Změní se Einsteinova teorie relativity kvůli vesmírným chameleonům?
Einsteinova obecná teorie relativity, která popisuje gravitaci jako geometrickou vlastnost prostoru a času, je obecně fyziky pokládána za zatím ...
Chameleon Theory
Einsteinova obecná teorie relativity, která popisuje gravitaci jako geometrickou vlastnost prostoru a času, je obecně fyziky pokládána za zatím nejlepší a nejobsáhlejší. Má ale určité mezery, do nichž se snaží proniknout teorie alternativní. K nim patří i modifikovaná gravitace f(R), jinak též takzvaná chameleonská gravitace ( <anchor>Chameleon Theory</anchor>).
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## Contents

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- [1Hypothetical properties](#Hypothetical_properties)
- [2Experimental searches](#Experimental_searches)
- [3References](#References)Toggle References subsection  - [3.1Notes](#Notes)
  - [3.2Journal entries](#Journal_entries)
- [4External links](#External_links)

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# Chameleon particle

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hypothetical scalar particle that couples to matter more weakly than gravity

Chameleon[Composition](/wiki/Particle#Composition "Particle")Unknown[Interactions](/wiki/Fundamental_interaction "Fundamental interaction")[Gravity](/wiki/Gravity "Gravity"), [electroweak](/wiki/Electroweak "Electroweak")StatusHypothetical[Mass](/wiki/Invariant_mass "Invariant mass")Variable, depending on ambient energy density[Electric charge](/wiki/Electric_charge "Electric charge")0[Spin](/wiki/Spin_(physics) "Spin (physics)")0

The **chameleon** is a hypothetical [scalar particle](/wiki/Scalar_particle "Scalar particle") that couples to matter more weakly than gravity,[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) postulated as a [dark energy](/wiki/Dark_energy "Dark energy") candidate.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) Due to a non-linear self-interaction, it has a variable effective mass which is an increasing function of the ambient energy density—as a result, the range of the force mediated by the particle is predicted to be very small in regions of high density (for example on Earth, where it is less than 1mm) but much larger in low-density intergalactic regions: out in the cosmos chameleon models permit a range of up to several thousand [parsecs](/wiki/Parsecs "Parsecs"). As a result of this variable mass, the hypothetical [fifth force](/wiki/Fifth_force "Fifth force") mediated by the chameleon is able to evade current constraints on [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle "Equivalence principle") violation derived from terrestrial experiments even if it couples to matter with a strength equal or greater than that of gravity. Although this property would allow the chameleon to drive the currently observed acceleration of the [universe's expansion](/wiki/Cosmic_inflation "Cosmic inflation"), it also makes it very difficult to test for experimentally.

In 2021, physicists suggested that an excess reported at the dark matter detector experiment [XENON1T](/wiki/XENON1T "XENON1T") rather than being a dark matter candidate could be a dark energy candidate: particularly, chameleon particles[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) yet in July 2022 a new analysis by XENONnT discarded the excess.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

## Hypothetical properties

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Hypothetical properties")\]

Chameleon particles were proposed in 2003 by Khoury and Weltman.

In most theories, chameleons have a mass that scales as some power of the local energy density: meff∼ρα{\\displaystyle m\_{\\text{eff}}\\sim \\rho ^{\\alpha }}![{\displaystyle m_{\text{eff}}\sim \rho ^{\alpha }}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2127fbd579e18a68bbb52eb3aa1ebd63286c9b1), where α≃1.{\\displaystyle \\alpha \\simeq 1.}![{\displaystyle \alpha \simeq 1.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8c150699462db290710f5073866156c14618a8d)

Chameleons also couple to photons, allowing photons and chameleons to oscillate between each other in the presence of an external [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field").[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

Chameleons can be confined in hollow containers because their mass increases rapidly as they penetrate the container wall, causing them to reflect. One strategy to search experimentally for chameleons is to direct photons into a cavity, confining the chameleons produced, and then to switch off the light source. Chameleons would be indicated by the presence of an afterglow as they decay back into photons.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

## Experimental searches

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Experimental searches")\]

A number of experiments have attempted to detect chameleons along with [axions](/wiki/Axions "Axions").[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)

The GammeV experiment[\[12\]](#cite_note-12) is a search for axions, but has been used to look for chameleons too. It consists of a cylindrical chamber inserted in a 5 [T](/wiki/Tesla_(unit) "Tesla (unit)") magnetic field. The ends of the chamber are glass windows, allowing light from a laser to enter and afterglow to exit. GammeV set the limited coupling to photons in 2009.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)

CHASE (CHameleon Afterglow SEarch) results published in November 2010,[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) improve the limits on mass by 2 orders of magnitude and 5 orders for photon coupling.

A 2014 neutron mirror measurement excluded chameleon field for values of the coupling constant β>5.8×108{\\displaystyle \\beta >5.8\\times 10^{8}}![{\displaystyle \beta >5.8\times 10^{8}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca1b3c714339fecdb2d9f9c7854948590f611824),[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) where the effective potential of the chameleon quanta is written as Veff=V(Φ)+eβΦ/MP′ρ{\\displaystyle V\_{\\text{eff}}=V(\\Phi )+e^{\\beta \\Phi /M'\_{\\text{P}}}\\rho }![{\displaystyle V_{\text{eff}}=V(\Phi )+e^{\beta \Phi /M'_{\text{P}}}\rho }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c4305d87c5f70c1120bf8718c09f25fc461678b), ρ{\\displaystyle \\rho }![{\displaystyle \rho }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64) being the mass density of the environment, V(Φ){\\displaystyle V(\\Phi )}![{\displaystyle V(\Phi )}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7a0104f9f95a7af230461fe846a27565f28bf41) the chameleon potential and MP′{\\displaystyle M'\_{\\text{P}}}![{\displaystyle M'_{\text{P}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cee3b42f90b5a46d11363f3436c74f510edc7380) the reduced Planck mass.

The [CERN Axion Solar Telescope](/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope "CERN Axion Solar Telescope") has been suggested as a tool for detecting chameleons.[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: References")\]

### Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Notes")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Cho, Adrian (2015). "Tiny fountain of atoms sparks big insights into dark energy". _Science_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1126/science.aad1653](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad1653).
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Khoury, Justin; Weltman, Amanda (2004). "Chameleon cosmology". _Physical Review D_. **69** (4): 044026. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0309411](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309411). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004PhRvD..69d4026K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..69d4026K). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevD.69.044026](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.69.044026). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [119478819](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119478819).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["Have we detected dark energy? Scientists say it's a possibility"](https://phys.org/news/2021-09-dark-energy-scientists-possibility.html). _University of Cambridge_. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Fernandez, Elizabeth. ["Signal From The XENON1T Experiment May Be A Hallmark Of Dark Energy"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/fernandezelizabeth/2021/10/14/signal-from-the-xenon1t-experiment-may-be-a-hallmark-of-dark-energy/). _Forbes_. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Vagnozzi, Sunny; Visinelli, Luca; Brax, Philippe; Davis, Anne-Christine; Sakstein, Jeremy (15 September 2021). "Direct detection of dark energy: The XENON1T excess and future prospects". _Physical Review D_. **104** (6): 063023. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2103.15834](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15834). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2021PhRvD.104f3023V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvD.104f3023V). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063023](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.104.063023). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [232417159](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232417159).
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**["A new dark matter experiment quashed earlier hints of new particles"](https://www.sciencenews.org/article/xenonnt-axions-dark-matter-experiment). _Science News_. 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Aprile, E.; Abe, K.; Agostini, F.; Maouloud, S. Ahmed; Althueser, L.; Andrieu, B.; Angelino, E.; Angevaare, J. R.; Antochi, V. C.; Martin, D. Antón; Arneodo, F. (2022-07-22). "Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT". _Physical Review Letters_. **129** (16): 161805. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2207.11330](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.11330). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2022PhRvL.129p1805A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhRvL.129p1805A). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.161805](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.129.161805). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [36306777](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36306777). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [251040527](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251040527).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Lin, Tongyan (2020-10-12). ["Dark Matter Detector Delivers Enigmatic Signal"](https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/135). _Physics_. **13**: 135\. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2020PhyOJ..13..135L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhyOJ..13..135L). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1103/Physics.13.135](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysics.13.135). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [226325594](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226325594).
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**[Erickcek, A. L.](/wiki/Adrienne_Erickcek "Adrienne Erickcek"); Barnaby, N; Burrage, C; Huang, Z (2013). "Catastrophic consequences of kicking the chameleon". _Physical Review Letters_. **110** (17): 171101. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1304.0009](https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.0009). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2013PhRvL.110b1101S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvL.110b1101S). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.171101](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.171101). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [23679701](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23679701). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [118730981](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118730981).
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Steffen, Jason H.; Gammev Collaboration (2008). "Constraints on chameleons and axions-like particles from the GammeV experiment". _Proceedings of Identification of dark matter 2008 — PoS(idm2008)_. Vol. 2008. p. 064. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[0810.5070](https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.5070). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2008idm..confE..64S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008idm..confE..64S). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.22323/1.064.0064](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.064.0064). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [16823913](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16823913).`{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored "Help:CS1 errors"))
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Rybka, G; Hotz, M; Rosenberg, L. J.; Asztalos, S. J.; Carosi, G; Hagmann, C; Kinion, D; Van Bibber, K; Hoskins, J; Martin, C; Sikivie, P; Tanner, D. B.; Bradley, R; Clarke, J (2010). "Search for chameleon scalar fields with the axion dark matter experiment". _Physical Review Letters_. **105** (5): 051801. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1004.5160](https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.5160). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2010PhRvL.105a1801B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.105a1801B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.051801](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.105.051801). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [20867906](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20867906). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [55204188](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55204188).
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**[GammeV experiment at Fermilab](http://gammev.fnal.gov/)
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Chou, A. S.; Wester, W.; Baumbaugh, A.; Gustafson, H. R.; Irizarry-Valle, Y.; Mazur, P. O.; Steffen, J. H.; Tomlin, R.; Upadhye, A.; Weltman, A.; Yang, X.; Yoo, J. (22 Jan 2009). "Search for Chameleon Particles Using a Photon-Regeneration Technique". _Physical Review Letters_. **102** (3): 030402. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[0806.2438](https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2438). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2009PhRvL.102c0402C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102c0402C). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.030402](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.030402). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [19257328](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19257328). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [12327360](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12327360).
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Steffen, Jason H. (2011). "The CHASE laboratory search for chameleon dark energy". _Proceedings of 35th International Conference of High Energy Physics — PoS(ICHEP 2010)_. Vol. 2010. p. 446. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1011.3802](https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3802). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2010iche.confE.446S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010iche.confE.446S). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.22323/1.120.0446](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.120.0446).`{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored "Help:CS1 errors"))
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Jenke, T.; Cronenberg, G.; Burgdörfer, J.; Chizhova, L. A.; Geltenbort, P.; Ivanov, A. N.; Lauer, T.; Lins, T.; Rotter, S.; Saul, H.; Schmidt, U.; Abele, H. (Apr 16, 2014). "Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy Constrains Dark Energy and Dark Matter Scenarios". _Physical Review Letters_. **112** (15): 151105. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1404.4099](https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.4099). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2014PhRvL.112o1105J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvL.112o1105J). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.151105](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.112.151105). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [24785025](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24785025). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [38389662](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38389662).
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**V. Anastassopoulos; M. Arik; S. Aune; K. Barth; A. Belov; H. Bräuninger; . . . K. Zioutas (March 16, 2015). "Search for chameleons with CAST". _Physics Letters B_. **749**: 172–180. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[1503.04561](https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.04561). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2015PhLB..749..172A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhLB..749..172A). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.physletb.2015.07.049](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2015.07.049). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [59375694](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59375694).

### Journal entries

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Journal entries")\]

- Khoury, J.; Weltman, A. (2004). "Chameleon fields: awaiting surprises for tests of gravity in space". _Physical Review Letters_. **93** (17): 171104. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0309300](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309300). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004PhRvL..93q1104K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..93q1104K). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.171104](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.93.171104). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [15525066](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525066). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [17570608](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17570608).
- Khoury, J.; Weltman, A. (2004). "Chameleon cosmology". _Physical Review D_. **69** (4): 044026. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0309411](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309411). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004PhRvD..69d4026K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..69d4026K). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevD.69.044026](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.69.044026). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [119478819](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119478819).
- Brax, P.; van de Bruck, C.; [Davis, A.-C.](/wiki/Anne-Christine_Davis "Anne-Christine Davis"); Khoury, J.; Weltman, A. (2004). "Detecting dark energy in orbit: The cosmological chameleon". _Physical Review D_. **70** (12): 123518. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[astro-ph/0408415](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408415). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2004PhRvD..70l3518B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..70l3518B). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1103/PhysRevD.70.123518](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.70.123518). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [119100816](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119100816).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chameleon_particle&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [v](/wiki/Template:Particles "Template:Particles")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Particles "Template talk:Particles")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles "Special:EditPage/Template:Particles")

[Particles in physics](/wiki/Particle_physics "Particle physics")

[Elementary](/wiki/Elementary_particle "Elementary particle")

[Fermions](/wiki/Fermion "Fermion")

[Quarks](/wiki/Quark "Quark")

- [Up (quark](/wiki/Up_quark "Up quark")
- [antiquark)](/wiki/Up_antiquark "Up antiquark")
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- [antiquark)](/wiki/Down_antiquark "Down antiquark")
- [Charm (quark](/wiki/Charm_quark "Charm quark")
- [antiquark)](/wiki/Charm_antiquark "Charm antiquark")
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- [antiquark)](/wiki/Strange_antiquark "Strange antiquark")
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- [antiquark)](/wiki/Top_antiquark "Top antiquark")
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[Scalar](/wiki/Scalar_boson "Scalar boson")

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[Ghost fields](/wiki/Ghost_(physics) "Ghost (physics)")

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Others

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- [Tachyon](/wiki/Tachyon "Tachyon")
- [W′ and Z′ bosons](/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons "W′ and Z′ bosons")
- [X and Y bosons](/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons "X and Y bosons")

[Composite](/wiki/Bound_state "Bound state")

[Hadrons](/wiki/Hadron "Hadron")

[Baryons](/wiki/Baryon "Baryon")

- [Nucleon](/wiki/Nucleon "Nucleon")
  - [Proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton")
  - [Antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton "Antiproton")
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  - [Antineutron](/wiki/Antineutron "Antineutron")
- [Delta baryon](/wiki/Delta_baryon "Delta baryon")
- [Lambda baryon](/wiki/Lambda_baryon "Lambda baryon")
- [Sigma baryon](/wiki/Sigma_baryon "Sigma baryon")
- [Xi baryon](/wiki/Xi_baryon "Xi baryon")
- [Omega baryon](/wiki/Omega_baryon "Omega baryon")

[Mesons](/wiki/Meson "Meson")

- [Pion](/wiki/Pion "Pion")
- [Rho meson](/wiki/Rho_meson "Rho meson")
- [Eta and eta prime mesons](/wiki/Eta_meson "Eta meson")
- [Bottom eta meson](/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson "Bottom eta meson")
- [Phi meson](/wiki/Phi_meson "Phi meson")
- [J/psi meson](/wiki/J/psi_meson "J/psi meson")
- [Omega meson](/wiki/Omega_meson "Omega meson")
- [Upsilon meson](/wiki/Upsilon_meson "Upsilon meson")
- [Kaon](/wiki/Kaon "Kaon")
- [B meson](/wiki/B_meson "B meson")
- [D meson](/wiki/D_meson "D meson")
- [Quarkonium](/wiki/Quarkonium "Quarkonium")

[Exotic hadrons](/wiki/Exotic_hadron "Exotic hadron")

- [Tetraquark](/wiki/Tetraquark "Tetraquark") ( [Double-charm tetraquark](/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark "Double-charm tetraquark"))
- [Pentaquark](/wiki/Pentaquark "Pentaquark")

Others

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[Hypothetical](/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles "Category:Hypothetical composite particles")

Baryons

- [Hexaquark](/wiki/Hexaquark "Hexaquark")
- [Heptaquark](/wiki/Heptaquark "Heptaquark")
- [Skyrmion](/wiki/Skyrmion "Skyrmion")

Mesons

- [Glueball](/wiki/Glueball "Glueball")
- [Theta meson](/wiki/Theta_meson "Theta meson")
- [T meson](/wiki/T_meson "T meson")

Others

- [Mesonic molecule](/wiki/Mesonic_molecule "Mesonic molecule")
- [Pomeron](/wiki/Pomeron "Pomeron")
- [Diquark](/wiki/Diquark "Diquark")
- [R-hadron](/wiki/R-hadron "R-hadron")

[Quasiparticles](/wiki/Quasiparticle "Quasiparticle")

- [Anyon](/wiki/Anyon "Anyon")
- [Davydov soliton](/wiki/Davydov_soliton "Davydov soliton")
- [Dropleton](/wiki/Dropleton "Dropleton")
- [Exciton](/wiki/Exciton "Exciton")
- [Fracton](/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle) "Fracton (subdimensional particle)")
- [Hole](/wiki/Electron_hole "Electron hole")
- [Magnon](/wiki/Magnon "Magnon")
- [Phonon](/wiki/Phonon "Phonon")
- [Plasmaron](/wiki/Plasmaron "Plasmaron")
- [Plasmon](/wiki/Plasmon "Plasmon")
- [Polariton](/wiki/Polariton "Polariton")
- [Polaron](/wiki/Polaron "Polaron")
- [Roton](/wiki/Roton "Roton")
- [Trion](/wiki/Trion_(physics) "Trion (physics)")

Lists

- [Baryons](/wiki/List_of_baryons "List of baryons")
- [Mesons](/wiki/List_of_mesons "List of mesons")
- [Particles](/wiki/List_of_particles "List of particles")
- [Quasiparticles](/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles "List of quasiparticles")
- [Timeline of particle discoveries](/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries "Timeline of particle discoveries")

Related

- [History of subatomic physics](/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics "History of subatomic physics")
  - [timeline](/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics "Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics")
- [Standard Model](/wiki/Standard_Model "Standard Model")
  - [mathematical formulation](/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model "Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model")
- [Subatomic particles](/wiki/Subatomic_particle "Subatomic particle")
- [Particles](/wiki/Particle "Particle")
- [Antiparticles](/wiki/Antiparticle "Antiparticle")
- [Nuclear physics](/wiki/Nuclear_physics "Nuclear physics")
- [Eightfold way](/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics) "Eightfold way (physics)")
  - [Quark model](/wiki/Quark_model "Quark model")
- [Exotic matter](/wiki/Exotic_matter "Exotic matter")
- [Massless particle](/wiki/Massless_particle "Massless particle")
- [Relativistic particle](/wiki/Relativistic_particle "Relativistic particle")
- [Virtual particle](/wiki/Virtual_particle "Virtual particle")
- [Wave–particle duality](/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality "Wave–particle duality")
- [Particle chauvinism](/wiki/Particle_chauvinism "Particle chauvinism")

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