Post-sternotomy pain (PSP) is a common complication after cardiac surgery, occurring up to 49% of patients at rest according to one prospective study. In addition to decreased patient satisfaction, PSP has been associated with adverse post-operative events including delirium, hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, respiratory complications and persistent post-surgical pain.~While most PSP can be effectively managed with opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or central neuraxial blockades, these analgesia techniques also carry a high incidence of adverse effects. The use of opioid analgesics, for example, can contribute to respiratory depression, nausea, and delirium. While NSAIDs can be effective analgesics, they are also associated with postoperative kidney injury after cardiac surgery, a significant risk factor for mortality. Further, intrathecal or epidural techniques have a significant failure rate, and may be associated with severe hypotension, and devastating consequences such as neuraxial hematoma or infection. As such, alternative methods that are effective and safe for treating severe PSP remain elusive.~Peripheral regional anesthetic techniques have been demonstrated to reduce opioid consumption and may also provide improved respiratory mechanics. The pecto-intercostal fascial block (PIFB) was recently described in a descriptive letter by de la Torre and colleagues for anesthesia during breast surgery. In this technique, local anesthetic is infiltrated into the fascial plane between pectoralis major and the intercostal muscles lateral to the sternum to anesthetize the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. While the authors do state improved analgesia for breast surgery in their experience with use of this block, specific outcomes such as pain scores or opioid consumption are not reported.~The anterior cutaneous branches of the T2 to T6 intercostal nerves are thought to be the major sensory innervators of the sternum.~Using the same PIFB described above, the investigators have recently treated a patient successfully with severe PSP after CABG. To our knowledge, there is limited literature describing the use of this block for treatment of PSP. The investigators plan to conduct a prospective feasibility study to 1) assess the feasibility of using PIFB to reduce PSP in post-coronary bypass and/or valvular surgery patients and 2) obtain subjective data with regard to patient satisfaction and reduction in opioid consumption use that may help guide future, well-powered, randomized studies. 3) Describe any adverse outcomes following PIFB.~The study will be a prospective observational cohort study of twenty patients who are undergoing sternotomy for coronary bypass and/or valvular surgery. This is a proof-of-concept study with no prospective literature with respect to PIFB use in PSP post-cardiac surgery to guide sample size estimation. A minimum sample size of 12 patients has been recommended for pilot studies. By convenience sampling, the investigators have chosen to study 20 patients to demonstrate feasibility.~On the day of surgery, patients admitted to St. Paul's Hospital for cardiac procedure will be checked-in by a surgical nursing staff prior to the operation. During this time, the nursing staff will ask if the patient would like to learn more about the study and whether the patient is comfortable being approached by a member of the study group. If the patient agrees, a study team member will approach the patient and explain what the study entails, why the investigators are doing the study and how it may affect his/her care. The investigators will seek verbal permission to re-approach for recruitment following the surgery if the pain is moderate to severe. Those who are interested and gives verbal permission to be reapproached would be noted in the chart.~After the surgery, nursing staff in the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit (CSICU) who are looking after patients who have been extubated, are oriented (Confusion Assessment Method [CAM] negative and Richmond Agitation Scale [RASS] of +1 to -2), and are complaining of moderate to severe pain (>5/10 NPRS) related to the sternal area will contact a study team member. After verifying that the patient has given permission to be reapproached, a study team member will reconfirm interest in participating in the study and obtain a written consent prior to commencing the block. Subjects will be clearly informed that they will be free to discontinue participation in the study at any time. The investigators are responsible for ensuring that signed informed consent is obtained from all patients before enrolment.~After written informed consent, subjects will officially be de-identified by means of having a subject number assigned to them by which they will henceforth be identified in the study.~The principal investigator will assure that appropriate training relevant to the study is given to the medical, nursing, and other staff involved. The PIFB will be performed only by experienced regional anesthesiologists that have performed more than 200 ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks.~Intravenous access, invasive blood pressure measurements, continuous electrocardiography and oxygen saturation monitoring will be confirmed throughout the procedure and for at least 60 minutes afterwards. Pre-block NPRS and opioid consumption over the hours between surgery and block will be recorded. Light sedation as required/indicated will be provided as per routine clinical practice with boluses of midazolam (0.01-0.03 mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.25-1.0 mcg/kg), with the goal of maintaining verbal contact with the patient throughout the procedure.~A GE LOGIQ e ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare Technologies, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA) and a 12 Megahertz (MHz) ultrasound probe will be used for all blocks in the study. The probe will be prepared with a sterile probe covering. The patient's skin will be prepared with a 2% chlorhexidine antiseptic solution.~PIFB Procedure:~PIFB will be performed as described in the literature. The patient will be positioned supine. Using ultrasound guidance, a parasagittal view approximately 2.5cm lateral to the sternum will be obtained. After optimal imaging of pectoralis major muscles (PMM), the ribs/sterno-costal cartilage, and internal intercostal muscle (IIM) has been obtained, a 25 gauge hypodermic needle will be used to infiltrate the skin and subcutaneous tissues with 1% lidocaine, starting caudad to the ultrasound probe in a direction cephalad into the PMM. Using an in-plane technique, a 80-100 mm 22 gauge insulated regional block needle (Pajunk) will be inserted through the skin inferior to the probe and directed cephalad toward the fascial plane deep to PMM and superficial to the IIM and ribs/sterno-costal cartilage. The needle will be guided under ultrasound visualization towards the above-described plane. Local anesthetic will be injected initially at this location ensuring interfascial spread and not intramuscular injection. The needle will be redirected cephalad to ensure local is administered into the plane at each interspace from approximately T5-T6 cephalad to T2-T3. If required the needle will be removed and re-inserted at a cephalad position. A total of 20 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine will be injected in increments, using frequent aspiration to test for inadvertent intravascular needle placement. The PIFB will then be repeated on the contralateral side. A maximum total of 40 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine will be used.
Pain along the sternum following opening of the chest cavity, also known as post-sternotomy pain (PSP), is a common complication after heart surgery that is associated with several negative side effects. Unfortunately, an effective and safe treatment has not yet been discovered for PSP. However, recently a regional anesthesia technique called the pecto-intercostal fascial block (PIFB) was found to be associated with improved pain relief for breast surgery. The investigators plan to assess the feasibility of using PIFB as an effective and safe treatment for PSP.