This is a retrospective, multicentre, observational study to assess the trends in antibiotic utilization and hospital ecology with respect to susceptibility patterns of selected bacterial isolates to the utilized antibiotics.~There will be two sets of data collected: Hospital acquired infection (only the first pathogen cultured of each episode) and All infection (the whole hospital susceptibility data)~Primary Objectives:~To study the impact of the introduction of ertapenem on the susceptibility pattern of various pathogens to imipenem/meropenem.~To study the impact of the introduction of ertapenem on the susceptibility of all Gram negative bacilli to antimicrobial agents commonly used in the participated study sites.~To explore the trend in antimicrobial utilization before and after the introduction of new antimicrobial agents to the hospital formulary during the index period.~Secondary Objectives:~To study the trend of antimicrobial susceptibility to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae during the index period~To study the impact of the introduction of other newly introduced antibiotics (e.g., tigecycline) on the susceptibility pattern of various pathogens to carbapenems~To study the prevalence and trend of Pan drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant during the index period~Exploratory objectives:~1) To explore the resistant rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Pan drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in different hospitals after adjusted DDD.~Hypotheses:~There will be no increase in the utilization rates of other antibiotics, specifically the other carbapenem drugs (imipenem, meropenem) in the index period (2-3 years before and 2-3 years after the introduction of ertapenem).~The introduction of ertapenem to the institution formulary will not negatively impact the susceptibility of selected bacterial isolates to the other carbapenem antibiotics.
This is a retrospective, multicentre, observational study to assess the trends in antibiotic utilization and hospital ecology with respect to susceptibility patterns of selected bacterial isolates to the utilized antibiotics.