Preamble Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73m2 is a clinical cut point, below which advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) (stage 4 and 5) is associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality and a 50-fold increased requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Physicians are suggested to refer patients to nephrologists when eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 for multidisciplinary care. The pre-ESRD care program of CKD stage 3b-5 patients in Taiwan for modifiable risk factors of CKD progression and for preparation of RRT has shown to improve clinical outcomes.~Advanced CKD was usually viewed as predialysis CKD and sometimes used interchangeably, probably because of limited time of treatment and limited medications in advanced CKD. The time of treatment in CKD stage 4 in our cohort (median survival of RRT or mortality) was still up to 4.7 (interquartile range 2.1-8.7) years under the practice of late dialysis initiation (median eGFR 5 mL/min/1.73m2). However, renin-angiotensin system blockade was the only effective medication in patients with advanced CKD, implied by albuminuria reduction and proved for reduction of renal outcome only in some randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Furthermore, there is no effective medication for patients with normoalbuminuria, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, hyperkalemia or blood pressure <130/80 mmHg. Thus, the unmet need in advanced CKD patients is the lack of effective medication.~Recently, two large renal outcome RCTs of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), which has been developed as an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), show a reduction of renal composite outcome and probably of mortality in CKD stage 2 and 3 (CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD trials). Subgroup analyses show similar reduction of renal composite outcome in patients with or without diabetes, albuminuria, or high blood pressure. Consistent with previous large cardiovascular (CV) outcome trials, patients with eGFR 25-30 mL/min/1.73m2 also suggest promising benefits.~Beside, in view of the high atherosclerotic CV risk in advanced CKD, SGLT2is show a reduction of major adverse cardiovascular event in large CV outcome RCTs in T2DM, especially in patients with high CV risk. Also considering the high incidence of cardiorenal syndrome and fluid overload in advanced CKD, SGLT2is show a reduction of congestive heart failure (CHF) event in large CHF RCTs, regardless of T2DM and regardless of preserved or reduced ejection fraction. Analysis in patients with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 suggest similar protection for atherosclerotic and CHF events.~Study in advanced CKD is difficult. In theory, SGLT2i could decrease hyperfiltration in the residual glomeruli in advanced CKD. Our preliminary data showed some improvements in certain types of advanced CKD after SGLT2i treatment. However, a Point of no return theory suggests medication may not alter the natural history of progressive deterioration in renal function in advanced CKD. Subjects with advanced CKD may be at higher risk of adverse effects of the medication being tested. Overall, our integrated CKD care program based on the The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2017 conference on the prognosis of CKD stage 4 and 5, which emphasizes on the monitoring of diet, blood pressure, fluid status and cardiac function, could be the foundation of treatment in advanced CKD.~Thus, the goal of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin (Forxiga®, AstraZeneca) in reducing renal function progression and complications of CKD in patients with CKD stage 4 and 5 under the integrated CKD care and to find out the target subgroups for future RCT.~Study design This is an investigator-led, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, multicenter study that will include a total of approximately 225 subjects from 3 sites. The study design is shown in Figure 1. Subjects with an eGFR of 10 to 30 mL/min/1.73m2 within the 6 months prior to screening will be eligible for screening. Subjects must have at least 3 eGFR measurements in previous 1 year and at least 9 months between first and last eGFR measurements to calculate eGFR decline. Subjects must be in the pre-end stage renal disease (ESRD) care and education program of Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan for 3 months with stable renin-angiotensin system blockade, anti-hypertensive, diuretics and anti-hyperglycemic therapy. In the 4-week screening phase, review of medical history, renal echography, cardiac echography and bioimpedance analysis will be done to assure the safety of study drug treatment. Education for self-monitoring of blood pressure and blood sugar (in diabetes) will also be done.~Qualified subjects will enter the study phase at the randomization visit and will be randomized 2:1 to either integrated CKD care program + dapagliflozin or integrated CKD care program. In both arms, the integrated CKD care prograM includes CKD stage 4 and 5 education, diet counseling, bioimpedance and cardiovascular measurements, which is more intensive than the pre-ESRD program, will be done as scheduled in table 1 to control overhydration at 0-1 liter by body composition monitor (BCM; Fresenius). In dapagliflozin arm, subjects will be received dapagliflozin 5 mg for 4 weeks. Uptitration to 10 mg will be done between 5 to 12th weeks, if eGFR dip <20%. Education for drug safety of dapagliflozin will be done.~Subjects will return to the clinic every 4 weeks in the first 24 weeks (intensive monitor) and return to the clinic every 8 weeks thereafter (regular monitor). Laboratory assessments, measurements, concomitant medication review, adverse event collection and determination of clinical endpoints will be done as scheduled in table 1. All subjects will be managed to reach their glycemic, blood pressure and lipid goals according to guidelines. Subjects who discontinue study medication prematurely should continue to attend all subsequent study visits and be followed to the trial end, which will be 52 weeks.~Statistical methods Analysis sets: All patients randomized in the treatment period will be included in the intention-to-treat analysis for primary, secondary, and exploratory outcome irrespective of their protocol adherence and continued participation in the study. Per-protocol analysis will be on those that are 80% compliant. Because biomarkers may be done in a subset of patients, not all patients randomized will be included in the analysis for biomarker.~Sample size determination: The study aims to observe the differences of eGFR slope between 2 arms by 1 ml/min/1.73m2/yr to have 80% power accounting for the effect of treatment using a two-sided alpha of 5%. A total of approximately 128 subjects will be in the study group based on the assumptions: (1) eGFR slope in control group: -4 ± 4 ml/min/1.73m2/yr, (2) Premature treatment discontinuation rate: 5% per year, (3) Overall lost-to-follow-up 1%, and (4) Duration of enrollment period: 52 weeks.~Primary efficacy analysis: A linear mixed effect model will be fitted to eGFR as a dependent variable for eGFR decline. The comparison of eGFR decline will be assessed by difference of eGFR decline between 2 arms from 12 to 52 weeks.~Secondary efficacy analyses: Mixed models of repeated measures will be performed for albuminuria/proteinuria and hemoglobin/iron profile.~Exploratory objectives: The risk for cardiorenal events will be assessed by a stratified competing risk regression model and strata defined by baseline eGFR, diabetes and use of renin-angiotensin system blockade. Estimates of hazard ratio and the corresponding 95% confidence interval will be derived from the model.~Safety analyses: Subjects in the safety analysis set will be included in the denominators for the summaries of adverse event, exposure, and concomitant medication data.~Multiplicity adjustment: A closed testing procedure will be implemented to control the overall type I error at 5% for a pre-specified hierarchical ordering of the primary and secondary endpoints.
This is an investigator-led, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, multicenter study that will include a total of approximately 225 subjects from 3 sites. Subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 10 to 30 mL/min/1.73m2 will be included. The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin (Forxiga®, AstraZeneca) in reducing renal function progression and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with CKD stage 4 and 5 under the integrated CKD care. Subjects will be allocated to integrated CKD care program + dapagliflozin or integrated CKD care program alone. The primary end point is eGFR decline 12-52 weeks after randomization between 2 arms.