Germline polymorphisms are inherited genetic variations present in all cells of the body. Mounting evidence has shown that genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing, transporter and targets genes are major determinants of response to drugs.~The aims of this study are to compare (i) the toxicity profile and efficacy of gemcitabine/carboplatin or docetaxel, (ii) the distribution of genes involved in docetaxel and gemcitabine pathways and (iii) to evaluate the association between pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in East Asian and Caucasian patients.~To date, most pharmacogenetic strategies are predominantly focused on the role of single genes, in the regulation of drug metabolism. However, there is clear evidence that treatment outcomes are under the control of a network of genes, each contributing to the patient's phenotype. In this study, we propose taking a global approach to include relevant candidate genes in drug pathways to evaluate the effect of polymorphisms and treatment outcomes. We have selected two commonly used chemotherapy regimens based on our previous observation of interethnic variability in treatment outcomes and candidate polymorphisms.~By incorporating pharmacokinetic (drug level, drug elimination etc), pharmacodynamic (treatment response, survival etc) and pharmacogenetic approaches in clinical trials, it would enhance our understanding of the inter-individual variability in response and toxicity to drug treatment, and is the first step towards individualized drug treatment.
The aims of this study are:~to compare the toxicity profile and efficacy of gemcitabine/carboplatin or docetaxel in East Asian and Caucasian patients.~to determine the genotype distribution of genes involved in docetaxel and gemcitabine pathways in East Asian and Caucasian patients.~to evaluate the association between genotypes and~treatment toxicity~treatment efficacy~pharmacokinetics.