Background / justification Exercise training and diet interventions can influence the chronic low-grade inflammatory state common among people with SCI. However, little is known about mechanisms underlying such changes. In SCI, changes in cytokines reflecting an inflammatory state are observed after long-term exercise training and diet interventions. After a single exercise bout, mixed results in cytokine responses have been observed, while the effects of a single meal on cytokines responses have never been studied in SCI. As indicated by research in other clinical populations, changes in immune cell count and immunephenotyping may precede and underlie changes in an inflammatory state. Given immunological changes post-SCI, this hypothesis needs to be tested in people with SCI.~Similarly, very little is known about exercise-induced changes in cognitive function in people with SCI, despite the improvements found in other clinical populations. One mechanism potentially underlying the effects of exercise on cognition, is an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been observed in able-bodied people after a single bout of exercise Given cerebrovascular changes and potential cognitive dysfunction post-SCI this hypothesis needs to be tested in people with SCI.~Exercise training has also been identified as a potential strategy for improving mental health in adults with SCI who on average report poorer mental health than adults without disabilities However, little is known about mechanisms underlying positive effects of exercise on mental health of people with SCI. It is not clear whether a single standardised exercise bout immediately leads to improvements in affect and perceived stress, and if positive effects of a single exercise bout are mediated by reductions in neuropathic pain Additionally, exercise has been reported to be effective in the alleviation of other types of pain commonly experienced by people with SCI, for example musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. Conducting an exercise intervention in accordance with validated international SCI exercise guidelines for improving cardiometabolic health will not only allow us to determine the effects of the guidelines on MSK and NP pain, but also identify potential mechanisms by which exercise reduces pain.~Taken together, SCI pilot data is needed to gain support for the inclusion of the above-described outcomes in long-term exercise training or diet intervention studies (e.g. RCTs). Such evidence is needed to understand how exercise training and diet interventions for people with SCI can be maximally effective. Ultimately, this will allow clinicians, sports practitioners and dieticians to provide better advice to people with SCI, and provide people with SCI with the opportunity to make evidence-based health choices.~Purpose and objectives~The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the immediate effects of a single exercise session or a typical unhealthy meal on inflammation, immune cell count/phenotyping, brain function, pain, affect and perceived stress in people with SCI. Specific objectives are to compare the effects of a 30-min upper-body arm crank exercise session at 60% peak oxygen uptake or a high fat/high carbohydrate meal from a fast-food chain to a control condition in which participants sit quietly for 30 minutes. Outcomes selected will be:~inflammation (measurement and function of cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha)~immune cell count/phenotyping (cell numbers per ml blood and percentage total leukocytes for monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, B cells and natural killer cells)~brain function (task-switching test, Stroop test and BDNF]~neuropathic pain (Neuropathic Pain Scale distinguishing 10 neuropathic pain qualities)~- Musculoskeletal pain (Musculoskeletal Pain Scale measuring 2 dimensions of musculoskeletal pain qualities)~affect (Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal Scale)~Research design Given the novelty of this topic and pilot nature of this study, a case series study design is most appropriate: it will reduce the burden and cost of recruiting a relatively large group of people with SCI, while maximizing insight into intra-individual responses [Published case series of individuals with SCI typically include 5--10 cases This case series study will include 4 research visits on 4 separate days taking place across two weeks with a minimum of 48 h between days. After receiving the written informed consent via email or mail (see the sections on recruitment and obtaining consent below), the participant will be invited for the first visit: a screening/familiarisation visit. This first visit is followed by (in randomized order): an exercise trial day, a diet trial day and a control trial day. Further details on inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, recruitment and study procedures are provided in the sections below.~Statistical analysis Group descriptives (median, interquartile range, mean, standard deviation) will be calculated for all participant characteristics, outcome measures at the different time points, and the absolute and relative change in outcomes measures across the different time points.~Data will be further analyzed at both the group level and the individual level. At the group level, ANOVA or non-parametric equivalent (subject to the distribution of the data) will be conducted to test whether outcomes change across the different time points and whether these changes are different from those observed in the control condition. At the individual level, data will be plotted for each participant to examine changes across the different time points on each trial day. Where necessary, further insight into individual patterns is gained by visualizing data
The purpose of this study is to examine the immediate effects of a single exercise session or a high fat/high carbohydrate meal on the physical and mental health of people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Specifically, we want to better understand the responses in people with SCI when they conduct exercise or eat an unhealthy meal, when looking at inflammation levels, the number and function of immune cells, brain function, pain and how one feels (affect). If we can understand these responses, then clinicians, sports practitioners and dieticians can provide better advice to people with SCI.