Subjects~Forty consecutive patients fulfilling the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD (as assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview) will be recruited from the inpatient and outpatient treatment programs at the Beer Sheva Mental Health Center. Patients will complet a course of 10 daily rTMS sessions.~The exclusion criteria includ: substance use disorder, cardiac pacemaker implant, or a history of epilepsy, neurosurgery, or brain trauma. Patients suffering from chronic medical conditions of any sort will be excluded from the study.~After receiving a full explanation of the procedures, all subjects will sign a written informed consent statement approved by the Helsinki Ethics Committee of Ben-Gurion University.~Study Design~The study suggested here will recruit 40 patients with DSM-IV PTSD also demonstrating at least moderately severe flashbacks. Each of the subjects will be recruited randomly to one of 4 groups:~Right DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with neutral visual and/or auditori stimuli;~Right DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with visual and/or auditori traumatic stimuli mimicking experiences appearing during the patients flashbacks;~Left DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with neutral visual and or auditori stimuli;~Left DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with visual and/or auditori traumatic stimuli mimicking experiences appearing during the patients flashbacks;~Treatment Characteristics~rTMS will be performed with a Magstim stimulator (Magstim Company, Whitland, U.K.) having a circular coil with a 9-cm diameter.~The motor threshold will be determined in each subject once, before treatment. This will be defined as the lowest stimulation intensity capable of inducing a visible movement at least five times out of 10 stimulations.~The position of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex will be defined as 5 cm anterior (in a parasagittal line) to the motor cortex. The stimulus intensity will be 80% of the patient's motor threshold intensity.~Treatments will be given for 20 minutes per day over 10 working days subjects will receive high-frequency rTMS in a 10 Hz for 2 seconds per train; the intertrain interval will be 58 seconds. For each participant the stimulus will be administered over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.~Rating Scales~The ratings of PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression willm be carried out by an expert investigator who will be blind to the stimulation condition. The patients will be assessed at four time points-before TMS (baseline), at day 5, at day 10, and at day 24 (14 days after the intervention). The instruments used will be as follows.~The PTSD Checklist is a 17-item self-report checklist of PTSD symptoms based closely on the DSM-IV criteria. The respondents rate each item from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) to indicate the degree to which they have been bothered by that particular symptom over the past month. Thus, the total scores can range from 17 to 85.~The Treatment Outcome PTSD Scale is a clinician-rated instrument that measures the presence and severity of PTSD. This eight-item instrument measures symptoms that occur frequently within the PTSD population and is sensitive to the three major PTSD symptom dimensions (intrusive thoughts, avoidance behavior, and hyperarousal symptoms). Each symptom is rated on a defined step scale (0 to 4). Higher scores reflect greater severity on each measure.~The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is a clinician-rated instrument that measures the presence and severity of anxiety. This instrument covers 14 symptoms. Each symptom is rated on a defined scale (0 to 4). Here, too, a higher numeric rating reflects greater symptom severity.~The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a 23-item instrument that measures the presence and severity of depression. Each symptom is rated on a defined scale (0 to 4), whereby a higher numeric rating reflects greater symptom severity.~PTSD symptoms were assessed by using the Hebrew version of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. This is a structured interview for assessing PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria. It quantifies symptom frequency and intensity for each of the criteria, yielding both a continuous measure of symptom severity and a dichotomous classification of PTSD status. A severity score for each symptom is calculated by summing the frequency and intensity scores. Thus, the total range of the instrument is 0-136. If a particular symptom was not present, the individual item was automatically scored as zero, as a default option. The Hebrew version of the scale has been extensively used and validated~The questionnaires will be filled out in the presence of an interviewer, and the subjects will be assisted in answering the questions if necessary. The interviewer will made sure that all subjects clearly understood the content of each item and the different aspects of the various component questions.
Subjects~Forty consecutive patients fulfilling the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD will be recruited from the inpatient and outpatient treatment programs at the Beer Sheva Mental Health Center. Patients will complet a course of 10 daily rTMS sessions.~After receiving a full explanation of the procedures, all subjects will sign a written informed consent statement approved by the Helsinki Ethics Committee of Ben-Gurion University.~Study Design~The study suggested here will recruit 40 patients with DSM-IV PTSD also demonstrating at least moderately severe flashbacks. Each of the subjects will be recruited randomly to one of 4 groups:~Right DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with neutral visual and/or auditori stimuli;~Right DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with visual and/or auditori traumatic stimuli mimicking experiences appearing during the patients flashbacks;~Left DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with neutral visual and or auditori stimuli;~Left DLPF Rtms (10Hz) co-administered with visual and/or auditori traumatic stimuli mimicking experiences appearing during the patients flashbacks;~Treatment Characteristics~rTMS will be performed with a Magstim stimulator (Magstim Company, Whitland, U.K.) The motor threshold was determined in each subject once, before treatment. This was defined as the lowest stimulation intensity capable of inducing a visible movement at least five times out of 10 stimulations.~The position of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex will be defined as 5 cm anterior (in a parasagittal line) to the motor cortex. The stimulus intensity will be 80% of the patient's motor threshold intensity.~Treatments will be given for 20 minutes per day over 10 working days. Both subjects received high-frequency rTMS) received 10 Hz for 2 seconds per train; the intertrain interval was 58 seconds. For each participant the stimulus was administered over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.~Rating Scales~The ratings of PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression willm be carried out by an expert investigator who will be blind to the stimulation condition. The patients will be assessed at four time points-before TMS (baseline), at day 5, at day 10, and at day 24 (14 days after the intervention). The instruments used will be as follows:~The PTSD Checklist The Treatment Outcome PTSD Scale The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression PTSD symptoms were assessed by using the Hebrew version of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale.