Co je kvantová teorie: Od základů k aplikacím - Mind the Graph
Kvantová teorie, známá také jako kvantová mechanika, je základní rámec fyziky, který popisuje chování hmoty a energie v mikroskopickém měřítku.
Louis de Broglie
V roce 1924, <anchor>Louis de Broglie</anchor> navrhl průlomovou vlnovou teorii, podle níž mají částice stejně jako vlny vlnovou povahu. Postuloval, že částice, jako jsou elektrony, mají přidružené vlnové charakteristiky určené jejich hybností a energií. De Broglieho vlnová teorie zavedla pojem vlnění hmoty neboli de Broglieho vlny, což jsou matematické reprezentace vlnového chování částic.
Louis de Broglie - Wikipedia
Louis de Broglie - Wikipedia[Jump to content](#bodyContent)

Main menu

Main menu

move to sidebarhide

Navigation


- [Main page](/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en "Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation")

Contribute


- [Help](/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")

[![](/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png)![Wikipedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg)![The Free Encyclopedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](/wiki/Main_Page)

[Search](/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")

Search

Appearance

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+de+Broglie "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+de+Broglie "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Personal tools

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+de+Broglie "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+de+Broglie "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Pages for logged out editors [learn more](/wiki/Help:Introduction)

- [Contributions](/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]")

## Contents

move to sidebarhide

- (Top)

- [1Biography](#Biography)Toggle Biography subsection  - [1.1Origin and education](#Origin_and_education)
  - [1.2Military service](#Military_service)
  - [1.3Scientific and pedagogical career](#Scientific_and_pedagogical_career)
- [2Scientific activity](#Scientific_activity)Toggle Scientific activity subsection  - [2.1Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect](#Physics_of_X-ray_and_photoelectric_effect)
  - [2.2Matter and wave–particle duality](#Matter_and_wave–particle_duality)
  - [2.3Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron](#Conjecture_of_an_internal_clock_of_the_electron)
  - [2.4Non-nullity and variability of mass](#Non-nullity_and_variability_of_mass)
  - [2.5Generalization of the principle of least action](#Generalization_of_the_principle_of_least_action)
  - [2.6Duality of the laws of nature](#Duality_of_the_laws_of_nature)
  - [2.7Neutrino theory of light](#Neutrino_theory_of_light)
  - [2.8Hidden thermodynamics](#Hidden_thermodynamics)
- [3Honors and awards](#Honors_and_awards)
- [4Publications](#Publications)
- [5References](#References)
- [6External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Louis de Broglie

92 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A "لويس دي بروي – Arabic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Aragonese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_de_Broyl "Lui de Broyl – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C "لویی دو بروی – South Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF "লুই দ্য ব্রোয়ি – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Minnan")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C "Луі дэ Бройль – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C "Люі дэ Бройль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB "Луи дьо Бройл – Bulgarian")
- [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D "ཏེ་པུའུ་ལུའོ་དབྱི། – Tibetan")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie "Louis-Victor de Broglie – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B3 "Λουί ντε Μπρέιγ – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie "Louis-Victor de Broglie – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C "لویی دو بروی – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Galician")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Hakka Chinese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4 "루이 드 브로이 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC "Լուի դը Բրոյլ – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88 "लुई द ब्रॉई – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Ido")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Iloko")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_Pierre_Raymond_de_Broglie "Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99 "לואי דה ברויי – Hebrew")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Victor_de_Broglie "Louis Victor de Broglie – Javanese")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80 "ಲೂಯಿ ಡ ಬ್ರಾಗ್ಲೀ – Kannada")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98 "ლუი დე ბროილი – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C "Луи Де Бройль – Kazakh")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Cornish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Swahili")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie "Louis-Victor de Broglie – Haitian Creole")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Kurdish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB "Луи де Бройл – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Victor_de_Broglie "Ludovicus Victor de Broglie – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_de_Broj%C4%AB "Luijs de Brojī – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98 "Луј де Број – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF "ലൂയിസ് ഡി ബ്രോഗ്ലി – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80 "लुई दि ब्रॉग्ली – Marathi")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98 "ლუი დე ბროილი – Mingrelian")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89 "لويس دى بروى – Egyptian Arabic")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C "لویی دوبروی – Mazanderani")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Dutch")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87 "लुइ द ब्रोइ – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87,_%E0%A5%AD%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80 "लुइ, ७औं ड्युक डे ब्रोग्ली – Newari")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4 "ルイ・ド・ブロイ – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Occitan")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%88 "ਲੂਈ ਡ ਬਰੌਈ – Punjabi")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C "لوئی دوبروی – Western Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8 "Де Бройль, Луи – Russian")
- [संस्कृतम्](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80 "लुइस डे ब्रोग्ली – Sanskrit")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Scots")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Victor_de_Broglie "Louis Victor de Broglie – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_Pierre_Raymond_de_Broglie "Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie – Slovenian")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C "لویس دی برۆی – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98 "Луј де Број – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Tagalog")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D "லூயி டே பிராய் – Tamil")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_de_Broyl "Lui de Broyl – Tatar")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2 "หลุยส์ เดอ บรอย – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C "Луї де Бройль – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C "لیوس دی بروگلی – Urdu")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F "路易·德布罗意 – Wu")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie – Yoruba")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E6%84%8F "路易斯·德布羅意 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F "路易·德布罗意 – Chinese")

[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83331#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")

- [Article](/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Talk:Louis_de_Broglie "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")

English

- [Read](/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")

Tools

Tools

move to sidebarhide

Actions


- [Read](/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=history)

General


- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis_de_Broglie "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Louis_de_Broglie "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Special pages](/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
- [Permanent link](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&oldid=1245492853 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Louis_de_Broglie&id=1245492853&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_de_Broglie)
- [Download QR code](/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_de_Broglie)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83331 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")

Print/export


- [Download as PDF](/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Louis_de_Broglie&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")

In other projects


- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_de_Broglie)
- [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie)

Appearance

move to sidebarhide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nobel Laureate physicist (1892–1987)

"de Broglie" redirects here. For other members of the family, see [House of Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie "House of Broglie"). For the asteroid, see [30883 de Broglie](/wiki/30883_de_Broglie "30883 de Broglie").

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)

This article **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_de_Broglie "Special:EditPage/Louis de Broglie") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

_Find sources:_ ["Louis de Broglie"](https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22) – [news](https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) **·** [newspapers](https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) **·** [books](https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22+-wikipedia) **·** [scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22) **·** [JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22&acc=on&wc=on)_(August 2019)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

Louis de Broglie

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg/220px-Broglie_Big.jpg)](/wiki/File:Broglie_Big.jpg)

Broglie in 1929

Born

Louis Victor Pierre Raymond

(1892-08-15)15 August 1892

[Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe,_France "Dieppe, France"), France

Died19 March 1987(1987-03-19) (aged 94)

[Louveciennes](/wiki/Louveciennes "Louveciennes"), France

Education[University of Paris](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris")

(BA in history, 1910; BA in sciences, 1913; PhD in physics, 1924)Known forWave nature of [electrons](/wiki/Electrons "Electrons")

[De Broglie–Bohm theory](/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory "De Broglie–Bohm theory")

[De Broglie waves](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave")Awards[Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics") (1929)

Henri Poincaré Medal (1929)

Albert I of Monaco Prize (1932)

[Max Planck Medal](/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal "Max Planck Medal") (1938)

[Kalinga Prize](/wiki/Kalinga_Prize "Kalinga Prize") (1952)**Scientific career**Fields[Physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics")InstitutionsUniversity of Paris (Sorbonne)[Thesis](/wiki/Thesis "Thesis")_[Recherches sur la théorie des quanta ("Research on Quantum Theory")](https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006807)_(1924)[Doctoral advisor](/wiki/Doctoral_advisor "Doctoral advisor")[Paul Langevin](/wiki/Paul_Langevin "Paul Langevin")Doctoral students[Cécile DeWitt-Morette](/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_DeWitt-Morette "Cécile DeWitt-Morette")

[Bernard d'Espagnat](/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat "Bernard d'Espagnat")

[Jean-Pierre Vigier](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vigier "Jean-Pierre Vigier")

[Alexandru Proca](/wiki/Alexandru_Proca "Alexandru Proca")

[Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Tonnelat "Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat")

**Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie** ([/dəˈbroʊɡli/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English"),[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)also[US](/wiki/American_English "American English"): [/dəbroʊˈɡliː,dəˈbrɔɪ/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English");[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)French:[\[dəbʁɔj\]](/wiki/Help:IPA/French "Help:IPA/French")[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)or[\[dəbʁœj\]](/wiki/Help:IPA/French "Help:IPA/French")[Play audio](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/De_Broglie.ogg/De_Broglie.ogg.mp3 "Play audio")[ⓘ](/wiki/File:De_Broglie.ogg "File:De Broglie.ogg"); 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987)[\[6\]](#cite_note-louveciennes-6) was a French aristocrat and [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") who made groundbreaking contributions to [quantum theory](/wiki/Old_quantum_theory "Old quantum theory"). In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of [electrons](/wiki/Electrons "Electrons") and suggested that [all matter has wave properties](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave"). This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of [wave–particle duality](/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality "Wave–particle duality"), and forms a central part of the theory of [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics "Quantum mechanics").

De Broglie won the [Nobel Prize for Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics "Nobel Prize for Physics") in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was [first experimentally demonstrated](/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment "Davisson–Germer experiment") in 1927.

The 1925 [pilot-wave](/wiki/Pilot-wave "Pilot-wave") model,[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) and the wave-like behaviour of particles discovered by de Broglie was used by [Erwin Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger "Erwin Schrödinger") in his formulation of [wave mechanics](/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation "Schrödinger equation").[\[8\]](#cite_note-PhD-thesis-8) The pilot-wave model and interpretation was then abandoned, in favor of the [quantum formalism](/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation "Copenhagen interpretation"), until 1952 when it was [rediscovered and enhanced by David Bohm](/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory "De Broglie–Bohm theory").[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member elected to occupy [seat 1](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_1 "List of members of the Académie française") of the [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Académie française") in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the [French Academy of Sciences](/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences "French Academy of Sciences").[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for establishment of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that led to the establishment of the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN")).[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

## Biography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Biography")\]

### Origin and education

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Origin and education")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie,_Duke_of_Broglie,_Marshal_of_France_(member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud).jpg) [François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_1st_duc_de_Broglie "François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie") (1671–1745) ancestor of Louis de Broglie and [Marshal of France](/wiki/Marshal_of_France "Marshal of France") under [Louis XV of France](/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France "Louis XV of France")

Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of [Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie "House of Broglie"), whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military and political posts in France. The father of the future physicist, [Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor,_5th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor, 5th duc de Broglie"), was married to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General [Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur](/wiki/Philippe_Paul,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur "Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur") and his wife, the biographer, [Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé](/wiki/Marie_C%C3%A9lestine_Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Armaill%C3%A9 "Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé"). They had five children; in addition to Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; [Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie") (1875–1960), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890), who died two years before the birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972), subsequently a famous writer.[\[13\]](#cite_note-Nye-13) Louis was born in [Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe,_France "Dieppe, France"), Seine-Maritime. As the youngest child in the family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, read a lot, and was fond of history, especially political. From early childhood, he had a good memory and could accurately read an excerpt from a theatrical production or give a complete list of ministers of the [Third Republic of France](/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France "Third Republic of France"). For this, he was predicted to become a great statesman in the future.[\[14\]](#cite_note-Abragam-14)

De Broglie had intended a career in [humanities](/wiki/Humanities "Humanities"), and received his first degree ( _[licence ès lettres](/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#France "Licentiate (degree)")_) in history. Afterwards he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree ( _[licence ès sciences](/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#France "Licentiate (degree)")_) in physics. With the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.

### Military service

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Military service")\]

After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the engineering forces to undergo compulsory service. It began at [Fort Mont Valérien](/wiki/Fort_Mont_Val%C3%A9rien "Fort Mont Valérien"), but soon, on the initiative of his brother, he was seconded to the Wireless Communications Service and worked on the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower"), where the radio transmitter was located. Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout the First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with [Léon Brillouin](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin "Léon Brillouin") and brother Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications with submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of [adjudant](/wiki/Adjudant "Adjudant"). Later, the scientist regretted that he had to spend about six years away from the fundamental problems of science that interested him.[\[14\]](#cite_note-Abragam-14)[\[15\]](#cite_note-Dict-15)

### Scientific and pedagogical career

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Scientific and pedagogical career")\]

His 1924 thesis _Recherches sur la théorie des quanta_[\[16\]](#cite_note-De_Broglie_PhD_English-16) (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of [electron](/wiki/Electron "Electron") waves. This included the [wave–particle duality](/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality "Wave–particle duality") theory of matter, based on the work of [Max Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck "Max Planck") and [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") on light. This research culminated in the [de Broglie hypothesis](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave") stating that _any moving particle or object had an associated wave_. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the _mécanique ondulatoire_, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics") in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a [causal](/wiki/Causality_(physics) "Causality (physics)") explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly [probabilistic](/wiki/Probabilistic "Probabilistic") models which dominate [quantum mechanical](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical "Quantum mechanical") theory; it was refined by [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm "David Bohm") in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the [De Broglie–Bohm theory](/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory "De Broglie–Bohm theory").

In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the [philosophy of science](/wiki/Philosophy_of_science "Philosophy of science"), including the value of modern scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the book series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by [Éditions Hermann](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Hermann "Éditions Hermann").[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)

De Broglie became a member of the [Académie des sciences](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences "Académie des sciences") in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked to join _Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais_, but declined because he was non-religious.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](#cite_note-20)
In 1941, he was made a member of the National Council of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France").[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the [Académie Française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise "Académie Française"), replacing mathematician [Émile Picard](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard "Émile Picard"). Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") awarded him the first [Kalinga Prize](/wiki/Kalinga_Prize "Kalinga Prize") in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the [Royal Society](/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") on 23 April 1953.

Louis became the 7th [duc de Broglie](/wiki/Duc_de_Broglie "Duc de Broglie") in 1960 upon the death without heir of his elder brother, [Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Maurice,_6th_duc_de_Broglie "Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie"), also a physicist.

In 1961, he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Légion d'honneur"). De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the [Henri Poincaré Institute](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Institute "Henri Poincaré Institute"), where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the [International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science](/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science "International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science") and was an early member.[\[22\]](#cite_note-PiecuchMaruani2009-22)

Louis never married. When he died on 19 March 1987 in [Louveciennes](/wiki/Louveciennes "Louveciennes") at the age of 94,[\[6\]](#cite_note-louveciennes-6) he was succeeded as [duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke") by a distant cousin, [Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie"). His funeral was held 23 March 1987 at the Church of Saint-Pierre-de-Neuilly.[\[23\]](#cite_note-NéelBroglie1988-23)

## Scientific activity

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Scientific activity")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)

This section **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_de_Broglie "Special:EditPage/Louis de Broglie") by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners") in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed._(June 2015)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

### Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect")\]

The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his [older brother Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie") and dealt with the features of the [photoelectric effect](/wiki/Photoelectric_effect "Photoelectric effect") and the properties of [x-rays](/wiki/X-rays "X-rays"). These publications examined the absorption of X-rays and described this phenomenon using the [Bohr theory](/wiki/Bohr_theory "Bohr theory"), applied quantum principles to the interpretation of [photoelectron spectra](/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy "Photoemission spectroscopy"), and gave a systematic classification of X-ray spectra.[\[14\]](#cite_note-Abragam-14) The studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by [Edmund Stoner](/wiki/Edmund_Stoner "Edmund Stoner").[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist [Orest Khvolson](/wiki/Orest_Khvolson "Orest Khvolson") nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.[\[13\]](#cite_note-Nye-13)

### Matter and wave–particle duality

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Matter and wave–particle duality")\]

Main article: [De Broglie hypothesis](/wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis "De Broglie hypothesis")

Studying the nature of X-ray radiation and discussing its properties with his brother Maurice, who considered these rays to be some kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of the need to build a theory linking particle and wave representations. In addition, he was familiar with the works (1919–1922) of [Marcel Brillouin](/wiki/Marcel_Brillouin "Marcel Brillouin"), which proposed a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work of Louis de Broglie was the idea of Einstein about the [quanta of light](/wiki/Photon "Photon"). In his first article on this subject, published in 1922, the French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a gas of light quanta and, using classical statistical mechanics, derived the [Wien radiation law](/wiki/Wien_approximation "Wien approximation") in the framework of such a representation. In his next publication, he tried to reconcile the concept of light quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of very small mass.[\[25\]](#cite_note-Mehra-25)

It remained to extend the wave considerations to any massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined his ideas in a short note "Waves and quanta" ( [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"): _Ondes et quanta_, presented at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on September 10, 1923),[\[26\]](#cite_note-26) which marked the beginning of the creation of wave mechanics. In this paper and his subsequent PhD thesis,[\[16\]](#cite_note-De_Broglie_PhD_English-16) the scientist suggested that a moving particle with energy _E_ and velocity **v** is characterized by some internal periodic process with a frequency E/h{\\displaystyle E/h}![{\displaystyle E/h}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2951e0ca6f0235d84394c0c19a3e8d6b75508fe) (later known as [Compton frequency](/wiki/Compton_frequency "Compton frequency")), where h{\\displaystyle h}![{\displaystyle h}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a) is the [Planck constant](/wiki/Planck_constant "Planck constant"). To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with the ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called a "phase wave" with a moving body, which propagates with the [phase velocity](/wiki/Phase_velocity "Phase velocity")c2/v{\\displaystyle c^{2}/v}![{\displaystyle c^{2}/v}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3118cab0c2fa6e3c6a19d683c1fe0eb7091910ce). Such a wave, which later received the name [matter wave](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave"), or [de Broglie wave](/wiki/De_Broglie_wave "De Broglie wave"), in the process of body movement remains in phase with the internal periodic process. Having then examined the motion of an electron in a closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for phase matching directly leads to the quantum [Bohr-Sommerfeld condition](/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld_quantization "Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization"), that is, to quantize the angular momentum. In the next two notes (reported at the meetings on September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle velocity is equal to the [group velocity](/wiki/Group_velocity "Group velocity") of phase waves, and the particle moves along the normal to surfaces of equal phase. In the general case, the trajectory of a particle can be determined using [Fermat's principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle "Fermat's principle") (for waves) or the [principle of least action](/wiki/Principle_of_least_action "Principle of least action") (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the [electron diffraction experiments](/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment "Davisson–Germer experiment") of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Erwin Schrödinger.

From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a [wavefunction](/wiki/Wavefunction "Wavefunction") defined by the [Schrödinger equation](/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation "Schrödinger equation"), which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm "David Bohm").

### Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron")\]

In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a [pilot wave](/wiki/Pilot_wave "Pilot wave") guides a particle.[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) Subsequently, [David Hestenes](/wiki/David_Hestenes "David Hestenes") has proposed a link to the [zitterbewegung](/wiki/Zitterbewegung "Zitterbewegung") that was suggested by Schrödinger.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)

While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive,[\[30\]](#cite_note-30) recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.[\[31\]](#cite_note-31)

### Non-nullity and variability of mass

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Non-nullity and variability of mass")\]

According to de Broglie, the [neutrino](/wiki/Neutrino "Neutrino") and the [photon](/wiki/Photon "Photon") have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.

In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a [thermodynamic](/wiki/Thermodynamic "Thermodynamic") machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.

### Generalization of the principle of least action

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Generalization of the principle of least action")\]

See also: [Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy](/wiki/Hamilton%27s_optico-mechanical_analogy "Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy")

In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with [Fermat's optical principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle "Fermat's principle"): "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to [Maupertuis' principle](/wiki/Maupertuis%27_principle "Maupertuis' principle") applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This latter equivalence had been pointed out by [William Rowan Hamilton](/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton "William Rowan Hamilton") a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the case of light.

### Duality of the laws of nature

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Duality of the laws of nature")\]

Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which [Max Born](/wiki/Max_Born "Max Born") thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the [laws of nature.](/wiki/Natural_law "Natural law")

His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

> When [Boltzmann](/wiki/Boltzmann "Boltzmann") and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.

That idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz](/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"), who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other)\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:

mc2=hν{\\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\\nu }![{\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\nu }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bdb9402ca2bd5f8e54ddc3718bb1d181cbfc24f)

### Neutrino theory of light

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Neutrino theory of light")\]

Main article: [Neutrino theory of light](/wiki/Neutrino_theory_of_light "Neutrino theory of light")

This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two [Dirac neutrinos](/wiki/Dirac_fermion "Dirac fermion"). It is not currently accepted by the majority of physicists.

### Hidden thermodynamics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Hidden thermodynamics")\]

De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and [Carnot](/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics) "Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)").

In this work, [action](/wiki/Action_(physics) "Action (physics)") becomes a sort of opposite to [entropy](/wiki/Entropy "Entropy"), through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:

actionh=−entropyk{\\displaystyle {{\\text{action}} \\over h}=-{{\\text{entropy}} \\over k}}![{\displaystyle {{\text{action}} \over h}=-{{\text{entropy}} \over k}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d6f8254083f4063042ec6f742e912e97f0f121e)

As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the [uncertainty principle](/wiki/Uncertainty_principle "Uncertainty principle") to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to _reductions in entropy_.

## Honors and awards

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Honors and awards")\]

- 1929 [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics")
- 1929 [Henri Poincaré Medal](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_Medal "Poincaré Medal")
- 1932 [Albert I of Monaco](/wiki/Albert_I_of_Monaco "Albert I of Monaco") Prize
- 1938 [Max Planck Medal](/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal "Max Planck Medal")
- 1938 Fellow, [Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences")
- 1939 International Member, [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society")[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)
- 1944 Fellow, [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Académie française")
- 1948 International Member, United States [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences")[\[33\]](#cite_note-33)
- 1952 [Kalinga Prize](/wiki/Kalinga_Prize "Kalinga Prize")
- 1953 Fellow, [Royal Society](/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society")[\[34\]](#cite_note-frs-34)
- 1958 International Honorary Member of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences")[\[35\]](#cite_note-35)

## Publications

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Publications")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg/220px-Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg)](/wiki/File:Broglie,_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements,_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg) _Ondes et mouvements_, 1926

- _Recherches sur la théorie des quanta_ ( _Researches on the quantum theory_), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) **3**, 22 (1925).
- _Introduction à la physique des rayons X et gamma_ ( _Introduction to physics of X-rays and Gamma-rays_), with [Maurice de Broglie](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie"), Gauthier-Villars, 1928.
- [_Ondes et mouvements_](https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3903635) (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1926.
- _Rapport au 5ème Conseil de Physique Solvay_ ( _Report for the 5th Solvay Physics Congress_), Brussels, 1927.
- [_Mecanique ondulatoire_](https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3937499) (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1928.
- [_Recueil d'exposés sur les ondes et corpuscules_](https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3898660) (in French). Paris: Librairie scientifique Hermann et C.ie. 1930.
- _Matière et lumière_ ( _Matter and Light_), Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.
- _La Physique nouvelle et les quanta_ ( _New Physics and Quanta_), Flammarion, 1937.
- _Continu et discontinu en physique moderne_ ( _Continuous and discontinuous in Modern Physics_), Paris: Albin Michel, 1941.
- _Ondes, corpuscules, mécanique ondulatoire_ ( _Waves, Corpuscles, Wave Mechanics_), Paris: Albin Michel, 1945.
- _Physique et microphysique_ ( _Physics and Microphysics_), Albin Michel, 1947.
- _Vie et œuvre de Paul Langevin_ ( _The life and works of [Paul Langevin](/wiki/Paul_Langevin "Paul Langevin")_), French Academy of Sciences, 1947.
- _Optique électronique et corpusculaire_ ( _Electronic and Corpuscular Optics_), Herman, 1950.
- _Savants et découvertes_ ( _Scientists and discoveries_), Paris, Albin Michel, 1951.
- _Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution_. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956.

  - English translation: _Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation_. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.
- _Nouvelles perspectives en microphysique_ ( _New prospects in Microphysics_), Albin Michel, 1956.
- _Sur les sentiers de la science_ ( _On the Paths of Science_), Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
- _Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. [Jean-Pierre Vigier](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vigier "Jean-Pierre Vigier") et de ses collaborateurs_, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.

  - English translation: _Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles_, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.
- _Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire_, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963.

  - English translation: _The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study_, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.
- _Certitudes et incertitudes de la science_ ( _Certitudes and Incertitudes of Science_). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.
- with Louis Armand, Pierre Henri Simon and others. _[Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein")_. Paris: Hachette, 1966.

  - English translation: _Einstein_. Peebles Press, 1979.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36)
- _Recherches d'un demi-siècle_ ( _Research of a half-century_), Albin Michel, 1976.
- _Les incertitudes d'Heisenberg et l'interprétation probabiliste de la mécanique ondulatoire_ ( _[Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg "Werner Heisenberg") uncertainty and wave mechanics probabilistic interpretation_), Gauthier-Villars, 1982.

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**["de Broglie, Louis-Victor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201204231723/https://www.lexico.com/definition/de_broglie,_louis-victor). _[Lexico](/wiki/Lexico "Lexico") UK English Dictionary_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/de+Broglie,+Louis-Victor) on 4 December 2020.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**["de Broglie"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=de+Broglie). _[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language")_ (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["De Broglie"](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/de-broglie). _[Collins English Dictionary](/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary "Collins English Dictionary")_. [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins "HarperCollins"). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Léon Warnant (1987). _Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle_ (in French) (3rd ed.). Gembloux: J. Duculot, S. A. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-2-8011-0581-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8011-0581-8 "Special:BookSources/978-2-8011-0581-8").
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Jean-Marie Pierret (1994). _Phonétique historique du français et notions de phonétique générale_ (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters. p. 102. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-9-0683-1608-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0683-1608-7 "Special:BookSources/978-9-0683-1608-7").
06. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-louveciennes_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-louveciennes_6-1)Leroy, Francis (2003). [_A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine_](https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC) (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 141. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8247-0876-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-0876-8 "Special:BookSources/0-8247-0876-8"). [Extract of page 141](https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC&pg=PA141)
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**The final pilot-wave model was presented in [Solvay Conferences](/wiki/Solvay_Conference "Solvay Conference") and later published, in " _Ondes et mouvements_" of 1926.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-PhD-thesis_8-0)**Antony Valentini: _On the Pilot-Wave Theory of Classical, Quantum and Subquantum Physics_, Ph.D. Thesis, ISAS, Trieste 1992
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**["de Broglie vs Bohm"](http://www.yoga6d.org/debroglie_vs_bohm/). Excerpts from 1960 book published by Elsevier Pub.Co. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**O'Connor, John J.; [Robertson, Edmund F.](/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson "Edmund F. Robertson"), ["Louis de Broglie"](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Broglie.html), _[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive](/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive "MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive")_, [University of St Andrews](/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews "University of St Andrews")
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**["History of International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science"](http://www.iaqms.org/history.php). IAQMS. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["Louis de Broglie"](http://www.nndb.com/people/313/000072097/). Soylent Communications. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
13. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Nye_13-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Nye_13-1)M. J. Nye. (1997). "Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France". _Isis_. **88** (3) (Isis ed.): 397–421. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/383768](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F383768). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [236150](https://www.jstor.org/stable/236150). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [143439041](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143439041).
14. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Abragam_14-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Abragam_14-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Abragam_14-2)[A. Abragam](/wiki/Anatole_Abragam "Anatole Abragam"). (1988). "Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie". **34** (Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ed.): 22–41. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1098/rsbm.1988.0002](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002).`{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
15. **[^](#cite_ref-Dict_15-0)**J. Lacki. (2008). ["Louis de Broglie"](http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830905527.html). **1** (New Dictionary of Scientific Biography ed.). Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons: 409–415.`{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
16. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-1)de Broglie, Louis Victor. ["On the Theory of Quanta"](http://aflb.ensmp.fr/LDB-oeuvres/De_Broglie_Kracklauer.pdf)(PDF). _Foundation of Louis de Broglie_ (English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004. ed.). Retrieved 2 January 2020.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**["The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929"](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html). Nobel Foundation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html) from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**[Recherche (PPN) 01331081X: Actualités scientifiques et industrielles](https://www.sudoc.fr/01331081X), sudoc.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Evans, James; Thorndike, Alan S. (2007). _Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics_. Springer. p. 71. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9783540326632](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540326632 "Special:BookSources/9783540326632"). Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4665-7636-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0").
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Les professeurs de la Faculté des sciences de Paris [\[1\]](https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp_0298-5632_1989_ant_25_1_8664)
22. **[^](#cite_ref-PiecuchMaruani2009_22-0)**Piotr Piecuch; Jean Maruani; Gerardo Delgado-Barrio; Stephen Wilson (30 September 2009). [_Advances in the Theory of Atomic and Molecular Systems: Conceptual and Computational Advances in Quantum Chemistry_](https://books.google.com/books?id=1qbgc17K1dAC). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-90-481-2596-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2596-8 "Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2596-8").
23. **[^](#cite_ref-NéelBroglie1988_23-0)**Louis Néel; Fondation Louis de Broglie; Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (France) (1988). [_Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu_](https://books.google.com/books?id=C0u4AAAAIAAJ). Fondation Louis de Broglie, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**_The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective_. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1974. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-471-43958-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-43958-4 "Special:BookSources/0-471-43958-4")
25. **[^](#cite_ref-Mehra_25-0)**J. Mehra. (2001). J. Mehra. (ed.). "Louis de Broglie and the phase waves associated with matter" (The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics ed.). World Scientific: 546–570.`{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**["Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta"](https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Broglie/Broglie_pdf/CR1923_p507.pdf)(PDF). _academie-sciences.fr_ (in French). 1923.
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**[Max Jammer](/wiki/Max_Jammer "Max Jammer") _The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics_. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-88318-617-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88318-617-9 "Special:BookSources/0-88318-617-9"). Olivier Darrigol, "Strangeness and soundness in Louis de Broglie's early works", _Physis_, 30 (1993): 303–372.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**See for example the description of de Broglie's view in: David Bohm, Basil Hiley: _The de Broglie pilot wave theory and the further development and new insights arising out of it_, Foundations of Physics, volume 12, number 10, 1982, Appendix: On the background of the papers on trajectories interpretation, by D. Bohm, ( [PDF](http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110819234038/http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf) 19 August 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"))
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**D. Hestenes, October 1990, The Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1213–1232
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**See for example G.R. Osche, _Electron channeling resonance and de Broglie's internal clock_, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 36, 2001, pp. 61–71 ( [full text](http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-361/aflb361m718.pdf))
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**Catillon, Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**["APS Member History"](https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Louis+de+Broglie&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced). _search.amphilsoc.org_. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**["Duc L. De Broglie"](http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/46723.html). _www.nasonline.org_. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-frs_34-0)**[Abragam, A.](/wiki/Anatole_Abragam "Anatole Abragam") (1988). "Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie. 15 August 1892-19 March 1987". _[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society](/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society")_. **34**: 22–26. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1098/rsbm.1988.0002](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [770045](https://www.jstor.org/stable/770045).
35. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**["Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie"](https://www.amacad.org/person/louis-victor-pierre-raymond-de-broglie). _American Academy of Arts & Sciences_. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**["Review of _Einstein_ by Louis de Broglie and others"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50). _Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists_. **36** (3): 50. March 1980.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Louis de Broglie](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_de_Broglie "commons:Category:Louis de Broglie").

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)

Wikiquote has quotations related to _**[Louis de Broglie](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "q:Louis de Broglie")**_.

- [Les Immortels: Louis de BROGLIE](https://web.archive.org/web/20041212175715/http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=580)", Académie française (in French)
- [Louis de Broglie](https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/36) on Nobelprize.org [![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#P8024 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Fondation Louis de Broglie](http://aflb.ensmp.fr/)
- [Louis de Broglie](https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105807) at the [Mathematics Genealogy Project](/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project "Mathematics Genealogy Project")
- [English translation of his book on hidden thermodynamics by D. H. Delphenich](http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/de_broglie_-_hidden_thermodynamics_book.pdf)
- [The Theory of measurement in wave mechanics](http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/de_broglie_-_measurement_in_wave_mechanics.pdf) (English translation of his book on the subject)
- ["A new conception of light"](http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/de_broglie_-_new_conception_of_light.pdf) (English translation)
- [Louis de Broglie Interview](http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE04002106), on Ina.fr (in French)
- [Newspaper clippings about Louis de Broglie](http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002535) in the [20th Century Press Archives](/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives "20th Century Press Archives") of the [ZBW](/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics "German National Library of Economics")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#P4293 "Edit this at Wikidata")

[French nobility](/wiki/French_nobility "French nobility")Preceded by

[Maurice de Broglie](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie")

**[Duke of Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie "House of Broglie")**

1960–1987
Succeeded by

[Victor-François de Broglie](/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Template:Nobel Prize in Physics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics")

[Laureates](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics "List of Nobel laureates in Physics") of the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics")

1901–1925

- 1901: [Röntgen](/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen "Wilhelm Röntgen")
- 1902: [Lorentz](/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz "Hendrik Lorentz") / [Zeeman](/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman "Pieter Zeeman")
- 1903: [Becquerel](/wiki/Henri_Becquerel "Henri Becquerel") / [P. Curie](/wiki/Pierre_Curie "Pierre Curie") / [M. Curie](/wiki/Marie_Curie "Marie Curie")
- 1904: [Rayleigh](/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh")
- 1905: [Lenard](/wiki/Philipp_Lenard "Philipp Lenard")
- 1906: [J. J. Thomson](/wiki/J._J._Thomson "J. J. Thomson")
- 1907: [Michelson](/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson "Albert A. Michelson")
- 1908: [Lippmann](/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann "Gabriel Lippmann")
- 1909: [Marconi](/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi "Guglielmo Marconi") / [Braun](/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun "Karl Ferdinand Braun")
- 1910: [Van der Waals](/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals "Johannes Diderik van der Waals")
- 1911: [Wien](/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien "Wilhelm Wien")
- 1912: [Dalén](/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n "Gustaf Dalén")
- 1913: [Kamerlingh Onnes](/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes")
- 1914: [Laue](/wiki/Max_von_Laue "Max von Laue")
- 1915: [W. L. Bragg](/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg "Lawrence Bragg") / [W. H. Bragg](/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg "William Henry Bragg")
- 1916
- 1917: [Barkla](/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla "Charles Glover Barkla")
- 1918: [Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck "Max Planck")
- 1919: [Stark](/wiki/Johannes_Stark "Johannes Stark")
- 1920: [Guillaume](/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume "Charles Édouard Guillaume")
- 1921: [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein")
- 1922: [N. Bohr](/wiki/Niels_Bohr "Niels Bohr")
- 1923: [Millikan](/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan "Robert Andrews Millikan")
- 1924: [M. Siegbahn](/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn "Manne Siegbahn")
- 1925: [Franck](/wiki/James_Franck "James Franck") / [Hertz](/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz "Gustav Ludwig Hertz")

1926–1950

- 1926: [Perrin](/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin "Jean Baptiste Perrin")
- 1927: [Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Compton "Arthur Compton") / [C. Wilson](/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson")
- 1928: [O. Richardson](/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson "Owen Willans Richardson")
- 1929: De Broglie
- 1930: [Raman](/wiki/C._V._Raman "C. V. Raman")
- 1931
- 1932: [Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg "Werner Heisenberg")
- 1933: [Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger "Erwin Schrödinger") / [Dirac](/wiki/Paul_Dirac "Paul Dirac")
- 1934
- 1935: [Chadwick](/wiki/James_Chadwick "James Chadwick")
- 1936: [Hess](/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess "Victor Francis Hess") / [C. D. Anderson](/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson "Carl David Anderson")
- 1937: [Davisson](/wiki/Clinton_Davisson "Clinton Davisson") / [G. P. Thomson](/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson "George Paget Thomson")
- 1938: [Fermi](/wiki/Enrico_Fermi "Enrico Fermi")
- 1939: [Lawrence](/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence "Ernest Lawrence")
- 1940
- 1941
- 1942
- 1943: [Stern](/wiki/Otto_Stern "Otto Stern")
- 1944: [Rabi](/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi "Isidor Isaac Rabi")
- 1945: [Pauli](/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli "Wolfgang Pauli")
- 1946: [Bridgman](/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman "Percy Williams Bridgman")
- 1947: [Appleton](/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton "Edward Victor Appleton")
- 1948: [Blackett](/wiki/Patrick_Blackett "Patrick Blackett")
- 1949: [Yukawa](/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa "Hideki Yukawa")
- 1950: [Powell](/wiki/C._F._Powell "C. F. Powell")

1951–1975

- 1951: [Cockcroft](/wiki/John_Cockcroft "John Cockcroft") / [Walton](/wiki/Ernest_Walton "Ernest Walton")
- 1952: [Bloch](/wiki/Felix_Bloch "Felix Bloch") / [Purcell](/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell "Edward Mills Purcell")
- 1953: [Zernike](/wiki/Frits_Zernike "Frits Zernike")
- 1954: [Born](/wiki/Max_Born "Max Born") / [Bothe](/wiki/Walther_Bothe "Walther Bothe")
- 1955: [Lamb](/wiki/Willis_Lamb "Willis Lamb") / [Kusch](/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch "Polykarp Kusch")
- 1956: [Shockley](/wiki/William_Shockley "William Shockley") / [Bardeen](/wiki/John_Bardeen "John Bardeen") / [Brattain](/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain "Walter Houser Brattain")
- 1957: [C. N. Yang](/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning "Yang Chen-Ning") / [T. D. Lee](/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee "Tsung-Dao Lee")
- 1958: [Cherenkov](/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov "Pavel Cherenkov") / [Frank](/wiki/Ilya_Frank "Ilya Frank") / [Tamm](/wiki/Igor_Tamm "Igor Tamm")
- 1959: [Segrè](/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8 "Emilio Segrè") / [Chamberlain](/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain "Owen Chamberlain")
- 1960: [Glaser](/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser "Donald A. Glaser")
- 1961: [Hofstadter](/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter "Robert Hofstadter") / [Mössbauer](/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer "Rudolf Mössbauer")
- 1962: [Landau](/wiki/Lev_Landau "Lev Landau")
- 1963: [Wigner](/wiki/Eugene_Wigner "Eugene Wigner") / [Goeppert Mayer](/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer "Maria Goeppert Mayer") / [Jensen](/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen "J. Hans D. Jensen")
- 1964: [Townes](/wiki/Charles_H._Townes "Charles H. Townes") / [Basov](/wiki/Nikolay_Basov "Nikolay Basov") / [Prokhorov](/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov "Alexander Prokhorov")
- 1965: [Tomonaga](/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga "Shin'ichirō Tomonaga") / [Schwinger](/wiki/Julian_Schwinger "Julian Schwinger") / [Feynman](/wiki/Richard_Feynman "Richard Feynman")
- 1966: [Kastler](/wiki/Alfred_Kastler "Alfred Kastler")
- 1967: [Bethe](/wiki/Hans_Bethe "Hans Bethe")
- 1968: [Alvarez](/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez "Luis Walter Alvarez")
- 1969: [Gell-Mann](/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann "Murray Gell-Mann")
- 1970: [Alfvén](/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n "Hannes Alfvén") / [Néel](/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el "Louis Néel")
- 1971: [Gabor](/wiki/Dennis_Gabor "Dennis Gabor")
- 1972: [Bardeen](/wiki/John_Bardeen "John Bardeen") / [Cooper](/wiki/Leon_Cooper "Leon Cooper") / [Schrieffer](/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer "John Robert Schrieffer")
- 1973: [Esaki](/wiki/Leo_Esaki "Leo Esaki") / [Giaever](/wiki/Ivar_Giaever "Ivar Giaever") / [Josephson](/wiki/Brian_Josephson "Brian Josephson")
- 1974: [Ryle](/wiki/Martin_Ryle "Martin Ryle") / [Hewish](/wiki/Antony_Hewish "Antony Hewish")
- 1975: [A. Bohr](/wiki/Aage_Bohr "Aage Bohr") / [Mottelson](/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson "Ben Roy Mottelson") / [Rainwater](/wiki/James_Rainwater "James Rainwater")

1976–2000

- 1976: [Richter](/wiki/Burton_Richter "Burton Richter") / [Ting](/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting "Samuel C. C. Ting")
- 1977: [P. W. Anderson](/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson "Philip W. Anderson") / [Mott](/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott "Nevill Francis Mott") / [Van Vleck](/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck "John Hasbrouck Van Vleck")
- 1978: [Kapitsa](/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa "Pyotr Kapitsa") / [Penzias](/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias "Arno Allan Penzias") / [R. Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson "Robert Woodrow Wilson")
- 1979: [Glashow](/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow "Sheldon Glashow") / [Salam](/wiki/Abdus_Salam "Abdus Salam") / [Weinberg](/wiki/Steven_Weinberg "Steven Weinberg")
- 1980: [Cronin](/wiki/James_Cronin "James Cronin") / [Fitch](/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch "Val Logsdon Fitch")
- 1981: [Bloembergen](/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen "Nicolaas Bloembergen") / [Schawlow](/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow "Arthur Leonard Schawlow") / [K. Siegbahn](/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn "Kai Siegbahn")
- 1982: [K. Wilson](/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson "Kenneth G. Wilson")
- 1983: [Chandrasekhar](/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar") / [Fowler](/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler "William Alfred Fowler")
- 1984: [Rubbia](/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia "Carlo Rubbia") / [Van der Meer](/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer "Simon van der Meer")
- 1985: [von Klitzing](/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing "Klaus von Klitzing")
- 1986: [Ruska](/wiki/Ernst_Ruska "Ernst Ruska") / [Binnig](/wiki/Gerd_Binnig "Gerd Binnig") / [Rohrer](/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer "Heinrich Rohrer")
- 1987: [Bednorz](/wiki/Georg_Bednorz "Georg Bednorz") / [Müller](/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller "K. Alex Müller")
- 1988: [Lederman](/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman "Leon M. Lederman") / [Schwartz](/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz "Melvin Schwartz") / [Steinberger](/wiki/Jack_Steinberger "Jack Steinberger")
- 1989: [Ramsey](/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr. "Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.") / [Dehmelt](/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt "Hans Georg Dehmelt") / [Paul](/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul "Wolfgang Paul")
- 1990: [Friedman](/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman "Jerome Isaac Friedman") / [Kendall](/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall "Henry Way Kendall") / [R. Taylor](/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor "Richard E. Taylor")
- 1991: [de Gennes](/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes")
- 1992: [Charpak](/wiki/Georges_Charpak "Georges Charpak")
- 1993: [Hulse](/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse "Russell Alan Hulse") / [J. Taylor](/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr. "Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.")
- 1994: [Brockhouse](/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse "Bertram Brockhouse") / [Shull](/wiki/Clifford_Shull "Clifford Shull")
- 1995: [Perl](/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl "Martin Lewis Perl") / [Reines](/wiki/Frederick_Reines "Frederick Reines")
- 1996: [D. Lee](/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist) "David Lee (physicist)") / [Osheroff](/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff "Douglas Osheroff") / [R. Richardson](/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson "Robert Coleman Richardson")
- 1997: [Chu](/wiki/Steven_Chu "Steven Chu") / [Cohen-Tannoudji](/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji "Claude Cohen-Tannoudji") / [Phillips](/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips "William Daniel Phillips")
- 1998: [Laughlin](/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin "Robert B. Laughlin") / [Störmer](/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer "Horst Ludwig Störmer") / [Tsui](/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui "Daniel C. Tsui")
- 1999: ['t Hooft](/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft "Gerard 't Hooft") / [Veltman](/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman "Martinus J. G. Veltman")
- 2000: [Alferov](/wiki/Zhores_Alferov "Zhores Alferov") / [Kroemer](/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer "Herbert Kroemer") / [Kilby](/wiki/Jack_Kilby "Jack Kilby")

2001–

present

- 2001: [Cornell](/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell "Eric Allin Cornell") / [Ketterle](/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle "Wolfgang Ketterle") / [Wieman](/wiki/Carl_Wieman "Carl Wieman")
- 2002: [Davis](/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr. "Raymond Davis Jr.") / [Koshiba](/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba "Masatoshi Koshiba") / [Giacconi](/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi "Riccardo Giacconi")
- 2003: [Abrikosov](/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist) "Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)") / [Ginzburg](/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg "Vitaly Ginzburg") / [Leggett](/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett "Anthony James Leggett")
- 2004: [Gross](/wiki/David_Gross "David Gross") / [Politzer](/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer "Hugh David Politzer") / [Wilczek](/wiki/Frank_Wilczek "Frank Wilczek")
- 2005: [Glauber](/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber "Roy J. Glauber") / [Hall](/wiki/John_L._Hall "John L. Hall") / [Hänsch](/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch "Theodor W. Hänsch")
- 2006: [Mather](/wiki/John_C._Mather "John C. Mather") / [Smoot](/wiki/George_Smoot "George Smoot")
- 2007: [Fert](/wiki/Albert_Fert "Albert Fert") / [Grünberg](/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg "Peter Grünberg")
- 2008: [Nambu](/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu "Yoichiro Nambu") / [Kobayashi](/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist) "Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)") / [Maskawa](/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa "Toshihide Maskawa")
- 2009: [Kao](/wiki/Charles_K._Kao "Charles K. Kao") / [Boyle](/wiki/Willard_Boyle "Willard Boyle") / [Smith](/wiki/George_E._Smith "George E. Smith")
- 2010: [Geim](/wiki/Andre_Geim "Andre Geim") / [Novoselov](/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov "Konstantin Novoselov")
- 2011: [Perlmutter](/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter "Saul Perlmutter") / [Schmidt](/wiki/Brian_Schmidt "Brian Schmidt") / [Riess](/wiki/Adam_Riess "Adam Riess")
- 2012: [Wineland](/wiki/David_J._Wineland "David J. Wineland") / [Haroche](/wiki/Serge_Haroche "Serge Haroche")
- 2013: [Englert](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert "François Englert") / [Higgs](/wiki/Peter_Higgs "Peter Higgs")
- 2014: [Akasaki](/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki "Isamu Akasaki") / [Amano](/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano "Hiroshi Amano") / [Nakamura](/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura "Shuji Nakamura")
- 2015: [Kajita](/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita "Takaaki Kajita") / [McDonald](/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald "Arthur B. McDonald")
- 2016: [Thouless](/wiki/David_J._Thouless "David J. Thouless") / [Haldane](/wiki/Duncan_Haldane "Duncan Haldane") / [Kosterlitz](/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz "J. Michael Kosterlitz")
- 2017: [Weiss](/wiki/Rainer_Weiss "Rainer Weiss") / [Barish](/wiki/Barry_Barish "Barry Barish") / [Thorne](/wiki/Kip_Thorne "Kip Thorne")
- 2018: [Ashkin](/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin "Arthur Ashkin") / [Mourou](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou "Gérard Mourou") / [Strickland](/wiki/Donna_Strickland "Donna Strickland")
- 2019: [Peebles](/wiki/Jim_Peebles "Jim Peebles") / [Mayor](/wiki/Michel_Mayor "Michel Mayor") / [Queloz](/wiki/Didier_Queloz "Didier Queloz")
- 2020: [Penrose](/wiki/Roger_Penrose "Roger Penrose") / [Genzel](/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel "Reinhard Genzel") / [Ghez](/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez "Andrea M. Ghez")
- 2021: [Parisi](/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi "Giorgio Parisi") / [Hasselmann](/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann "Klaus Hasselmann") / [Manabe](/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe "Syukuro Manabe")
- 2022: [Aspect](/wiki/Alain_Aspect "Alain Aspect") / [Clauser](/wiki/John_Clauser "John Clauser") / [Zeilinger](/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger "Anton Zeilinger")
- 2023: [Agostini](/wiki/Pierre_Agostini "Pierre Agostini") / [Krausz](/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz "Ferenc Krausz") / [L'Huillier](/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier "Anne L'Huillier")

- [v](/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template talk:1929 Nobel Prize winners")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners "Special:EditPage/Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners")

1929 [Nobel Prize](/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") laureates

[Chemistry](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry "Nobel Prize in Chemistry")

- [Arthur Harden](/wiki/Arthur_Harden "Arthur Harden") (United Kingdom)
- [Hans von Euler-Chelpin](/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin "Hans von Euler-Chelpin") (Sweden)

[Literature](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature "Nobel Prize in Literature") ( [1929](/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature "1929 Nobel Prize in Literature"))

- [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann") (Germany)

[Peace](/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize")

- [Frank B. Kellogg](/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg "Frank B. Kellogg") (United States)

[Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics")

- Louis de Broglie (France)

[Physiology or Medicine](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine")

- [Christiaan Eijkman](/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman "Christiaan Eijkman") (Netherlands)
- [Frederick Gowland Hopkins](/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins "Frederick Gowland Hopkins") (United Kingdom)

[Nobel Prize recipients](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates "List of Nobel laureates")[1924](/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners")[1925](/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners")[1926](/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners")[1927](/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners")[1928](/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners")**1929**[1930](/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners")[1931](/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners")[1932](/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners")[1933](/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners")[1934](/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1 "Template:Académie française Seat 1")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1 "Template talk:Académie française Seat 1")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1 "Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 1")

[Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Académie française") [seat 1](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "List of members of the Académie française")

- [Pierre Séguier](/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier "Pierre Séguier") (1635)
- [Claude Bazin de Bezons](/wiki/Claude_Bazin_de_Bezons "Claude Bazin de Bezons") (1643)
- [Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux](/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux "Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux") (1684)
- [Jean d'Estrées](/wiki/Jean_d%27Estr%C3%A9es "Jean d'Estrées") (1711)
- [Marc-René d'Argenson](/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721) "Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)") (1718)
- [Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy](/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Languet_de_Gergy "Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy") (1721)
- [George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon](/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon") (1753)
- [Félix Vicq-d'Azyr](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vicq-d%27Azyr "Félix Vicq-d'Azyr") (1788)
- [François-Urbain Domergue](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Urbain_Domergue "François-Urbain Domergue") (1803)
- [Ange-François Fariau](/wiki/Ange-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fariau "Ange-François Fariau") (1810)
- [François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Parseval-Grandmaison "François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison") (1811)
- [Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy](/wiki/Narcisse-Achille_de_Salvandy "Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy") (1835)
- [Émile Augier](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier "Émile Augier") (1857)
- [Charles de Freycinet](/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet "Charles de Freycinet") (1890)
- [Émile Picard](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard "Émile Picard") (1924)
- Louis de Broglie (1944)
- [Michel Debré](/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9 "Michel Debré") (1988)
- [François Furet](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet "François Furet") (1997)
- [René Rémond](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond "René Rémond") (1998)
- [Claude Dagens](/wiki/Claude_Dagens "Claude Dagens") (2008)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Broglie "Template:Dukes of Broglie")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Broglie "Template talk:Dukes of Broglie")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Broglie "Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Broglie")

[Dukes of Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie "House of Broglie")

- [François-Marie](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_1st_duc_de_Broglie "François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie") (1742)
- [Victor-François](/wiki/Victor_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Broglie,_2nd_Duke_of_Broglie "Victor François de Broglie, 2nd Duke of Broglie") (1745)
- [Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles](/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870) "Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)") (1804)
- [Jacques-Victor-Albert](/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie "Albert, 4th duc de Broglie") (1870)
- [Louis-Alphonse-Victor](/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1846%E2%80%931906) "Victor de Broglie (1846–1906)") (1901)
- [Louis-César-Victor-Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie") (1906)
- Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond (1960)
- [Victor-François Marie Léon](/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie") (1987)
- [Philippe-Maurice](/wiki/Philippe-Maurice,_9th_duc_de_Broglie "Philippe-Maurice, 9th duc de Broglie") (2012)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Blason-broglie.png/60px-Blason-broglie.png)](/wiki/File:Blason-broglie.png)

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000121184468)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/4927396)
- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/117041/)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHFqwmMWq8KpgCXPFkDq)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118674293)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83162018)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894127t)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894127t)
- [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434453)
- [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV040875)
- [Australia](https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36589173)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153790&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Spain](http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1190509)
- [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/714062)
- [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070351287)
- [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90065490)
- [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000183979&P_CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000060245&local_base=nsk10)
- [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000223700)
- [Greece](https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record257335)
- [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/nl022td63vscsrh)
- [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810663555005606)
- [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/13538)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259134005171)
- [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511765506706)
- [Belgium](https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14320916)

Academics

- [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00820092?l=en)
- [Mathematics Genealogy Project](https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105807)
  - [2](https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=225311)
- [Scopus](https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16516300400)
- [zbMATH](https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:de-broglie.louis)
- [MathSciNet](https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/41875)
- [Leopoldina](https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/prince-louis-victor-de-broglie/)

Artists

- [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/44dee43f-c7c9-477e-b0ad-686f90ed3da6)

People

- [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1308342)
- [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118674293.html?language=en)

Other

- [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026754290)
- [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g44rtx)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis\_de\_Broglie&oldid=1245492853](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&oldid=1245492853)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [1892 births](/wiki/Category:1892_births "Category:1892 births")
- [1987 deaths](/wiki/Category:1987_deaths "Category:1987 deaths")
- [People from Dieppe, Seine-Maritime](/wiki/Category:People_from_Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime "Category:People from Dieppe, Seine-Maritime")
- [House of Broglie](/wiki/Category:House_of_Broglie "Category:House of Broglie")
- [Dukes of Broglie](/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Broglie "Category:Dukes of Broglie")
- [Members of the National Council of Vichy France](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Vichy_France "Category:Members of the National Council of Vichy France")
- [20th-century French physicists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_physicists "Category:20th-century French physicists")
- [Quantum physicists](/wiki/Category:Quantum_physicists "Category:Quantum physicists")
- [French theoretical physicists](/wiki/Category:French_theoretical_physicists "Category:French theoretical physicists")
- [People associated with CERN](/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_CERN "Category:People associated with CERN")
- [Presidents of the Société Française de Physique](/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Physique "Category:Presidents of the Société Française de Physique")
- [Members of the American Philosophical Society](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society "Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society")
- [University of Paris alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Paris_alumni "Category:University of Paris alumni")
- [Academic staff of the University of Paris](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Paris "Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris")
- [Members of the Académie Française](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise "Category:Members of the Académie Française")
- [Members of the French Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences "Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences")
- [Officers of the French Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences "Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences")
- [Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences "Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences")
- [Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Foreign_associates_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences "Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences")
- [Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences "Category:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences")
- [Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy](/wiki/Category:Foreign_fellows_of_the_Indian_National_Science_Academy "Category:Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy")
- [Foreign members of the Royal Society](/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_Royal_Society "Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society")
- [Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science "Category:Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science")
- [French military personnel of World War I](/wiki/Category:French_military_personnel_of_World_War_I "Category:French military personnel of World War I")
- [Nobel laureates in Physics](/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics "Category:Nobel laureates in Physics")
- [French Nobel laureates](/wiki/Category:French_Nobel_laureates "Category:French Nobel laureates")
- [Kalinga Prize recipients](/wiki/Category:Kalinga_Prize_recipients "Category:Kalinga Prize recipients")
- [Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour](/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour "Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour")
- [Winners of the Max Planck Medal](/wiki/Category:Winners_of_the_Max_Planck_Medal "Category:Winners of the Max Planck Medal")

Hidden categories:

- [Pages using the Phonos extension](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension "Category:Pages using the Phonos extension")
- [CS1 French-language sources (fr)](/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr) "Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)")
- [CS1 errors: missing periodical](/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical "Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical")
- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Articles needing additional references from August 2019](/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2019 "Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2019")
- [All articles needing additional references](/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references "Category:All articles needing additional references")
- [Use dmy dates from June 2016](/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2016 "Category:Use dmy dates from June 2016")
- [Articles with hCards](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards "Category:Articles with hCards")
- [Pages with French IPA](/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA "Category:Pages with French IPA")
- [Pages including recorded pronunciations](/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations "Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations")
- [Articles needing additional references from June 2015](/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015 "Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2015")
- [Articles containing French-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text "Category:Articles containing French-language text")
- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements "Category:All articles with unsourced statements")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023")
- [Commons category link from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link from Wikidata")
- [Articles with French-language sources (fr)](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr) "Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)")
- [Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024](/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024 "Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024")

- This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 08:52 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License);
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) and [Privacy Policy](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](//wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.

- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)

- [![Wikimedia Foundation](/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg)](https://wikimediafoundation.org/)
- [![Powered by MediaWiki](/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/)