In the United States, youth 2 to 24 years of age are at high risk for bacterial meningitis infection. Despite antibiotic treatment, the mortality rate for meningitis and sepsis can reach as high as 53% caused by Neisseria meningitidis. This rate could be higher in immunocompromised individuals, such as those infected with HIV. To prevent infection, vaccination against meningitis is recommended by the CDC at ages 11, 15, and 18. The quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) is a vaccine that has been observed to elicit an appropriate immune response to N. meningitidis and was approved by the FDA in January 2005. However, to date, no studies have been done to determine the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in HIV-infected individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and immunogenicity of MCV4 in HIV-infected youth 2 to 24 years of age.~The study was originally designed for participants to be followed for 72 weeks. Participants were enrolled in three groups by age and CD4% as follows:~Group 1: Age 11 to 24 years, CD4% of 15% or higher. Enrollment was further stratified by CD4%: 15% to <25%, and >= 25%.~Group 2: Age 11 to 24 years, CD4% < 15%.~Group 3: Age 2 to 10 years, CD4% of 25% or higher.~At study entry, all study participants received one injection of MCV4 (Step 1). Participants were observed for 30 minutes post-injection to monitor for adverse events. A clinic visit was required 24 hours post-injection if the participant reported adverse events. At Week 24, participants in Group 1 who did not experience any disqualifying adverse events after the first injection were randomly assigned to receive a second injection of MCV4 or no further injections. Group 2, and Group 3 participants who had no disqualifying adverse events after the first injection received a second injection of MCV4 at Week 24 (Step 2).~There were five study visits in Steps 1 and 2; they occurred at study entry and at Weeks 4, 24, 28, and 72. At these visits, a physical exam, assessment of HIV-related symptoms, and blood collection occurred. In addition, study participants were contacted by telephone at Days 3 and 7 and Weeks 1, 6, and 25 after the first vaccination. Participants in Groups 1B and 2 who received a second injection were contacted by telephone at Weeks 30 and 48.~As of November 2010, due to data from this study (P1065) and recommendations from the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Center for Disease Control (CDC), eligible participants in Groups 1 (1A and 1B) and 3 of P1065 received a booster dose of MCV4 at approximately 3.5 years (+/- 6 months) after the initial MCV4 vaccination. Participants were then observed for 30 minutes post-injection to monitor for adverse events. Participants were also observed at Week 1 for vaccine adverse reactions.~This portion of the study (Step 3) lasted an additional 24 weeks. There were 4 study visits; they occurred at entry, at Days 7-8, and at Weeks 4 and 24. At these visits, a physical exam, assessment of HIV-related symptoms, and blood collection occurred. The purpose of this follow-up study was to determine the safety and immunogenicity of a MCV4 booster dose in HIV-infected participants who have previously received one or two MCV4 vaccinations on this study.
Bacterial meningitis infection is common in youth 2 to 24 years of age in the United States. This disease can be treated by antibiotics, but mortality rates associated with meningitis of up to 53% have been estimated. Vaccination against meningitis may be effective in preventing this disease, especially for HIV-infected youth who have weakened immune systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of and immune response to a preventive meningitis vaccine in HIV-infected youth.