Chronic blood pressure reduction due regular exercise seems to result from the sum of the acute decreases that follows each exercise bout (i.e., post-exercise hypotension), a physiological effect associated with chronic blood pressure reduction that may predict the extent of blood pressure lowering after chronic training interventions. Based on this, the same weekly amount of exercise performed more frequently, splitting the total overload into multiple sessions, could be more beneficial for blood pressure control. Although physical exercise guidelines suggest a total weekly volume in minutes (i.e., 150 minutes per week), it's unclear if the same amount of exercise performed in different weekly frequencies could induce different blood pressure responses. In addition, other important cardiovascular risk factors such as glycemic levels can also be influenced by exercise frequency. Reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin is associated with exercise frequency in diabetic patients, reinforcing the relevance to compare exercise interventions using different weekly training frequencies.~The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of a combined exercise program performed four versus two times per week on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and older individuals with hypertension. The main outcome is the change from baseline to 12 weeks of follow-up in 24-h, daytime, nighttime systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin between the intervention groups. Secondary outcomes are the difference between mean change in endothelial function, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and quality of life. We anticipate that at 12 weeks, combined exercise program, performed four or two times per week with equalized weekly volume/overload, will improve all outcomes in comparison to the baseline values and these improvements in blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin will be more pronounced in four times per week group when compared with two times per week group.~This study will be a randomized, parallel group, two-arm, superiority trial. Ninety-eight participants aged 50-80 years with a previous physician diagnosis of hypertension will be randomized to perform two or four sessions per week of combined training using the same total weekly overload. Primary outcomes will be 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin; secondary outcomes will be endothelial function, physical fitness and quality of life. The outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at the end of 12 weeks period.
Combined training is a cornerstone intervention to improve functionality and to reduce blood pressure in older adults with hypertension. Acute blood pressure lowering after exercise seems to predict the extent of blood pressure reduction after chronic training interventions. Based on that, the same weekly amount of exercise performed more frequently could be more beneficial to blood pressure management. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of a combined exercise program performed four versus two times per week on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in older individuals with hypertension.