Fatty liver disease is an increasingly recognized health problem in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a new class of anti-diabetic agents that cause weight loss by inducing glycosuria. The effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on liver fat content is not evaluated. Empagliflozin is an orally active, selective inhibitor of SGLT-2. We hypothesized that Empagliflozin, when added to standard care for T2DM, would improve fatty liver disease. Therefore, the present study is planned to evaluate the effect of Empagliflozin on the liver fat content.~Review of literature~Empagliflozin is a selective SGLT-2 inhibitor, recently approved by the U.S. FDA for use in patients with T2DM. Empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes provided sustained glycemic control and weight loss over 90 weeks and was generally well tolerated (1). Another study demonstrated that Empagliflozin in patients with T2DM resulted in reductions in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and reductions in body weight compared with placebo. Empagliflozin was well tolerated with a favorable safety profile (2). Some congeners of this class of molecules have been seen to reduce liver fat content in rat models. However, the effect of this drug on liver fat content in humans has not been evaluated.~Research question~Does Empagliflozin reduce liver fat content in patients with T2DM and fatty liver disease?~Aim of the study~To study the effect of Empagliflozin on liver fat content in patients with T2DM~Primary objective~To evaluate the change in liver fat content from baseline at week 12~Secondary objective~To evaluate the changes from baseline in pancreatic fat content, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat content at 12 weeks~Material and Methods~Ethical considerations~The trial protocol will be submitted to Medanta ethics committees for approval. The trial will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. All the patients will be provided with written informed consent before participation.~Patients and study area A total of 100 patients will be enrolled for the study. Consecutive patients attending outpatient Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for management of diabetes will be enrolled.~Sample Size Calculation:~Assumptions: Change in liver fat content from baseline to week 12 in Empagliflozin dose group (m1) = 6.0 unit Change in liver fat content from baseline to week 12 in Standard dose group (m2) = 10.0 unit~Confidence level -95%, Power - 80%, Coefficient of variation = 80% Formula for sample size calculation: n = (Zα+Zβ)2 * (σ12 + σ22)) / (m1-m2)2, where Zα is the value of normal distribution corresponding to desired confidence level, Zβ is the value of the Normal distribution corresponding to desired power, σ1 and σ2 are the standard deviation of the two groups. With these assumptions the sample size per group works out as 50.~Randomization~SPSS software will be used to generate 100 random numbers between 000 to 999. The random numbers will be divided by 2 and the reminder noted. The reminders 0, & 1 will correspond to Empagliflozin dose and standard dose group respectively. It will be ensured that these are equal in number.~Opaque envelopes will be prepared with serial number on the top and the assigned group inside the envelope.~After recruiting the subjects the envelop with corresponding serial number will be opened and the subjects assign to the relevant groups.~Statistical Analysis Plan:~The analysis will include profiling of patients on different demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters etc. Quantitative data will be presented in terms of means and standard deviation and qualitative/categorical data will be presented as absolute numbers and proportions. Cross tabulation will be generated and chi square test will be used for testing of association. Student t test will be used for comparison of quantitative outcome parameters and standard normal deviate test for proportions. P-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. SPSS software will be used for analysis.~All patients will be randomized to one of the following intervention groups: group I (n = 50): T2DM patients receiving standard care for T2DM (metformin, sulfonylurea, DPP-4 inhibitor or insulin, in any combination) plus 10 mg of Empagliflozin per day and group II (n = 50): Standard care for T2DM upgraded without Empagliflozin.~Liver fat content, pancreatic fat content, visceral and subcutaneous fat content will be assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton density fat Fraction (PDFF) at the beginning of study and again after 12 weeks of intervention. PDFF is emerging as a leading MR-based biomarker for noninvasive quantification of hepatic steatosis (3, 4). Multiple human studies have shown that this method accurately estimates PDFF in the liver. Based on these results, this magnitude-based PDFF estimation method now is being used to quantify liver fat in clinical practice in several institutions in the United States and is being used as a biomarker of drug efficacy and drug toxicity by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and industry in clinical trials (5, 6). This method has been shown to be both accurate, and reproducible (7).~Fatty liver will also be assessed by ultrasonography of liver at the beginning of study and again after 12 weeks of intervention. On ultrasonography, severity of fatty liver will be quantitated using a scoring system (0 = no fatty liver, 1 = mild fatty liver, 2 = moderate fatty liver and 3 = severe fatty liver). Automated body composition analyzer (BCA) will also be used to assess body composition at 0 and 12 weeks.~Laboratory workup Biochemical parameters will include fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid profile, hemogram, kidney function test (urea, creatinine) and liver function test (total and fractionated bilirubin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total protein, albumin) before and after the intervention period.~The primary end point~Change in liver fat content from baseline at week 12 The secondary end points~Change in pancreatic fat content, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat content from baseline at week 12~Confidentiality Precautions will be taken to ensure confidentiality. Data collection forms will not reveal the name of the patients included in study.
Fatty liver disease is an increasingly recognized health problem in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a new class of anti-diabetic agents that cause weight loss by inducing glycosuria. The effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on liver fat content is not evaluated. Empagliflozin is an orally active, selective inhibitor of SGLT-2. We hypothesized that Empagliflozin, when added to standard care for T2DM, would improve fatty liver disease. Therefore, the present study is planned to evaluate the effect of Empagliflozin on the liver fat content.