Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States. People living with sickle cell disease have numerous complications that cause significant morbidity and mortality such as painful episodes of vasoocclusion, acute chest syndrome, stroke, end organ damage, and early death. Unfortunately, their lifespan remains markedly shorter than the general population and this had not dramatically changed in the last 2 decades. Adults, are now not dying primarily from infections and sickle cell disease related complications, but cardiopulmonary disease is a leading cause of death. The etiology of cardiopulmonary disease in sickle cell disease is unclear but studies suggest that microvascular hypoxia, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction play a major role in the pathogenesis. In the general population, exercise reduces cardiovascular complications, pulmonary exacerbations, and decreases cardiovascular death. However, exercise used as primary or secondary prevention in sickle cell disease for cardiopulmonary disease has not been explored. Evidence shows that exercise in sickle cell disease can decrease oxidative stress, lower blood viscosity, and increase nitric oxide levels in both human and mouse models, but there remains some concern that high-intensity training in sickle cell disease may trigger vaso-occlusive crisis and adverse outcomes. However, multiple recent studies show that moderate intensity exercise can be safely performed in adults with sickle cell disease. Currently, providers lack evidence-based knowledge to inform the quantity and quality of regular exercise training that is safe but also improves cardiovascular outcomes in sickle cell disease. In addition, data does not exist on the feasibility and adherence of home-based training regimens in adults with sickle cell disease. Only one study has explored the feasibility and adherence in children. This study will be a qualitative assessment of potential interventions of exercises in adults with sickle cell anemia, only including the more severe genotypes of sickle cell disease.
The purpose of this study is to assess the potential interventions of exercises in adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and cardiopulmonary disease; only including the more severe genotypes of sickle cell disease.