INTRODUCTION Geltrude Mingrone,Simona Panunzi, Andrea De Gaetano, Caterina Guidone, Celestino Pio Lombardi, Marco Raffaelli,Rocco Bellantone Departments of Internal Medicine, Surgery and Biomathematics of the Catholic University of Rome, Italy~The overall prevalence of grade 2 and 3 adult obesity (BMI> 35 kg/m2) derived from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) exceeded 15% and grade 3 obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) accounted for 6.3% (1). The dietary approach is modestly satisfactory in the short term and weight regain is practically the rule in the long run as a consequence of the scarce compliance to the diet shown by the obese subjects. In fact, in a recent study (2) where different types of diets were assigned to a population of overweight and obese subjects (BMI from 25 to 40 kg/m2), an average of 6 kg, corresponding to 7% of the initial body weight, was lost in the first 6 months, but the weight was regained after 1 year and at 2 years, only 31-37% of the participants had lost 5% of their initial weight.~Bariatric surgery has long been recognized as an effective treatment for grade 3 or grade 2 obesity associated with complications (3) and, accordingly, the number of bariatric operations in the United States is growing over time from ca. 10,000 in the early 1990s to 103,000 in 2003 (4).~Bariatric surgery allows to type 2 diabetes remission (5,6) while improving several other serious comorbidities (7). Among the bariatric surgical procedures, roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) was shown to account for 41% of all bariatric operations at least in the United Sates (8). Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), that was conceived as the first step before performing a RYGB or a biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch in patients who were super-obese (9), has recently emerged as a new restrictive bariatric procedure (10). It was noticed that SG determines a weight loss similar to that achieved after RYGB (11) and larger than that following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (12,13).~Reactive hypoglycemia is a late complication of RYGB although it seems to occur also after SG.~After RYGB insulin secretion is enhanced early after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (14) or a meal (15,16) and might explain the later reactive hypoglycemia. An increasing number of reports highlight the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia after RYGB including neuroglycopenia that is attributed to nesidioblastosis (17-20). Roslin et al (21) found that 72%, i.e. 26 out of 36 patients operated of RYGB 6 months earlier, had reactive hypoglycemia at 2 hours after an OGTT (100 g of glucose), which was defined as an absolute serum glucose level ≤60 mg/dL, or a drop of 100 mg/dL in serum glucose level in 1 h.~As compared with RYGB, SG seems to have a much lower occurrence of reactive hypoglycemia, ca. 3%, i.e. 1 out of 31 patients studied at 6 weeks after the operation (22).~Fortunately, the frequency of severe hypoglycemia or related symptoms requiring hospitalization after RYGB is pretty low, the adjusted hazard ratios were in fact 2.7 for hypoglycemia, 2.8 for confusion, 4.9 for syncope, 3.0 for epilepsy and 7.3 for seizures (23) in a Swedish cohort study based on national registries with 5,040 operated persons (23).~However, until now no prospective studies have investigated the incidence of hypoglycemia after RYGB nor randomized studies have been undertaken to compare the effect of SG to that of RYGB in terms of incidence of hypoglycemic episodes.~The primary aim of the present study is to conduct a 1-year randomized trial to compare the incidence of hypoglycemia after RYGB or SG.~STUDY OBJECTIVE~Primary objective The primary objective of the study is to verify whether SG decrease the percentage of patients presenting with reactive hypoglycemia with respect to RYGB within 1 years after the bariatric operation.~Secondary objectives~To quantify the relative contribution of changes in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measured after an OGTT to the glycemic effect of bariatric surgery and to determine if differences exist between the two surgical treatments.~To determine whether treatment is associated with body weight, BMI and abdominal circumference loss and with body composition, as assessed by DEXA, as well as with lipid profile and cardiovascular system abnormalities.~To assess the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia or related symptoms (shakiness, sweating, dizziness or light-headedness, confusion, difficulty speaking, weakness, confusion, syncope, epilepsy, seizures) within 5 years after the operation and determine whether SG decrease its incidence.~EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Study End-points~Primary End-point The Primary Endpoint of the study is the incidence reactive hypoglycemia at 1 year after the bariatric surgery.~Secondary End-points~Changes at 1 year of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measured after an OGTT.~Changes at 1 year of body weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, body composition, lipid profile and cardiovascular system abnormalities.~the incidence of severe hypoglycemia or related symptoms (shakiness, sweating, dizziness or light-headedness, confusion, difficulty speaking, weakness, confusion, syncope, epilepsy, seizures) within 5 years after the operation.~Experimental plan This is a monocentric prospective controlled randomized clinical trial designed to investigate if the SG reduces the incidence of reactive hypoglycemia with respect to RYGB within 1 years after the bariatric operation.~At the moment of the Screening visit subjects will be randomized to be undergone either the SG or the RYGB surgical procedure.~Study Design diagram~The diagram of the study plan is as follows:~Screening Visit (-18 weeks) Baseline Visit (-4 weeks) Follow-up Visit (+1 month) Follow-up Visit (+3 months) Follow-up Visit (+6 months) Follow-up Visit (+9 months) Follow-up Visit (+12 months) Written informed consent Demographic Data Medical and surgical history Physical examination† Height weight, BMI waist and hip circumference DEXA blood pressure and heart rate ECG laboratory assessments OGTT adverse events recording concomitant medication An overview of all planned blood samples, including volumes and purpose is provided in Table 2.~Study duration~Subjects will be studied from the time of Screening Visit to 1 year after the surgical procedure and will undergo four distinct phases:~Screening visit (week -18)~Baseline visit (week -4)~A follow-up period after the surgical treatment (1 year of duration, month 1, 3, 6, 9, 12)~A further follow-up period after study conclusion (4 years of duration)~Screening Visit At week -18, eligible patients are identified and the Written informed consent is obtained. Demographic data, anthropometric measures, physical examination and information about medical history, concomitant medication and variables related to inclusion criteria are collected.~Basal Visit At week -4 patients at the screening visit will be asked to return for the baseline visit and they will be asked to give their informed consent to randomization. Study compliance will be assessed during the screening and baseline periods using attendance at appointments and completion of questionnaires. Baseline anthropometric measures, body composition, blood pressure, and biochemical data (levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], C-peptide, and serum insulin, lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test) are measured.~Follow-up Period One month after the bariatric surgery and each 3 months until 1 year after the surgical treatment (month 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) all the collected variables at baseline will be recorded and an OGTT will be performed. Adverse events will be recorded at each follow-up visit.~Study conclusion and a further follow-up period At the conclusion of the a study a conclusion form will be filled in and patients will be followed up to 5 years after the surgical treatment.~STUDY POPULATION~Sample size The sample size depends on the magnitude of the difference in reactive hypoglycemia incidence as derived from previous studies (21) and (22). The study is designed to detect a more conservative absolute difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia of 50%, expecting an incidence of 70% in the RYGB group versus an incidence of 20% in the SG group. A sample size of 19 patients per group would be required for this clinical trial to detect an improvement data significance level of 0.05 and a power of 0.90. Considering an attrition rate of 25% over the course of the study a total of 50 subjects (25 for each group) will be enrolled.~An amendment to enlarge the number of patients to 120, 60 in each arm, was approved by the Ethical Committee on November 2012. For a more conservative estimate in fact, we have reduced the percent difference between the two groups from 50% to 30% considering the incidence of reactive hypoglycemia to be 50% in RYGB and to 20% in SG instead of 70% and 20% respectively. In this way, the number of patients to be allocated in each arm is 50 with a power of 90%. Considering an attrition rate of 20% the number of patients in each group will be 60 and, thus, overall 120. Secondary endpoints for CGM and insulin sensitivity and secretion are evaluated in a subset of 50 patients, 25 in each Group, but can be also extended to entire sample.~Selection study population Patients will be recruited from the Outpatient Clinics and Day Hospital of Obesity of the Catholic University of Rome, Italy. The study will be subject to revision and approval by the Ethical Committee of the above institution in accordance with the guidelines of the National Health Ministry and the Helsinki Declaration, as revised in 2000. All participants will provide written informed consent to participate in the study. Additional written informed consent will be obtained prior to the surgical procedure.~Inclusion Criteria Patients are eligible if aged between 25 and 65 years, have a body mass index of 35 (in presence of complications as sleep apnea, severe coxarthritis or gonarthritis, severe hypertension) to 50 kg/m2, and are able to understand and comply with the study process.~Exclusion Criteria~History of type 1 diabetes or secondary diabetes;~Previous bariatric surgery;~History of medical problems such as mental impairment;~Major cardiovascular disease;~Major gastrointestinal disease;~Major respiratory disease;~Hormonal disorders;~Infection;~History of drug addiction and/or alcohol abuse;~Internal malignancy;~Pregnancy;~Impaired glucose tolerance;~Suspected or confirmed poor compliance;~Informed consents; Participants will be excluded if they did not attend at least 2 initial information visits.~TREATMENT~Surgical Program Within 1 month of randomization the patients will undergo RYGB or SG.~Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass This laparoscopic operation includes the division of the stomach in two parts. A proximal, smaller pouch (20-25 cc volume), is connected to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract through a gastro-jejunal anastomosis, whereas the distal gastric pouch is left behind but excluded from the transit of food.~An entero-entero anastomosis, with a Roux-en-Y type of reconstruction, allows the bile and pancreatic juices to mix with the nutrients at about 100-150 cm from the gastro-jejunal connection.~Sleeve gastrectomy Laparoscopic SG involves a longitudinal resection of the stomach on the greater curvature from the antrum starting opposite of the nerve of Latarjet up to the angle of His The final gastric volume is about 100 mL.~Randomization Process Automatic dynamic allocation of the treatment to the patients will be performed via a Web-based software. The randomization procedure via Internet is an automatic and flexible mechanism that on one hand guarantees random allocation and on the other hand reduces imbalance with respect to the two treatment groups over the two considered stratification factors: gender and age (18-40 and 40-60). The mechanism may be accessed from any web-connected computer; it clears the user for data access (userid/password); it requires the user to specify the screening number of the subject about to be randomized; it verifies inclusion/exclusion criteria and acquires stratification information; it finally assigns the subject to a treatment, and delivers the corresponding unique randomization number. The procedure optimizes the overall balance of treatments among each stratification cell. The allocation algorithm will be verified by the responsible statistician for the study, who will have continuing access to the randomization statistics throughout the duration of the study.~Criteria for discontinuation and/or withdrawal~Criteria for discontinuation:~Withdrawal of informed consent~Subject uncooperative~Safety reasons as judged by principal investigator~Non-compliance to the protocol~Incorrect enrolment~Subjects who could not be operated laparoscopically~Conditions requiring medication that could interfere with the outcome of the study except those for intercurrent illnesses or adjustment of anti-hypertensive therapy as judged by the principal investigator~Subjects with severe complications due to the surgery as judged by the principal investigator~Bleedings related to surgery that make it impossible to draw blood samples~Subjects may be discontinued from the study at any time, at the discretion of the investigator. Subjects are free to discontinue their participation in the study at any time. Subjects who discontinue from the study should always be asked about the reason(s) for the discontinuation. If possible, they should always be seen and assessed by an investigator. Adverse events will be followed up according to national requirements.~If a subject discontinues participation in the study, then his enrolment number cannot be issued to another subject.~EFFICACY EVALUATION~In order to evaluate the effect of the sleeve gastrectomy versus the Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass on the glycemic control the following parameters will be considered:~Primary endpoint Primary Endpoint: incidence of reactive hypoglycemia at 1 year after the bariatric surgery.~Secondary End-points~Changes at 1 year of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measured by means of an OGTT.~Changes at 1 year of body weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, body composition and lipid profile.~the incidence of severe hypoglycemia or related symptoms (shakiness, sweating, dizziness or light-headedness, confusion, difficulty speaking, weakness, confusion, syncope, epilepsy, seizures) within 5 years after the operation.~Evaluation methods and timing~During the experimental study the following clinical evaluations will be performed:~Demographic Data (week -18)~Date of birth~Gender~Ethnicity~Medical and Surgical History (week -18, week -4)~Anthropometric measurements (week -18, week -4, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12)~Body Weight (will be measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on a balanced beam scale in the morning before breakfast after a visit to the lavatory in their underwear's).~Height (will be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using a stadiometer)~Waist circumference (will be measured at the part of the trunk midway between the most caudal part of the lateral costal arch and the iliac crest in the morning before breakfast, after lavatory visit with the person standing with feet about 25-30 cm apart. The measurer will stand beside the individual and fit the tape snugly, without compressing any underlying soft tissues. The circumference will be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm, at the end of a normal expiration.~Hip circumference (will be measured as the maximal circumference over the buttocks)~BMI (will be computed as weight (kg) / height (m2))~Physical examination (week -18, week -4, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12)~General appearance~Skin~Head and neck~Lymph nodes~Thyroid~Cardiovascular system~Respiratory systems~Abdomen~Other~Cardiovascular Parameters (week -18, week -4, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12)~Blood pressure~Heart rate (blood pressure and heart rate will be measured in sitting position in duplicate after 15 min rest)~ECG (recorded under resting condition. It will be performed according to standard routine at bariatric surgery)~Biochemical analysis (week -18, week -4, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12)~Fasting plasma glucose~Fasting plasma insulin~Fasting plasma C-peptide~HbA1c~Total cholesterol~HDL-cholesterol~Triglycerides~Hematology profile~Chemistry panel~Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) (week -18, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12) At 8:00-9:00 a.m., after a 12-h overnight fast, an intravenous catheter is placed in one antecubital vein to draw blood samples. An OGTT (75 g of glucose) is performed in 10 minutes maximum and blood samples obtained at -20, -5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 min relative to the start of the OGTT. Samples are placed in chilled tubes, and plasma is separated within 20 min and stored at -70°C.~Analytical Methods Plasma glucose will be measured by the glucose-oxidase method (Beckman, Fullerton, CA). Plasma insulin will be assayed by microparticle-enzyme immunoassay (Abbott, Pasadena, CA) with a sensitivity of 1 μU/ml and an intra-assay CV of 6.6%.~C-peptide will be assayed by radioimmunoassay (MYRIA; Technogenetics, Milan, Italy): minimal detectable concentration =17 pmol/l and inter- and intra-assay CVs of 3.3-5.7 and 4.6 -5.3, respectively.~Mathematical modeling: to be detailed.~DEXA variables (week -4, month 6, 9 and 12) (Body composition is measured by DEXA (Lunar Prodigy), which provides results on total and regional (trunk, arms, legs, pelvis) fat mass, fat free mass, and bone mass)~Total body bone mineral density~Lean body mass~Fat mass~Percent weight body fat~Concomitant medication (week -18, week -4, month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12)~SAFETY AND TOLERANCE EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT The safety of the surgical procedures will be evaluated at the end of the study analyzing all the information recorded in the Case Report Form suitably designed for the study, according to the timing and modalities described in other sections of the present protocol.~Information to assess the safety will include: objective exam, patient's symptoms related to the operation, occurrence of adverse events.~Safety parameters Adverse Events~The clinical tolerability will be evaluated by recording of the occurrence of adverse events as reported by the patient or observed by the medical investigator. Any adverse event occurred after the surgical treatment will have to be recorded in the Case Report Form.~Definitions~An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject undergone a treatment and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, or related to the surgical procedure. Pre-existing events, which increase in frequency or severity, or change in nature during or as a consequence of use of a drug in human clinical trials, will also be considered as AEs.~A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any adverse event regardless of causality that~led to a death, led to a serious deterioration in the health of the subject that resulted in a life-threatening illness or injury, resulted in a permanent impairment of a body structure or a body function, required in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in medical or surgical intervention to prevent permanent impairment to body structure or a body function.~led to fatal distress or fatal death.~A serious adverse device effect (ADE) is a serious adverse event related to the adopted device (in the specific case the surgical procedures) that results in any of the consequences characteristic of a serious adverse event or that might led to any of these consequences if suitable action is not taken or intervention is not made or if circumstances are less opportune.~Adverse Event and adverse device effect Reporting Procedures If the investigator identifies the occurrence of an AE, SAE or of an ADE report form must be completed and sent by fax to the Coordinating Investigator within 24 hours of the investigator's knowledge of the event. This form will be part of the study documentation. Any fatal or life-threatening event should be reported immediately to Coordinating Investigator by telephone. These preliminary reports will be followed within 24 hours by detailed descriptions that will include a completed SAE/ADE form, copies of hospital case reports, autopsy reports, and other documents, when requested and applicable.~Minimal information should include:~An identifiable subject or patient The type of surgical treatment the patient was undergone An identifiable reporting source All related adverse events All medications used Follow-up of SAE/ADEs that occur during the study will continue until satisfactory resolution or stabilization, with a maximum of six months, upon judgment of the investigator. The coordinating investigator may request that certain adverse events to be followed until resolution.~If/ when supplementary information is available, a follow-up SAE/ADE Report Form must be completed by the investigator and delivered within 24 hours to the coordinating investigator.~Once faxed, the SAE/ADE form and accompanying documentation should be placed in the SAE/ADE section of the investigator's file. If supplementary information on a SAE/ADE has to be sent, the SAE/ADE form has to be used marked as follow-up report.~The coordinating investigator must inform the Ethics Committee if the serious adverse event is likely to affect the safety of the subjects or the conduct of the study.~Moreover will be responsibility of the Coordinating Investigator of informing in writing all clinical investigators about all serious adverse events and all serious adverse device effects occurring during the study. This information shall be sent to the clinical investigators based on perceived risk.~DIRECT ACCESS TO ORIGINAL DOCUMENTATION The Investigator will have to allow the national Regulatory Authority, and the staff designed by the Independent Ethical Committee or by coordinating investigator direct access to the complete original documentation - and its verification - including informed consent, signed by the enrolled patients or by their Legal Representatives, and the clinical records or outpatient registers. People who have direct access to this documentation will have to take all reasonable precautions in order to maintain the patient identity and all information which is property of the Coordinating Investigator, in compliance with applicable laws.~QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES The Organization, Monitoring and Quality Assurance of the present study will be under the responsibility of the Coordinating Investigator.~Clinical Monitoring The clinical monitoring will be carried out by qualified persons assigned by the Coordinating Investigator and will be conducted according to the guidelines of the ISO Standard 14155-1. Additionally the monitoring activities will include the verification of the correct filling of the CRFs and, when applicable, the consistence between source documents and the electronic stored data used for the randomization procedures. The coordinating investigator will ensure the practical training for the personal involved in the study on the surgical and medical techniques and on filling the CRFs.~Data Review and Audits Data Review and Audits will be carried out by qualified persons assigned by the Coordinating Investigator.~The CRFs will be periodically reviewed. Financing of the study No financial aspect must be taken into account because no funding is foreseen for the present study.~Table 1 Variables recorded during the Physical examination and included in DEXA~PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Appearence general Skin Head and neck Lymph nodes Thyroid Cardiovascular system Respiratory systems Abdomen Concomitant medication Other DEXA Total body bone mineral density Lean body mass Fat mass Percent weight body fat
Bariatric surgery has long been recognized as an effective treatment for grade 3 or grade 2 obesity associated with complications. Among the bariatric surgical procedures, roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) was shown to account for 41% of all bariatric operations at least in the United Sates. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), that was conceived as the first step before performing a RYGB or a biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch in patients who were super-obese, has recently emerged as a new restrictive bariatric procedure.~Reactive hypoglycemia is a late complication affecting up to 72% of RYGB patients although it seems to occur also after SG, in about 3% of the cases. However, until now no prospective studies have investigated the incidence of hypoglycemia after RYGB nor randomized studies have been undertaken to compare the effect of SG to that of RYGB in terms of incidence of hypoglycemic episodes.~The primary aim of the present study is to conduct a 1-year randomized trial to compare the incidence of hypoglycemia after RYGB or SG.