Obesity is a worldwide problem and leads to multiple metabolic and endocrinological problems, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In T2DM, body is unable to response to circulating insulin levels, which ultimately destroys pancreatic β-cells, leading to chronic hyperglycaemia with ensuing consequences~Intestine is able to produce endocrinologically active substances, which affect to body's intermediary metabolism. One of these substances in glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP, part of the incretin family), which potentiates the release of insulin postprandially. However, recent evidence suggests, that GIP may have more harmful than beneficial role in the pathogenesis: it has been shown that GIP participates in the development of insulin resistance, the key defect in the process of metabolic dysfunction. GIP may also regulate postprandial redistribution of splanchnic blood flow which might act in the body's nutrition handling [8].~Bariatric surgeries are a growing field as a treatment choice for morbid obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2). Most established of these procedures is a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), where duodenum and proximal jejunum is bypassed. Clinical and research evidence shows that shortly (before any significant weight loss) after RYGB, T2DM resolves with improving glucose tolerance. Foregut hypothesis behind bariatric surgeries postulate, that bypassed portions of intestine contain a substance, that acts as an anti-incretin¬, ie. to counteract metabolically favourable incretins. In view of the recent studies, it may be that GIP is really the anti-incretin behind this hypothesis.~Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modern imaging technique, which can be used to study perfusion and metabolism of different organs non-invasively. When radiowater measurement is combined with [15O]CO, both tissues specific perfusion and blood volume can be measured, respectively. When coupled with magnetic imaging (ie. PET-MRI), the volumes-of-interests can be accurately drawn to the desired organs.~The current study is conducted to investigate the vasoactive roles of the GIP. We aim to show that GIP is the major contributor to the blood flow and tissue blood volume observed in postprandial state. Moreover, we hypothesize that the elimination of GIP-effect has a central role in the improved intermediary metabolism observed after bariatric surgery procedures, and that part this change is mediated by changes in splanchnic circulation. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1, another member of incretin family) on splanchnic circulation.~In the present study intestinal, hepatic and pancreatic blood flow and volume are measured using [15O]H2O- and [15O]CO radiotracers and PET-MRI imaging in healthy normal weight volunteers (n = 20, BMI ≤ 27 kg/m2) and in morbidly obese T2DM patients (n = 30, BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2) before and after the bariatric surgery operation. The PET imaging will be performed at fasting state but also separately either during 1) mixed meal solution (MMS), 2) GIP-, or 3) GLP-1-infusion. Also abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, intestinal and hepatic tissue samples will be collected.
Obesity is a worldwide problem and leads to multiple metabolic and endocrinological problems.~Bariatric surgeries are a growing field as a treatment choice for morbid obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2). Clinical and research evidence shows that shortly after RYGB, T2DM resolves with improving glucose tolerance. Foregut hypothesis behind bariatric surgeries postulate, that bypassed portions of intestine contain a substance, that acts as an anti-incretin, ie. to counteract metabolically favourable incretins. In view of the recent studies, it may be that GIP is really the anti-incretin behind this hypothesis.~The current study is conducted to investigate the vasoactive roles of the GIP. The investigators aim to show that GIP is the major contributor to the blood flow and tissue blood volume observed in postprandial state.