Endocrine therapy has proven to be an extremely effective therapy in breast cancer. For women with hormone-receptor-positive tumors, tamoxifen given for as little as two years results in a statistically significant recurrence and survival benefit. The benefits increase as the duration of treatment increase, up to 5 years, so that among women treated for five years, tamoxifen can result in up to a 46 percent annual reduction in the recurrence rate and up to a 28 percent annual reduction in the death rate. This means that about half of the recurrences and more than one fourth of the deaths each year are prevented by tamoxifen treatment. However, despite initial successful responses, many patients on tamoxifen relapse and die from progressive disease. Consequently, tamoxifen resistance remains a major clinical problem in the management of breast cancer.~Tamoxifen is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) to the more potent metabolites 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) and 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen). Variations in the metabolic capacity of this enzyme have shown to be an independent predictor of breast cancer relapse and death. To date, studies have not correlated tamoxifen doses to CYP2D6 genotype status or associated tamoxifen doses to endoxifen and 4-OH-tamoxifen.~The investigators plan to examine endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam as a function of the tamoxifen dose in patients with a genetic CYP2D6 polymorphism. The investigators also plan to investigate other genetic variations in the metabolism of tamoxifen. The possible identification of gene variants that alter tamoxifen's metabolism may improve initial dose selection and therefore optimize treatment outcome in the future.~In addition to examining polymorphisms in CYP2D6, other genes will be examine that may influence the metabolism of medications.
The investigators plan to examine endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam as a function of the tamoxifen dose in patients with a genetic CYP2D6 polymorphism. The investigators also plan to investigate other genetic variations in the metabolism of tamoxifen.