This is a single site, prospective, non-blinded, non-randomized, non-interventional study designed to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of the steep Trendelenburg position on non-invasive or minimally invasive monitors used in the operating room during surgical procedures requiring this patient position.~SPECIFIC AIMS: 1) Observe the hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes associated with the change from the supine to the steep Trendelenburg position. 2) Observe the hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes during intra-abdominal insufflation used during laparoscopic surgical procedures.~HYPOTHESIS: Hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes during alterations in position from supine to steep Trendelenburg and intra-abdominal insufflation measured by non-invasive and minimally invasive monitors will correlate with transthoracic echocardiographic measurements.
1) Observe the hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes associated with the change from the supine to the steep Trendelenburg position, 2) Observe the hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes during intra-abdominal insufflation used during laparoscopic surgical procedures.