Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD1. After the publication of the dialysis outcome quality initiative guidelines, endovascular interventions gradually replaced surgical revisions as the primary treatment of dysfunctional dialysis access2. Although percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) can achieve a high success rate, recurrent stenosis and thrombosis are usually inevitable3, 4. As a result, repeated interventions are required and cause a substantial financial burden on the health care system. Intimal hyperplasia at the outflow vein is the most common cause of vascular access dysfunction5. Thrombosis may develop secondary to outflow venous stenosis, but it can also develop without underlying anatomic abnormalities6.~Thrombosis is the most common cause of secondary vascular access failure (i.e., failure of functioning vascular access) and is associated with luminal stenosis in 60% to 80% of cases. However, because 20% to 40% of cases of access thrombosis occur in the absence of stenosis, and because not all stenotic accesses thrombose, other factors must contribute to access thrombosis.7 Among other factors, low-flow states secondary to low BP have been proposed to precipitate access thrombosis.8 These putative causes of access thrombosis make intuitive sense, but few studies have actually examined these factors in a systematic manner.~The relation between blood pressure and access thrombosis is complex. Very few studies have addressed on this issue. Unlike in the general population, blood pressure is not linearly associated with adverse outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Traditionally, high blood pressure is a well-known risk factors of intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Nonetheless, lower BP may also lead to decreased access blood flow, which has been shown to independently predict subsequent access thrombosis.9 In addition to the static component of blood pressure, blood pressure variability (BPV) is closely associated with adverse outcomes in patients with or at risk of vascular disease than 'usual' BP.10 They may play a causal role in the progression of organ damage and in triggering vascular events. BPV is categorized as either long or short term, based on the time interval over which it is considered.11 Long term BPV is usually measured as visit-to-visit BPV and can be considered in intervals of days, weeks or months. In the dialysis patients, the long term BPV is typically defined on the basis of BP measurements taken at the start of hemodialysis treatment (inter-dialytic BPV). Short-term BPV is usually measured by ambulatory BP monitoring or during specified short-time intervals. Among dialysis patients, short-term BPV can be considered in terms of variability that occurred during hemodialysis treatment (intra-dialytic BPV).~4 BP variability is known to be increased in patients with ESRD.12 Among patients undergoing hemodialysis, potential causes of high BP variability such as baroreceptor dysfunction, aortic stiffness, and variations in intravascular volume, as well as plausible outcomes such as cerebral small-vessel disease, cerebral hemorrhage, and cardiac sudden death are increased compared to the general population.13, 14 Therefore, increased BP variability may provide a potential explanation for access thrombosis among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Currently, only one study by Cheung et al has focused on the effect of BP variability. Lower pre-and post- dialysis SBP is associated with a higher rate of access thrombosis, consistent with previous studies.15, 16 More importantly, intradialytic hypotension is also a risk factor for access thrombosis and may account for some of the 20% to 40% of cases without obvious structural abnormalities.16 Nonetheless, most access thrombotic events did not occur during the dialysis session. It remained unclear if inter-dialysis BP variability is also a risk factor for vascular access thrombosis. The answer to these queries is of therapeutic relevance because the achievement of the recommended target BP in dialysis patients may be associated with higher rates of inter- or intra-dialytic hypotension.17 Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the effect of intra-dialysis BPV, inter-dialysis BPV, and intra-dialysis hypotension on thrombosis of hemodialysis vascular access.We also aimed to evaluate the determinants of BPV in hemodialysis patients, including medication, frailty, fluid status and autonomic function. The impact of autonomic function and frailty on the outcomes of vascular access and cardiovascular events will be evaluated as well.
Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD. Thrombosis is the most common cause of secondary vascular access failure Although intimal hyperplasia at the outflow vein is the most common cause of thrombosis, 20-40% of thrombosis may develop secondary without underlying anatomic abnormalities. Low-flow states secondary to low BP have been proposed to precipitate access thrombosis. In previous studies, lower pre- and post- dialysis SBP are associated with a higher rate of access thrombosis. Nonetheless, high blood pressure is also a well-known risk factor for arteriosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and thrombotic vascular events. In dialysis patients, the relation between blood pressure and thrombosis seems to be more complex, and few studies have delineated the effect of blood pressure in a systematic manner.~In addition to the static component of blood pressure, blood pressure variability (BPV) is increasingly accepted as a novel risk factors for vascular disease. BPV is categorized as either long or short term. In dialysis patients, long-term BPV is typically defined on the basis of BP measurements taken at the start of hemodialysis (inter-dialysis BPV); short-term BPV is usually considered in terms of variability during hemodialysis (intra-dialysis BPV). BP variability is increased in ESRD patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, only one study by Cheung et al focused on intra-dialytic BPV, which found intradialytic hypotension to be a risk factor for access thrombosis. Nonetheless, access thrombotic events rarely occur during the dialysis session. It remained unclear that if inter-dialysis BPV is a more relevant factor for access thrombosis. Answer to this question is of clinical significance because the optimal BP target after PTA remained unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BP variability on the outcomes of hemodialysis vascular access, major cardiovascular events in maintenance hemodialysis patients. We also aimed to evaluate the determinants of BPV in hemodialysis patients, including medication, frailty, fluid status and autonomic function. The impact of autonomic function and frailty on the outcomes of vascular access and cardiovascular events will be evaluated as well.