Ketamine is a non-competitive glutamate NMDA antagonist. The infusion of subanesthetic doses of ketamine results in sub-clinical schizophrenia-like positive symptoms in healthy controls. The safety of ketamine use is attested by its daily use in child anesthesia and by a number of studies showing there is no medical, neural or cognitive complication after a single infusion.~Low dose ketamine is therefore a valid and safe human model to study psychosis. The objective of the study is to characterise cognitive biases resulting from low dose ketamine infusion, used as a pharmacological model of psychosis.~We designed four distinct paradigms designed to better characterize these biases.~P1 is a neuroeconomic task where subjects have to make binary choices to maximize gains, in a situation where either direct feedback information or additional counterfactual information is provided.~P2 is a neuroeconomic task where a direct manipulation of uncertainty is performed, and its impact on decision is measured.~P3 is a perceptual decision making task, where subjects have to classify a gabor orientation into the diagonal or cardinal category based on a rapidly presented series of individual gabors. The contribution of each piece of evidence to the final decision is measured and correlated to fluctuations in eeg data.~P4 is a perceptual decision making task, where subjects have to determine the global orientation of a series of sequentially presented gabor stimulus. There are interim responses and final responses, the influence of the former on the latter (confirmation bias) is studied.~Our assumption is that low dose ketamine results in reasoning biases by impairing the way uncertainty is monitored and taken into account for decision making.~The study design is as follows : randomized, double blind, controlled, against placebo, cross-over.~Healthy subjects will therefore be randomized to receive on the first visit either a ketamine infusion or a placebo infusion. The alternative condition will be applied on the second visit.~Ketamine will be prepared using KETAMINE PANPHARMA 250 mg/5mL, and infusion will be. This procedure should produce ketamine plasmatic levels of 140ng/ml. Two blood samples will be taken 30 and 90 minutes after infusion start to record actual ketamine plasmatic levels.~Placebo infusion will follow the same pattern of infusion, prepared using CHLORURE DE SODIUM 0,9% MACOPHARMA.~We will record both behavioral, electrophysiologic and psychometric data. Detailed assumptions are as folllows :~Behavioral data :~P1 and 2 : Significant impairment with ketamine in the ability to take into account uncertainty to guide decisions.~P3 : Significant decrease with ketamine in the ability to classify correctly the mean spatial orientation of stimuli according to the cardinal or diagonal direction.~P4 : Significant increase with ketamine in the confirmation bias following the interim choice.~Electroencephalographic data :~Correlation between the impairment in the ability to take into account uncertainty and the alteration of the Error Related Negativity and late inhibitory eeg signals, and decreased long distance synchrony as indicated by spectral analysis (P1 and 2).~The covariation of brain activity with the weight each stimuli sample will have in the final decision, will be increased as a result of ketamine infusion (P3).~Psychometric data :~Increase in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as a result of ketamine infusion. The BPRS scale records the psychotic symtoms and is translated and validated in a french population sample.
Characterise cognitive biases resulting from low dose ketamine infusion, used as a pharmacological model of psychosis.~Our assumption is that low dose ketamine results in reasoning biases by impairing the way uncertainty is monitored and taken into account for decision making.