The BHOMA study includes systematic program implementation designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge and evaluation of this program. The program aims to improve primary health care through an integrated package of interventions, at both health facility and community level, centered on improving the patient -provider interface which is considered to be key to improving health outcomes. The primary objective of this research is to assess the impact of the BHOMA intervention on health in three rural districts of Zambia.~Objectives include: to understand the causal pathways of the BHOMA interventions by analyzing inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes; to measure the cost of the BHOMA interventions; and to measure whether the health system has been strengthened by the BHOMA interventions. The endpoints of the study will be measured by a combination of facility surveys, facility health worker and community health worker interviews, quality assessments, qualitative studies and community surveys.~The study involves 7 stepped introduction of the programme in 48 facilities. A step typically involves initiation of a set of selected health facilities and the communities they serve. On average, 6 randomly selected sites are involved in a step. Facility workers are trained; community health workers, clinic support worker and traditional birth attendants are identified and trained through a month-long Ministry of Health (MOH) approved course. Equipment for data collection and electronic capture are set up, filing systems established and the study begins when the tools get implemented. Close supervision is provided for at least a month following initiation; there after regular supervisory visits are done by six quality improvement teams.~Clinic Intervention, implemented by the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ) BHOMA program:~The clinic intervention consists of the following 5 components: 1) the implementation of clinical care forms and accompanying job aids, 2) resources, to includes equipment, supplies, staffing and infrastructure, 3) clinic implementation, which involves a quality improvement team working at the clinic to introduce the new patient flow system and to improve the skills of clinic staff, 4) the use of electronic information for performance assessment, which involves implementing an electronic data entry system within the clinics and 5) supportive mentoring, which will involve the Quality Improvement (QI) team reviewing patient charts for appropriate screening, diagnostics, treatment or follow-up, attending patient visits, identifying equipment or infrastructure issues, and reviewing clinic performance reports and updating the clinic's quality improvement strategy.~Community Intervention, implemented by the CIDRZ BHOMA program:~The community intervention aims to expand the availability of community-based health services and improve the quality of these services with the use of three groups:~Community Health Workers:~The investigators will engage one community health worker (CHW) per Neighborhood Health Committee to conduct patient follow-up and household assessments. The CHWs will use two forms - patient follow-up form and a household assessment form, and will be trained to assess which patients need referral to the clinic or hospital.~Traditional Birth Attendants:~The investigators will offer training for traditional birth attendants (TBAs) working near the implementation clinics. The training will review the goals of facility delivery and introduce a pregnancy referral form for TBAs. The investigators will encourage the TBA to help the patient arrive at the clinic, and provide incentives for the TBAs for clinic referrals. The investigators will also train the TBAs to follow up all pregnancies in the first month to assess the infant and teach the mother about when it is appropriate to bring the infant to the clinic. TBAs will complete infant follow-up forms.~Neighborhood Heath Committees (NHC):~These committees will complete a community health event register, during which they will capture information about serious sicknesses and deaths that are not recorded at the clinics. Each NHC will visit households and return their register to the clinic.~These activities will continue throughout the duration of the funded project.
BHOMA Interventions~The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the BHOMA intervention on health in 3 rural districts of Zambia.