Background:~Several studies had proposed to support the physical training of COPD patients with and without chronic respiratory failure (CRF), with external systems such as oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen therapy, and noninvasive ventilation, to improve performance during exercise training.~More recently, the role of music therapy has been also tested. Therapeutic-rehabilitative interventions supported by music can be considered important resources in many clinical contexts. The active and receptive approaches of music therapy (based respectively on sound-music interaction with the patient and introspection through musical listening techniques) are intended to improve relationships in terms of communication, expression, and regulation of emotions. Anyway, the use of sound and music is widely used in the rehabilitation context: music therapy in the neurological field, for example, consists of about 20 techniques that aim to improve neuromotor, and cognitive and sensory rehabilitation, as well. Some studies report the improvement of psychological (anxiety) and physiological parameters such as, for example, dyspnea, blood pressure, quality of life, sleep disturbances, etc. through voice, singing, exercise with wind instruments, and sometimes listening to music. OIn the studies conducted on patients with COPD, listening to music-staff during an exercise training session, have shown greater tolerance to high-intensity exercise demonstrated by a greater endurance time as well as listening to rhythmic music has allowed for greater exercise intensity. Furthermore, music as a distracting auditory stimulus (DAS) has been used to increase exercise and physical activity adherence and to reduce the perception of dyspnea in COPD subjects. A review of thirteen studies using DAS in 415 participants demonstrated that DAS increased exercise capacity when applied for at least 2 months of training (in most cases during walking), while the quality of life improved only after training of at least 3 months; the patient had less dyspnea using DAS during exercise, but this was not consistently observed in short-term exercise tests or the symptom management strategy at rest.~To date, there are no studies that evaluate whether a medium-term training cycle supported by music can further improve exercise tolerance in deconditioned subjects, such as patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure (CRI), in comparison to subjects performing training without music.~In the present study, music will therefore be used to support training in a group of randomized patients with COPD and CRF to improve their endurance and reduce the perception of fatigue and dyspnea with respect to patients performing the usual rehabilitation training (without music). Possible improvements in performance and related physiological parameters are expected.~Methods:~This is a multicenter RCT study with a low-risk intervention. Patients with a diagnosis of COPD, according to the Global Initiative for Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria, will be recruited for this purpose and randomly assigned to two groups: training without music (C) and training with the addition of music (MS). A single list of randomization (1:1 randomization ratio in fixed blocks of 4 (https://www.randomizer.org/) will be created by a person external to the healthcare staff.~The treatment in the two groups is reported in the intervention section. All training sessions will be supervised by a physiotherapist and the only difference between the two groups will be the music listening in the MS group other than training.~At baseline (the date of randomization), the investigators will collect clinical evaluations as follows:~Demographic and anthropometric data~Post-bronchodilator spirometry and plethysmography (Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 second, Forced Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Inspiratory Capacity). The results will be expressed as absolute values and percentages of the predicted values according to Quanjer.~Cumulative Illness Rating Score (CIRS)~At baseline and the end of the rehabilitation program, the investigators will collect:~6-minute walk test (6MWT): Borg fatigue and dyspnea scores and pulse oximetry (SpO2) will be recorded at the beginning and end of the test. The distance walked in meters, as well as the SpO2 nadir and the SpO2/heart rate (HR) ratio will be recorded at the end of the test;~Respiratory muscle strength will be evaluated through the maximum inspiratory pressures (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) using an electronic pressure gauge (Precision Medical, Northampton, PA, USA);~Strength of quadriceps muscles will be evaluated with a handheld dynamometer (Chatillon X-3328 Series; AMETEK, Inc, Berwyn, PA, USA). The maximum voluntary contraction will be expressed in kilograms;~Arterial blood gases will be evaluated on blood samples taken from the radial artery while patients, seated, breathe room air (PaO2, PaCO2, pH).~Exercise capacity will be assessed with a Constant Load Exercise Test (CLET) on a cycle ergometer. The workload will be set at 80% of the maximum workload expected by the 6MWT performed at baseline. Heart rate, saturation, blood pressure, Borg dyspnea and Borg fatigue evaluations will be recorded and tabulated at the end of each minute of the test.~At the beginning of each training session (T start) and at the end of each training session (T end) the following information will be collected:~Heart rate,~oxygen saturation (satO2),~dyspnea and muscle fatigue measured with a BORG scale (0-10).~The reasons for drop-out will be defined as follows:~Unable to sustain at least 12 sessions of training;~Poor adherence due to psychological and personal problems during training (self-discharge, personal commitment);~Exacerbation of COPD/pneumonia;~Acute events with or without premature hospital discharge;~Protocol or device rejection The Outcome measures are reported in the dedicated section. The statistical evaluation will be conducted with the STATA 11 program (StataCorp LLC). Continuous variables will be expressed as mean and standard deviation (or median and quartiles) while categorical or binary variables as a percentage.~The sample size will be calculated on the percentage of patients who will be able to achieve the MCID (Minimal Clinical Important Difference) of 30 meters at 6MWT in COPD (responders), using a frequency comparison test for independent samples (chi-square) with a = 0.05, b= 0.80. Estimating that the number of improving patients (responders) in the control group is equal to 63% while in the study group 83%, the estimated sample is 156 patients (78 per group). Therefore, 26 patients per center are assumed.~The estimation of 63% in the control group derives from a previous work on the effect of addiction of high oxygen flows during training in a similar population; while the estimation of the proportion of improvers in the study group is based on data on the time of performance with the use of music (+19%) in patients in an acute phase of disease.~Secondary analyses will be performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests to verify differences between groups in response to treatment (T-test or Wilcoxon to evaluate the difference between means or medians and chi-square test to evaluate the difference between frequencies). A secondary evaluation by logistic regression will also be performed to verify the baseline characteristics predictive of improvement in responders. A p-value <.05 will be considered significant.
Therapeutic-rehabilitative interventions supported by music can be considered important resources in many clinical contexts. Some studies report the improvement of psychological (i.e. anxiety) and physiological parameters such for example, dyspnea, blood pressure, quality of life, sleep disturbances, etc. through voice, singing, exercise with wind instruments, and sometimes listening to music. Among the various instruments proposed to support the physical training of COPD patients, music was also tested and, in particular, music as a distracting auditory stimulus (DAS) has been used to increase exercise and physical activity adherence and to reduce the perception of dyspnea in COPD subjects.~This randomized controlled trial will compare -in patients with COPD and CRF- the effects of the addiction of music to the training on exercise capacity (possible improvement of endurance and reduction of fatigue and dyspnea) with respect to the usual rehabilitation modality (no music).