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Шамберлана
Эти результаты были опубликованы в 1886 году и весьма заинтересовали российского ботаника Дмитрия Ивановского, который также занимался болезнями табака. Он воспроизвел работы Майера, используя самые совершенные на тот день керамические фильтры – «свечи <anchor>Шамберлана</anchor>», которые были изобретены одним из самых заметных учеников Пастера.
Chamberland filter - Wikipedia
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# Chamberland filter

11 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF "مصفاة شمبرلند – Arabic")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_Chamberland "Filtre Chamberland – Catalan")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_de_Chamberland "Filtro de Chamberland – Spanish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_Chamberland "Filtre Chamberland – French")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_Chamberland "Filtro Chamberland – Galician")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_Chamberland "Filter Chamberland – Indonesian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberland-filter "Chamberland-filter – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E5%9E%8B%E6%BF%BE%E9%81%8E%E5%99%A8 "シャンベラン型濾過器 – Japanese")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_Chamberland "Filtro Chamberland – Portuguese")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberland_filtresi "Chamberland filtresi – Turkish")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9F%8F%E6%9C%97%E9%81%8E%E6%BF%BE%E5%99%A8 "尚柏朗過濾器 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Porcelain water filter

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pasteur-Chamberland_filter_IMG_0020_2014.002.002.JPG/220px-Pasteur-Chamberland_filter_IMG_0020_2014.002.002.JPG)](/wiki/File:Pasteur-Chamberland_filter_IMG_0020_2014.002.002.JPG) Components of a Pasteur-Chamberland filter

A **Chamberland filter**, also known as a **[Pasteur](/wiki/Louis_Pasteur "Louis Pasteur")–Chamberland filter**, is a [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain "Porcelain") [water filter](/wiki/Water_filter "Water filter") invented by [Charles Chamberland](/wiki/Charles_Chamberland "Charles Chamberland") in 1884.[\[1\]](#cite_note-Horzinek_1997-1)
It was developed after [Henry Doulton's](/wiki/Henry_Doulton "Henry Doulton") [ceramic water filter](/wiki/Ceramic_water_filter "Ceramic water filter") of 1827. It is similar to the [Berkefeld filter](/wiki/Berkefeld_filter "Berkefeld filter") in principle.

## Design

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chamberland_filter&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Design")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schematic_diagram_of_a_Chamberland_filter.svg/220px-Schematic_diagram_of_a_Chamberland_filter.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_a_Chamberland_filter.svg) Schematic diagram of a Chamberland filter

The filter consists of a permeable unglazed porcelain tube (called [bisque](/wiki/Biscuit_porcelain "Biscuit porcelain")) that contains a ring of enameled porcelain through which the inflow pipe fits. The core of the porcelain is made up of a metal pipe with holes through which water flows out and is collected. Inflow is [pressurized](/wiki/Pressurization "Pressurization") so filtration occurs under force.

There are 13 types: _L1_ to _L13_. L1 filters have the coarsest pore size while L13 have the finest.

## Usefulness

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chamberland_filter&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Usefulness")\]

The Pasteur-Chamberland filter is as useful as other [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic "Ceramic") and [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain "Porcelain") filters. It is a good bacterial [water filter](/wiki/Filter_(water) "Filter (water)") used mainly as a high volume water filter.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) The filter works more quickly when the water supplied is under pressure. As with other filters of its kind, it cannot filter very small particles like [viruses](/wiki/Virus "Virus") or [mycoplasma](/wiki/Mycoplasma "Mycoplasma"). It is used in removal of organisms from a fluid culture in order to obtain the [bacterial toxins](/wiki/Bacterial_toxin "Bacterial toxin").

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chamberland_filter&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: History")\]

The Chamberland filter was developed by [Charles Edouard Chamberland](/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Chamberland "Charles Edouard Chamberland"), one of [Louis Pasteur](/wiki/Louis_Pasteur "Louis Pasteur")’s assistants in Paris. The original intention was to produce filtered water, free of [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria"), for use in Pasteur's experiments.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Hansen-4)

The filter became increasingly known for its ability to filter out bacteria, the smallest living organisms then known. The filter was patented by Chamberland and Pasteur in America and Europe. An American company licensed the name in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"). They sold filters to private homes, hotels, restaurants, and the 1893 Chicago [World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition").[\[4\]](#cite_note-Hansen-4)

Use of the Pasteur-Chamberland filter led to the discovery that [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria "Diphtheria") and [tetanus](/wiki/Tetanus "Tetanus") toxins, among others, could still cause illness even after filtration. Identification of these toxins contributed to the development of [antitoxins](/wiki/Antitoxin "Antitoxin") to treat such diseases. It was also discovered that a type of substance, initially known as a "filterable virus", passed through the smallest Pasteur-Chamberland filters, and replicated itself inside living cells. The discovery that biological entities smaller than bacteria existed was important in establishing the field of [virology](/wiki/Virology "Virology").[\[4\]](#cite_note-Hansen-4)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chamberland_filter&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: References")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Horzinek_1997_1-0)**Horzinek MC (1997). ["The birth of virology"](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1000197505492). _Antonie van Leeuwenhoek_. **71** (1/2): 15–20. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1023/A:1000197505492](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1000197505492). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[1874/3461](https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F3461). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [9049014](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9049014). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [28755205](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28755205). [\[1\]](https://waterfilterguru.com/)
2. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [81-7855-266-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7855-266-3 "Special:BookSources/81-7855-266-3")
3. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [81-250-2808-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2808-0 "Special:BookSources/81-250-2808-0")
4. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Hansen_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Hansen_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Hansen_4-2)Hansen, Bert (2015). ["The Filter of Life"](https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-filter-of-life). _Distillations_. **2** (3): 6–7. Retrieved 26 March 2018.

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