Acute renal failure (ARF) is an important complication after cardiac surgery that has a prevalence ranging between 5 and 30%. In addition, the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been well correlated with poorer outcomes after cardiac surgery. These factors have been demonstrated to be associated with increased morbidity, mortality, as well as consuming limited health care resources.~Despite the identification of certain higher risk determinants such as emergency surgery, valvular surgery, preoperative creatinine level, diabetes, increasing age, obesity, and peripheral vascular disease, interventions to decrease postoperative ARF in these patients have been limited. Agents that have been successful in other settings, such as N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam, have shown no difference in clinical outcomes of ARF when tested in randomized clinical trials in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Although prophylactic hemodialysis has been shown to be effective for patients with underlying severe kidney disease, this is clearly a resource intensive therapy that may not be practical as a general prophylaxis strategy.~The use of sodium bicarbonate has shown efficacy in reducing the incidence of ARF due to contrast-induced nephropathy in those patients with moderate, stable renal dysfunction. The postulated mechanism of renal protection has been described through the prevention of free radical generation and damage. The generation of a higher renal proximal tubule pH with bicarbonate therapy may slow down the superoxide-generating Haber-Weiss reaction, limiting the formation of free radical oxidants. In addition, sodium bicarbonate may be directly scavenging reactive oxygen species generated from nitric oxide, at a physiologic pH.~If it is presumed that initiation and extension of ischemic renal injury occurs during cardiac surgery via oxidant injury, the use of sodium bicarbonate to disrupt this process could possibly be an effective therapeutic option to prevent ARF.~The objective of this study is to evaluate the renal protective effect of near-isotonic sodium bicarbonate as compared to sodium chloride when given as prophylaxis to patients with chronic kidney disease prior to non-emergent surgery involving the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.~Our hypothesis is that bicarbonate therapy may disrupt ischemia-induced, oxidant-mediated injury and this may prevent the propagation of renal damage. These events may be demonstrated clinically by a reduced incidence of ARF following surgery, decreased requirements for renal replacement therapy after surgery, and improved survival both perioperatively and in a longer-term follow up.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether sodium bicarbonate is effective in reducing kidney injury that may occur during cardiac surgery.