AIM2: The purpose of this study is to determine the role of basal GLP-1 action on the beta-cell response to insulin resistance. Healthy subjects will have fasting GLP-1 action determined with GLP-1r blockade before and after induction of experimental insulin resistance. The investigators hypothesize that fasting GLP-1 action will increase to compensate for experimental insulin resistance.~The study will enroll up to 20-25 healthy participants and while it is anticipated that the screening blood draw will yield a number of screen failures, it is estimated that 10-15 subjects will complete the entire study protocol. Enrolled participants will be asked to complete three study visits including the consent visit and two infusion study visits that will include hyperglycemic clamp procedures with the addition of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist Exendin (9-39) to determine the fasting GLP-1 effect. Each infusion procedure will last 2 hours. Subjects will be asked to take dexamethasone daily for approximately one week between Visit-2 and Visit-3 to induce insulin resistance.~The investigators will enroll 6-10 additional subjects as controls for effects of time and repeat testing. These individuals will have identical clamps with no dexamethasone at approximately 1 week intervals and will be determined at random by study staff.~The primary outcome for visits 2-3 will be to measure the effects of Ex-9 on fasting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion before and after experimentally induced insulin resistance. The primary experimental variable for analysis will be C-peptide during the clamp. Mean values will be compared between the period of glucose only stimulation and glucose with Ex-9. For each subject in the active treatment arm data will be analyzed using 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures using time (0-60 vs 60-120 min) and treatment (Dex vs no Dex) as the two factors. Based on the investigators' previous studies the investigators expect a significant time effect due to Ex-9. If there is an interaction with treatment the investigators would conclude that experimental insulin resistance influences the fasting GLP-1 effect. Data from control subjects will be analyzed identically; here the investigators expect no interaction, indicating that the fasting GLP-1 is a stable measure. In the investigators' previous study using Ex-9 during a glucose clamp, the average coefficient of variation in insulin concentrations at the conclusion of each step in the ramp was 30%. Using this estimate of between subject variation, detecting a 20% difference between subsequent steps in the GLP-1 ramp with a power of 80% and significance level of 0.05 will require 8 subjects.~AIM3: The purpose of Aim-3 of this study is to determine the role of basal GLP-1 action on fasting glucose regulation in lean, obese, pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects. Approximately 15-20 subjects will complete this cross sectional study of age-matched subjects across the spectrum of glucose tolerance will be used to test the hypothesis that fasting GLP-1 action increases as beta-cell function declines.~Enrolled participants for Aim-3 will be asked to complete two study visits including the consent visit and one infusion visit that will include a hyperglycemic clamp and an infusion of the antagonist Exendin (9-39). The infusion procedure will last approximately 2 hours.~The primary outcome measure for Aim-3 will be the fasting GLP-1 effect. This will be defined as the difference in steady state glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with and without Ex-9. The difference will be expressed as a percentage of glucose stimulated insulin secretion without Ex-9, and serve as the primary variable for comparison among the lean, obese and diabetic cohorts.
AIM2: The purpose of Aim-2 of this study is to determine the role of basal GLP-1 action on the beta-cell response to insulin resistance. Healthy subjects will have fasting GLP-1 action determined with GLP-1r blockade before and after induction of experimental insulin resistance. The investigators hypothesize that fasting GLP-1 action will increase to compensate for experimental insulin resistance.~AIM3: The purpose of Aim-3 of this study is to determine the role of basal GLP-1 action on fasting glucose regulation in lean, obese, pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects. A cross sectional study of age-matched subjects across the spectrum of glucose tolerance will be used to test the hypothesis that fasting GLP-1 action increases as beta-cell function declines.