It is known that the gluten-containing grains can be responsible for human diseases related to gluten exposure. These forms of gluten intolerance represent a heterogeneous set of conditions, including celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA) and not celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), that combined seems to affect about 5-10% of the general population. NCGS is the most recent gluten-related disease. It is characterized by intestinal (i.e. irritable bowel syndrome, bloating, dyspepsia) and extra-intestinal symptoms (i.e. fatigue, headache, numbness, mental confusion) related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects in whom either celiac disease or wheat allergy previously has been excluded. However, as it is not known what component of the cereals causes the symptoms in NCGS patients, the investigators prefer the label of Not-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Typically, the NCWS diagnosis is made by exclusion. In fact, in previous studies the investigators showed that patients self-reporting gastrointestinal symptoms related to wheat ingestion, could suffer not only from CD or WA, but from small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or inflammatory bowel diseases also. Furthermore, similarly to CD, the investigators had demonstrated that NCWS may be associated with other autoimmune disease (i.e. Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Among these autoimmune conditions, in our daily out clinic work, the investigators have observed an association between self-reported NCWS and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most frequent hereditary autoinflammatory disease, characterized by self-limited recurrent attacks of fever and serositis, resulting in pain in the abdomen, chest, joints and muscles. FMF is caused by mutations in MEFV gene, which encodes pyrin. Pyrin is implicated in a complex interplay with proteins involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, PYD superfamily and procaspase-1 activation, suggesting a controlling role in inflammatory response. Abdominal pain is the most frequent symptom encountered in FMF; 95% of patients report this as the main symptom during at least some of their fever episodes, while 50% cite such an 'abdominal attack' as the first symptom of their disease. Presentation of a typical abdominal attack will resemble that of 'acute abdomen'. Onset is sudden and acute, leading to rapid development of symptoms within 1-2 hours. The abdominal pain is usually diffuse throughout the entire abdomen, although in some cases it may be localized; it may be very severe in intensity. This may be accompanied by any bowel activity, ranging from constipation (most often) to diarrhoea. The intensity of symptoms and signs of an inflammatory attack in FMF will decrease spontaneously after 12-24 hours, and usually, the attack resolves over the following 48 hours. Thus, after about 3 days the patient will be symptom-free again. Furthermore, so-called incomplete abdominal attacks may occur in FMF patients. These differ from 'typical' abdominal attacks in 1 or 2 features, which may include absence of fever, absence of 'true' peritonitis and/or localisation of the abdominal pain to a single specific abdominal area, minimal change in acute phase parameters. It may be difficult to differentiate an 'incomplete' abdominal attack from other causes of abdominal pain, mainly because of its atypical presentation. Our preliminary observational data indicate that some FMF patients relate their symptoms (especially gastrointestinal) to gluten assumption, then excluding it from diet and using gluten-free products, with partial remission of gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, FMF and NCGS share some clinical features, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, arthralgia and arthritis, and tend to be commonly associated with other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, to our knowledge, a relationship between FMF and NCGS has not been previously investigated. This study has 2 major aims: 1.To evaluate the real relationship between the wheat ingestion and the gastrointestinal manifestations presented by FMF patients, self-reporting a NCWS. The study will be done after a period of gluten-free diet, administering wheat flour or placebo for 15 days. 2. To identify possible immunologic markers (histological features, expression of cytokines and other constitutive mucosal proteins from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mucosal lymphocytes) that may explain the mechanism underling FMF abdominal attack and wheat ingestion.
It is known that the gluten-containing grains can be responsible for human diseases related to gluten exposure. These forms of gluten intolerance represent a heterogeneous set of conditions, including celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA) and not celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), that combined seems to affect about 5-10% of the general population. NCGS is the most recent gluten-related disease, characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects in whom either celiac disease or wheat allergy previously has been excluded. However, as it is not known what component of the cereals causes the symptoms in NCGS patients, the investigators prefer the label of Not-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Typically, the NCWS diagnosis is made by exclusion. Furthermore, similarly to CD, the investigators had demonstrated that NCWS may be associated with other autoimmune disease (i.e. Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Among these autoimmune conditions, in our daily out clinic work, the investigators have observed an association between self-reported NCWS and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Our preliminary observational data indicate that some FMF patients relate their symptoms (especially gastrointestinal) to gluten assumption, then excluding it from diet and using gluten-free products, with partial remission of gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, FMF and NCGS share some clinical features, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, arthralgia and arthritis, and tend to be commonly associated with other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This study has 2 major aims: 1.To evaluate the real relationship between the wheat ingestion and the gastrointestinal manifestations presented by FMF patients, self-reporting a NCWS. 2. To identify possible immunologic markers that may explain the mechanism underling FMF abdominal attack and wheat ingestion.