Neil Armstrong: Životní příběh a smysl přistání na Měsíci | Reflex.cz
Neil Armstrong byl velitel letu Apollo 11 a první člověk na Měsíci. Na jeho povrch vstoupil 21. července 1969. Armstrong byl univerzitní ...
Jamesem Webbem
Doba bohatýrských, ale zároveň ideologických let se zřejmě už nevrátí. NASA tehdy měla k dispozici 4,4 procenta státního rozpočtu (údaj z roku 1966) a zaměstnávala přes 400 tisíc lidí. Nehledě na to, že to bylo v době mimořádného ekonomického růstu a americké prosperity. Ale i v šedesátých letech se Kennedy obával, že se vyhlášení boje o Měsíc obrátí politicky proti němu. Před časem byly odtajněny zápisy rozhovorů, které na toto téma vedl například s tehdejším šéfem NASA <anchor>Jamesem Webbem</anchor>. Kennedy se bál, zda mu voliči nevyčtou, že za něco tak iluzorního, jako je boj o Měsíc, vyhodil jejich daně. „Nikoli, pane, nebudete toho nikdy litovat!“ řekl mu podle záznamu Webb. Měl pravdu. Kennedy se Armstrongova „obrovského skoku pro lidstvo“ nedožil, ale bude s ním politicky navždy spjat.
James E. Webb - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- [1Early and personal life](#Early_and_personal_life)
- [2Career](#Career)Toggle Career subsection  - [2.1U.S. House of Representatives staff](#U.S._House_of_Representatives_staff)
  - [2.2Assistant to private attorney](#Assistant_to_private_attorney)
  - [2.3Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope](#Personnel_director_for_Sperry_Gyroscope)
  - [2.4Marine re-enlistment](#Marine_re-enlistment)
  - [2.5Bureau of the Budget](#Bureau_of_the_Budget)
  - [2.6State Department](#State_Department)
  - [2.7NASA](#NASA)
- [3Later life and death](#Later_life_and_death)
- [4Legacy](#Legacy)Toggle Legacy subsection  - [4.1Controversy about telescope name](#Controversy_about_telescope_name)
- [5References](#References)
- [6External links](#External_links)

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# James E. Webb

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- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb "James E. Webb – Norwegian Bokmål")
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- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb "James Webb – Portuguese")
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- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb "James E. Webb – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B1 "Джеймс Вебб – Ukrainian")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF "詹姆斯·韦伯 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American government official (1906–1992)

For other people named James Webb, see [James Webb (disambiguation)](/wiki/James_Webb_(disambiguation) "James Webb (disambiguation)").

James E. Webb

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_E._Webb%2C_official_NASA_photo%2C_1966.jpg/220px-James_E._Webb%2C_official_NASA_photo%2C_1966.jpg)](/wiki/File:James_E._Webb,_official_NASA_photo,_1966.jpg)

Official NASA photo, 1966

2nd [Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/Administrator_of_the_National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration")**In office**

February 14, 1961 – October 7, 1968President

- [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")
- [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")

[Deputy](/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_the_National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration")

- [Hugh Dryden](/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden "Hugh Latimer Dryden")
- [Robert Seamans](/wiki/Robert_Seamans "Robert Seamans")
- [Thomas O. Paine](/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine")

Preceded by[T. Keith Glennan](/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan "T. Keith Glennan")Succeeded by[Thomas O. Paine](/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine")16th [United States Under Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State "United States Under Secretary of State")**In office**

January 28, 1949 – February 29, 1952President[Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")Preceded by[Robert A. Lovett](/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett "Robert A. Lovett")Succeeded by[David Bruce](/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce "David K. E. Bruce")7th Director of the [Bureau of the Budget](/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget "Office of Management and Budget")**In office**

July 13, 1946 – January 27, 1949President[Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")Preceded by[Harold D. Smith](/wiki/Harold_D._Smith "Harold D. Smith")Succeeded by[Frank Pace](/wiki/Frank_Pace "Frank Pace")Personal detailsBorn

James Edwin Webb

(1906-10-07)October 7, 1906

[Tally Ho, North Carolina](/wiki/Stem,_North_Carolina "Stem, North Carolina"), U.S. (now Stem)DiedMarch 27, 1992(1992-03-27) (aged 85)

Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting place[Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery "Arlington National Cemetery")Political party[Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) "Democratic Party (United States)")Spouse

Patsy Aiken Douglas

​

(m. 1938)​

Children2Education

- [University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill") ( [BA](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts"))
- [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") ( [JD](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor"))

Military serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch/service[United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps")Years of service

- 1930–1932
- 1944–1945

Rank[Lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States) "Lieutenant colonel (United States)")[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)

**James Edwin Webb** (October 7, 1906 – March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as [Undersecretary of State](/wiki/Undersecretary_of_State "Undersecretary of State") from 1949 to 1952. He was the second [Administrator](/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA "Administrator of NASA") of [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") from February 14, 1961, to October 7, 1968. Webb led NASA from the beginning of the [Kennedy administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy "Presidency of John F. Kennedy") through the end of the [Johnson administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"), thus overseeing each of the critical first crewed missions throughout the [Mercury](/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury") and [Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. He also dealt with the [Apollo 1](/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") fire.

In 2002, the Next Generation Space Telescope was renamed the [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope") as a tribute to Webb.

## Early and personal life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early and personal life")\]

Webb was born in 1906 in Tally Ho in [Granville County, North Carolina](/wiki/Granville_County,_North_Carolina "Granville County, North Carolina"). His father, John Frederick Webb, was superintendent of Granville County's segregated public schools.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) Sarah Gorham Webb was his mother.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) He completed his college education at the [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"), where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Education in 1928. He was a member of the [Acacia fraternity](/wiki/Acacia_Fraternity "Acacia Fraternity"). Webb became a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States "Second lieutenant") in the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), and he served as a Marine Corps pilot on active duty from 1930 to 1932. Webb then studied law at [The George Washington University Law School](/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_Law_School "The George Washington University Law School"), where he received a [J.D.](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor") degree in 1936. In the same year, he was admitted to the [Bar](/wiki/Bar_(law) "Bar (law)") of the [District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia").

Webb married Patsy Aiken Douglas in 1938, and they had two children. He was a [Freemason](/wiki/Freemason "Freemason").[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

## Career

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Career")\]

### U.S. House of Representatives staff

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives staff")\]

Webb began his long career in public service in Washington, D.C., by serving as secretary to U.S. Representative [Edward W. Pou](/wiki/Edward_W._Pou "Edward W. Pou") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") from 1932 to 1934. Pou was chairman of the [Rules Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules "United States House Committee on Rules") and [Dean of the House](/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Dean of the United States House of Representatives"). With Webb's assistance, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")'s [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") during the [first hundred days](/wiki/First_100_days_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_presidency "First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency") of Roosevelt's term. In addition to his secretarial duties, Webb provided physical assistance to the aging and ailing Pou.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

### Assistant to private attorney

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Assistant to private attorney")\]

Webb next served as an assistant in the office of [Oliver Max Gardner](/wiki/Oliver_Max_Gardner "Oliver Max Gardner"), an attorney, former governor of North Carolina and friend of President Roosevelt, from 1934 to 1936. Gardner supported Webb in finishing law school.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

During the [Air Mail scandal](/wiki/Air_Mail_scandal "Air Mail scandal") of 1934, the government halted the carrying of airmail by private airline companies. A group of airline executives, led by Thomas Morgan, the President of the [Sperry Gyroscope Company](/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company "Sperry Gyroscope Company") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), hired Gardner's firm to represent them. The successful resolution resulted in the resumption of contracts with private airlines.

### Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope")\]

As a result of their interactions, [Sperry Gyroscope](/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company "Sperry Gyroscope Company") hired Webb as the personnel director and assistant to Thomas Morgan, the president of Sperry. Between 1936 and 1944, Webb became the secretary-treasurer and later the vice president of Sperry. During his tenure, Sperry expanded from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a major supplier of navigation equipment and [airborne radar](/wiki/Airborne_radar "Airborne radar") systems during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

### Marine re-enlistment

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Marine re-enlistment")\]

Although he wished to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war, Webb was deferred because of the importance of his work at Sperry to the war effort. He reentered the Marine Corps on February 1, 1944[\[8\]](#cite_note-Raleigh-8) and soon became the commanding officer of [Marine Air Warning Group One](/wiki/Marine_Air_Control_Group_28 "Marine Air Control Group 28"), [9th Marine Aircraft Wing](/wiki/9th_Marine_Aircraft_Wing "9th Marine Aircraft Wing"), first as a captain and later as a major. Webb's brother, Henry Gorham Webb, was also a Marine Corps officer who was at that time a prisoner of war in Japan, having served with [VMF-211](/wiki/VMFA-211 "VMFA-211") during the [Battle of Wake Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island "Battle of Wake Island"), and then subsequently captured.[\[8\]](#cite_note-Raleigh-8)

He was put in charge of a radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He had orders to leave for Japan on August 14, 1945, but his orders were delayed, and the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") on September 2, 1945, meant that he did not see combat.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

### Bureau of the Budget

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Bureau of the Budget")\]

After World War II, Webb returned to Washington, DC and served as executive assistant to [Gardner](/wiki/Oliver_Max_Gardner "Oliver Max Gardner"), now the [Undersecretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury"), for a short while before he was named as the director of the [Bureau of the Budget](/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget "United States Office of Management and Budget") in the [Office of the President of the United States](/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States "Executive Office of the President of the United States"), a position that he held until 1949. Webb was recommended for the appointment to [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") by Gardner and Treasury Secretary [John Snyder](/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder_(US_Cabinet_Secretary) "John Wesley Snyder (US Cabinet Secretary)"). Because of Webb's association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury. His appointment surprised Webb, who had not been told of the final decision to appoint him.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

The Bureau of the Budget prepared the President's proposed budget each year for presentation to Congress. Truman's objective for the budget was to bring it to balance after the large expenditures of World War II.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)

### State Department

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: State Department")\]

President Truman next nominated Webb to serve as an [undersecretary of state](/wiki/Undersecretary#United_States "Undersecretary") in the [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State "U.S. Department of State"), which he began in January 1949. Webb's first assignment from Secretary [Dean Acheson](/wiki/Dean_Acheson "Dean Acheson") was to reorganize the department, adding 12 new presidential appointees and reducing the power of subordinate officers. Webb also consolidated the flow of [foreign policy](/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration "Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration") information and intelligence through the secretariat. When President Truman signed the bill codifying the reorganization on May 26, 1949, the department, which had been losing power and influence to the military, strengthened its ties to the President.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

A question facing the Department of State at the time was whether the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") could be contained through only diplomatic means or whether the military would be needed. [Paul Nitze](/wiki/Paul_Nitze "Paul Nitze"), as [Director of Policy Planning](/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning "Director of Policy Planning"), wrote a classified memo, [NSC 68](/wiki/NSC_68 "NSC 68"), arguing for a military build-up of [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") forces. Although [Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense "United States Secretary of Defense") [Louis A. Johnson](/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson "Louis A. Johnson") opposed an increase in the Defense budget, Webb got Truman to convince him to support the recommendations of NSC68.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

On June 25, 1950, the [North Korean Army](/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army "Korean People's Army") invaded [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"). Webb and [Secretary Acheson](/wiki/Dean_Acheson "Dean Acheson") devised three recommendations: involve the United Nations, send the Navy [Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") into the [Yellow Sea](/wiki/Yellow_Sea "Yellow Sea"), and authorize an [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") strike on the Korean tanks.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) Truman implemented the first two recommendations immediately but delayed the use of force by several days. The Defense Department was blamed for the lack of U.S. preparedness, and Johnson tried to blame Acheson. Webb worked with his contacts in Congress and others to convince Truman to replace Johnson, and [George Marshall](/wiki/George_Marshall "George Marshall") was called out of retirement to become the new Secretary of Defense.

In 1950, Webb established an alliance with university scientists, [Project Troy](/wiki/Project_Troy "Project Troy"), to bolster the United States' [psychological warfare](/wiki/Psychological_warfare "Psychological warfare") capabilities, in particular studying how to circumvent Soviet attempts to jam [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America") broadcasts.[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

With the attention of the department focused on the Korean War, Webb's influence weakened.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] As the author of NSC68, State Department [Director of Policy Planning](/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning "Director of Policy Planning") [Paul Nitze](/wiki/Paul_Nitze "Paul Nitze") became the principal advisor to Secretary Acheson, and a misunderstanding between Webb and Nitze led to Nitze outwardly calling for Webb's resignation, but the rift eventually blew over.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] Webb started suffering from [migraines](/wiki/Migraine "Migraine") and resigned in 1952.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

Webb left Washington for a position in the [Kerr-McGee](/wiki/Kerr-McGee "Kerr-McGee") Oil Corp. in [Oklahoma City](/wiki/Oklahoma_City "Oklahoma City"), but he was still active in government circles, for instance in serving on the [Draper Committee](/wiki/Draper_Committee "Draper Committee") in 1958.[\[18\]](#cite_note-time1959-18)

### NASA

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: NASA")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/James_Webb_Presents_Group_Achievement_Award_to_KSC_-_GPN-2002-000082.jpg/220px-James_Webb_Presents_Group_Achievement_Award_to_KSC_-_GPN-2002-000082.jpg)](/wiki/File:James_Webb_Presents_Group_Achievement_Award_to_KSC_-_GPN-2002-000082.jpg) Webb presents NASA's Group Achievement Award to [Kennedy Space Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") Director [Kurt H. Debus](/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus "Kurt H. Debus"), while [Wernher von Braun](/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun "Wernher von Braun") (center) looks on.[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Launch_Complex_34_Tour.JPG/220px-Launch_Complex_34_Tour.JPG)](/wiki/File:Launch_Complex_34_Tour.JPG) Webb, Vice President [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson "Lyndon Johnson"), Kurt H. Debus, and President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") receive a briefing on [Saturn I](/wiki/Saturn_I "Saturn I") launch operations during a tour of [Launch Complex 34](/wiki/Launch_Complex_34 "Launch Complex 34"), September 1962.

On February 14, 1961, Webb accepted President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")'s appointment as [administrator of NASA](/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA "Administrator of NASA"), taking the reins from interim director, Deputy Administrator [Hugh L. Dryden](/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden "Hugh L. Dryden"). Webb directed NASA's undertaking of the goal set by Kennedy of landing an American on the Moon before the end of the 1960s through the [Apollo program](/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program").
For seven years after Kennedy's announcement on May 25, 1961, of the goal of a crewed lunar landing, Webb lobbied for support for NASA in Congress, until he left NASA in October 1968. As a longtime Washington insider and with the backing of President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson"), he was able to produce continued support and resources for Apollo.

During Webb's administration, NASA developed from a loose collection of research centers to a coordinated organization. He had a key role in creating the Manned Spacecraft Center, later the [Johnson Space Center](/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center "Johnson Space Center"), in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"). Despite the pressures to focus on the Apollo program, Webb ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the [Mariner](/wiki/Mariner_program "Mariner program") and [Pioneer](/wiki/Pioneer_program "Pioneer program") space programs. Webb was an early champion of space telescopes,[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) like the [one that would later bear his name](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope").

Encouraged by Kennedy and Johnson, Webb made racial integration a priority for the agency. NASA publicly supported the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 "Civil Rights Act of 1964")[\[20\]](#cite_note-moss-20) and initiated a series of innovative programs aimed at increasing black participation [\[21\]](#cite_note-21) including specifically targeting black colleges and schools with recruitment programs.[\[22\]](#cite_note-vonbraun-22) On one occasion Webb and Wernher von Braun famously confronted and lectured segregationist Alabama Governor [George Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") on racial integration in front of the press.[\[22\]](#cite_note-vonbraun-22) NASA had the worst black representation of any government agency in 1961, but by the time Webb stepped down, it was the best and considered the model for other government agencies on racial integration.[\[22\]](#cite_note-vonbraun-22)[\[20\]](#cite_note-moss-20)

After the [Apollo 1](/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") accident in 1967, Webb told the media, "We've always known that something like this was going to happen sooner or later... Who would have thought that the first tragedy would be on the ground?" Webb went to Johnson and asked for NASA to be allowed to handle the accident investigation and to direct its recovery, according to a procedure that was established following the in-flight accident on [Gemini 8](/wiki/Gemini_8 "Gemini 8") (1966). He promised to be truthful in assessing blame regarding Apollo 1, even to himself and NASA management, as appropriate. The agency set out to discover the details of the tragedy, to correct problems, and to continue progress toward the [Apollo 11](/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") lunar landing.
Webb reported the investigation board's findings to various congressional committees and took personal blame at nearly every meeting. Whether by happenstance or by design, Webb managed to deflect some of the backlash over the accident away from both NASA as an agency and from the [Johnson administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"). As a result, NASA's image and popular support were largely undamaged.[\[23\]](#cite_note-nasa-23)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Webb-nasa-distinguished-ser.png/220px-Webb-nasa-distinguished-ser.png)](/wiki/File:Webb-nasa-distinguished-ser.png) [NASA Distinguished Service Award/Medal](/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "NASA Distinguished Service Medal"), November 1, 1968

Webb was informed by [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") sources in 1968 that the Soviet Union was developing its own heavy [N1 rocket](/wiki/N1_rocket "N1 rocket") for a crewed lunar mission, and he directed NASA to prepare [Apollo 8](/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") for a possible lunar orbital mission that year. At the time, Webb's assertions about the Soviet Union's abilities were doubted by some people, and the N-1 was dubbed "Webb's Giant".[\[24\]](#cite_note-24)
However, after the [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union "Collapse of the Soviet Union"), revelations about the [Soviet Moonshot](/wiki/Soviet_Moonshot "Soviet Moonshot") have given support to Webb's conclusion.

Webb was a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) "Democratic Party (United States)") tied closely to Johnson, and since Johnson chose not to run for reelection, Webb decided to step down as administrator to allow the next president, Republican [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), to choose his own administrator. Webb left NASA on October 7, 1968, his sixty-second birthday, just before the first crewed flight in the Apollo program.[\[25\]](#cite_note-25)

Drawing on his NASA experience, Webb published _Space Age Management: The Large-Scale Approach_ (1969), in which he presented the space program as a model of successful administration that could be broadened to address major societal problems.[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

In 1969, Johnson presented Webb with the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"). Webb is also a 1976 recipient of the [Langley Gold Medal](/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal "Langley Gold Medal") from the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution").

## Later life and death

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Later life and death")\]

After retiring from NASA, Webb remained in Washington, DC, serving on several advisory boards, including serving as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1981, he was awarded the [Sylvanus Thayer Award](/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award "Sylvanus Thayer Award") by the [U.S. Military Academy](/wiki/U.S._Military_Academy "U.S. Military Academy") at [West Point](/wiki/West_Point "West Point") for his dedication to his country.

Webb died from a heart attack at [Georgetown University Hospital](/wiki/MedStar_Georgetown_University_Hospital "MedStar Georgetown University Hospital") in Washington on March 27, 1992, at age 85.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27) He was buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery "Arlington National Cemetery").[\[23\]](#cite_note-nasa-23)

## Legacy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Legacy")\]

Webb was played by [Dan Lauria](/wiki/Dan_Lauria "Dan Lauria") in the 1998 miniseries _[From the Earth to the Moon](/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries) "From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)")_,[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) and by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film _[Hidden Figures](/wiki/Hidden_Figures "Hidden Figures")_.[\[29\]](#cite_note-imdbfull-29)

NASA's [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope") (JWST), originally known as the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed after Webb in 2002. Launched on December 25, 2021, it is considered the successor to the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope").[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

### Controversy about telescope name

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Controversy about telescope name")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png)

This section may **lend [undue weight](/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view") to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies**. Please help to [create a more balanced presentation](/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE "Wikipedia:STRUCTURE"). Discuss and [resolve](/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution "Wikipedia:Dispute resolution") this issue before removing this message. _(February 2024)_

In March 2021, a commentary in _[Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")_ urged NASA to rename the James Webb Space Telescope, accusing Webb of complicity in the State Department's purge of homosexuals from the federal workforce in the 1940s and 1950s, known as the " [lavender scare](/wiki/Lavender_scare "Lavender scare")".[\[31\]](#cite_note-SA-20210301-31) This controversy was reported in the press.[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](#cite_note-NAT-20210-723-33)[\[34\]](#cite_note-NYT-20211020-34) The scientists who proposed renaming the telescope pointed to the case of NASA budget analyst Clifford Norton.

Personnel matters fell under the purview of the [Deputy Administrator of NASA](/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA "Deputy Administrator of NASA") [Robert Seamans](/wiki/Robert_Seamans "Robert Seamans"); direct evidence of Webb's knowledge of Norton's firing has not come to light.[\[35\]](#cite_note-WP-20211013-35) Such firings have been claimed to be a "custom within the agency" in that era.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) Historian [David K. Johnson](/wiki/David_K._Johnson "David K. Johnson"), author of 2004 book _The Lavender Scare_,[\[37\]](#cite_note-UChicagoPress-37) has stated that there is no evidence Webb led or instigated any persecution, nor played "any sort of leadership role in the lavender scare".[\[33\]](#cite_note-NAT-20210-723-33) According to astrophysicist [Hakeem Oluseyi](/wiki/Hakeem_Oluseyi "Hakeem Oluseyi"), the initial accusations that Webb was part of the lavender scare were based on a quote from [John Peurifoy](/wiki/John_Peurifoy "John Peurifoy") (who, like Webb, had the rank of "Undersecretary of State") which was wrongly attributed to Webb.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)[\[35\]](#cite_note-WP-20211013-35)

On September 30, 2021, NASA announced that it would keep the JWST name after running an investigation and finding "no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name".[\[39\]](#cite_note-NPR-20210930-39)[\[40\]](#cite_note-NAT-20211001-40)

Former administrator [Sean O'Keefe](/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe "Sean O'Keefe"), who made the decision to name the telescope after administrator Webb, stated that to suggest that Webb should "be held accountable for that activity when there's no evidence to even hint \[that he participated in it\] is an injustice".[\[39\]](#cite_note-NPR-20210930-39)

On October 24, 2022, the [Royal Astronomical Society](/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society "Royal Astronomical Society") released a statement on the matter, in which they indicated the editorial policy of their journals would be to not spell out Webb's name when referring to the telescope until such time as an investigation was completed and a report made public.[\[41\]](#cite_note-41) Less than a month later, NASA released the report of their investigation and accompanying evidence.[\[42\]](#cite_note-42) The report, based on an examination of more than 50,000 documents, found there was no evidence of wrongdoing by Webb either in his time in the State Department or at NASA.[\[43\]](#cite_note-43) In regard to his time at State, the report mirrors Johnson's earlier findings – Webb played no role in helping the Hoey committee or their agents. With regard to Norton's firing at NASA, the report indicates Webb probably was not told of the incident; it also notes that the policy under which Norton was fired was not a NASA policy but an Executive Order applying to all government agencies, that was not enforced by NASA, but rather the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission "United States Civil Service Commission"), over which Webb had no influence. This led to the Royal Astronomical Society reversing its position.[\[44\]](#cite_note-44)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Knapp, Richard. ["Webb, James Edwin"](https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/webb-james-edwin). NCpedia.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**["History of North Carolina: North Carolina biography, by special staff of writers"](https://books.google.com/books?id=k0Q4AQAAMAAJ&dq=john+frederick+webb+granville&pg=PA174). 1919\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142503/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0Q4AQAAMAAJ&dq=john+frederick+webb+granville&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=john%20frederick%20webb%20granville&f=false) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Sumner, Jim. ["Tar Heels in Space"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120417091750/http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/f03.tarheels.in.space.pdf)(PDF). NC Museum of History. Archived from [the original](http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/f03.tarheels.in.space.pdf)(PDF) on April 17, 2012.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**["Famous Freemasons (A – Z) – THE END"](https://freemasonscommunity.life/famous-freemasons-a-z-the-end/). March 3, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211225125844/https://freemasonscommunity.life/famous-freemasons-a-z-the-end/) from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Lambright, p. 18.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Lambright, p. 20.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Lambright, pp. 20–22.
08. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Raleigh_8-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Raleigh_8-1)"James Webb to Enter Marine Corps Soon". _The News and Observer_. Raleigh, North Carolina. January 17, 1944. p. 7.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Lambright, pp. 28–29.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Lambright, p. 32.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Lambright, pp. 34–35.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["Special Message to the Congress on Reorganization of the State Department"](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-reorganization-the-state-department). The American Presidency Project, UCSB. March 4, 1949. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142504/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-reorganization-the-state-department) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Lambright, pp. 50–51.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Lambright, p. 59.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Lambright, pp. 60–61.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Wolfe, Audra (December 1, 2018). ["Project Troy: How Scientists Helped Refine Cold War Psychological Warfare"](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/project-troy-science-cold-war-psychological-warfare/576847/). _[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125102418/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/project-troy-science-cold-war-psychological-warfare/576847/) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**Beisner, Robert (April 23, 2009). [_Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War_](https://books.google.com/books?id=8LcEOW7hnWMC&dq=webb+migraines+1952&pg=PA115). OUP US. p. 115. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-538248-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538248-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538248-8"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142505/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LcEOW7hnWMC&dq=webb+migraines+1952&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q=webb%20migraines%201952&f=false) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-time1959_18-0)**["To the Aid of Aid"](https://archive.today/20240524042922/https://www.webcitation.org/5KLOYTsY1?url=http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,892402,00.html). Time Magazine. March 30, 1959. Archived from [the original](http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,892402,00.html) on May 24, 2024. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**["James Webb Space Telescope – Who is James Webb"](https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142508/https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
20. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-moss_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-moss_20-1)Moss, Steven L. (December 1997). [NASA and racial equality in the south, 1961–1968](https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/17967). _Texas Tech University Libraries_ (Report). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142506/https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/a240df45-756c-44f8-93f8-43a4f6df853d) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Paul, Richard (March 2014). ["How NASA Joined the Civil Rights Revolution"](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/how-nasa-joined-civil-rights-revolution-180949497/). Air & Space Magazine. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142505/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/how-nasa-joined-civil-rights-revolution-180949497/) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
22. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-vonbraun_22-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-vonbraun_22-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-vonbraun_22-2)Moss, Steven; Paul, Richard (May 11, 2019). ["Wernher von Braun's Record on Civil Rights"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chasing-moon-von-braun-record-on-civil-rights/). PDB. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142524/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chasing-moon-von-braun-record-on-civil-rights/) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
23. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-nasa_23-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-nasa_23-1)["James E. Webb"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090425115407/https://history.nasa.gov/Biographies/webb.html). NASA. Archived from [the original](https://history.nasa.gov/Biographies/webb.html) on April 25, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"; [Cassutt, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Cassutt "Michael Cassutt") (1994). [_Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle_](https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/216) (1st ed.). New York City: [Forge](/wiki/Forge_Books "Forge Books") ( [St. Martin's Press](/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press "St. Martin's Press")). pp. [216–217](https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/216). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-312-85503-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6 "Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6"). [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier) "LCCN (identifier)") [94-2463](https://lccn.loc.gov/94-2463). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [29845663](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29845663).
25. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**Baker, T. H. ["Webb oral biography. Transcript, James E. Webb Oral History Interview I, 1969/04/29"](http://www.lbjlibrary.net/assets/documents/archives/oral_histories/webb-j/webb.pdf)(PDF). LBJ Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220325162253/http://www.lbjlibrary.net/assets/documents/archives/oral_histories/webb-j/webb.pdf)(PDF) from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**Launius, Roger D. (August 1, 2008). ["Managing the unmanageable: Apollo, space age management and American social problems"](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964608000465). _Space Policy_. **24** (3): 158–165. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2008SpPol..24..158L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SpPol..24..158L). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.spacepol.2008.06.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2008.06.007). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0265-9646](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9646).
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**Lambert, Bruce (March 29, 1992). ["James Webb, Who Led Moon Program, Dies at 85"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/us/james-webb-who-led-moon-program-dies-at-85.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**James, Caryn (April 3, 1998). ["Television Review; Boyish Eyes on the Moon"](https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/movies/television-review-boyish-eyes-on-the-moon.html). _The New York Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180806061924/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/movies/television-review-boyish-eyes-on-the-moon.html) from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-imdbfull_29-0)**["Hidden Figures: Full Credits"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4846340/fullcredits?ref_=ttfc_ql_1). imdb. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**Amos, Jonathan (January 7, 2021). ["James Webb will be the 'launch to watch in 2021'"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55580816). _[BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211225134808/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55580816) from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-SA-20210301_31-0)**Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda; Tuttle, Sarah; Walkowicz, Lucianne; Nord, Brian (March 1, 2021). ["NASA Needs to Rename the James Webb Space Telescope"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-needs-to-rename-the-james-webb-space-telescope/). _[Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210302175326/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-needs-to-rename-the-james-webb-space-telescope/) from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Francis, Matthew R. (May 7, 2021). ["The James Webb Space Telescope Hasn't Launched Yet. In One Way, It's Already a Relic"](https://slate.com/technology/2021/05/james-webb-space-telescope-name.html). _[Slate](/wiki/Slate_(magazine) "Slate (magazine)")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023756/https://slate.com/technology/2021/05/james-webb-space-telescope-name.html) from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
33. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-NAT-20210-723_33-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NAT-20210-723_33-1)Witze, Alexandra (July 23, 2021). ["NASA investigates renaming James Webb telescope after anti-LGBT+ claims – Some astronomers argue the flagship observatory — successor to the Hubble Space Telescope — will memorialize discrimination. Others are waiting for more evidence"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02010-x). _[Nature](/wiki/Nature_(journal) "Nature (journal)")_. **596** (7870): 15–16. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/d41586-021-02010-x](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02010-x). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [34302150](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34302150). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [236212498](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236212498). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211129113246/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02010-x) from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT-20211020_34-0)**[Overbye, Dennis](/wiki/Dennis_Overbye "Dennis Overbye") (October 20, 2021). ["The Webb Telescope's Latest Stumbling Block: Its Name"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/science/webb-telescope-astronomy-homophobia.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231551/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/science/webb-telescope-astronomy-homophobia.html) from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
35. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-WP-20211013_35-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-WP-20211013_35-1)Mark, Julian (October 13, 2021). ["NASA's James Webb telescope will explore the universe. Critics say its name represents a painful time in U.S. history"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/10/13/nasa-james-webb-telescope-name-controversy/). _[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211013184449/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/10/13/nasa-james-webb-telescope-name-controversy/) from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**Witze, Alexandra (March 25, 2022). ["Exclusive: Documents reveal NASA's internal struggles over renaming Webb telescope"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00845-6). _Nature_. **604** (7904): 15–16. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2022Natur.604...15W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.604...15W). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1038/d41586-022-00845-6](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00845-6). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [35338365](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35338365). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [247713613](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247713613).
37. **[^](#cite_ref-UChicagoPress_37-0)**[Johnson, David K.](/wiki/David_K._Johnson "David K. Johnson") (2004). _The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government_. Chicago: [University of Chicago Press](/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). p. 104. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0226401901](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226401901 "Special:BookSources/0226401901").
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**[Oluseyi, Hakeem](/wiki/Hakeem_Oluseyi "Hakeem Oluseyi") (January 23, 2021). ["Was NASA's Historic Leader James Webb a Bigot?"](https://hmoluseyi.medium.com/was-nasas-historic-leader-james-webb-a-bigot-131c821d5f12). _Medium_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180003/https://hmoluseyi.medium.com/was-nasas-historic-leader-james-webb-a-bigot-131c821d5f12) from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
39. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-NPR-20210930_39-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NPR-20210930_39-1)Greenfieldboyce, Nell (September 30, 2021). ["Shadowed By Controversy, NASA Won't Rename New Space Telescope"](https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041707730/shadowed-by-controversy-nasa-wont-rename-new-space-telescope). _[NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210930044930/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041707730/shadowed-by-controversy-nasa-wont-rename-new-space-telescope) from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-NAT-20211001_40-0)**Witze, Alexandra (October 1, 2021). ["NASA won't rename James Webb telescope – and astronomers are angry"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02678-1). _[Nature](/wiki/Nature_(journal) "Nature (journal)")_. **598** (7880): 249. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2021Natur.598..249W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.598..249W). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/d41586-021-02678-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02678-1). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [34599318](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599318). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [238251014](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238251014). [Archived](https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20220712081210/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02678-1) from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**["The RAS and JWST"](https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/ras-and-jwst). Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
42. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**[NASA Shares James Webb History Report](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-shares-james-webb-history-report) (Report). NASA. November 18, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221124083102/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-shares-james-webb-history-report/) from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
43. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**Odom, Brian C. [NASA Historical Investigation into James E. Webb's Relationship to the Lavender Scare](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_historical_investigation_james_webb_0.pdf)(PDF) (Report). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221124093857/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_historical_investigation_james_webb_0.pdf)(PDF) from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
44. **[^](#cite_ref-44)**["The James Webb Space Telescope can use its full name in British journal again after controversy"](https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-royal-astronomical-society). _[Space.com](/wiki/Space.com "Space.com")_. December 28, 2022.

**Bibliography**

- [W. Henry Lambright](/wiki/W._Henry_Lambright "W. Henry Lambright"), _Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA_; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995; [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8018-6205-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6205-1 "Special:BookSources/0-8018-6205-1")
- [Piers Bizony](/wiki/Piers_Bizony "Piers Bizony"), _The Man Who Ran the Moon: James E Webb, NASA, and the Secret History of Project Apollo_; New York: Thunder's mouth press, 2006; [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56025-751-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-751-2 "Special:BookSources/1-56025-751-2")
- Portions of this article are based on [public domain](/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain") text from [NASA](http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/webb.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210429034218/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/webb.html) April 29, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
- [_Encyclopædia Britannica_, "James Edwin Webb"](http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9396206/James-Edwin-Webb)

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: External links")\]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [James E. Webb](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_E._Webb "commons:Category:James E. Webb").

- [Oral History Interview with James E. Webb, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library](http://www.lbjlibrary.net/assets/documents/archives/oral_histories/webb-j/webb.pdf)

Political offices
Preceded by

[Harold D. Smith](/wiki/Harold_D._Smith "Harold D. Smith")

**Director of the [Bureau of the Budget](/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget "Office of Management and Budget")**

1946–1949
Succeeded by

[Frank Pace](/wiki/Frank_Pace "Frank Pace")

Preceded by

[Robert A. Lovett](/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett "Robert A. Lovett")

**[United States Under Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State "United States Under Secretary of State")**

1949–1952
Succeeded by

[David Bruce](/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce "David K. E. Bruce")

Preceded by

[Hugh Dryden](/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden "Hugh Latimer Dryden")

Acting

**[Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA "List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA")**

1961–1968
Succeeded by

[Thomas O. Paine](/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine")

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[Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget](/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget "Office of Management and Budget")

- [Charles G. Dawes](/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes")
- [Herbert Lord](/wiki/Herbert_Lord "Herbert Lord")
- [Clawson Roop](/wiki/Clawson_Roop "Clawson Roop")
- [Lewis W. Douglas](/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas "Lewis Williams Douglas")
- [Daniel W. Bell](/wiki/Daniel_W._Bell "Daniel W. Bell")
- [Harold Smith](/wiki/Harold_D._Smith "Harold D. Smith")
- James Webb
- [Frank Pace](/wiki/Frank_Pace "Frank Pace")
- [Frederick Lawton](/wiki/Frederick_Lawton "Frederick Lawton")
- [Joseph Dodge](/wiki/Joseph_Dodge "Joseph Dodge")
- [Rowland Hughes](/wiki/Rowland_Hughes "Rowland Hughes")
- [Percival Brundage](/wiki/Percival_Brundage "Percival Brundage")
- [Maurice Stans](/wiki/Maurice_Stans "Maurice Stans")
- [David E. Bell](/wiki/David_E._Bell "David E. Bell")
- [Kermit Gordon](/wiki/Kermit_Gordon "Kermit Gordon")
- [Charles Schultze](/wiki/Charles_Schultze "Charles Schultze")
- [Charles Zwick](/wiki/Charles_Zwick "Charles Zwick")
- [Robert P. Mayo](/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo "Robert P. Mayo")
- [George Shultz](/wiki/George_Shultz "George Shultz")
- [Caspar Weinberger](/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger "Caspar Weinberger")
- [Roy Ash](/wiki/Roy_Ash "Roy Ash")
- [James Thomas Lynn](/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn "James Thomas Lynn")
- [Lance](/wiki/Bert_Lance "Bert Lance")
- [James T. McIntyre](/wiki/James_T._McIntyre "James T. McIntyre")
- [David Stockman](/wiki/David_Stockman "David Stockman")
- [James Miller](/wiki/James_C._Miller_III "James C. Miller III")
- [Jon Wright](/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman) "Joe Wright (businessman)")
- [Richard Darman](/wiki/Richard_Darman "Richard Darman")
- [Leon Panetta](/wiki/Leon_Panetta "Leon Panetta")
- [Alice Rivlin](/wiki/Alice_Rivlin "Alice Rivlin")
- [Franklin Raines](/wiki/Franklin_Raines "Franklin Raines")
- [Jack Lew](/wiki/Jack_Lew "Jack Lew")
- [Mitch Daniels](/wiki/Mitch_Daniels "Mitch Daniels")
- [Joshua Bolten](/wiki/Joshua_Bolten "Joshua Bolten")
- [Rob Portman](/wiki/Rob_Portman "Rob Portman")
- [Jim Nussle](/wiki/Jim_Nussle "Jim Nussle")
- [Peter R. Orszag](/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag "Peter R. Orszag")
- [Jack Lew](/wiki/Jack_Lew "Jack Lew")
- [Sylvia Mathews Burwell](/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell "Sylvia Mathews Burwell")
- [Shaun Donovan](/wiki/Shaun_Donovan "Shaun Donovan")
- [Mick Mulvaney](/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney "Mick Mulvaney")
- [Russell Vought](/wiki/Russell_Vought "Russell Vought")
- [Shalanda Young](/wiki/Shalanda_Young "Shalanda Young")

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- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin "Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin")

Administrators and deputy administrators of NASA

[Administrators](/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA "Administrator of NASA")

- [T. Keith Glennan](/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan "T. Keith Glennan")
- James E. Webb
- [Thomas O. Paine](/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine")
- [James C. Fletcher](/wiki/James_C._Fletcher "James C. Fletcher")
- [Robert A. Frosch](/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch "Robert A. Frosch")
- [James M. Beggs](/wiki/James_M._Beggs "James M. Beggs")
- [James C. Fletcher](/wiki/James_C._Fletcher "James C. Fletcher")
- [Richard H. Truly](/wiki/Richard_H._Truly "Richard H. Truly")
- [Daniel Goldin](/wiki/Daniel_Goldin "Daniel Goldin")
- [Sean O'Keefe](/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe "Sean O'Keefe")
- [Michael D. Griffin](/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin "Michael D. Griffin")
- [Charles Bolden](/wiki/Charles_Bolden "Charles Bolden")
- [Jim Bridenstine](/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine "Jim Bridenstine")
- [Bill Nelson](/wiki/Bill_Nelson "Bill Nelson")

Acting administrators

- [Hugh Dryden](/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden "Hugh Latimer Dryden")
- Thomas Paine
- [George Low](/wiki/George_Low "George Low")
- [Alan M. Lovelace](/wiki/Alan_M._Lovelace "Alan M. Lovelace")
- [William Robert Graham](/wiki/William_Robert_Graham "William Robert Graham")
- [Dale D. Myers](/wiki/Dale_D._Myers "Dale D. Myers")
- Richard Truly
- [Daniel Mulville](/wiki/Daniel_Mulville "Daniel Mulville")
- [Frederick D. Gregory](/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory "Frederick D. Gregory")
- [Christopher Scolese](/wiki/Christopher_Scolese "Christopher Scolese")
- [Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.](/wiki/Robert_M._Lightfoot_Jr. "Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.")
- [Steve Jurczyk](/wiki/Steve_Jurczyk "Steve Jurczyk")

[Deputy administrators](/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA "Deputy Administrator of NASA")

- Hugh Dryden
- [Robert Seamans](/wiki/Robert_Seamans "Robert Seamans")
- Thomas Paine
- George Low
- Alan Lovelace
- [Hans Mark](/wiki/Hans_Mark "Hans Mark")
- William Graham
- Dale Myers
- [James R. Thompson Jr.](/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Jr. "James R. Thompson Jr.")
- Frederick Gregory
- [Shana Dale](/wiki/Shana_Dale "Shana Dale")
- [Lori Garver](/wiki/Lori_Garver "Lori Garver")
- [Dava Newman](/wiki/Dava_Newman "Dava Newman")
- [James Morhard](/wiki/James_Morhard "James Morhard")
- [Pamela Melroy](/wiki/Pamela_Melroy "Pamela Melroy")

Acting deputy administrators

- [Aaron Cohen](/wiki/Aaron_Cohen_(Deputy_NASA_administrator) "Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)")
- [John R. Dailey](/wiki/John_R._Dailey "John R. Dailey")
- Daniel Mulville
- [Lesa Roe](/wiki/Lesa_Roe "Lesa Roe")

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[United States Under Secretaries of State](/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State "United States Under Secretary of State")

- [Frank Polk](/wiki/Frank_Polk "Frank Polk")
- [Norman Davis](/wiki/Norman_Davis_(diplomat) "Norman Davis (diplomat)")
- [Henry P. Fletcher](/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher "Henry P. Fletcher")
- [William Phillips](/wiki/William_Phillips_(diplomat) "William Phillips (diplomat)")
- [Joseph Grew](/wiki/Joseph_Grew "Joseph Grew")
- [Robert E. Olds](/wiki/Robert_E._Olds "Robert E. Olds")
- [J. Reuben Clark](/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark "J. Reuben Clark")
- [Joseph P. Cotton](/wiki/Joseph_P._Cotton "Joseph P. Cotton")
- [William R. Castle Jr.](/wiki/William_Richards_Castle_Jr. "William Richards Castle Jr.")
- [William Phillips](/wiki/William_Phillips_(diplomat) "William Phillips (diplomat)")
- [Sumner Welles](/wiki/Sumner_Welles "Sumner Welles")
- [Edward Stettinius Jr.](/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr. "Edward Stettinius Jr.")
- [Joseph Grew](/wiki/Joseph_Grew "Joseph Grew")
- [Dean Acheson](/wiki/Dean_Acheson "Dean Acheson")
- [Robert A. Lovett](/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett "Robert A. Lovett")
- James E. Webb
- [David K. E. Bruce](/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce "David K. E. Bruce")
- [Walter Bedell Smith](/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith "Walter Bedell Smith")
- [Herbert Hoover Jr.](/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr. "Herbert Hoover Jr.")
- [Christian Herter](/wiki/Christian_Herter "Christian Herter")
- [C. Douglas Dillon](/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon "C. Douglas Dillon")
- [Chester Bowles](/wiki/Chester_Bowles "Chester Bowles")
- [George Ball](/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat) "George Ball (diplomat)")
- [Nicholas Katzenbach](/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach "Nicholas Katzenbach")
- [Elliot Richardson](/wiki/Elliot_Richardson "Elliot Richardson")
- [John N. Irwin II](/wiki/John_N._Irwin_II "John N. Irwin II")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/80px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png)](/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg)

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[James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope")

- [Timeline of JWST](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope "Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope")

Instruments

and sensors

- [Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph](/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph "Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph")
- [Mid-Infrared Instrument](/wiki/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument) "MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)")
- [Near-Infrared Camera](/wiki/NIRCam "NIRCam")
- [Near-Infrared Spectrograph](/wiki/NIRSpec "NIRSpec")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg/100px-Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg)](/wiki/File:Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field.jpg)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png/100px-JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png)](/wiki/File:JWST_spacecraft_model_3.png)

Elements

- [Integrated Science Instrument Module](/wiki/Integrated_Science_Instrument_Module "Integrated Science Instrument Module")
- [Optical Telescope Element (mirrors)](/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element "Optical Telescope Element")
- [Spacecraft bus](/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(James_Webb_Space_Telescope) "Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope)")
- [Sunshield](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_sunshield "James Webb Space Telescope sunshield")

Stages

- [Launch and commissioning](/wiki/Launch_and_commissioning_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope "Launch and commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope") (2021-2022)

  - [Ariane flight VA256](/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256 "Ariane flight VA256")

Images

- [Webb's First Deep Field](/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field "Webb's First Deep Field") (2022)

Discoveries

- [CEERS-93316](/wiki/CEERS-93316 "CEERS-93316") (2022)
- [GLASS-z12](/wiki/GLASS-z12 "GLASS-z12") (2022)
- [JADES-GS-z13-0](/wiki/JADES-GS-z13-0 "JADES-GS-z13-0") (2022)
- [LHS 475 b](/wiki/LHS_475_b "LHS 475 b") (2023)
- [AzTECC71](/wiki/AzTECC71 "AzTECC71") (2023)

Institutions

- [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA")
  - [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center")
  - [Space Telescope Science Institute](/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute "Space Telescope Science Institute")
- [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency")
- [Canadian Space Agency](/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency "Canadian Space Agency")

Related

- [SpaceWire](/wiki/SpaceWire "SpaceWire")
- [OTE Pathfinder](/wiki/OTE_Pathfinder "OTE Pathfinder")
- James E. Webb (namesake)
- [List of deep fields](/wiki/List_of_deep_fields "List of deep fields")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:James_Webb_Space_Telescope "Category:James Webb Space Telescope")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537520#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000081760079)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/110255322)
- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/271519/)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWWkqMQfMPDhBTRrRtKd)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/119285606)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90662029)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509764n)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509764n)
- [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460353)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0056648&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018I2683)

Other

- [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572810)
- [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tx3djv)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James\_E.\_Webb&oldid=1226947809](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&oldid=1226947809)"

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- [North Carolina Democrats](/wiki/Category:North_Carolina_Democrats "Category:North Carolina Democrats")
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- [Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients](/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients "Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients")
- [Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal "Category:Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal")
- [Texas Democrats](/wiki/Category:Texas_Democrats "Category:Texas Democrats")
- [Truman administration personnel](/wiki/Category:Truman_administration_personnel "Category:Truman administration personnel")
- [United States Marine Corps colonels](/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_colonels "Category:United States Marine Corps colonels")
- [United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_personnel_of_World_War_II "Category:United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II")
- [United States Under Secretaries of State](/wiki/Category:United_States_Under_Secretaries_of_State "Category:United States Under Secretaries of State")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
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- [Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from February 2024](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_February_2024 "Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from February 2024")
- [All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes](/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes "Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes")
- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata")

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