Rationale:~Long-term application of nocturnal non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients has long been controversial as study results were not unequivocal. However, in the past 7 years, with a change in ventilatory strategy, clear benefits of chronic NIV have been shown in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (CHRF), though only in stable disease. As a consequence, this so called high-intensity NIV, which is the concept of using higher positive inspiratory airway pressures (IPAP) levels than used in most of the older trials in addition to controlled ventilation with higher backup breathing frequencies aiming for maximal arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) reduction, has gained increasing attention.~However, it is unknown how high-intensity NIV works, and how to titrate the optimal IPAP and optimal backup breathing frequency. Measuring respiratory muscle activity might be a way to titrate NIV in COPD.~Objective:~The aim of the present study is to investigate whether additional titration on surface electromyography (EMG) of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles improves outcomes of chronic NIV in patients with COPD and stable CHRF in terms of better gas exchange after six weeks, lung function, patient comfort and compliance and less patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA).~Study design:~A randomized, two-armed, crossover trial comparing regular titration with additional respiratory EMG titration of NIV in stable hypercapnic COPD.~One group will be initiated on NIV according to standard care protocol. For the other group, additional EMG measures whilst on NIV will be made to titrate NIV.~Protocol Regular NIV-set up (both groups) Subjects are initiated on NIV according to our own local treatment protocol. NIV is initiated by a registered nurse of our home mechanical ventilation (HMV) centre. Effectiveness is measured with transcutaneous measurements of carbon dioxide (PtCO2).~NIV is supplied through a pressure cycled ventilator, applying both inspiratory airway pressure and expiratory airway pressure to the patient (BiPAP; Synchrony, Respironics, incorporated., Murrysville, USA). A nasal or full face mask (Mirage mask, ResMed Ltd, UK) of proper size is used. The ventilator is set in a spontaneous/ time mode (S/T), with a backup frequency. If needed O2 was added to obtain a saturation of ≥ 90%. A humidifier (HC 150 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Australia) is used if needed. In general, the nurse aims to reach a setting with high inspiratory pressures and a moderate breathing backup frequency, with good patient comfort.~Start of the study Patients will be included in the study once they is used to the mask, can sleep at least 6 hours with the ventilator and settings are set as is usual in daily clinical practice. This means that the initial NIV settings are optimized according to the results of an overnight PtCO2 and patient comfort. In daily practice, the specialized nurses of the HMV centre already aim to increase the inspiratory pressure to the highest pressure that is still comfortable for the patient, so that all patients will already be at their highest tolerable pressure.~Once patients agree to participate, a 15-minute EMG measurement is done in all patients while they are ventilated with the settings at that particular moment. Furthermore, patients are asked to complete the severe respiratory insufficiency (SRI) questionnaire.~In the nurse titrated NIV group, no additional changes are made to the ventilatory settings. In the EMG titrated NIV group, after a 15-minute EMG with the ventilatory settings set by the nurse, the nurse will decrease the backup breathing frequency set by the ventilator by steps of 2 breaths/min to 8 breaths/min (to achieve a pressure support mode of ventilation (completely triggered by the patient)) and then again up to a frequency 2 breaths/min above their spontaneous breathing frequency while on the ventilator (to achieve a controlled mode of ventilation). Each frequency will be measured for 10 minutes, so that the total titration will take about 60-80 minutes. EMG measurements will be done throughout the whole session and will be analyzed the same day. Then, the setting is chosen with the lowest EMG activity and least PVA. The next night an EMG measurement is performed at the chosen setting.~6 weeks After 6 weeks, the overnight EMG measurement is repeated in all patients. Furthermore, a nocturnal PtCO2 measurement is performed, patients are asked to rate how comfortable the patient is with the settings and are asked to fill in the SRI, lung function is assessed and the number of hours use per night is read from the ventilator counting reading. After these measurements are performed, patients are directed to the other titration arm. In patients initially titrated by the nurse, an EMG frequency titration is performed as described above. In the patients initially titrated additionally on the EMG, the investigators will reset the ventilator to the settings applied by the nurse initially.~12 weeks After 12 weeks, the nocturnal EMG measurement, the nocturnal transcutaneous CO2 measurement, the comfort score, the SRI, lung function assessment and compliance rating are repeated in all patients.
The aim of the present study is to investigate whether additional titration on surface electromyography (EMG) of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles improves the outcome of chronic non-invasive ventilation in patients with COPD and stable chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure in terms of better gas exchange after six weeks, lung function, patient comfort and compliance, and less patient ventilator asynchrony. Therefore, the investigators set up a randomized, two-armed crossover trial comparing regular titration with additional respiratory EMG titration of NIV.