Background: Although selected cardiac surgery can be performed off-pump, the vast majority of cardiac surgical procedures today are performed with the support of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Blood cardioplegia is used to protect the heart during aortic cross-clamping. However, negative effects of myocardial hypoxia during surgery are often aggravated by ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, cardiopulmonary bypass leads to an inflammatory response including endothelial cell activation.~Comparable to the reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction resolved by percutaneous coronary intervention, the microcirculatory impairment observed after cardiac surgery may be caused by endothelin 1 (ET-1). ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide upregulated in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Short-term administration of the selective ETA receptor blocker BQ-123 was found safe in a pilot study including patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with posterior-wall STE-ACS (n=57) were randomly assigned to receive intravenous BQ-123 at 400nmol/minute or placebo over 60 minutes, starting immediately prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). No side branch occlusions, bleeding complications or severe systemic hypotensive episodes occurred and all patients were alive at 30 days.~Hypothesis: Acute local ETA receptor blockade by intracoronary administered BQ-123 reduces myocardial injury.~Methods: BQ-123 will be administered in patients undergoing on-pump aorto-coronary bypass grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery with the use a left inner mammary artery graft and at least one vein graft. After a 1:1 randomized pilot safety-phase with 30 patients administering half the dose, 90 subjects will be randomized to receive 15µmol BQ-123 dissolved in NaCl 0.9% or placebo (NaCl 0.9% ) administered intracoronarily in combination with cardioplegia in a double-blind manner. The primary endpoint will be enzymatic infarct size assessed by the area under the curve of myocard specific creatine kinase-MB isoform (CK-MB). Left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction and, perioperative echocardiography, postoperative levels of myeloperoxidase and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 activity as well as MACE will serve as secondary endpoints.~Clinical perspective: The implementation of BQ-123 as an add-on pharmacologic therapy in cardiac surgery performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass could lead to improved tissue reperfusion and reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury, potentially impacting clinical long-term outcome.
Background: Although selected cardiac surgery can be performed off-pump, the vast majority of cardiac surgical procedures today are performed with the support of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Blood cardioplegia is used to protect the heart during aortic cross-clamping. However, negative effects of myocardial hypoxia during surgery are often aggravated by ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, cardiopulmonary bypass leads to an inflammatory response including endothelial cell activation.~Comparable to the reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction resolved by percutaneous coronary intervention, the microcirculatory impairment observed after cardiac surgery may be caused by endothelin 1 (ET-1). ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide upregulated in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Short-term administration of the selective ETA receptor blocker BQ-123 was found safe in a pilot study including patients with acute myocardial infarction.~Hypothesis: Acute local ETA receptor blockade by intracoronary administered BQ-123 reduces myocardial injury.~Methods: BQ-123 will be administered in patients undergoing on-pump aorto-coronary bypass grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery with the use a left inner mammary artery graft and at least one vein graft. Subjects will be randomized to receive the endothelin-A receptor blocker BQ-123 or placebo administered intracoronarily in combination with cardioplegia in a double-blind manner. The primary endpoint will be enzymatic infarct size.~Clinical perspective: The implementation of BQ-123 as an add-on pharmacologic therapy in cardiac surgery performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass could lead to improved tissue reperfusion and reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury, potentially impacting clinical long-term outcome.