Aerobic exercise impacts bodily processes implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression. Consistent with these effects, aerobic exercise in general, and running in particular, has been repeatedly shown to have both immediate mood elevating and longer-term antidepressant effects. To the investigators' knowledge, all studies of running as a therapeutic intervention for mood have had subjects run in standard running shoes, despite increasing evidence that running barefoot or in shoes with minimal effect on foot strike (i.e. minimally shod) leads to marked changes in how people run in ways that might have physiological effects of relevance to health. Thus, nothing is currently known about differences in effects on depression-relevant physiological or emotional functioning between running either barefoot or minimally-shod vs. running in standard running shoes (hereafter called shoed). The current pilot study is designed to begin addressing these issues by examining effects of minimally shod vs. shoed running on non-invasive measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning and mood state. The investigators have selected the ANS as the physiological focus of the current study for several reasons including: 1) running acutely alters ANS activity; 2) running (and aerobic fitness in general) is associated with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity at rest; 3) increased parasympathetic tone in the body has been repeatedly associated with emotional well-being and stress resilience, whereas reduced parasympathetic tone has been reliably associated with major depression; 4) given increasing evidence that ancestral humans may have run exceptionally long distances to hunt prey to exhaustion, it is likely that such running was conducted under fairly significant parasympathetic tone to reduce energy expenditure; 5) ancestral humans ran barefoot or minimally shod suggesting that the type of foot strike pattern encouraged by these styles of running may have enhanced parasympathetic tone compared to running with heel strike such as occurs when running shoed; and 6) therefore minimally shod running might differentially impact parasympathetic tone in ways that would make it more effective as a treatment for depression than running shoed.
Aerobic exercise impacts bodily processes implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression. Consistent with these effects, aerobic exercise in general, and running in particular, has been repeatedly shown to have both immediate mood elevating and longer-term antidepressant effects. To the investigators' knowledge, all studies of running as a therapeutic intervention for mood have had subjects run in standard running shoes, despite increasing evidence that running barefoot or in shoes with minimal effect on foot strike (i.e. minimally shod) leads to marked changes in how people run in ways that might have physiological effects of relevance to health. Thus, nothing is currently known about differences in effects on depression-relevant physiological or emotional functioning between running either barefoot or minimally-shod vs. running in standard running shoes (hereafter called shoed). The current pilot study is designed to begin addressing these issues by examining effects of minimally shod vs. shoed running on non-invasive measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning and mood state.