There is evidence from several studies that in areas where the transmission of malaria is seasonal, the use of IPT can reduce substantially the incidence of clinical malaria in children under the age of five years, by as much as 90% (Greenwood et al, Trends in Parasitology 24(11):485-6, 2008). The most effective regimen is SP+AQ but alternative regimens are needed because amodiaquine can be poorly tolerated (Sokhna et al PlosOne 3:e1471, 2008) and resistance to SP is increasing. In recent trials in Senegal and The Gambia, PQ combined with DHA or SP was as effective against malaria, and better tolerated, than SP+AQ. Of these regimens, only DHA+PQ is licensed for use as an antimalarial in African countries. However there are no data on pharmacokinetics of PQ when used for IPT in children, and the impact of DHA+PQ in preventing spread of resistance is not known. This trial aims to provide this information in order to evaluate the suitability of DHA+PQ for use for seasonal IPT in children and to determine the optimum dose regimen for piperaquine.~Malaria (caused primarily by Plasmodium falciparum) is endemic in the southern third of Burkina Faso, occurring seasonally between June to November, with most cases occurring between August and October. In Burkina Faso there has been no evidence of a recent decline in malaria incidence as seen in some other African countries. Although the policy is to treat uncomplicated malaria with artemisin combinations, in practice chloroquine remains the treatment used in most health facilities. Several studies have shown that seasonal IPT in children (IPTc) can provide a high degree of protection against clinical malaria. SP+AQ is the most effective regimen but amodiaquine is not well tolerated and resistance to SP is increasing n many areas. Alternative regimens are required. Piperaquine (PQ), a long acting antimalarial used for prophylaxis in China, is suitable for use for IPT. In studies in Senegal and The Gambia piperaquine plus SP or dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was as effective and better tolerated than SP+AQ. The purpose of this study is to determine whether DHA-PQ is more effective than SP+AQ in preventing spread of drug resistant parasite genotypes and to determine the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in children who receive this drug for IPT. Little was known about the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine until recently, and there is currently only limited information about the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in children. The pharmacokinetic data from this study will allow us to estimate the optimum dose regimen for piperaquine; the current recommended regimen for DHA-PQ is three doses over three days. For IPT, a single dose regimen is highly desirable as it would be easier to deliver and better accepted by communities.~1500 children aged 3 to 59 months will be enrolled and randomized to receive 3 monthly administrations of DHA-PQ or SP-AQ, in August, September and October. From August to November children will be visited twice weekly to check for malaria symptoms.~A subset of 45 children in each treatment group will be asked to provide a venous blood sample on days 0 and 7 for analysis of biochemical and haematological parameters.~In the DHA-PQ group only, a subset of 210 children will be asked to provide finger prick blood samples for PK analysis on day 0, between day 0 and day 6, on day 7, and between day 8 and day 30. To calibrate measurements of drug concentration in peripheral blood against existing PK models, each month 17 of these children will be asked to also provide a venous sample (up to 2ml taken into a vacutainer) on three occasions (one between day 0 and 6, one on day 7, and one between day 8 and 30). In addition, a separate group of 750 children aged 3 to 59 months will be recruited to be surveyed at the end of the transmission season to determine the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and of drug-resistance parasite genotypes in the study area.
The aim of the study is to determine whether piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin (DHA-PQ) is as effective, and better tolerated, than sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SP+AQ), when used for seasonal Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) to prevent malaria in children aged 3 to 59 months in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso and to determine the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in children.