Background~The prognosis after heart transplantation (HTx) has improved considerably since the first HTx was performed in 1967. Studies from our group have shown both left and right ventricular function is affected immediately after heart transplantation, but this seems to recover to some extent over the first year. This immediate effect on the graft organ following HTx is associated with tissue ischemia and reperfusion injury causing cellular energy depletion, mitochondrial failure and subsequent apoptosis. The condition may progress into full blown primary graft failure (PGF) with a need for mechanical cardiovascular support or inotropes which is seen in 3-30 % of HTx patients. The cardiac injury will consequently increase the risk of morbidity as well as mortality. In addition to acute PGF, a chronic rejection owing to coronary arterial vasculopathy (CAV) may develop. Hence, despite advances in peritransplantation treatment and immunosuppression, PGF and CAV remain the major heart related mortality causes following HTx and additional assessment and treatments are therefore needed.~Graft rejection is diagnosed, and the severity graded based on endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) taken percutaneously through the jugular or femoral veins. These biopsies are routinely performed at our institution to ensure prober immunosuppression following HTx.1 Acute cellular rejection (ACR) may occur in approximately 25% of the patients which is associated with PGF, CAV and later chronic rejection. However, mitochondrial function and integrity may prove to be a more sensitive marker of allograft rejection. In heart failure, mitochondria density changes while function and integrity is impaired linking the failing heart to energy deprivation. Animal studies demonstrate that deterioration in total mitochondrial function precedes histopathological changes during cardiac graft rejection following HTx. Therefore, assessment of mitochondrial function following HTx may allow for earlier detection of rejection and allograft dysfunction. This may be of particular importance as emerging treatments are targeting both energy substrate supply for adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) generation produced by the mitochondria as well as mitochondrial function in the failing heart. At our institution, we have established methods to evaluate mitochondrial function in myocardial tissue, and pilot studies have demonstrated feasibility with the use of EMB. In addition, by use of non-invasive 11C-acetate positron-emission tomography (PET), we can assess myocardial external energy efficiency (MEE) calculated by the ratio of myocardial external work (EW) and oxidative metabolism (MVO2). Thus, enabling quantification of coupling between mitochondrial energy production and mechanical work.~Despite the overt association between graft dysfunction/rejection and mitochondrial function, it remains unsettled whether mitochondrial content and function associate with PGF, ACR and CAV. Such findings may be of prognostic importance and even elucidate a new treatment target.~Hypotheses~Primary graft pump function is correlated to mitochondrial function in the first myocardial biopsy taken from the donor heart during the operation~Cardiac mitochondrial function improves over the first 3 months after a heart transplantation~Heart transplant patients with moderate to severe coronary graft vasculopathy has impaired mitochondrial function~MEE can be used as a marker of mitochondrial function and chronic rejection in HTx patients~Objectives~Study 1: To examine whether primary myocardial function is related to cardiac mitochondrial function in de novo HTx patients~Study 2: To investigate whether cardiac mitochondrial function improves over time after HTx along with improvement of cardiac function~Study 3: To examine whether heart transplanted patients with chronic rejection and graft vasculopathy have impaired mitochondrial function~Study 4: To evaluate whether MEE can be used as marker of mitochondrial function and chronic rejection~Design and endpoints~Study 1: The association between cardiac and mitochondrial function following HTx~Design: Myocardial mitochondrial function analyzed from 15 HTx patients taken from the donor heart during the transplantation will be compared to EMB from 15 HTx patients at scheduled biopsies (1 or 2 years after implantation)~Study 2: Development in cardiac and mitochondrial function following HTx Design: Mitochondrial function measured at scheduled EBM follow-up (1,2,3,4,8,12 weeks and 6 months after HTx) from 24 HTx patients. These results are compared to 15 patients with biopsies performed at 1 and 2 years after HTx.~Study 3: The impact of coronary arterial vasculopathy on mitochondrial function Design: Mitochondrial function assessed at scheduled EMB follow-up visits of patients with CAV as determined by coronary angiography (scheduled procedure) 15 HTx patients CAV are compared to 15 HTx patients with without CAV.~Study 4: MEE as a non-invasive marker of mitochondrial function and allograft rejection Design: 24 HTX patients scheduled for EMB will be examined twice with 11C-acetate-PET. It is intended that we consecutively recruit patients enrolled in study 2. The first examination is performed within 3 weeks following HTx and the second examination after 6 months. Up to 4 weeks between EMB and the second 11C-acetate PET examination is accepted.~(The HTx patient cohort which is subjected to biopsies 1 and 2 years after HTx in study 3 (n=15) is reused in study 1 and 2 as a comparable cohort. Hence, a total of 69 patients are enrolled. However, it is anticipated that several patients from study 1 and are enrolled in study 2 which will decrease the total number of participants.)~Methods~Mitochondrial function will be assessed in myocardial biopsies by High-resolution respirometry and Electron microscopy~Cardiac functions is assessed by transthoracic echocardiography~Coronary Angiography is performed to assess the degree of CAV~Blood samples will be taken~In study 4, MEE will be assessed by positron emission tomography using validated kinetic methods.~Ethical considerations~The project will be carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration II. The protocol, including the written participant information and consent forms must be finally approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Central Denmark Region and .~Publication and study plan All results, whether positive, negative or inconclusive will be published in an international peer-reviewed scientific journal.~Perspectives Cellular rejection (ACR) shortly after HTx is strongly associated with the long-term development of CAV and subsequent myocardial dysfunction. As graft failure and CAV are the major long-term heart-related late mortality causes following HTx, it seems paramount to modify long-term hazards such as ACR, CAV, and graft failure to significantly improve post-transplant outcome.5 In this context mitochondrial function seems to be pivotal, hence, approaches to assess mitochondrial function in HTx patient may prove to pave the way for new follow-up algorithms and even treatment targets.
Studies have shown that cardiac function is affected immediately after heart transplantation (HTx), but seems to recover to some extent over the first year. This immediate effect is associated with lack of oxygen in the tissue and reperfusion injury causing cellular energy depletion, mitochondrial failure and cellular damage. This condition may progress into full blown primary graft failure (PGF), characterized as deterioration of the transplanted heart, which is seen in 3-30 % of HTx patients. In addition to PGF, chronic rejection owing to cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) may develop.~PGF and CAV remain the major heart related mortality causes, and additional assessment and treatments are therefore needed.~Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is diagnosed based on endomyocardial biopsies (EMB), which are routinely performed to ensure prober immunosuppression in HTx patients. ACR occur in approximately 25% of HTx patients, and is associated with PGF and CAV. However, mitochondrial function and integrity may prove to be a more sensitive marker of allograft rejection than endomyocardial biopsies. Therefore, assessment of mitochondrial function may allow for earlier detection of allograft rejection and dysfunction. This may be of particular importance as emerging treatments are targeting both energy substrate supply for adenosine-triphosphate generation produced by the mitochondria and mitochondrial function in the failing heart.~Despite the association between graft rejection and mitochondrial function, it remains unsettled whether mitochondrial function associate with PGF, ACR and CAV. Such findings may be of prognostic importance and even elucidate new treatment targets. Hence, we evaluate the mitochondrial status in HTx patients through four studies designed to assess different aspects of the interplay between cardiac function and mitochondrial integrity and function.~Hypotheses:~Study 1: Primary graft pump function is correlated to mitochondrial function in the first myocardial biopsy taken from the donor heart during the operation.~Study 2: Cardiac mitochondrial function improves over the first 3 months after a heart transplantation.~Study 3: Heart transplant patients with moderate to severe coronary graft vasculopathy has impaired mitochondrial function.~Study 4: Myocardial external energy efficiency by positron-emission tomography can be used as a marker of mitochondrial function and chronic rejection in HTx patients.