Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of nosocomial infection with a high mortality rate. In the current era of increasing highly resistant pathogens in nosocomial infections, the empirical treatment of these organisms is becoming more difficult and only a few novel antimicrobial agents are currently in development with activity against these highly resistant Gram negative bacilli infections. Imipenem, a carbapenem antibiotic, is a β-lactam antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This agent is still one of the most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy of highly resistant nosocomial infections in VAP. In common with other β-lactams, imipenem exhibits primarily time dependent killing and increasing the concentration of this agent does not necessarily increase the rate and extent of bacterial killing. Therefore, the time that concentrations in serum are above the MIC (T>MIC) is the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index that correlates with efficacy. Pharmacodynamic analysis can be applied to imipenem dosages to increase the likelihood of optimal exposure and achieve good clinical responses in patients with VAP. Previous studies we performed found that a 2 h infusion of carbapenem antibiotics gave greater values for T>MIC than a 0.5 h infusion. Therefore, in an attempt to improve the efficacy of the present β-lactam antimicrobial agents such as imipenem, a prolonged infusion would be the appropriate mode for administration to promote the maximal bactericidal effect.PK changes have been found for several hydrophilic antimicrobial agents in critically ill patients. Drug dispositions are altered in this patient population when compared with healthy subjects leading to fluctuations of plasma concentrations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the PD of imipenem in VAP patients, comparing administration by 0.5 h infusion or 2 h infusion.~Objectives: To assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of three regimen as below.~i) 0.5-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs ii) 2-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs iii) 2-hr infusion of imipenem 1 g every 6 hrs~Drug preparation:Imipenem will be reconstituted with 100 ml saline solution according to the manufacturer's guidelines~Study design: This is prospective, randomized and crossover design to assess~Each patients will receive doripenem in 3 regimens consecutively:~i) 0.5-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs ii) 2-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs iii) 2-hr infusion of imipenem 1 g every 6 hrs~Nine patients will be enrolled in this study. After completion of the imipenem therapy for 3 days in this study, all patients will receive other sensitive antibiotics to eradicate their bacterial infections.~Sample collections: Blood samples (approximately 3 ml) will be obtained by direct venepuncture at the following time: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 after 4th dose of imipenem. All blood samples will be allowed to clot and then centrifuged at 2,000g. The serum obtained will be stored at-80°C until analysis.~Imipenem assays by HPLC method e performed at Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine.~Clinical and laboratory data such as Age,Sex, Body weight, CBC, Electrolyte, Vital signs, APACHE II score, BUN, Cr, Sample and Blood culture will be collected.~Duration of study: Patients will receive imipenem for 3 days~Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis: Concentration of imipenem in plasma will be measured by HPLC method and simulated in Monte Carlo technique (Computer model) to get PK/PD index (40%T>MIC) and reported to % PTA (Probability Target Attainment) and %CFR (Cumulative Faction Response).~Sample Size: Nine patients with VAP will be enrolled in this study.
This is prospective, randomized and crossover design to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of three regimen.~0.5-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs~2-hr infusion of imipenem 0.5 g every 6 hrs~2-hr infusion of imipenem 1 g every 6 hrs~Clinical and laboratory data such as Age,Sex, Body weight, CBC, Electrolyte, Vital signs, APACHE II score, BUN, Cr, Sample and Blood culture will be collected.~Nine patients will be enrolled in this study. After completion of the imipenem therapy for 3 days in this study, all patients will receive other sensitive antibiotics to eradicate their bacterial infections.~Blood samples (approximately 3 ml) will be obtained by direct venepuncture at the following time: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 after 4th dose of imipenem.~Concentration of imipenem in plasma will be measured by HPLC method. Then, the data will be simulated in Monte Carlo technique (Computer model) to get PK/PD index (40%T>MIC) and reported to % PTA (Probability Target Attainment) and %CFR (Cumulative Faction Response).