Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a specific model of global ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Among all organ systems, brain is least tolerable to ischemic insult and I/R injury, which accounts for the usually poor survival and neurological outcomes in these patients even with initial success in resuscitation. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven to significantly improve the survival and neurological prognoses in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. It has been recommended as a standard therapy in the post-resuscitation care since 2002. In the past few years, NTUH and FEMH have been actively promoted the application of TH in the post-resuscitation care, and both have achieved important progress. Based on these, the investigators seek to further improve the survival and neurological outcomes in this group of patients. Among the therapies with potential additive or synergistic protective mechanisms, propofol has been extensively studied, and shown to exhibit great potentials in mitigating ischemia-reperfusion injury via the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms. As sedatives are basic requirement during TH according to technical and ethical concerns, the combination of propofol and TH is not only justified but highly anticipated. The investigators therefore seek to investigate the potentials of propofol in further improving the survival and neurological prognoses in this era of therapeutic hypothermia.~Methods: This .is a prospective, single-blinded randomized clinical trial. The inclusion criteria include: (1) non-traumatic cardiac arrest (2) no regain of consciousness after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (3) age >=20 years old and <= 90 years old. The exclusion criteria include (1) age < 20 y/o or > 90 y/o (2) pregnancy (3) traumatic cardiac arrest (4) fail to achieve ROSC (5) conscious recovery after ROSC (6) contraindications for TH, such as massive bleeding, infections, etc (7) terminal diseases (8) conscious disturbance before cardiac arrest (9) fail to obtain informed consent (10) families refuse to undergo clinical trial. The study will be divided to two groups: (1) Lorazepam group: lorazepam infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/hr during TH. (2) Propofol group: propofol infusion at a rate of 3 mg/kg/hr during TH. The primary endpoints will be (1) survival (2) neurological outcomes as indicated by cerebral performance category (CPC) scale. The secondary endpoints include (1) 99mTc ECD scan (perfusion and viability), (2) clinical and EEG evidences of seizure. The blood pressure and heart rate will continuously monitored during TH and propofol/lorazepam infusion.~Expected Results: (1) Test if propofol further improves the survival and neurological outcomes in post-CPR patients undergoing TH (2) Test if propofol further improves cerebral perfusion and neuron viability in post-CPR patients undergoing TH (3) Test if propofol reduces the incidence and severity of seizures post-CPR, (4) Test if propofol significantly influence hemodynamics when combined with TH Clinical Implications: Propofol is a clinically available sedative agent. If this trial demonstrates that propofol further improves the survival and neurological outcomes in post-resuscitation patients undergoing TH, it would become an important evidence justifying implementation in clinical practice
Therapeutic hypothermia has been proven to significantly improve the survival and neurological prognoses in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Propofol has been reported to exhibit potentials in mitigating ischemia-reperfusion injury via the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms. This study is to investigate the potentials of propofol in further improving the survival and neurological prognoses in this era of therapeutic hypothermia.