Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinological and metabolic disorders that affect women at their reproductive age and leading to female infertility worldwide. PCOS exhibits multiple etio-pathogenic properties in which the genetic, nutritional, behavioral and environmental factors are intertwined to its complexity and heterogeneity. At that respect, impaired vitamin D status (hypo-vitaminosis D) has recently gained an immense interest as a leading cause in development of PCOS and the prevalence of its underlying hormonal/metabolic abnormalities and ovarian malfunctions. Additionally, serum levels of vitamin D are considered as potential predictors of successful Assisted Reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in infertile women with PCOS or with unexplained infertility. Most importantly, it is hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation improve the hormonal and metabolic profile and reproduction activity in treatment naïve PCOS and vitamin D deficient patient women; and also improve the pregnancy rate and oocyte and embryos' quality following in vitro fertilization (IVF) in these PCOS-vitamin D deficient infertile women. In despite, evidence regarding the therapeutic value of vitamin D supplementation for treatment of PCOS and improving IVF outcomes in PCOS-vitamin D-deficient infertile Saudi women population remain scarce. Therefore, the present study is designed to achieve the following two objectives: 1) measurement of the therapeutic effects of Vitamin D3 supplement alone and in combination with an ovulation-inducing agent (e.g., Clomiphene citrate or Letrozole) on the ovarian functional status and the hormonal and metabolic features of PCOS-Vitamin D-deficient infertile Saudi women; and 2) measurement of the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 supplement versus placebo on the clinical pregnancy rate, fertilization implantation rate, live birth rate, and other outcome parameters following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) application in PCOS-Vitamin D-deficient infertile patients.~To achieve the 1st objective, the investigators plan to recruit about 450 eligible patients accounting for 10% loss to follow-up and regard a significance level at 0.05 and a power of 80%. The eligible participants will be randomized into 5 groups (1:1:1:1:1) to receive the following therapies: Group 1: monotherapy with oral vitamin D3 capsules (4000IU/day) for around 12 weeks; Group 2: monotherapy with oral Clomiphene citrate pills using its respective standard Stair-Step Dosage protocol (i.e., 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg, once daily for 5 days, in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cycle, respectively); Group 3: monotherapy with oral Letrozole pills using its respective standard Stair-Step Dosage protocol (i.e., 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 7.5 mg, once daily for 5 days, in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cycle, respectively); Group 4: dual therapy with Vitamin D3 plus Clomiphene citrate by using their above mentioned dosage regimen; and Group 5: dual therapy with Vitamin D3 plus Letrozole by using their above mentioned dosage regimen. At the end of the intervention protocol, post-treatment improvements in menstrual regularity, ovulation induction rate, and ovarian volumes will be considered as the primary outcome measures, while the baseline (weak 0) and post-treatment (WK12) levels of fasting plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance (IR) indices, and serum levels of 25(OH)D, calcium, sex-hormones, reproductive mediators and adipocytokines, and lipid profile levels will be measured in the different groups and used as the secondary outcomes measures.~To achieve the 2nd objective, the investigators plan to recruit about 180 eligible PCOS-vitamin D-deficient infertile women scheduled for IVF accounting for 10% loss to follow-up and regard 0.05 significance level and 80% power. The eligible participants will be randomized into 2 groups (1:1) to receive daily oral capsules of 4000IU vitamin D3 (Group 1) or placebo (Group 2) for around 12 weeks until the day of triggering. All IVF procedures will be carried out according to the routine methods applied in ART centers. The primary outcome measures will include post-IVF clinical pregnancy, fertilization implantation, and live birth rates in both groups. Post-treatment changes in insulin resistance indices and serum levels of 25(OH)D, calcium, sex-hormones, reproductive mediators and adipocytokines, and lipid profile levels will also be measured as the secondary outcomes measures.~In both protocols, the diagnosis of PCOS is according to the revised Rotterdam PCOS consensus criteria as the presence of at least 2 of the following 3 diagnostic criteria: oligo- and(or) anovulation defined as a history of delayed menstrual cycle >35 days in length or ≤9 spontaneous bleeding episodes per year, clinical and(or) biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, and features of polycystic ovaries detected by ultrasound (≥12 follicles of 2-9 mm in size found in at least one ovary and/or having ovarian volume more than 10 cm3). The eligible infertile women will be considered treatment naïve PCOS if they have PCOS and they had no taken any prior anti-PCOS medication; and they will be considered vitamin D deficient if they have fasting serum 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL according to The Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.
This randomized double-blinded-controlled clinical trial consists of two protocols as follow: protocol 1: evaluation of the therapeutic effects of Vitamin D3 supplement when given alone and in combination with an ovulation-inducing agent (e.g., Clomiphene citrate or Letrozole) on ovarian functional status and hormonal and metabolic features of PCOS-Vitamin D-deficient infertile Saudi women; and protocol 2: evaluation of the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 supplement versus placebo on the clinical pregnancy rate, fertilization implantation rate, live birth rate, and other outcome parameters following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) application in these PCOS-Vitamin D-deficient infertile patients.