Background: Troop deployment for OIF/OEF has been extensive for the past five years Among returning veterans, up to 18.5% are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition to its positive symptoms (intrusive thoughts, reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance), PTSD is associated with social maladjustment, poor quality of life, medical comorbidity, and general symptom severity. Social and emotional problems include social avoidance, guilt, anger, and unemployment, impulsive or violent behavior, and family discord. A majority (> 90%) of veterans seeking treatment for PTSD also seek disability compensation for debilitating occupational impairment and there are virtually no administrative or research data to indicate veterans are recovering from PTSD. Exposure therapy, which operates on long-established and fundamental principles of behavior therapy, offers hope for acute symptom alleviation, but may not address severe social impairment.~Objectives/Hypothesis: To test the hypothesis that Trauma Management Therapy (TMT), which combines individual virtual reality (VR) assisted exposure therapy with group social and emotional rehabilitation skills training (will be superior to a treatment consisting of the same VR- exposure and group psychoeducational group therapy. Outcome will be assessed using relevant clinical, process, and cost outcomes. Additionally, we will assess the potential of olfactory stimulation as a trigger for PTSD symptoms of intrusive thoughts and re-experiencing. Therefore, this proposal will integrate clinical and neurobiological assessment studies designed to understand the role of these factors in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.~Specific Aims: There are three specific aims: First, we will evaluate the efficacy of Trauma Management Therapy (TMT) for the treatment of PTSD in OIF/OEF and determine if TMT (which combines exposure and social/emotional rehabilitation) improves social/emotional functioning compared to our comparison group (exposure plus psychoeducational group therapy). Second, we will explore olfactory activation patterns that may aid understanding of brain mechanisms in PTSD. Third, we will determine TMT's cost efficacy using treatment expenses and resource utilization measures.~Study Design: In a prospective randomized clinical trial we will test the superiority of TMT for OIF/OEF veterans with PTSD compared to exposure therapy plus psychoeducational group therapy. TMT combines VR assisted exposure therapy (VR-EXP) with social and emotional rehabilitation (SER). In addition to clinical, process, and cost outcomes relevant to PTSD for this population, we will include fMRI assessment of the central olfactory system in order to document its hypothesized role in fear acquisition and maintenance. Relevant outcome domains will be reassessed at mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3- and 6-month follow-up.
This trial will evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of Trauma Management Therapy (TMT; Frueh, Turner, Beidel, 1996; Beidel, Frueh, Uhde, under preparation), which combines individual virtual reality (VR) assisted exposure therapy with group social and emotional rehabilitation skills training (will be superior to a treatment consisting of the same VR- exposure and group psychoeducational group therapy. TMT will be conducted in traditional 17-week format, and a 3-week intensive treatment format. Outcome will be assessed using relevant clinical, process, and cost outcomes. Additionally, investigators will assess the potential of olfactory stimulation as a trigger for PTSD symptoms of intrusive thoughts and re-experiencing. Therefore, this proposal will integrate clinical and neurobiological assessment studies designed to understand the role of these factors in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.