenboom_2013-22)[\[23\]](#cite_note-Wroe_2013-23)[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) It has been suggested that its specialized predatory lifestyle could be linked to more extensive parental care than in modern marsupial predators, due that the killing technique only could be used by adult individuals with a full development of its peculiar dental anatomy and grasping abilities; it could require some time for young individuals to learn the necessary skills, although there are no clear evidence in the fossils _Thylacosmilus_, and this kind of cooperative behavior is unknown in modern marsupials.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Argot2002-21)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canines_of_Smilodon_and_Thylacosmilus.png/170px-Canines_of_Smilodon_and_Thylacosmilus.png)](/wiki/File:Canines_of_Smilodon_and_Thylacosmilus.png) [CT scans](/wiki/CT_scans "CT scans") of the skulls of _[Smilodon](/wiki/Smilodon "Smilodon")_ and _Thylacosmilus_, showing the extent of the canines (red) within the jaw, with _Thylacosmilus_ skull in side and front view below

In 1988 Juan C. Quiroga published a study on the [cerebral cortex](/wiki/Cerebral_cortex "Cerebral cortex") of two [proterotherids](/wiki/Proterotheriidae "Proterotheriidae") and _Thylacosmilus_. The study examines endocranial casts of two _Thylacosmilus_ specimens: [MLP](/wiki/Museo_de_La_Plata "Museo de La Plata") 35-X-41-1 (from the [Montehermosan](/wiki/Montehermosan "Montehermosan") age in [Catamarca Province](/wiki/Catamarca_Province "Catamarca Province")), which represents a natural cast of the left half of the cranial cavity lacking the anterior part of the olfactory bulbs and the brain hemispheres; and MMP[\[note 1\]](#cite_note-25) 1443 (from the [Chapadmalalan](/wiki/Chapadmalalan "Chapadmalalan") age in [Buenos Aires Province](/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province "Buenos Aires Province")), which is a complete, artificial cast that shows some ventral displacement but with the anterior right part of the brain hemisphere and olfactory bulb. Quiroga's analysis showed that the [somatic](/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system "Somatic nervous system") nervous system of _Thylacosmilus_ represented 27% of the entire cortex, with the visual area representing 18% and the auditory area 7%. The [paleocortex](/wiki/Paleocortex "Paleocortex") was more than 8%. The sulci of the cortex are relatively complex and similar in pattern and number to the modern [diprotodont](/wiki/Diprotodontia "Diprotodontia") marsupials. Compared with _[Macropus](/wiki/Macropus "Macropus")_ and _[Trichosurus](/wiki/Trichosurus "Trichosurus")_, _Thylacosmilus_ had less development of the maxillar area with respect to the mandibular area, and the rhinal fissure is taller than in _Macropus_ and _[Thylacinus](/wiki/Thylacinus "Thylacinus")_. This disproportion between the maxillar and mandibular areas, which are roughly similar in marsupials, seems to be a consequence of the extreme development of the neck and mandibular musculature, used in the functioning of the osteodentary anatomy of this animal. However, the area dedicated to the oral-mandible region comprises 42% of the somatic area. The comparison between the endocranial casts of _Thylacosmilus_ and a proterotherid specimen (possibly a species coevolving with _Thylacosmilus_ and a potential prey item) indicates that _Thylacosmilus_ had only half of the encephalization and a quarter of the [cortical area](/wiki/Cortical_area "Cortical area"), however it has more somatized areas, similar visual areas and less auditory area, which suggests different sensomotoric qualities between both animals.[\[25\]](#cite_note-Cerebral-26)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Thylacosmilus_AMNH.jpg/220px-Thylacosmilus_AMNH.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_AMNH.jpg) _Thylacosmilus_ skull (AMNH 32780) at the [American Museum of Natural History](/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History "American Museum of Natural History")

The analysis published by Christine Argot in 2002 about the evolution of predatory borhyaenoids suggests that _Thylacosmilus_ was a specialized form, which have a limited [stereoscopic vision](/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision "Stereoscopic vision") with small eyes, with an overlap of 50-60°, very low compared with modern predators, but the ossified and great auditory bulla and the muscular body would indicate that it could be an ambush predator in open and relatively dry environments, where the sound absorption is lesser than in more humid areas, and the acute hearing could compensate the limited vision. Argot suggested that _Thylacosmilus_ maybe was a nocturnal hunter, as modern lions.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Argot2002-21) Studies published in 2023 by Gaillard _et al._ suggest that despite the unique placement and divergences of the eyes, _Thylacosmilus_ was still granted some stereoscopic visual capability as a result of the frontation and verticality of its eye orbits, with this adaptation being a trade-off as a result of the unique morphology of its teeth, which never stopped growing. This study also suggests that _Thylacosmilus_ was largely unimpeded in predatory capability by the reduction in binocular vision created by its hypertrophied canines.[\[26\]](#cite_note-27)

A 2005 study published by Wroe _et al_. analysing bite-forces with the use of regressions on body mass and applying the model of "dry skull" in which the jaw is modeled as a lever based in relations between the skull dimensions and the jaw muscles, was employed in some extinct and extant placental and metatherian predatory mammals. _Thylacosmilus atrox_ reached the lowest value in that analysis, just barely surpassed by _Smilodon fatalis_. The authors concluded that both taxa, with low bite forces and peculiar cranial and postcranial anatomies, had a killing technique to dispatch large bodied prey without a true analogue between modern taxa.[\[27\]](#cite_note-28)

An analysis by Goswami _et al_. in 2010 tested if the metatherian mode of reproduction has produced any constraint in their cranial morphological evolution. Using landmarks in the skulls of several [eutherian](/wiki/Eutherian "Eutherian") and metatherian meat-eating lineages, they compared the ecomorphological convergences in these groups. Metatherian lineages, including specialised forms as _[Thylacoleo](/wiki/Thylacoleo "Thylacoleo")_ and _Thylacosmilus,_ showed values in morphospace more similar to [caniniforms](/wiki/Caniniform "Caniniform") than felids, due that even the shortening of the skull and reduction of postcanine teeth are not so drastic as in felids, despite them often being compared to feliform eutherians. The study shows that in any case, metatherians could be so diverse in cranial diversity as its eutherian counterparts, even with very extreme forms as _Thylacosmilus_ itself and that the metatherian development doesn't have any significative role in cranial evolution.[\[28\]](#cite_note-29)

A 2020 study found several functional disparities between _Thylacosmilus'_ s cranial anatomy and that of saber-toothed eutherians that cannot be explained by its metatherian status, such as the lack of a jaw symphysis, subtriangular canines instead of blade-like ones, lack of incisors (that would render feline-like feeding behaviours impossible), weak jaw musculature and unaligned teeth with no evidence of shearing activity, as well as a post-cranial skeleton more akin to that of a bear than a cursorial predator like a cat. This study very tentatively suggests that _Thylacosmilus_ might have been an intestine specialist that slashed open and sucked up the carcass' entrails.[\[18\]](#cite_note-Janis2020-18) A 2021 statistical analysis conversely concluded that _Thylacosmilus_ killed in the same manner as other sabre-tooths, because the premaxillary area, the carnassial region, and the nape of _Smilodon_, _Homotherium_, _Barbourofelis_, and _Thylacosmilus_ are all similarly developed, which they presumed was to, respectively, withstand high bite forces, maximise gape, and strengthen neck-driven head pulling. _Thylacosmilus_ scored closest to _Barbourofelis_.[\[29\]](#cite_note-30)

An isotope ratio study, using [stable isotopes](/wiki/Stable_isotopes "Stable isotopes") of carbon and oxygen from the [tooth enamel](/wiki/Tooth_enamel "Tooth enamel") of several mammals from the Pampean region from the Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene, was published by Domingo _et al_. in 2020 and indicates that the favoured prey of _Thylacosmilus_ were grazers, mainly notoungulates from open areas. This diet seems to coincide with the expansion of vast grasslands of [C4 plants](/wiki/C4_plants "C4 plants") in southern South America and the increasing of aridity and lower temperatures, in the interval between 11 million and 3 million years ago known as _Edad de las Planicies Australes_ ("Age of the Southern Plains", in Spanish).[\[30\]](#cite_note-31)

### Motion

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Motion")\]

Various studies have been published on the musculature and motion of _Thylacosmilus_. The analysis made by William Turnbull published in 1976[\[31\]](#cite_note-32) and 1978[\[16\]](#cite_note-Turnbull1978-16) included a reconstruction of the masticatory muscles of _Thylacosmilus_ modelling them with [plasticine](/wiki/Plasticine "Plasticine") over a cast of the skull and following the muscle scars on the surface of the fossil, then making a rubber model of the musculature and calculating the percentage of weight of these muscles compared with recent mammals, he concluded that the muscles involved in jaw closing in this animal were not unusual in size neither in form, compared with modern carnivore mammals, even indicating that they weren't so reduced as in the machairodont felids. Turnbull concluded that in _Thylacosmilus_ these masticatory muscles was not involved at all in the use of the sabertooth canines, which depended of the large neck muscles and the flexion of the head to be used killing the prey, combining in a sense the stabbing and slashing techniques from " [dirk-toothed](/wiki/Smilodontini "Smilodontini")" and " [scimitar](/wiki/Homotherini "Homotherini")" sabertooths.[\[16\]](#cite_note-Turnbull1978-16)

The comparative studies of Argot 2004, indicates that the [basicranium](/wiki/Basicranium "Basicranium") had rugose crests that served as attachments for the neck flexor muscles, which are associated to the increase of the bite strength. The deltopectoral crest is large, with 60% of the length of the humerus, which is correlated with musculature to manipulate heavy prey. This animal had an absent entepicondylar foramen in the humerus, which is correlated with the reduction of the [abduction movement](/wiki/Abduction_(anatomy) "Abduction (anatomy)") in that bone in cursorial ungulates and carnivores ( _[Borhyaena](/wiki/Borhyaena "Borhyaena")_ also show this condition), although it contrasts with its probable powerful [adductor muscles](/wiki/Adductor_muscles "Adductor muscles"). Although the lumbar vertebrae are not completely known, the two last ones are known and suggest for its vertical neural process that there is not an anticlinal vertebra; probably the muscles of the back ( _m. longissimus dorsi_) acted to stabilize the column and contribute to body propulsion, as occurs in _Smilodon_, which contrast with more flexible backs of the closest relatives of these sabertooth taxa.[\[21\]](#cite_note-Argot2002-21)

## Distribution and habitat

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Distribution and habitat")\]

[![Thylacosmilus is located in Argentina](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Relief_Map_of_Argentina.jpg/230px-Relief_Map_of_Argentina.jpg)](/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Argentina.jpg "Thylacosmilus is located in Argentina")

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg.png)

![Thylacosmilus](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg.png)

[class=notpageimage\|](/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Argentina.jpg "File:Relief Map of Argentina.jpg")

Fossil _Thylacosmilus_ locations

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg)[Montehermosan](/wiki/Montehermosan "Montehermosan")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Yellow_pog.svg)[Huayquerian](/wiki/Huayquerian "Huayquerian")

Based on studies of its habitat, _Thylacosmilus_ is believed to have hunted in savanna-like or sparsely forested areas, avoiding the more open plains where it would have faced competition with the more successful and aggressive [Phorusrhacids](/wiki/Phorusrhacids "Phorusrhacids") and the giant vulture-like [Teratornithid](/wiki/Teratornithidae "Teratornithidae") [Argentavis](/wiki/Argentavis "Argentavis").[\[32\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntón201361-33) Fossils of _Thylacosmilus_ have been found in the [Huayquerian](/wiki/Huayquerian "Huayquerian") ( [Late Miocene](/wiki/Late_Miocene "Late Miocene")) [Ituzaingó](/wiki/Ituzaing%C3%B3_Formation "Ituzaingó Formation"), [Epecuén](/wiki/Epecu%C3%A9n_Formation "Epecuén Formation"), and [Cerro Azul Formations](/wiki/Cerro_Azul_Formation "Cerro Azul Formation") and the [Montehermosan](/wiki/Montehermosan "Montehermosan") ( [Early Pliocene](/wiki/Early_Pliocene "Early Pliocene")) [Brochero](/w/index.php?title=Brochero_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brochero Formation (page does not exist)") and [Monte Hermoso Formations](/w/index.php?title=Monte_Hermoso_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Monte Hermoso Formation (page does not exist)") in Argentina.[\[33\]](#cite_note-FWThylacosmilus-34)

## Extinction

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Extinction")\]

Although older references have often stated that _Thylacosmilus_ became extinct due to competition with the "more competitive" saber-toothed cat _Smilodon_ during the [Great American Interchange](/wiki/Great_American_Interchange "Great American Interchange"), newer studies have shown this is not the case. _Thylacosmilus_ died out during the Pliocene (3.6 to 2.58 Ma) whereas saber-toothed cats are not known from South America until the [Middle Pleistocene](/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene "Middle Pleistocene") (781,000 to 126,000 years ago).[\[12\]](#cite_note-Prevosti_et_al_2011-12) As a result, the last appearance of _Thylacosmilus_ is separated from the first appearance of _Smilodon_ by over one and a half million years.

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata Lorenzo Scaglia

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-academia_1-0)**Forasiepi, Analía M. (2009). ["Osteology of _Arctodictis sinclairi_ (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America"](https://www.academia.edu/4908872). _Monografías del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales_. **6**: 1–174.
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Naming1933_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Naming1933_2-1)Riggs, E. S (1933). ["Preliminary description of a new marsupial sabertooth from the Pliocene of Argentina"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25544#page/7/mode/1up). _Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History_. Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. **6**: 61–66. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.5962/bhl.title.5427](https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5427).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2016194–195_3-0)**[Croft 2016](#CITEREFCroft2016), pp. 194–195.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-Riggs1934_4-0)**Riggs, Elmer S. (April 1934). "A New Marsupial Saber-Tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and Its Relationships to Other South American Predacious Marsupials". _Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_. **24** (1): 1–32. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.2307/3231954](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3231954). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [3231954](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231954).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Riggs, E.S. and Patterson, B., 1939, Stratigraphy of the late Miocene and Pliocene deposits of the Province of Catamarca (Argentina) with notes on the fauna. Physis., 14: 143–162.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Marshall, L.G. (1976) Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber- tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios, 23, 1–30.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Turnbull, William D.; Segall, Walter (September 1984). "The ear region of the marsupial sabertooth, _Thylacosmilus_: Influence of the sabertooth lifestyle upon it, and convergence with placental sabertooths". _Journal of Morphology_. **181** (3): 239–270. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1002/jmor.1051810302](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1051810302). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [30037165](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037165). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [51711959](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51711959).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Argot, Christine (January 2004). "Functional-adaptive features and palaeobiologic implications of the postcranial skeleton of the late Miocene sabretooth borhyaenoid _Thylacosmilus atrox_ (Metatheria)". _Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology_. **28** (1): 229–266. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004Alch...28..229A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Alch...28..229A). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/03115510408619283](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115510408619283). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [129220124](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129220124).
09. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntón20133–26_9-0)**[Antón 2013](#CITEREFAntón2013), pp. 3–26.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Meehan, T. J.; Martin, L. D. (7 February 2003). "Extinction and re-evolution of similar adaptive types (ecomorphs) in Cenozoic North American ungulates and carnivores reflect van der Hammen's cycles". _Naturwissenschaften_. **90** (3): 131–135. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2003NW.....90..131M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NW.....90..131M). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/s00114-002-0392-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-002-0392-1). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [12649755](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649755). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [21117744](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21117744).
11. **[^](#cite_ref-Suarez_11-0)**Suarez, Catalina; Forasiepi, AnalÍa M.; Goin, Francisco J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (17 November 2015). "Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia". _Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology_. **36** (1): e1029581. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/02724634.2015.1029581](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2015.1029581). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11336/53653](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F53653). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [86264178](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86264178).
12. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Prevosti_et_al_2011_12-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Prevosti_et_al_2011_12-1)Prevosti, Francisco J.; Forasiepi, Analía; Zimicz, Natalia (5 November 2011). "The Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?". _Journal of Mammalian Evolution_. **20** (1): 3–21. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-011-9175-9). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11336/2663](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F2663). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [15751319](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15751319).
13. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Ercoli2011_13-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Ercoli2011_13-1)Ercoli, Marcos Darío; Prevosti, Francisco Juan (1 December 2011). "Estimación de Masa de las Especies de Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) de Edad Santacrucense (Mioceno Temprano) a Partir del Tamaño del Centroide de los Elementos Apendiculares: Inferencias Paleoecológicas" \[Mass Estimation of the Holy Cross (Early Miocene) Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) Species from the Centroid Size of the Appendicular Elements: Paleoecological Inferences\]. _Ameghiniana_ (in Spanish). **48** (4): 462–479. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.5710/amgh.v48i4(347)](https://doi.org/10.5710%2Famgh.v48i4%28347%29). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [129838311](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129838311).
14. **[^](#cite_ref-Sorkin_14-0)**Sorkin, Boris (December 2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". _Lethaia_. **41** (4): 333–347. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2008Letha..41..333S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Letha..41..333S). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.2007.00091.x).
15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntón201386_15-0)**[Antón 2013](#CITEREFAntón2013), p. 86.
16. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Turnbull1978_16-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Turnbull1978_16-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Turnbull1978_16-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Turnbull1978_16-3)Turnbull, W. D. (1978). "Another look at dental specialization in the extinct saber-toothed marsupial, _Thylacosmilus_, compared with its placental counterparts". In Butler, Percy Milton; Joysey, Kenneth Alan (eds.). _Development, function and evolution of teeth_. Academic Press. pp. 399–414. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-12-148050-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-148050-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-12-148050-9").
17. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntón201387_17-0)**[Antón 2013](#CITEREFAntón2013), p. 87.
18. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Janis2020_18-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Janis2020_18-1)M. Janis, Christine; Figueirido, Borja; DeSantis, Larisa; Lautenschlager, Stephan (26 June 2020). ["An eye for a tooth: _Thylacosmilus_ was not a marsupial 'saber-tooth predator'"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323715). _PeerJ_. **8**: e9346. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.7717/peerj.9346](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.9346). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [7323715](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323715). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [32617190](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32617190).
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Riggs, Elmer S. (1934). "A New Marsupial Saber-Tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and Its Relationships to Other South American Predacious Marsupials". _Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_. **24** (1): 1–32. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.2307/3231954](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3231954). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [3231954](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231954).
20. **[^](#cite_ref-Benes,_Josef_1979._Pg._237-8_20-0)**Beneš, Josef (1979). _Prehistoric Animals and Plants_. Hamlyn. pp. 237–238. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-600-30341-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-30341-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-600-30341-1").
21. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Argot2002_21-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Argot2002_21-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Argot2002_21-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Argot2002_21-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-Argot2002_21-4)Argot, Christine (28 June 2002). ["Évolution de la locomotion chez les Borhyaenoides Marsupialia, Mammalia: Étude morphofonctionnelle, phylogénétique et implications paléoécologiques"](https://eurekamag.com/research/038/223/038223595.php). _Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France_. **1273**: 291–300.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-Hogenboom_2013_22-0)**Hogenboom, Melissa (2 July 2013). ["Thick neck key to sabretooth power"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23126270). _BBC News_.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-Wroe_2013_23-0)**Wroe, S; Chamoli, U; Parr, WCH; Clausen, P; Ridgely, R (2013-06-26). ["Comparative Biomechanical Modeling of Metatherian and Placental Saber-Tooths: A Different Kind of Bite for an Extreme Pouched Predator"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694156). _PLOS ONE_. **8** (6): e66888. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2013PLoSO...866888W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...866888W). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1371/journal.pone.0066888](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066888). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [3694156](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694156). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [23840547](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23840547).
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**Quiroga, J. C.; Dozo, M. T. (1988). "The brain of Thylacosmilus atrox. Extinct South American saber-tooth carnivore marsupial". _Journal für Hirnforschung_. **29** (5): 573–586. [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [3216103](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3216103).
25. **[^](#cite_ref-Cerebral_26-0)**Quiroga, Juan C. (1988). ["Cuantificación de la corteza cerebral en moldes endocraneanos de mamíferos girencéfalos. Procedimiento y aplicación en tres mamíferos extinguidos"](http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1899) \[Quantification of the cerebral cortex in endocranial molds of gyrencephalic mammals. Procedure and application in three extinct mammals\]. _Ameghiniana_ (in Spanish). **25** (1): 67–84.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**Gaillard, C.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Forasiepi, A.M. (2023). ["Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10030895). _Commun Biol_. **6** (1) 257: 257. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/s42003-023-04624-5](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04624-5). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [10030895](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10030895). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [36944801](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36944801).
27. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**Wroe, Stephen; McHenry, Colin; Thomason, Jeffrey (22 March 2005). ["Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564077). _Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences_. **272** (1563): 619–625. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1098/rspb.2004.2986](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2986). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [1564077](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564077). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [15817436](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817436).
28. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Goswami, Anjali; Milne, Nick; Wroe, Stephen (24 November 2010). ["Biting through constraints: cranial morphology, disparity and convergence across living and fossil carnivorous mammals"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3097826). _Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences_. **278** (1713): 1831–1839. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1098/rspb.2010.2031](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2031). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [3097826](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3097826). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [21106595](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21106595).
29. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**Melchionna, Marina; Profico, Antonio; Castiglione, Silvia; Serio, Carmela; Mondanaro, Alessandro; Modafferi, Maria; Tamagnini, Davide; Maiorano, Luigi; Raia, Pasquale; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Wroe, Stephen (2021). ["A method for mapping morphological convergence on three-dimensional digital models: the case of the mammalian sabre-tooth"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12542). _Palaeontology_. **64** (4): 573–584. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2021Palgy..64..573M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Palgy..64..573M). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1111/pala.12542](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12542). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10261/241519](https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F241519). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1475-4983](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4983).
30. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**Domingo, Laura; Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Sanz-Pérez, Dánae; Alberdi, María Teresa (31 January 2020). ["The Great American Biotic Interchange revisited: a new perspective from the stable isotope record of Argentine Pampas fossil mammals"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6994648). _Scientific Reports_. **10** (1): 1608. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2020NatSR..10.1608D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.1608D). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/s41598-020-58575-6](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-58575-6). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [6994648](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6994648). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [32005879](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32005879).
31. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Turnbull, W. D. (1976). ["Restoration of masticatory musculature of _Thylacosmilus_"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39995449). In Churcher, C. S. (ed.). _Athlon, Essays in Palaeontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell_. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 169–185. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.5962/bhl.title.60760](https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.60760). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0888541570](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0888541570 "Special:BookSources/0888541570").
32. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntón201361_33-0)**[Antón 2013](#CITEREFAntón2013), p. 61.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-FWThylacosmilus_34-0)**[_Thylacosmilus_](http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40045) at [Fossilworks](/wiki/Fossilworks "Fossilworks").org

## Bibliography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]

- Antón, Mauricio (2013). [_Sabertooth_](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVcqAAAAQBAJ). Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-01049-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01049-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01049-0"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [857070029](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857070029).
- Croft, Darin A. (2016). _Horned armadillos and rafting monkeys: the fascinating fossil mammals of South America_. Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-02084-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02084-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02084-0").

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

[Wikimedia Commons](/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons "Wikimedia Commons") has media related to:

[Thylacosmilus](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thylacosmilus "commons:Category:Thylacosmilus")

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[Wikispecies](/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies") has information related to _**[Thylacosmilus](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilus "wikispecies:Thylacosmilus")**_.

[Portals](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):

- ![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png)[Paleontology](/wiki/Portal:Paleontology "Portal:Paleontology")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smilodon_Knight.jpg/21px-Smilodon_Knight.jpg)[Prehistoric mammals](/wiki/Portal:Prehistoric_mammals "Portal:Prehistoric mammals")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Metatheria "Template:Metatheria")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Metatheria "Template talk:Metatheria")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metatheria "Special:EditPage/Template:Metatheria")

[Metatheria](/wiki/Metatheria "Metatheria")

- Kingdom: [Animalia](/wiki/Animal "Animal")
- Phylum: [Chordata](/wiki/Chordate "Chordate")
- Class: [Mammalia](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal")
- Subclass: [Theria](/wiki/Theria "Theria")

[Synapsida](/wiki/Synapsida "Synapsida")

- see [Synapsida](/wiki/Template:Synapsida "Template:Synapsida")

[Cynodontia](/wiki/Cynodont "Cynodont")

- see [Cynodontia](/wiki/Template:Cynodontia "Template:Cynodontia")

[Mammalia](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal")

- see [Mammalia](/wiki/Template:Mammalia "Template:Mammalia")

[Metatheria](/wiki/Metatheria "Metatheria")

- see below↓

[Metatheria](/wiki/Metatheria "Metatheria")

[Metatheria](/wiki/Metatheria "Metatheria")

- † _[Adinodon](/w/index.php?title=Adinodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adinodon (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Archaeonothos](/w/index.php?title=Archaeonothos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Archaeonothos (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Esteslestes](/w/index.php?title=Esteslestes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Esteslestes (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Ghamidtherium](/w/index.php?title=Ghamidtherium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ghamidtherium (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Holoclemensia](/wiki/Holoclemensia "Holoclemensia")_?
- † _[Kasserinotherium](/w/index.php?title=Kasserinotherium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kasserinotherium (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Protalphadon](/wiki/Protalphadon "Protalphadon")_
- † _[Sinodelphys](/wiki/Sinodelphys "Sinodelphys")_?

† [Deltatheroida](/wiki/Deltatheroida "Deltatheroida")

- _[Pappotherium](/wiki/Pappotherium "Pappotherium")_?

[Deltatheridiidae](/wiki/Deltatheridiidae "Deltatheridiidae")

- _[Atokatheridium](/wiki/Atokatheridium "Atokatheridium")_?
- _[Deltatheridium](/wiki/Deltatheridium "Deltatheridium")_
- _[Deltatheroides](/wiki/Deltatheroides "Deltatheroides")_
- _[Gurbanodelta](/wiki/Gurbanodelta "Gurbanodelta")_
- _[Lotheridium](/wiki/Lotheridium "Lotheridium")_
- _[Nanocuris](/wiki/Nanocuris "Nanocuris")_
- _[Oklatheridium](/wiki/Oklatheridium "Oklatheridium")_?
- _[Prodeltitheridium](/w/index.php?title=Prodeltitheridium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Prodeltitheridium (page does not exist)")_
- _[Sulestes](/wiki/Sulestes "Sulestes")_
- _[Tsagandelta](/wiki/Tsagandelta "Tsagandelta")_

[Marsupialiformes](/wiki/Marsupialiformes "Marsupialiformes")

- † _[Adelodelphys](/w/index.php?title=Adelodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adelodelphys (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Aenigmadelphys](/w/index.php?title=Aenigmadelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Aenigmadelphys (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Anchistodelphys](/w/index.php?title=Anchistodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anchistodelphys (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Andinodelphys](/wiki/Andinodelphys "Andinodelphys")_
- † _[Arcantiodelphys](/wiki/Arcantiodelphys "Arcantiodelphys")_
- † _[Camptomus](/w/index.php?title=Camptomus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Camptomus (page does not exist)")_?
- † _[Glasbius](/w/index.php?title=Glasbius&action=edit&redlink=1 "Glasbius (page does not exist)")_
- † [Gurlin Tsav skull](/wiki/Gurlin_Tsav_skull "Gurlin Tsav skull")
- † _[Iugomortiferum](/w/index.php?title=Iugomortiferum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Iugomortiferum (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Jaskhadelphys](/w/index.php?title=Jaskhadelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jaskhadelphys (page does not exist)")_
- † _[Mayulestes](/wiki/Mayulestes "Mayulestes")_
- † _[Pucadelphys](/wiki/Pucadelphys "Pucadelphys")_
- † _[Sinbadelphys](/w/index.php?title=Sinbadelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sinbadelphys (page does not exist)")_

† [Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta")

- see below↓

† [Asiatheriidae](/wiki/Asiatheriidae "Asiatheriidae")

- _[Asiatherium](/wiki/Asiatherium "Asiatherium")_
- _[Kokopellia](/w/index.php?title=Kokopellia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kokopellia (page does not exist)")_

† [Archimetatheria](/w/index.php?title=Archimetatheria&action=edit&redlink=1 "Archimetatheria (page does not exist)")

- _[Iqualadelphis](/w/index.php?title=Iqualadelphis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Iqualadelphis (page does not exist)")_

[Stagodontidae](/wiki/Stagodontidae "Stagodontidae")

- _[Didelphodon](/wiki/Didelphodon "Didelphodon")_
- _[Eobrasilia](/w/index.php?title=Eobrasilia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eobrasilia (page does not exist)")_?
- _[Eodelphis](/wiki/Eodelphis "Eodelphis")_
- _[Fumodelphodon](/w/index.php?title=Fumodelphodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fumodelphodon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Hoodootherium](/w/index.php?title=Hoodootherium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hoodootherium (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pariadens](/w/index.php?title=Pariadens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pariadens (page does not exist)")_?

[Pediomyoidea](/w/index.php?title=Pediomyoidea&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pediomyoidea (page does not exist)")

- _[Aquiladelphis](/w/index.php?title=Aquiladelphis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Aquiladelphis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Austropediomys](/w/index.php?title=Austropediomys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Austropediomys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Dakotadens](/w/index.php?title=Dakotadens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dakotadens (page does not exist)")_
- _[Monodelphopsis](/w/index.php?title=Monodelphopsis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Monodelphopsis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pediomys](/w/index.php?title=Pediomys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pediomys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Protolambda](/w/index.php?title=Protolambda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Protolambda (page does not exist)")_
- _[Scalaridelphys](/wiki/Scalaridelphys "Scalaridelphys")_
- _[Unnuakomys](/wiki/Unnuakomys "Unnuakomys")_

† [Peradectidae](/wiki/Peradectidae "Peradectidae")

- _[Armintodelphys](/w/index.php?title=Armintodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Armintodelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Didelphidectes](/w/index.php?title=Didelphidectes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Didelphidectes (page does not exist)")_
- _[Mimoperadectes](/wiki/Mimoperadectes "Mimoperadectes")_
- _[Nanodelphys](/w/index.php?title=Nanodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nanodelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Peradectes](/wiki/Peradectes "Peradectes")_
- _[Siamoperadectes](/wiki/Siamoperadectes "Siamoperadectes")_

† [Alphadontidae](/wiki/Alphadontidae "Alphadontidae")

- _[Albertatherium](/wiki/Albertatherium "Albertatherium")_
- _[Alphadon](/wiki/Alphadon "Alphadon")_
- _[Eoalphadon](/w/index.php?title=Eoalphadon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eoalphadon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Turgidodon](/w/index.php?title=Turgidodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Turgidodon (page does not exist)")_

† [Herpetotheriidae](/wiki/Herpetotheriidae "Herpetotheriidae")

- _[Amphiperatherium](/wiki/Amphiperatherium "Amphiperatherium")_
- _[Asiadidelphis](/w/index.php?title=Asiadidelphis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Asiadidelphis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Copedelphys](/w/index.php?title=Copedelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Copedelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Ectocentrocristus](/w/index.php?title=Ectocentrocristus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ectocentrocristus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Entomacodon](/w/index.php?title=Entomacodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Entomacodon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Galatiadelphys](/w/index.php?title=Galatiadelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Galatiadelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Golerdelphys](/w/index.php?title=Golerdelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Golerdelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Herpetotherium](/wiki/Herpetotherium "Herpetotherium")_
- _[Indodelphis](/wiki/Indodelphis "Indodelphis")_
- _[Maastrichtidelphys](/wiki/Maastrichtidelphys "Maastrichtidelphys")_
- _[Morotodon](/w/index.php?title=Morotodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Morotodon (page does not exist)")_?
- _[Nortedelphys](/w/index.php?title=Nortedelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nortedelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Peratherium](/wiki/Peratherium "Peratherium")_
- _[Rumiodon](/w/index.php?title=Rumiodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rumiodon (page does not exist)")_?
- _[Swaindelphys](/w/index.php?title=Swaindelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Swaindelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Thylacodon](/wiki/Thylacodon "Thylacodon")_

† [Anatoliadelphyidae](/wiki/Anatoliadelphyidae "Anatoliadelphyidae")

- _[Anatoliadelphys](/wiki/Anatoliadelphys "Anatoliadelphys")_
- _[Orhaniyeia](/w/index.php?title=Orhaniyeia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Orhaniyeia (page does not exist)")_

† [Polydolopimorphia](/wiki/Polydolopimorphia "Polydolopimorphia")

- see below↓

[Marsupialia](/wiki/Marsupial "Marsupial")

- **[Ameridelphia](/wiki/Ameridelphia "Ameridelphia")**
  - **[Didelphimorphia](/wiki/Opossum "Opossum")**
  - **[Paucituberculata](/wiki/Paucituberculata "Paucituberculata")**
- **[Australidelphia](/wiki/Australidelphia "Australidelphia")**

[![Didelphodon vorax](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Didelphodon_NT_small.jpg/140px-Didelphodon_NT_small.jpg)](/wiki/File:Didelphodon_NT_small.jpg "Didelphodon vorax")

[![Alphadon sp.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alphadon_sp._-_MUSE.jpg/140px-Alphadon_sp._-_MUSE.jpg)](/wiki/File:Alphadon_sp._-_MUSE.jpg "Alphadon sp.")

[![Herpetotherium fugax](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Herpetotherium_NT.jpg/140px-Herpetotherium_NT.jpg)](/wiki/File:Herpetotherium_NT.jpg "Herpetotherium fugax")

[Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta")

[Sparassodonta](/wiki/Sparassodonta "Sparassodonta")

- _[Allqokirus](/w/index.php?title=Allqokirus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Allqokirus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Argyrolestes](/w/index.php?title=Argyrolestes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Argyrolestes (page does not exist)")_
- _[Hondadelphys](/wiki/Hondadelphys "Hondadelphys")_
- _[Nemolestes](/w/index.php?title=Nemolestes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nemolestes (page does not exist)")_
- _[Patene](/w/index.php?title=Patene&action=edit&redlink=1 "Patene (page does not exist)")_
- _[Procladosictis](/w/index.php?title=Procladosictis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Procladosictis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Stylocynus](/w/index.php?title=Stylocynus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stylocynus (page does not exist)")_

[Hathliacynidae](/w/index.php?title=Hathliacynidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hathliacynidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Acyon](/w/index.php?title=Acyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Acyon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Australogale](/w/index.php?title=Australogale&action=edit&redlink=1 "Australogale (page does not exist)")_
- _[Borhyaenidium](/w/index.php?title=Borhyaenidium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Borhyaenidium (page does not exist)")_
- _[Chasicostylus](/w/index.php?title=Chasicostylus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Chasicostylus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Cladosictis](/wiki/Cladosictis "Cladosictis")_
- _[Notictis](/w/index.php?title=Notictis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Notictis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Notocynus](/w/index.php?title=Notocynus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Notocynus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Notogale](/w/index.php?title=Notogale&action=edit&redlink=1 "Notogale (page does not exist)")_
- _[Perathereutes](/w/index.php?title=Perathereutes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Perathereutes (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pseudonotictis](/w/index.php?title=Pseudonotictis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pseudonotictis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Sallacyon](/w/index.php?title=Sallacyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sallacyon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Sipalocyon](/w/index.php?title=Sipalocyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sipalocyon (page does not exist)")_

[Borhyaenoidea](/wiki/Borhyaenoidea "Borhyaenoidea")

- _[Angelocabrerus](/w/index.php?title=Angelocabrerus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Angelocabrerus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Chlorocyon](/w/index.php?title=Chlorocyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Chlorocyon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Dukecynus](/wiki/Dukecynus "Dukecynus")_
- _[Fredszalaya](/wiki/Fredszalaya "Fredszalaya")_
- _[Lycopsis](/wiki/Lycopsis "Lycopsis")_
- _[Pharsophorus](/wiki/Pharsophorus "Pharsophorus")_
- _[Plesiofelis](/w/index.php?title=Plesiofelis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Plesiofelis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Prothylacinus](/wiki/Prothylacinus "Prothylacinus")_
- _[Pseudolycopsis](/w/index.php?title=Pseudolycopsis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pseudolycopsis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pseudothylacynus](/w/index.php?title=Pseudothylacynus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pseudothylacynus (page does not exist)")_

[Borhyaenidae](/wiki/Borhyaenidae "Borhyaenidae")

- _[Acrocyon](/w/index.php?title=Acrocyon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Acrocyon (page does not exist)")_
- _[Arctodictis](/w/index.php?title=Arctodictis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arctodictis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Australohyaena](/wiki/Australohyaena "Australohyaena")_
- _[Borhyaena](/wiki/Borhyaena "Borhyaena")_
- _[Eutemnodus](/w/index.php?title=Eutemnodus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eutemnodus (page does not exist)")_?

[Proborhyaenidae](/wiki/Proborhyaenidae "Proborhyaenidae")

- _[Arminiheringia](/wiki/Arminiheringia "Arminiheringia")_
- _[Callistoe](/wiki/Callistoe "Callistoe")_
- _[Paraborhyaena](/wiki/Paraborhyaena "Paraborhyaena")_
- _[Proborhyaena](/wiki/Proborhyaena "Proborhyaena")_

[Thylacosmilidae](/wiki/Thylacosmilidae "Thylacosmilidae")

- _[Anachlysictis](/wiki/Anachlysictis "Anachlysictis")_
- _[Eomakhaira](/wiki/Eomakhaira "Eomakhaira")_
- _[Patagosmilus](/wiki/Patagosmilus "Patagosmilus")_
- _Thylacosmilus_

[![Thylacosmilus atrox](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg/140px-Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg)](/wiki/File:Thylacosmilus_NT_small.jpg "Thylacosmilus atrox")

[Polydolopimorphia](/wiki/Polydolopimorphia "Polydolopimorphia")

[Polydolopimorphia](/wiki/Polydolopimorphia "Polydolopimorphia")

- _[Apeirodon](/w/index.php?title=Apeirodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Apeirodon (page does not exist)")_?
- _[Bobbschaefferia](/w/index.php?title=Bobbschaefferia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bobbschaefferia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Caroloameghinia](/w/index.php?title=Caroloameghinia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Caroloameghinia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Carolocoutoia](/w/index.php?title=Carolocoutoia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carolocoutoia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Guggenheimia](/w/index.php?title=Guggenheimia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Guggenheimia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Gashternia](/w/index.php?title=Gashternia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gashternia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Hatcheritherium](/w/index.php?title=Hatcheritherium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hatcheritherium (page does not exist)")_
- _[Palangania](/w/index.php?title=Palangania&action=edit&redlink=1 "Palangania (page does not exist)")_
- _[Procaroloameghinia](/w/index.php?title=Procaroloameghinia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Procaroloameghinia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Protodidelphis](/w/index.php?title=Protodidelphis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Protodidelphis (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pujatodon](/w/index.php?title=Pujatodon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pujatodon (page does not exist)")_?
- _[Reigia](/w/index.php?title=Reigia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reigia (page does not exist)")_
- _[Robertbutleria](/w/index.php?title=Robertbutleria&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robertbutleria (page does not exist)")_
- _[Wamradolops](/w/index.php?title=Wamradolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wamradolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Zeusdelphys](/w/index.php?title=Zeusdelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Zeusdelphys (page does not exist)")_

[Bonapartheriiformes](/w/index.php?title=Bonapartheriiformes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bonapartheriiformes (page does not exist)")

[Bonapartheriidae](/w/index.php?title=Bonapartheriidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bonapartheriidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Bonapartherium](/wiki/Bonapartherium "Bonapartherium")_
- _[Epidolops](/wiki/Epidolops "Epidolops")_

[Argyrolagidae](/w/index.php?title=Argyrolagidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Argyrolagidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Anargyrolagus](/w/index.php?title=Anargyrolagus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anargyrolagus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Argyrolagus](/wiki/Argyrolagus "Argyrolagus")_
- _[Hondalagus](/wiki/Hondalagus "Hondalagus")_
- _[Microtragulus](/w/index.php?title=Microtragulus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Microtragulus (page does not exist)")_
- _[Proargyrolagus](/w/index.php?title=Proargyrolagus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Proargyrolagus (page does not exist)")_

[Chulpasiinae](/w/index.php?title=Chulpasiinae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Chulpasiinae (page does not exist)")

- _[Chulpasia](/wiki/Chulpasia "Chulpasia")_
- _[Thylacotinga](/w/index.php?title=Thylacotinga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thylacotinga (page does not exist)")_

[Prepidolopidae](/w/index.php?title=Prepidolopidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Prepidolopidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Incadolops](/w/index.php?title=Incadolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Incadolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Perrodelphys](/w/index.php?title=Perrodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Perrodelphys (page does not exist)")_
- _[Prepidolops](/w/index.php?title=Prepidolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Prepidolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Punadolops](/w/index.php?title=Punadolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Punadolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Seumandia](/w/index.php?title=Seumandia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Seumandia (page does not exist)")_

[Rosendolopidae](/w/index.php?title=Rosendolopidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rosendolopidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Hondonadia](/wiki/Hondonadia "Hondonadia")_
- _[Rosendolops](/w/index.php?title=Rosendolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rosendolops (page does not exist)")_

[Polydolopiformes](/w/index.php?title=Polydolopiformes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Polydolopiformes (page does not exist)")

[Polydolopidae](/wiki/Polydolopidae "Polydolopidae")

- _[Amphidolops](/w/index.php?title=Amphidolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Amphidolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Antarctodolops](/wiki/Antarctodolops "Antarctodolops")_
- _[Eudolops](/w/index.php?title=Eudolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eudolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Eurydolops](/w/index.php?title=Eurydolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eurydolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Hypodolops](/w/index.php?title=Hypodolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hypodolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Kramadolops](/w/index.php?title=Kramadolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kramadolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Parabderites](/w/index.php?title=Parabderites&action=edit&redlink=1 "Parabderites (page does not exist)")_
- _[Polydolops](/w/index.php?title=Polydolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Polydolops (page does not exist)")_
- _[Pseudolops](/w/index.php?title=Pseudolops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pseudolops (page does not exist)")_

[Sillustaniidae](/w/index.php?title=Sillustaniidae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sillustaniidae (page does not exist)")

- _[Roberthoffstetteria](/w/index.php?title=Roberthoffstetteria&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roberthoffstetteria (page does not exist)")_
- _[Sillustania](/w/index.php?title=Sillustania&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sillustania (page does not exist)")_

[Taxon identifiers](/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers "Help:Taxon identifiers")

_Thylacosmilus_

- [Wikidata](/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata"): [Q131163](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131163 "wikidata:Q131163")
- [Wikispecies](/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies"): [Thylacosmilus](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilus "wikispecies:Thylacosmilus")
- [EoL](/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life "Encyclopedia of Life"): [4471572](https://eol.org/pages/4471572)
- [GBIF](/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility "Global Biodiversity Information Facility"): [4834143](https://www.gbif.org/species/4834143)
- [IRMNG](/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera "Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera"): [1063516](https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1063516)
- [Open Tree of Life](/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life "Open Tree of Life"): [4943620](https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4943620)
- [Paleobiology Database](/wiki/Paleobiology_Database "Paleobiology Database"): [40045](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40045)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&oldid=1244715696](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thylacosmilus&oldid=1244715696)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Sparassodonts](/wiki/Category:Sparassodonts "Category:Sparassodonts")
- [Tortonian first appearances](/wiki/Category:Tortonian_first_appearances "Category:Tortonian first appearances")
- [Piacenzian extinctions](/wiki/Category:Piacenzian_extinctions "Category:Piacenzian extinctions")
- [Neogene mammals of South America](/wiki/Category:Neogene_mammals_of_South_America "Category:Neogene mammals of South America")
- [Chapadmalalan](/wiki/Category:Chapadmalalan "Category:Chapadmalalan")
- [Montehermosan](/wiki/Category:Montehermosan "Category:Montehermosan")
- [Huayquerian](/wiki/Category:Huayquerian "Category:Huayquerian")
- [Neogene Argentina](/wiki/Category:Neogene_Argentina "Category:Neogene Argentina")
- [Fossils of Argentina](/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Argentina "Category:Fossils of Argentina")
- [Cerro Azul Formation](/wiki/Category:Cerro_Azul_Formation "Category:Cerro Azul Formation")
- [Ituzaingó Formation](/wiki/Category:Ituzaing%C3%B3_Formation "Category:Ituzaingó Formation")
- [Fossil taxa described in 1933](/wiki/Category:Fossil_taxa_described_in_1933 "Category:Fossil taxa described in 1933")
- [Taxa named by Elmer S. Riggs](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Elmer_S._Riggs "Category:Taxa named by Elmer S. Riggs")
- [Prehistoric mammal genera](/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_mammal_genera "Category:Prehistoric mammal genera")

Hidden categories:

- [CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es) "Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Articles with 'species' microformats](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats "Category:Articles with 'species' microformats")

- This page was last edited on 8 September 2024, at 19:03 (UTC).
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