DeNeAlogie - laicky pod pokličku (genetické) Genealogie 4.0
Ideálně alespoň babiček a dědečků, začne-li někdo s genetickou genealogií včas. "Ušetříte" tím 1-2 generace, o něž se můžete posunout ve výzkumu ...
autosomální
Nejčastější "vstupní branou" a nejlevnější volbou (cca. 60-90 USD) pro testování a následnou analýzu, je výzkum <anchor>autosomální</anchor> DNA. Poskytuje možnost určení/odhadu geografického výskytu předků a nalézání shod v segmentech DNA, s odhadem společných předků v předchozích generacích. Je to proto, že z ískáme vždy náhodnou polovinu DNA od otce a druhou polovinu od matky. Z další generace, od každého z prarodičů tedy neseme 25% DNA. V další generaci zase polovinu DNA. Tímto "ředěním" (které může mít i hraniční varianty, takže nemusí vždy jít o "ředění na polovinu") se nedostaneme sice příliš daleko do minulosti, ale průkaznost do 6.-8. generace je myslím zajímavá a zaslouží pozornost. Vyplývá z toho také strategie tohoto typu DNA testování. Vždy se vyplatí získat vzorky od pokud možno nejstarších žijících předků. Ideálně alespoň babiček a dědečků, začne-li někdo s genetickou genealogií včas. "Ušetříte" tím 1-2 generace, o něž se můžete posunout ve výzkumu a hledání shod dále do minulosti.
Autosome - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- [1Autosomal genetic disorders](#Autosomal_genetic_disorders)
- [2See also](#See_also)
- [3References](#References)

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# Autosome

50 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A "صبغي جسمي – Arabic")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE "অটোজোম – Bangla")
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- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Аутосома – Bashkir")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC "Автозом – Bulgarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autozom "Autozom – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoom "Autosoom – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1 "Αυτοσωμικό χρωμόσωμα – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtosomo "Aŭtosomo – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85 "اتوزوم – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome "Autosome – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaths%C3%B3im "Uathsóim – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4 "상염색체 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4 "Աուտոսոմ – Armenian")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Croatian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samlitningur "Samlitningur – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D "אוטוזום – Hebrew")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80 "Аутосомалар – Kazakh")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoz%C3%B2m "Otozòm – Haitian Creole")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otozom "Otozom – Kurdish")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoma "Autosoma – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosz%C3%B3ma "Autoszóma – Hungarian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosoom "Autosoom – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93 "常染色体 – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomy "Autosomy – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autossomo "Autossomo – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autozom "Autozom – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Аутосома – Russian")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtosom "Avtosom – Slovenian")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85 "لەشەکڕۆمۆسۆم – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC "Аутозом – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomi "Autosomi – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosom "Autosom – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF "தன்நிறப்புரி – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1 "ออโตโซม – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otozomlar "Otozomlar – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Автосома – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng "Nhiễm sắc thể thường – Vietnamese")
- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94 "常染色體 – Literary Chinese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93 "常染色体 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

This article is about a type of chromosome. For the ancestral discovery method using autosomal DNA, see [Genealogical DNA test § Geographic origin tests](/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test#Geographic_origin_tests "Genealogical DNA test").

An **autosome** is any [chromosome](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") that is not a [sex chromosome](/wiki/Sex_chromosome "Sex chromosome").[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) The members of an autosome pair in a [diploid](/wiki/Diploid "Diploid") cell have the same [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_(biology) "Morphology (biology)"), unlike those in [allosomal](/wiki/Allosome "Allosome") ( [sex chromosome](/wiki/Sex_chromosome "Sex chromosome")) pairs, which may have different structures. The [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") in autosomes is collectively known as **atDNA** or **auDNA**.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

For example, [humans](/wiki/Human "Human") have [a diploid genome](/wiki/Human_genome "Human genome") that usually contains 22 pairs of autosomes and one [allosome](/wiki/Allosome "Allosome") pair (46 chromosomes total). The autosome pairs are labeled with numbers (1–22 in humans) roughly in order of their sizes in base pairs, while allosomes are labelled with their letters.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) By contrast, the allosome pair consists of two [X chromosomes](/wiki/X_chromosome "X chromosome") in females or one X and one [Y chromosome](/wiki/Y_chromosome "Y chromosome") in males. Unusual combinations [XYY](/wiki/XYY_syndrome "XYY syndrome"), [XXY](/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome "Klinefelter syndrome"), [XXX](/wiki/Triple_X_syndrome "Triple X syndrome"), [XXXX](/wiki/XXXX_syndrome "XXXX syndrome"), [XXXXX](/wiki/XXXXX_syndrome "XXXXX syndrome") or [XXYY](/wiki/XXYY_syndrome "XXYY syndrome"), among other irregular combinations, are known to occur and usually cause developmental abnormalities.

Autosomes still contain sexual determination [genes](/wiki/Genes "Genes") even though they are not sex chromosomes. For example, the [SRY](/wiki/SRY "SRY") gene on the Y chromosome encodes the transcription factor [TDF](/wiki/Testis_determining_factor "Testis determining factor") and is vital for male sex determination during development. TDF functions by activating the [SOX9](/wiki/SOX9 "SOX9") gene on [chromosome 17](/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human) "Chromosome 17 (human)"), so mutations of the [SOX9](/wiki/SOX9 "SOX9") gene can cause humans with an ordinary Y chromosome to develop as females.[\[4\]](#cite_note-pmid7990924-4)

All human autosomes have been identified and mapped by extracting the chromosomes from a cell arrested in [metaphase](/wiki/Metaphase "Metaphase") or [prometaphase](/wiki/Prometaphase "Prometaphase") and then staining them with a type of dye (most commonly, [Giemsa](/wiki/Giemsa_stain "Giemsa stain")).[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) These chromosomes are typically viewed as [karyograms](/wiki/Karyogram "Karyogram") for easy comparison. Clinical geneticists can compare the karyogram of an individual to a reference karyogram to discover the cytogenetic basis of certain [phenotypes](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype"). For example, the karyogram of someone with [Patau Syndrome](/wiki/Patau_syndrome "Patau syndrome") would show that they possess three copies of [chromosome 13](/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human) "Chromosome 13 (human)"). Karyograms and staining techniques can only detect large-scale disruptions to chromosomes—chromosomal aberrations smaller than a few million base pairs generally cannot be seen on a karyogram.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

[Karyotype](/wiki/Karyotype "Karyotype") of human chromosomes
Female (XX)
Male (XY)
[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/420px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg)](/wiki/File:PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg)[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Human_male_karyotype.gif/331px-Human_male_karyotype.gif)](/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotype.gif)There are two copies of each **autosome** (chromosomes 1–22) in both females and males. The **sex chromosomes** are different: There are two copies of the X-chromosome in females, but males have a single X-chromosome and a Y-chromosome.

## Autosomal genetic disorders

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Autosome&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Autosomal genetic disorders")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Autosomal_recessive_inheritance.gif)](/wiki/File:Autosomal_recessive_inheritance.gif) An illustration of the inheritance pattern and phenotypic effects of an autosomal recessive gene.

Autosomal genetic disorders can arise due to a number of causes, some of the most common being [nondisjunction](/wiki/Nondisjunction "Nondisjunction") in parental germ cells or [Mendelian inheritance](/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance "Mendelian inheritance") of deleterious alleles from parents. Autosomal genetic disorders which exhibit Mendelian inheritance can be inherited either in an [autosomal dominant](/wiki/Autosomal_dominant "Autosomal dominant") or recessive fashion.[\[7\]](#cite_note-:0-7) These disorders manifest in and are passed on by either sex with equal frequency.[\[7\]](#cite_note-:0-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) Autosomal dominant disorders are often present in both parent and child, as the child needs to inherit only one copy of the deleterious [allele](/wiki/Allele "Allele") to manifest the disease. Autosomal recessive diseases, however, require two copies of the deleterious allele for the disease to manifest. Because it is possible to possess one copy of a deleterious allele without presenting a disease phenotype, two phenotypically normal parents can have a child with the disease if both parents are carriers (also known as [heterozygotes](/wiki/Heterozygote "Heterozygote")) for the condition.

Autosomal [aneuploidy](/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy") can also result in disease conditions. Aneuploidy of autosomes is not well tolerated and usually results in miscarriage of the developing fetus. Fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-rich chromosomes—such as [chromosome 1](/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human) "Chromosome 1 (human)")—never survive to term,[\[9\]](#cite_note-:1-9) and fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-poor chromosomes—such as [chromosome 21](/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human) "Chromosome 21 (human)")— are still miscarried over 23% of the time.[\[10\]](#cite_note-pmid16634111-10) Possessing a single copy of an autosome (known as a monosomy) is nearly always incompatible with life, though very rarely some monosomies can survive past birth. Having three copies of an autosome (known as a trisomy) is far more compatible with life, however. A common example is [Down syndrome](/wiki/Down_syndrome "Down syndrome"), which is caused by possessing three copies of [chromosome 21](/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human) "Chromosome 21 (human)") instead of the usual two.[\[9\]](#cite_note-:1-9)

Partial aneuploidy can also occur as a result of [unbalanced translocations](/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation "Chromosomal translocation") during meiosis.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) Deletions of part of a chromosome cause partial monosomies, while duplications can cause partial trisomies. If the duplication or deletion is large enough, it can be discovered by analyzing a karyogram of the individual. Autosomal translocations can be responsible for a number of diseases, ranging from [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") to [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia").[\[12\]](#cite_note-pmid19556891-12)[\[13\]](#cite_note-pmid11973326-13) Unlike single gene disorders, diseases caused by aneuploidy are the result of improper [gene dosage](/wiki/Gene_dosage "Gene dosage"), not nonfunctional gene product.[\[14\]](#cite_note-pmid22974302-14)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Autosome&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [Aneuploidy](/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy") (abnormal number of chromosomes)
- [Autosomal dominant](/wiki/Autosomal_dominant "Autosomal dominant")
- [Autosomal recessive](/wiki/Autosomal_recessive "Autosomal recessive")
- [Homologous chromosome](/wiki/Homologous_chromosome "Homologous chromosome")
- [Pseudoautosomal region](/wiki/Pseudoautosomal_region "Pseudoautosomal region")
- [XY sex-determination system](/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system "XY sex-determination system")
- [Genetic disorder](/wiki/Genetic_disorder "Genetic disorder")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Autosome&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Griffiths, Anthony J. F. (1999). [_An Introduction to genetic analysis_](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=autosome&rid=iga.section.222). New York: W.H. Freeman. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7167-3771-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3771-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3771-1").
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**["Autosomal DNA - ISOGG Wiki"](https://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA). _www.isogg.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085342/https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["Autosome Definition(s)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102070828/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=autosome). _Genetics Home Reference_. Archived from [the original](http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=autosome) on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid7990924_4-0)**Foster JW, Dominguez-Steglich MA, Guioli S, Kwok C, Weller PA, Stevanović M, Weissenbach J, Mansour S, Young ID, Goodfellow PN (December 1994). "Complicate dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene". _Nature_. **372** (6506): 525–30. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [1994Natur.372..525F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.372..525F). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/372525a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F372525a0). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [7990924](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7990924). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [1472426](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1472426).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**["Chromosome mapping Facts, information, pictures"](http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Chromosome_mapping.aspx). _encyclopedia.com_. Encyclopedia.com articles about Chromosome mapping. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220706/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Chromosome_mapping.aspx) from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF, Hamosh A, Thompson MW (2007). [_Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine_](https://archive.org/details/thompsonthompson00nuss) (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. [69](https://archive.org/details/thompsonthompson00nuss/page/n68). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781416030805](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416030805 "Special:BookSources/9781416030805").
07. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_7-1)["human genetic disease"](https://www.britannica.com/science/human-genetic-disease). _Encyclopædia Britannica_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151013183225/https://www.britannica.com/science/human-genetic-disease) from the original on 2015-10-13. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Chial, Heidi (2008). ["Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders"](https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-genetics-patterns-of-inheritance-and-single-966/). _Nature Education_. **1** (1): 63.
09. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:1_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:1_9-1)Wang, Jin-Chen C. (2005-01-01). "Autosomal Aneuploidy". In Gersen, Steven L.; MEd, Martha B. Keagle (eds.). _The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics_. Humana Press. pp. 133–164. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1385/1-59259-833-1:133](https://doi.org/10.1385%2F1-59259-833-1%3A133). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-58829-300-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-300-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-300-8").
10. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid16634111_10-0)**Savva, George M.; Morris, Joan K.; Mutton, David E.; Alberman, Eva (June 2006). "Maternal age-specific fetal loss rates in Down syndrome pregnancies". _Prenatal Diagnosis_. **26** (6): 499–504. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1002/pd.1443](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpd.1443). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [16634111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16634111). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [34154717](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34154717).
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**["Translocation - Glossary Entry"](http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=translocation). _Genetics Home Reference_. 2015-11-02. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151209181233/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=translocation) from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid19556891_12-0)**Strefford, Jonathan C.; An, Qian; Harrison, Christine J. (31 October 2014). ["Modeling the molecular consequences of unbalanced translocations in cancer: Lessons from acute lymphoblastic leukemia"](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.14.9103). _Cell Cycle_. **8** (14): 2175–2184. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.4161/cc.8.14.9103](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.14.9103). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [19556891](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19556891).
13. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11973326_13-0)**Klar, Amar J S (2002). ["The chromosome 1;11 translocation provides the best evidence supporting genetic etiology for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462039). _Genetics_. **160** (4): 1745–1747. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/genetics/160.4.1745](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F160.4.1745). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [1462039](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462039). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [11973326](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11973326).
14. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid22974302_14-0)**Disteche, Christine M. (15 December 2012). ["Dosage Compensation of the Sex Chromosomes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767307). _Annual Review of Genetics_. **46** (1): 537–560. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155454](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genet-110711-155454). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [3767307](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767307). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [22974302](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22974302).

- [v](/wiki/Template:Chromosome_genetics "Template:Chromosome genetics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosome_genetics "Template talk:Chromosome genetics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome_genetics "Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome genetics")

[Cytogenetics](/wiki/Cytogenetics "Cytogenetics"): [chromosomes](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome")

Basic

concepts

- [Karyotype](/wiki/Karyotype "Karyotype")
- [Ploidy](/wiki/Ploidy "Ploidy")
- [Genetic material](/wiki/Genome "Genome")/ [Genome](/wiki/Genome "Genome")
- [Chromatin](/wiki/Chromatin "Chromatin")
  - [Euchromatin](/wiki/Euchromatin "Euchromatin")
  - [Heterochromatin](/wiki/Heterochromatin "Heterochromatin")
- [Chromosome](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome")
- [Chromatid](/wiki/Chromatid "Chromatid")
- [Nucleosome](/wiki/Nucleosome "Nucleosome")
- [Nuclear organization](/wiki/Nuclear_organization "Nuclear organization")

Types

- Autosome/ [Sex chromosome](/wiki/Sex-determination_system "Sex-determination system") (or [allosome](/wiki/Sex_chromosome "Sex chromosome") or heterosome)
- [Macrochromosome/Microchromosome](/wiki/Microchromosome "Microchromosome")
- [Circular chromosome](/wiki/Circular_bacterial_chromosome "Circular bacterial chromosome")/ [Linear chromosome](/wiki/Linear_chromosome "Linear chromosome")
- [Extra chromosome](/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy") (or accessory chromosome)
- [Supernumerary chromosome](/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome "Small supernumerary marker chromosome")
- [A chromosome/B chromosome](/wiki/B_chromosome "B chromosome")
- [Lampbrush chromosome](/wiki/Lampbrush_chromosome "Lampbrush chromosome")
- [Polytene chromosome](/wiki/Polytene_chromosome "Polytene chromosome")
- [Dinoflagellate chromosomes](/wiki/Dinokaryon "Dinokaryon")
- [Homologous chromosome](/wiki/Homologous_chromosome "Homologous chromosome")
- [Isochromosome](/wiki/Isochromosome "Isochromosome")
- [Satellite chromosome](/wiki/Satellite_chromosome "Satellite chromosome")
- _Centromere position_
  - [Metacentric](/wiki/Centromere#Metacentric "Centromere")
  - [Submetacentric](/wiki/Submetacentric "Submetacentric")
  - [Telocentric](/wiki/Telocentric "Telocentric")
  - [Acrocentric](/wiki/Acrocentric "Acrocentric")
  - [Holocentric](/wiki/Holocentric_chromosome "Holocentric chromosome")
- _Centromere number_
  - [Acentric](/wiki/Acentric_fragment "Acentric fragment")
  - [Monocentric](/wiki/Monocentric "Monocentric")
  - [Dicentric](/wiki/Dicentric_chromosome "Dicentric chromosome")
  - [Polycentric](/wiki/Polycentric_chromosome "Polycentric chromosome")

Processes

and evolution

- [Mitosis](/wiki/Mitosis "Mitosis")
- [Meiosis](/wiki/Meiosis "Meiosis")
- [Structural alterations](/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Structural_abnormalities "Chromosome abnormality")
  - [Chromosomal inversion](/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion "Chromosomal inversion")
  - [Chromosomal translocation](/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation "Chromosomal translocation")
- [Numerical alterations](/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Numerical_disorders "Chromosome abnormality")
  - [Aneuploidy](/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy")
  - [Euploidy](/wiki/Ploidy "Ploidy")
  - [Polyploidy](/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy")
  - [Paleopolyploidy](/wiki/Paleopolyploidy "Paleopolyploidy")
- [Polyploidization](/wiki/Polyploidization "Polyploidization")

Structures

- [Telomere](/wiki/Telomere "Telomere"): [Telomere-binding protein](/wiki/Telomere-binding_protein "Telomere-binding protein") ( [TINF2](/wiki/TINF2 "TINF2"))
- [Protamine](/wiki/Protamine "Protamine")

[Histone](/wiki/Histone "Histone")

- [H1](/wiki/Histone_H1 "Histone H1")
- [H2A](/wiki/Histone_H2A "Histone H2A")
- [H2B](/wiki/Histone_H2B "Histone H2B")
- [H3](/wiki/Histone_H3 "Histone H3")
- [H4](/wiki/Histone_H4 "Histone H4")

[Centromere](/wiki/Centromere "Centromere")

- [A](/wiki/CENPA "CENPA")
- [B](/wiki/Centromere_protein_B "Centromere protein B")
- [C1](/wiki/CENPC1 "CENPC1")
- [C2](/w/index.php?title=CENPC2&action=edit&redlink=1 "CENPC2 (page does not exist)")
- [E](/wiki/Centromere_protein_E "Centromere protein E")
- [F](/wiki/CENPF "CENPF")
- [H](/wiki/CENPH "CENPH")
- [I](/wiki/CENPI "CENPI")
- [J](/wiki/CENPJ "CENPJ")
- [K](/wiki/CENPK "CENPK")
- [M](/wiki/CENPM "CENPM")
- [N](/wiki/CENPN "CENPN")
- [O](/wiki/CENPO "CENPO")
- [P](/w/index.php?title=CENPP&action=edit&redlink=1 "CENPP (page does not exist)")
- [Q](/w/index.php?title=CENPQ&action=edit&redlink=1 "CENPQ (page does not exist)")
- [T](/wiki/CENPT "CENPT")

See also

- [Extrachromosomal DNA](/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA "Extrachromosomal DNA")
  - [Plasmid](/wiki/Plasmid "Plasmid")
- [List of organisms by chromosome count](/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count "List of organisms by chromosome count")
- [List of sequenced genomes](/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes "List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes")
- [International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature](/wiki/International_System_for_Human_Cytogenetic_Nomenclature "International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Chromosomes "Template:Chromosomes")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosomes "Template talk:Chromosomes")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes "Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes")

[Human genome](/wiki/Human_genome "Human genome")

[Nuclear genome](/wiki/Nuclear_DNA "Nuclear DNA")

Autosome

- [1](/wiki/Chromosome_1 "Chromosome 1")
- [2](/wiki/Chromosome_2 "Chromosome 2")
- [3](/wiki/Chromosome_3 "Chromosome 3")
- [4](/wiki/Chromosome_4 "Chromosome 4")
- [5](/wiki/Chromosome_5 "Chromosome 5")
- [6](/wiki/Chromosome_6 "Chromosome 6")
- [7](/wiki/Chromosome_7 "Chromosome 7")
- [8](/wiki/Chromosome_8 "Chromosome 8")
- [9](/wiki/Chromosome_9 "Chromosome 9")
- [10](/wiki/Chromosome_10 "Chromosome 10")
- [11](/wiki/Chromosome_11 "Chromosome 11")
- [12](/wiki/Chromosome_12 "Chromosome 12")
- [13](/wiki/Chromosome_13 "Chromosome 13")
- [14](/wiki/Chromosome_14 "Chromosome 14")
- [15](/wiki/Chromosome_15 "Chromosome 15")
- [16](/wiki/Chromosome_16 "Chromosome 16")
- [17](/wiki/Chromosome_17 "Chromosome 17")
- [18](/wiki/Chromosome_18 "Chromosome 18")
- [19](/wiki/Chromosome_19 "Chromosome 19")
- [20](/wiki/Chromosome_20 "Chromosome 20")
- [21](/wiki/Chromosome_21 "Chromosome 21")
- [22](/wiki/Chromosome_22 "Chromosome 22")

[Sex chromosome](/wiki/Allosome "Allosome")

- [X](/wiki/X_chromosome "X chromosome")
- [Y](/wiki/Y_chromosome "Y chromosome")

[Mitochondrial genome](/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA "Mitochondrial DNA")

[Human mitochondrial DNA](/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics "Human mitochondrial genetics")

Related topics

- [Human genome](/wiki/Human_genome "Human genome")
  - [Human Genome Project](/wiki/Human_Genome_Project "Human Genome Project")
- [List of human genes](/wiki/List_of_human_genes "List of human genes")
- [Human archaeology](/wiki/Archaeogenetics#Human_archaeology "Archaeogenetics")

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autosome&oldid=1240886342](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autosome&oldid=1240886342)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Chromosomes](/wiki/Category:Chromosomes "Category:Chromosomes")
- [Cytogenetics](/wiki/Category:Cytogenetics "Category:Cytogenetics")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description matches Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata")

- This page was last edited on 18 August 2024, at 01:15 (UTC).
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