Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has biological efficacy in reducing risk for HIV acquisition but its clinical effectiveness is strongly influenced by patient adherence, which is in turn influenced by social and behavioral factors. Trials conducted among serodiscordant heterosexual African couples who were engaged in supportive romantic partnerships found PrEP to be highly effective for HIV prevention. In contrast, studies with socially marginalized populations in Latin America without strong interpersonal support networks, such as transgender women (TW), found substantially lower levels of adherence and, as a result, effectiveness. We believe that new, social network-based strategies to promote PrEP adherence, coupled with behavioral interventions to minimize risk compensation, will be critical to controlling the spread of HIV among TW in Latin America.~TW in Peru are at high risk for HIV infection (30-33% HIV prevalence) and in urgent need of new approaches to prevention that adequately address HIV risk as part of their life contexts. Due to their social and economic marginalization and lack of support from traditional neighborhood and family networks, TW frequently neglect traditional approaches to HIV/STI prevention that have been developed for men who have sex with men (MSM), and report high rates of compensated sex, unprotected intercourse, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) co-infections. Despite their socially marginalized status, communities of TW in Lima are frequently connected through dense social and geographic networks that provide support outside of traditional community systems, disseminate new information and ideas, and define and maintain standards of behavior. While these social networks provide a critical framework for the dissemination and maintenance of TW community norms, they have not previously been used as a framework for HIV prevention.~We propose a social network-based PrEP adherence intervention as part of a comprehensive, context-specific approach to HIV prevention for TW in Lima, Peru. In order to be effective, PrEP-based prevention strategies need to address not only biological efficacy, but also individual behavioral decision-making processes, interpersonal partnership contexts of risk, peer norms of sexual behavior and PrEP adherence, and structural access to prevention technologies. Using a health promotion behavioral model that combines Social Action Theory with social network theories of information dissemination and collective behavior change, we propose to develop and refine a network-based intervention that promotes PrEP adherence in the existing social networks of TW. Formative research will outline individual, partner-level, and network-based contexts of sexual risk behavior, patterns of social network interactions, anticipated adoption and use of new prevention technologies, and optimal content for a PrEP adherence intervention. Findings will be used to define the elements of a prevention intervention using social networks of TW and social media technologies to generate, implement, and reinforce social norms of PrEP adherence and risk behavior reduction for TW.~Aim 1. To conduct an open evaluation of a social network-based PrEP adherence intervention for TW in Peru. The intervention will be piloted with a group of 10-15 TW recruited from a social network within a single geographic area. Using a dynamic process of implementation, refinement, and re-implementation over a 6-month period, we will assess acceptability and feasibility of specific intervention and evaluation components. Data will be used to finalize the study design, intervention manual, and quantitative assessment tools for the pilot randomized controlled trial.~Aim 2. To conduct a pilot RCT of a social network-based PrEP adherence intervention for TW in Peru. The investigators plan to enroll 6 social network clusters of TW (3 clusters per arm, recruited from 2 seeds matched from 3 geographical areas in Lima, Peru) (total N=90 TW enrolled [15 TW per cluster] to achieve at least N=60 TW completers [10 TW per cluster]) that will be randomized to participate in either the network-based PrEP adherence intervention or a control intervention. The primary outcome will be adherence to PrEP (measured via laboratory analysis of presence of detectable drug in serum, laboratory analysis of presence of detectable drug in hair, and participant self-report). The major secondary outcome will be behavioral risk compensation, specifically the degree to which participants in the two arms do or do not modify HIV risk behaviors while taking PrEP. Behavioral and biological assessments will be conducted at Baseline, 3-month, and 6-month intervals.
The investigators propose a social network-based PrEP adherence intervention as part of a comprehensive, context-specific approach to HIV prevention for TW in Lima, Peru. In order to be effective, PrEP-based prevention strategies need to address not only biological efficacy, but also individual behavioral decision-making processes, interpersonal partnership contexts of risk, peer norms of sexual behavior and PrEP adherence, and structural access to prevention technologies. Using a health promotion behavioral model that combines Social Action Theory with social network theories of information dissemination and collective behavior change, the investigators propose to develop and refine a network-based intervention that promotes PrEP adherence in the existing social networks of TW. Formative research will outline individual, partner-level, and network-based contexts of sexual risk behavior, patterns of social network interactions, anticipated adoption and use of new prevention technologies, and optimal content for a PrEP adherence intervention. Findings will be used to define the elements of a prevention intervention using social networks of TW and social media technologies to generate, implement, and reinforce social norms of PrEP adherence and risk behavior reduction for TW.