Rationale: Cardiac surgery relieves symptoms and increases life expectancy in cardiac patients, with and without congenital heart disease (CHD). However, cardiac surgery involves many risks of complications, such as bleeding, arrhythmias, and death. Right ventricular failure is another complication, contributing to poor clinical outcome. This clinical syndrome is often difficult to treat and is characterized by edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, oliguria, hypotension, and in severe cases shock, multi organ failure and death.~Patients at increased risk for developing post operative right ventricular failure are those with CHD or with mitral valve lesions, because of their elevated afterload. Other clinical factors contributing to right ventricular failure are mechanical pulmonary ventilation, pre-existing pulmonary hypertension and cardiac surgery. Right ventricular failure due to cardiac surgery is caused by the cardiopulmonary bypass, by reperfusion with high partial pressures of oxygen, air embolism, and the release of cytokines. The endothelin-1 cytokine release during cardiac surgery induces vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles resulting in right ventricular afterload elevation. Therefore, we hypothesize that treating patients with an endothelin-1 receptor antagonist will improve clinical outcome, measured by aerobic capacity (peak V'O2), by decreasing right ventricular afterload peri-operatively.~Objective: To investigate whether an endothelin-1 receptor antagonist improves aerobic capacity (peak V'O2) in adults with CHD or with mitral valve lesions who undergo cardiac surgery.~Study design: A prospective randomized open label assessment with blinded end-points (PROBE-design). Total duration of the study is 18 weeks with 6 weeks pre-operative and 12 weeks post-operative treatment with bosentan.~Study population: Adults with CHD who undergo cardiac surgery and patients undergoing mitral valve surgery in the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam. Patients will be randomized six weeks before surgery. The study will continue until 12 weeks postoperatively.~Intervention: The treatment group receives a starting dose of 62.5 mg tablet bosentan twice daily for four weeks followed by 125 mg tablet of bosentan twice daily two weeks prior to and 12 weeks after surgery. The other group receives no study medication.~Main study parameters/endpoints: 1) on the intensive care unit a) hemodynamics b)Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and c) hours of hospitalization 2) at discharge the right ventricular function (assessed by transthoracic echocardiography) 3) six weeks post-operatively a) clinical condition with exercise capacity (peak V'O2) b) right ventricular function (assessed by transthoracic echocardiography) c) the quality of life 4) twelve weeks post-operatively a) right ventricular function (assessed by transthoracic echocardiography) b) differences in clinical status and symptoms
Cardiac surgery relieves symptoms and increases life expectancy in cardiac patients, with and without congenital heart disease (CHD). However, cardiac surgery involves many risks of complications, such as bleeding, arrhythmias, and death.Right ventricular failure is another complication, contributing to poor clinical outcome. Right ventricular failure is a clinical syndrome, often difficult to treat, characterized by edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, oliguria, hypotension, and in severe cases shock, multi organ failure and death. Patients with CHD and patients with mitral valve lesions are suspected to be at increased risk for developing right ventricular failure post-operatively. In addition, other clinical factors contributing to right ventricular failure are mechanical pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary hypertension and cardiac surgery. Right ventricular failure during cardiac surgery is caused by the cardiopulmonary bypass by reperfusion with high partial pressures of oxygen, air embolism, and the release of cytokines. The endothelin-1 cytokine induces vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles resulting in right ventricular afterload elevation. Treating patients with an endothelin-1 receptor antagonist might improve clinical outcome post operatively by decreasing right ventricular afterload