Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired arterial function and high incidence of cardiovascular events. Metformin and most recent antidiabetic groups of drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors, were in previous studies shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Until now, direct effect of empagliflozin on arterial function and its comparison to metformin was not studied yet.~Aim: The aim of the present study is to explore and compare potential direct effects of empagliflozin and metformin on arterial functional and structural arterial wall characteristics in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.~Methods: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are randomized into four groups: 1) empagliflozin (25 mg daily), 2) metformin (2000 mg daily), 3) combination (empagliflozin 25 mg daily and metformin 2000 mg daily) and 4) control (placebo). At inclusion and after 12 weeks treatment, arterial function is assessed: endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), reactive hyperemia index (RHI)) and arterial stiffness (carotid pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and common carotid artery stiffness (β-stiffness)).~Background:~Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia causing chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among the microvascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy are included. Macrovascular complications include atherosclerotic brain-vascular disease, coronary disease and peripheral arterial disease. Chronic complications of diabetes pose a greater risk of disability, development of blindness, renal failure, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, a good glycemic control is crucial to protect the patients from the development of chronic complications. In this regard, glycemic control is of primary importance, as well as the choice of treatment that can further improve the functioning of the arteries and thus protect against the onset of cardiovascular damage or complications.~For the treatment of hyperglycemia patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin. Some oral anti-diabetics have been found to improve glycemic control, reduce insulin consumption (the total daily insulin dose), and also protect against the development of cardiovascular complications. Such effects have been shown in clinical studies for metformin. The latter improved from endothelium-dependent relaxation of the arteries and reduced insulin resistance, but most studies were performed in patients with type 2 diabetes and studies in type 1 diabetes are limited.~A novel group of oral antidiabetics are SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin, reduce glucose reabsorption in proximal kidney tubules and increase glucose excretion through urine. Most of the previous studies on the efficacy of empagliflozin basic antidiabetic activity and additional effects have been performed in patients with type 2 diabetes. They were shown to improve glyceamia control and also reduced blood pressure body weight. In patients with type 1 diabetes, favorable effects of empagliflozin on the reduction of arterial wall stiffness and blood pressure reduction were observed, but no systematic studies were performed yet and the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects are not known yet.~Methods:~Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients are being recruited. The patients are equally randomized into 4 groups that receive one of the three drugs in addition to insulin. The groups were as follows: 1) empagliflozin group (receiving 25 mg daily), 2) metformin group (receiving 2000 mg daily), combination group (receiving empagliflozin 25 mg daily and metformin 2000 mg daily) and 4) control group (receiving placebo). The duration of the study period is 12 weeks. All subjects are voluntarily participating in this study. The study was approved by the National Medical Ethics Committee of Slovenia.~At the beginning of the study, a complete history and full medical examination of each patient are performed. At inclusion to the study and after 12 weeks of treatment, arterial function measurements are performed, comprising of i) measurements of endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), reactive hyperemia index (RHI)); and ii) measurements of arterial stiffness (carotid artery pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and common carotid artery stiffness (β-stiffness)). Additionally, venous blood samples are obtained at the beginning and at the end of the study period. Automated sphygmomanometer is used for blood pressure measurements. Ultrasound measurements are obtained on Aloka ProSound alpha7 machine with integrated high resolution eTracking system. Endothelial function, by means of brachial artery FMD, was assessed in accordance to the current guidelines. Reactive hyperemia index is measured using Endopat 2000 device (Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel), while cfPWV is obtained using SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia) with SphygmoCor CvMS software (version 9).
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired arterial function and high incidence of cardiovascular events. Metformin and most recent antidiabetic groups of drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors, were in previous studies shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Until now, direct effect of empagliflozin on arterial function and its comparison to metformin was not studied yet.~Aim: The aim of the present study is to explore and compare potential direct effects of empagliflozin and metformin on arterial functional and structural arterial wall characteristics in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.~Methods: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are randomized into four groups: 1) empagliflozin (25 mg daily), 2) metformin (2000 mg daily), 3) combination (empagliflozin 25 mg daily and metformin 2000 mg daily) and 4) control (placebo). At inclusion and after 12 weeks treatment, arterial function is assessed: endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), reactive hyperemia index (RHI)) and arterial stiffness (carotid pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and common carotid artery stiffness (β-stiffness)).