Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is a complication of increasing incidence. The prevalence of CIED infection is estimated at 2%, with differences between authors ranging from 0.13% to 19.9%.~According to European Heart Rhythm Association survey conducted in high volume centers prevalence of CIED infections was below 2%. The majority of centers were able to isolate the infectious agent in ≤50% of blood cultures which underscore the difficulty in finding the agent of CIEDs infection in many cases.~Cardiovascular implantable device infections can be categorized into 3 groups: superficial skin infection, generator pocket infection and intravascular infection with intact generator pocket. Although local pocket infection is the most common clinical infection occurring early after implantation, positive blood cultures may be the only sign of late onset intravascular infection Mortality in cardiovascular implantable electronic device related infective endocarditis treated with antibiotics only reaches 66%, whereas with combined therapy (antibiotics and complete device removal) it is 3-fold lower.~Prolonged targeted antibiotic therapy (4 to 6 weeks) with complete device removal and revision of indications for re-implantation is recommended in most cases (class I with confirmed diagnosis and IIa with probable diagnosis).~In complicated and uncertain cases additional diagnostic tools are needed, especially if we take into account the load of the patient associated with device removal, prolonged hospitalization and re-implantation.~Apart from morbidity and mortality, infections are also associated with significant financial cost for patients and third-party payers. Polish data on this issue are not available yet but in US the estimated average cost of combined medical and surgical treatment of CIED-related infection ranges from USD 25,000 for permanent pacemakers to USD 50,000 for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.~Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET CT) can play an important role in difficult cases of CIED-related infections but published studies focused on the outcomes and safety of this procedure only briefly considering the economical aspect of this diagnostic test.~Recent studies show that PET CT scan is effective and precise tool that can facilitate diagnostic process and decision making regarding therapy especially in difficult patients with CIED-related infections. PET CT scan can protect patients from unnecessary device removal or from too late removal. PET CT may also help in diagnosing other sources of infection, embolic complications, neoplasms, autoimmune diseases and connective tissue diseases.~However there are some issues concerning low sensitivity connected with elevated marker uptake in myocardium and in case of small vegetations, especially lead-related In most studies assessing PET CT in diagnostic process of CIED related infections standard oncologic protocols were used. Those protocols may not be optimal to assess FDG uptake by inflammatory cells.~The aim of this single-center randomized controlled trial is to assess clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET CT) in the diagnostic process of suspected cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection (lead dependent infective endocarditis, generator pocket infection, fever of unknown origin).~All patients participating in the study will undergo standard diagnostic process. Conventional/standard diagnostic and therapeutic process will consist of: medical interview, physical examination, laboratory tests, blood cultures (3 sets, 1 hour apart, repeated after 24 hours and -if applicable - with fever peak above 38°C); imaging studies (echocardiography: transthoracic, and if there are no contraindications transesophageal, in case of negative or equivocal result repeated after 7-10 days, or in series if necessary, computed tomography scan for pulmonary embolism if indicated); if there are abnormalities in other systems, decisions concerning further diagnostics will be made by the physician in charge.~Apart from standard diagnostic procedures patients will undergo whole body PET CT scan to localize infection or inflammation.~Then the investigators team will make a decision concerning further treatment (antibiotics and complete device removal vs conservative treatment).
The aim of this single-center randomized controlled trial is to assess clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET CT) in the diagnostic process of suspected cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection (lead dependent infective endocarditis, generator pocket infection, fever of unknown origin).