Background and purpose:~Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th most common cancer in the world and the 3rd most prevalent cause of tumor-related deaths. Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) occurs in up to 44% of HCC patients at the time of death and approximately 10-40% of patients at time of diagnosis. PVTT has a profound adverse effect on prognosis, with a very short median survival time (2-4 months). The presence of PVTT also limits treatment options, such as liver transplantation and curative resection. The optimal treatment for patients with HCC and PVTT remains largely controversial.~The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) group recommended the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib as a standard therapy for patients with advanced-stage HCC (BCLC stage C), including HCC patients with PVTT. However, in the Sorafenib Hepatocellular Carcinoma Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP) trail, on which the BCLC recommendations were based, patients with vascular invasion represented only 38.4% of the total study population. This result may not directly imply a survival gain with sorafenib treatment in HCC patients with PVTT. Additionally, the median survival time for patients with advanced HCC, including vascular invasion or extrahepatic metastases, treated with sorafenib is short - only 6.5 months in Asia. Thus, more effective treatment strategies have been strongly required to increase survival rate.~Some studies have reported a survival benefit in patients with PVTT who underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), even in patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus. Iodine-125 brachytherapy alone had also showed promising efficacy as a new method for unresectable HCC with PVTT. Results of our previous study indicated that TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation might be a good choice for selected patients with PVTT. Thus, we conduct this study to farther evaluate the effect of TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation for HCC with PVTT.~Methods:~HCC was diagnosed by biopsy or according to the non-invasive criteria following the European Association for the Study of Liver/American Association for the study of Liver Disease guidelines. The presence of PVTT was confirmed by three-phase dynamic CT or MR. The types of PVTT were classified into four subgroups: type I, PVTT in segmental branches of portal vein or above; type II, PVTT affecting left/right portal vein; type III, PVTT affecting main portal vein (MPV); and type IV, PVTT affecting superior mesenteric vein (SMV).~270 patients met the eligibility criteria will be included in this study and randomized to two group: group 1, patients received TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation; group 2, patients received TACE alone.~TACE procedure:~solution of doxorubicin hydrochloride (20-40 mg) and 5-Fu (500-1000 mg) is infused into the feeder vessels of HCC. Then, An emulsion of 2-20 ml lipiodol and 20-50 mg lobaplatin is administered into the feeder vessels. The total amount of chemotherapy drugs is depended on the patient's body weight. Finally, gelatin sponge or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles, which are mixed with contrast material, were administered into the feeder vessels until stasis of arterial flow was achieved. In patients with an arterioportal shunt, embolization with 300-1000 μm PVA is performed to occlude the shunt by superselective catheterization before infusion of lipiodol and lobaplatin emulsion.~Iodine-125 seeds implantation procedure:~Iodine-125 seeds implantation into PVTT is conducted 7 days after TACE when liver function tests demonstrated values comparable to those obtained before TACE. Each particle was 4.5 mm in length and 0.8 mm in diameter, with a radioactivity of 0.6-0.8mCi, radioactive half-life of 60.1days, and radiation energy of 27.4KeV. The volume and shape of PVTT is obtained by CT/MR images and used to calculate the matched peripheral dose and determine best percutaneous access route and numbers of Iodine-125 seeds using our three dimensional conformal radiation therapy Treatment Planning System (TPS). Implantation was guided by CT and Iodine-125 seeds are implanted into inside PVTT or around the PVTT (parenchymal or tumor issue from PVTT less than 1.7 cm) 5 mm apart along the length of PVTT using 18G needles.~Follow-up and re-treatment:~All patients revisit our institution for follow-up examinations including contrast enhanced CT/MRI every 4-6 weeks after the first treatment. The laboratory tests are checked within one week before and after the first TACE or Iodine-125 seed implantation, and every 4-6 weeks during follow-up. Patients who have a tumor response rating of complete response will be required to revisit 3 months interval. At each visit, TACE or Iodine-125 seed implantation or combination of TACE and Iodine-125 seed is repeated if the following criteria are reached: 1) images indicating viable intrahepatic tumor tissue or PVTT; 2) Child-Pugh class A or B, and no contraindication to TACE and Iodine-125 seeds implantation.
Portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT) is a common complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PVTT has a profound adverse effect on prognosis, with a very short median survival time (2-4 months). The presence of PVTT also limits treatment options, such as liver transplantation and curative resection. Although the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer group recommended sorafenib as a standard therapy for advanced-stage HCC, the optimal treatment for HCC with PVTT remains largely controversial.~Some studies have reported a survival benefit in patients with PVTT who underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), even in patients with main portal vein (MPV) tumor thrombus. Iodine-125 brachytherapy had also showed promising efficacy as a new method for unresectable HCC with PVTT. Results of our previous study indicated that TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation might be a good choice for selected patients with PVTT. Thus, we conduct this study to farther evaluate the effect of TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation for HCC with PVTT.~270 patients with HCC and PVTT will be included and randomized to two group: group 1, patients received TACE combined with Iodine-125 seeds implantation; group 2, patients received TACE alone. TACE and Iodine-125 seeds implantation will be performed with a standardized procedure. Iodine-125 seeds implantation into PVTT (guided by CT) will be conducted 7 days after TACE.~All patients revisit our institutions for follow-up examinations including contrast enhanced CT/MRI and laboratory tests every 4-6 weeks after the first treatment. Patients who have a tumor response rating of complete response will be required to revisit 3 months interval. At each visit, TACE or Iodine-125 seeds implantation is repeated if the following criteria are reached: 1) images indicating viable intrahepatic tumor tissue or PVTT; 2) Child-Pugh class A or B, and no contraindication to TACE and Iodine-125 seeds implantation.~The primary end point of this study is overall survival. The secondary end points are time to tumor progression, disease control rate, duration of portal patency and adverse events. All adverse events are graded in accordance with Common Toxicity Criteria Adverse Events Version (CTCAE) 4.03.