Background:~Diagnosis of significant stenosis of the coronary artery and managing the ischemia is important to prevent cardiac events. Coronary CT angiography (CTA) is one of the current gold standard methods to assess coronary stenosis as well as coronary angiography (CAG), but both coronary CTA and CAG are limited by radiation exposure or contrast media administration.~Magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) has its advantage in its ability to assess the coronary artery morphology without radiation or contrast media. Unfortunately, the clinical application of MRCA is still challenging mainly because of technical limitation such as its time-consuming image acquisition, inconsistent image quality, and low spatial resolution.~Optimization of MRCA image acquisition process is under great interest and compressed sensing (CS) is one of the promising methods to reduce the acquisition time. Although it's noise-like granular characteristics is a weakness due to its random k-space data acquisition. The granularity may affect the interpretation of the MRCA images considering the small diameter of the coronary arteries. To solve this problem, post-processing denoising approach with deep learning reconstruction (dDLR) is proposed, however too much image smoothing may lead to unfavorable image blurring or produce artefactual smoothing leading to the removal of clinically meaningful signal intensity drops across the artery. Hence, merely assessing the noise level is insufficient. Evaluation of the optimized images with coronary CTA, which is one of the current gold standards, is inevitable to assess its clinical feasibility.~The lack of a consensus method to assess the coronary stenosis on MRCA is another problem. MRCA interpretation is generally performed visually, but its quantification is clinically important to detect the significant stenosis. A previous study has reported by investigating the signal intensity (SI) profile across the coronary artery and its drop of 35% corresponded to significant stenosis by coronary angiography (CAG). Although this SI drop phenomenon was not observed in a different study on chronic total obstruction cases. One of the hypothesized reasons is that the SI drop in MRCA is affected not only by the stenosis severity but also the plaque characteristics, which is not assessable by CAG. To confirm this hypothesis coronary CTA is needed, which is a robust modality to assess coronary stenosis and plaque characteristics. Comparison between MRCA with CTA has the potential to give better information for developing a robust method to assess MRCA.~In this study, the investigators aim to evaluate the feasibility of MRCA scanned with optimized protocol and post-processing, and to develop robust coronary artery assessment method on MRCA, by comparison with clinical coronary CTA.~Study Procedures:~This is a prospective, non-randomized study. Overall 50 participants in total will be recruited within 12 months. Each participant will undergo one non-contrast MRI.~The candidate for recruitment will be clinical patients who underwent clinical coronary CTA within 6 months. Candidate participant selection will be performed by investigating the electronic medical record (EMR). Then the candidate participants will receive a phone screening using a questionnaire which contents are corresponding to the inclusion and exclusion criteria (which will be described later). When the candidate fulfills all the criteria and if the person gives consent, the investigators will recruit the person into this study. The written consent will be obtained at the MRI preparation room from one of the study team members. The consent to use the previously scanned coronary CTA is obtained at the same time of consent for the MRI, although the investigators do not include the clinical CTA acquisition into this study protocol because it is a routine clinical care that performed previously.~Before the MRI scanning, the participant will get blood pressure measurement to confirm the systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥110 mmHg, which is an inclusion criteria for a sublingual nitro tablet be administered to the participant in advance to the MRI. Sublingual nitro tablet administration is aimed to dilate the coronary artery, which is a routine procedure in coronary CTA as well. When the SBP was <110 mmHg, then the participant will not receive the sublingual nitro. The participant will undergo non-contrast cardiac MRI, including non-contrast whole heart MRI with T2-prepared segmented fast low-angle shot 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence with ECG-gating, diaphragm navigator-gating, and fat suppression. All the scans will be performed with a 3 Tesla Vantage Galan scanner (Canon Medical systems). After the acquisition, the MRI data will be reconstructed and then undergo post-processing denoising. The DICOM images will be anonymized and stored in a folder for this study inside Hopkins network.~The MRCA and CTA image assessment will be performed from anonymized images on workstations with suitable function.
Magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) has its advantage in its ability to assess the coronary artery morphology without radiation or contrast media. The clinical application of MRCA is still challenging mainly because of technical limitations such as: its time-consuming image acquisition, inconsistent image quality, and low spatial resolution. Optimization of MRCA image acquisition method is in progress and compressed sensing (CS) with post-processing (de-noising) by deep learning reconstruction (DLR) is promising to solve these problems.~The lack of a consensus method to assess the coronary stenosis on MRCA is another issue. Generally, a stenosis in MRCA is observed as a signal intensity (SI) drop along the artery compared to the healthy segments. A previous study has reported from its comparison of MRCA with coronary angiography (CAG) that the SI drop of 35% in MRCA stenosis lesion corresponded to the significant stenosis in CAG. Although this SI drop phenomenon was not observed in a different study on chronic total obstruction cases. One of the hypothesized reasons is that the SI drop in MRCA is affected not only by the stenosis severity but also the plaque characteristics, which is not assessable by CAG. To investigate this hypothesis coronary CTA is needed, which is a robust modality to assess coronary stenosis and plaque characteristics. Comparison between MRCA with CTA has the potential to give better information for developing a robust method to assess MRCA.~In this study, the investigators aim to evaluate the feasibility of MRCA scanned with optimized protocol and post-processing, and to develop robust coronary artery assessment method on MRCA, by comparison with clinical coronary CTA.