Rationale: Patients treated by chronic renal replacement therapy are exposed to cardiovascular problems and suffer from an accelerated and sever atherosclerosis. Classical risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) do not explain the full risk of CVD in the dialysis patients. Additional risk factors are therefore likely to exist. The uremic syndrome is attributed to the progressive retention of a large number of compounds, which under normal conditions are excreted by the healthy kidneys. Uremic toxins such are parathormone (PTH), vitamin D and phosphates, cause development of renal osteodystrophy (ROD), i.e. disordered calcium and phosphate metabolism. Both conditions of hyperparathyroid and adynamic bone disease (ABD) lead to an elevated calcium x phosphate product and increased vascular calcification, which might occur in intimal and medial layer of the vessel wall. It is important to consider these processes separately, as the vascular consequences (occlusion with atheromatosis and vascular stiffening through medial calcification) are different. Moreover, the difference between uremic and non-uremic intimal plaque is not the size but its composition, with markedly increased calcium content. Hence, these observations have an important socio-economic impact because of the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.~Hypothesis: We hypothesized that uremic toxins in dialysis patients influence directly and/or indirectly the development of atherosclerosis, vascular calcifications and CVD.~Objectives:~To asses the histology of arterial vessels in patients with end-stage renal failure and to evaluate its relationship with serum uremic toxins.~To determine the biochemical and clinical risk factors that might influence the development of vascular calcifications and their diagnostic performance in the assessment of CVD morbidity and mortality.~Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted at the Department of Nephrology Skopje. After the initial assessment patients will be followed for 2 years as the prospective part of the study.~Seventy-five to ninety patients will be included, during one-year period or until proposed number of patients is recruited. The study cohort will be divided to 3 subgroups: 1) patients at the initiation of dialysis therapy, 2) patients on regular dialysis treatment for a few years and 3) patients undergoing renal transplantation. During the follow-up period cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and the moment of their occurrence will be recorded, as well as the peripheral vascular diseases. Moreover, clinical, laboratory data and arterial vessel samples for histology will be collected at the moment of inclusion.~Expected outcomes: We expect the determination of high correlation coefficient between histological parameters and various uremic toxins, which are responsible for development atherosclerosis and vascular calcifications, leading to an accelerated progression of CVD in dialysis patients. This determination could help to design new preventive therapeutic tools in these patients. The result of this work will impose a positive impact on quality of life and therapeutic costs related to atherosclerosis not only in the dialysis populations but also in the pre-dialysis chronic renal failure populations and kidney transplant recipients.
Patients treated by chronic renal replacement therapy are exposed to cardiovascular problems and suffer from an accelerated and sever atherosclerosis. Classical risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) do not explain the full risk of CVD in the dialysis patients. Additional risk factors are therefore likely to exist. The uremic syndrome is attributed to the progressive retention of a large number of compounds, which under normal conditions are excreted by the healthy kidneys. Uremic toxins such are parathormone (PTH), vitamin D and phosphates, cause development of renal osteodystrophy (ROD), i.e. disordered calcium and phosphate metabolism. Both conditions of hyperparathyroid and adynamic bone disease (ABD) lead to an elevated calcium x phosphate product and increased vascular calcification, which might occur in intimal and medial layer of the vessel wall. It is important to consider these processes separately, as the vascular consequences (occlusion with atheromatosis and vascular stiffening through medial calcification) are different. Moreover, the difference between uremic and non-uremic intimal plaque is not the size but its composition, with markedly increased calcium content. Hence, these observations have an important socio-economic impact because of the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.~The investigators hypothesized that uremic toxins in dialysis patients influence directly and/or indirectly the development of atherosclerosis, vascular calcifications and CVD.