Background:~Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogram (CCTA) is a non-invasive imaging modality that has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). The main limitations of CCTA are its poor specificity and positive predictive value, as well as its inherent lack of physiologically relevant data on hemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis, a data that is provided either by non-invasive stress tests such as myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) or invasively by measurement of the Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR). Recent advances in computational fluid dynamic techniques applied to standard CCTA are now emerging as powerful tools for virtual measurement of FFR from CCTA imaging (CT-FFR). These techniques correlate well with invasively measured FFR [1-4]. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the incremental benefit CT-FFR as compared to CCTA in triaging chest pain patients in ED settings who are found to have obstructive CAD upon CCTA (generally > 30% and < 90% stenosis). Invasive FFR and short term clinical outcomes (90 days) will be correlated with each diagnostic modality in order to evaluate positive and negative predictive value of each when used incrementally with CCTA.~Investigational Agent:~CCTA is increasingly becoming a preferred non-invasive imaging modality because of its high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the detection of CAD. It has been shown to be a robust imaging modality for evaluation of chest pain, and is associated with decreased unnecessary hospital admission, length of stay, major adverse cardiovascular event rates, recidivism rates, and downstream resource utilization compared to standard evaluation [5]. While findings so far are highly suggestive of CCTA's significance as a gatekeeper for ICA by ruling out obstructive CAD, fewer than half of obstructive stenosis identified by CCTA are ischemia-causing, signifying its poor positive predictive value and inherent lack of physiological information [6-8]. Consequently, utilization of CCTA has not entirely averted need for downstream testing for functional assessment of CCTA-detected obstructive lesions either by stress testing or ICA. Recently a major treatment modality, associated with the use of CCTA, has become available that offers promise for improving positive predictive value and physiological relevant hemodynamic data. Advances in computational fluid dynamic techniques applied to standard CCTA are now emerging as a powerful tool for virtual measurement of FFR from CCTA imaging (CT-FFR). This technique correlates well with invasively measured FFR [1-4]. While HeartFlow, Inc. has established an FDA approved process to assess coronary artery flow using noninvasive CT-FFR, this data requires 24 to 48 hours for processing.~Toshiba CT-FFR processing is non-FDA approved. The analytic method for vessel evaluation differs from that used by HeartFlow. Currently Toshiba is operating studies at four organizations around the world to assess the product's performance. Recently, the company published results from a study conducted Australia that showed positive findings on a sample of 42 patients, with positive predictive value of 74% vs. 60%.[9] The technology was presented at European Society of Cardiology (ESC) by Dr. S. Seneviratne and at Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Using the technology for ED patients offers potential advantage over the HeartFlow process, because the turnaround time for the procedure is one to three hours. However, the early positive findings need to be validated with a more robust study.~Preclinical Data:~While few publications regarding the use of CT-FFR specifically address the cost of diagnostic work-up for obstructive disease, it is clear that the cost structure resulting from changes in diagnostic testing will also change. Deferral or avoidance of cardiac catheterization and nuclear stress testing will likely yield significant reductions in the cost of the diagnostic testing. In addition, because the results of the CT-FFR are available in the ED, CT-FFR has the potential to offer financial savings from reduced length of stay, while increasing patient satisfaction and reducing exposure to increased risk related to the emergency department environment.~Clinical Data to Date:~From 1/1/2009 to 3/31/2015 the investigative team introduced and operated a CCTA Chest Pain triage program for low to intermediate risk patients at Stony Brook University Hospital ED and non-emergency outpatient services, the only tertiary care hospital in Suffolk County, New York (NY). Concurrently, the investigators established a registry to monitor patient outcomes for all patients receiving CCTA at Stony Brook Medicine. The registry contained nearly 15,000 patient CCTA procedures. The major registry study established the effectiveness of CCTA as an imaging modality for evaluating ED chest pain in a cost efficient manner with a false negative rate less than 1% [5]. However, the registry reflects the poorer positive predictive values documented by other industry studies [6-8].~False positive workup results in the necessity of performing cardiac catheterization on patients at risk for obstructive disease based on assessment with current standard of care (combined screening with CCTA and stress MPI). Reduction in the rate of false positive testing would lead to reduction in risk from invasive procedures and radiation exposure to patients and reduced cost to the health care system.~Study Objectives:~The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incremental benefit of Fractional Flow Reserve derived from CCTA (FFR-CT) compared to invasive FFR as the gold standard for patients with obstructive disease (generally, >= 30% stenosis).~General Study Design:~This will be a prospective clinical trial designed to evaluate the incremental benefit of virtual FFR measured from CCTA, compared to invasive FFR and CCTA alone for the detection of flow-limiting coronary stenosis, as defined by invasive FFR <=0.8 and vessel diameter of >=2mm.~1,142 consecutive patients who present to North Shore University Hospital Emergency Department (ED) for CCTA due to chest pain or angina over a two year period and meeting the study inclusion criteria are eligible for the study (Figure 1). The investigators will employ CCTA-appropriateness criteria to ensure proper selection of patients, derived from the Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography published in 2010 and jointly authored by multiple societies including American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), and American College of Radiology (ACR) [11]. FFR-CT measurements will be performed following CCTA scan acquisition on software developed by Toshiba America Medical Systems, Inc. All eligible patients will undergo 320-slice multi detector CCTA and CT-FFR measurements. The severity of the stenosis will be determined on site by level III CCTA readers.~Patients with borderline (50% - 70%) or positive CCTA (>70%) stenosis readings will undergo ICA with invasive FFR measurement in accordance with accepted guidelines and established practice standard. Those patients with invasively measured FFR<=0.8 and with vessel diameter of >= 2mm, or those who require revascularizations based on invasively estimated stenosis severity (for patients who are totally obstructed) will be considered to have flow-limiting obstructive CAD, while the rest will be considered to have non-flow limiting obstructive CAD (if also >50% stenosis on ICA). If stenosis severity turns out to be < 50% after ICA, these patients will have been shown to have non-obstructive CAD. (Figure 1). Patients with 30% to 49% obstructive stenosis by CCTA standards and with positive CT-FFR, will also undergo invasive FFR and follow the protocol for those with > 50% obstruction. Patients with 0 to 49% obstructive disease and negative CT-FFR will be referred to optimal follow up care only.
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogram (CCTA) is a non-invasive imaging modality that has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). The main limitations of CCTA are its poor specificity and positive predictive value, as well as its inherent lack of physiologically relevant data on hemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis, a data that is provided either by non-invasive stress tests such as myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) or invasively by measurement of the Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR). Recent advances in computational fluid dynamic techniques applied to standard CCTA are now emerging as powerful tools for virtual measurement of FFR from CCTA imaging (CT-FFR). These techniques correlate well with invasively measured FFR [1-4]. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the incremental benefit CT-FFR as compared to CCTA in triaging chest pain patients in emergency settings who are found to have obstructive CAD upon CCTA (generally >= 30% stenosis). Invasive FFR and short term clinical outcomes (90 days) will be correlated with each diagnostic modality in order to evaluate positive and negative predictive value of each.~Patients will undergo a CCTA, as part of routine emergency care. If the patient consents to participate in the study, the CCTA study will be assessed by Toshiba Software, to provide a computerized FFR reading, based on the CCTA study. If the noninvasive FFR diagnosis indicates obstructive disease, the patient will undergo cardiac catheterization with invasive FFR.~As CCTA utilization increases, the need to train additional imaging specialists will increase. This study will assess the capability of FFR-CT to enhance performance on both negative and positive predictive value for less experienced readers by providing feedback based on CT-FFR evaluation. If the use of CT-FFR improves accuracy of CCTA, as compared to the gold standard, (Invasive FFR), use of CT-FFR can potentially enhance performance for less experienced readers.