Patients were randomly divided into two groups: ultrasound-guided (US-guided) in-plane infraclavicular subclavian vein (IP-ISV) and in-plane supraclavicular subclavian vein (IP-SSV) catheterization.~For IP -ISV, the Linear transducer is placed perpendicularly and inferior to clavicle. Transverse (short axis) view of subclavian vein (SCV), subclavian artery (SCA) and pleura is first obtained. With SCV centrally positioned, the transducer is rotated 90° clockwise until longitudinal view of subclavian vein is obtained. Pulse-wave Doppler view of the SCV confirms non-pulsatile flow and identifies the vessel. The needle is than inserted in the midpoint of the small footprint transducer using the in-plane approach. The needle is advanced slowly, under real-time US guidance targeting the SCV, taking note of the lung pleura underneath the vessels.~For IP-SSV cannulation, a short-axis view of the IJV is first obtained . The probe is slid caudally following the IJV until the junction of the subclavian vein (SCV) and IJV is reached in the supraclavicular fossa. The probe is then turned slightly and tilted anteriorly to get the best long-axis view of the SCV and the brachiocephalic vein .~Using an in-plane approach, the needle attached to a syringe is inserted at the base of the transducer at a 30° angle and advanced strictly under the long axis of the US probe from lateral to medial. The needle point is then guided.~In both groups, catheterization was done through Seldinger technique.
Patients were randomly divided into two groups: ultrasound-guided (US-guided) in-plane infraclavicular subclavian vein (IP-ISV) and in-plane supraclavicular subclavian vein (IP-SSV) catheterization.~For IP-ISV cannulation, a linear transducer is placed in the infraclavicular fossa. After obtaining a long-axis view of the axillary vein and distal subclavian vein ,the needle is inserted in the midpoint of the small footprint transducer. Then,the needle is advanced under real-time US guidance until visualizing the tip of the needle inside the vein while noticing the lung pleura underneath the vessels.~For IP-SSV cannulation, a short-axis view of the IJV is obtained first. The probe is slid caudally following the IJV until getting the best long-axis view of the SCV. Using an in-plane approach, the needle is inserted at the base of the transducer at a 30° angle and advanced under the long axis under real-time US guidance targeting the SCV.