Local anesthesia is an essential procedure in the comprehensive treatment of pediatric patients. In the treatment of subjects with dental disease and infection, local anesthesia is commonly required when performing operative procedures. The use of local anesthesia serves two main purposes: (i) enables the patient to remain free of discomfort during the sometimes painful procedure and (ii) permits the practitioner to complete the procedure without fear of hurting the patient which might otherwise impede the practitioner's ability to provide comprehensive care. However, patients are often fearful of local anesthesia because traditional preparations of local anesthesia are acidic and can be painful. Thus, an important advance in the areas of subject management and pain control during operative procedures would be a preparation of local anesthesia that significantly reduced the pain upon injection. A 2010 Cochrane Review found that adjusting the pH of lidocaine with sodium bicarbonate reduced the pain of injection for both adults and children. In this study, we will compare two local anesthetic preparations, a buffered anesthetic and the conventionally available anesthetic, for pain upon injection.~The study will test a local anesthetic buffering system, the Onset system, an FDA Class 1 compounding device manufactured by Onpharma Inc. It is a simple and portable local anesthesia buffering system that compounds anesthetic solution and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate neutralizing additive solution in a precise manner that brings the anesthetic solution up to human physiologic pH. Commercially available local anesthetics have a low pH to allow for prolonged shelf life, and to keep the anesthetic molecules in solution. The combination of a buffering sodium bicarbonate agent and local anesthetic has been reported to result in pain-free injections for both adults and children. The neutralizing additive solution is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in water. pH is adjusted with carbon dioxide. Sodium Bicarbonate Inj., 8.4% USP Neutralizing Additive Solution (NDC Code 509-100-03) and Lidocaine w/ Epinephrine are compatible. Sodium bicarbonate is used in medicine and dentistry as regularly as saline, and pre-dates the FDA. It is commercially available and currently being used by health professionals in the U.S.A.~The local anesthetic used in the study will be 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 ppm epinephrine, part of the amide family of local anesthetics. It has been widely used in dentistry and medicine and has long-standing proven records of safety.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of buffered local anesthesia injections to numb the gums and teeth during dental treatment. Adjusting the pH of lidocaine with sodium bicarbonate may reduce the pain of injection for both adults and children. In this study, the investigators will compare two local anesthetic preparations, a buffered anesthetic and the conventionally available anesthetic, for pain upon injection.~Hypothesis: Anesthetic buffered to physiologic pH will result in a less painful injection compared to the acidic alternative used in most dental offices. This can be demonstrated by comparing two local anesthetic preparations, a buffered anesthetic and the conventionally available anesthetic, for pain upon injection.