This study aims to investigate the capability of different analgesia-monitors (PhysioDoloris, MetroDoloris, Lille, France, SPI (Surgical Plethysmographic Index), GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland and AlgiScan, IDMed, Marseille, France) in tracing unconscious pain sensations during general anesthesia. Many surgical procedures require general anesthesia. In order to induce hypnosis and analgesia, which are the main components of general anesthesia, the anesthetist usually combines a hypnotic drug with an opioid analgesic.~Until today, however, there is no standard-monitoring to specifically reflect the analgesic component of general anesthesia. Because over dosage as well as under dosage of opioids (e.g. remifentanil) may increase postoperative pain, the development of a depth-of-analgesia monitor is not only desirable but necessary. Quality and safety of general anesthesia are of major clinical importance and can be improved by limiting the administration of opioid analgesics to the minimum dose needed. This study therefore examines the quality of the monitoring technique, i.e. the sensitivity and specificity in assessing the level of analgesia during general anesthesia under standardized conditions.~Levels of analgesia are traditionally evaluated by clinical signs such as an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, lacrimation, sweating and defensive movements. Recent research has been able to demonstrate the possibility of assessment of the level of nociception-antinociception balance by applying a tetanic stimulation (30 s, 60 milliampere, 50 Hz) above the ulnar side of the wrist using a standard muscle relaxometer on the patients arm. In these investigations the stimulation led to a decrease of the vagal tonus resulting in changes in sinus arrhythmia and in a smaller area under the plethysmographic curve. Different devices were able to reflect a painful stimulus during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data on the ability of the monitor-devices to detect a reproducible quantified painful stimulus under standardized conditions.~Bromm et al. thus established the intracutaneous pain model in the Department of Neurophysiology at the University-Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf more than 20 years ago. This model involves removing a small core of epidermis from the skin on the pulp of the finger and placing an electrode directly in the vicinity of Aδ- and C-fiber terminals. Corresponding stimulation evokes clear pinprick pain of the patients. Utilizing Bromm et al.'s methodology, we actively contribute to the ongoing debate on the clinical use of analgesia-monitors in tracing unconscious sensation of pain during general anesthesia. For better comparability to previous studies the Bromm et al's methodology will be complemented by a measurement after a tetanic stimulation on each analgesic level.~The hypotheses will be examined in a prospective clinical study by means of tetanic stimulation, tested on presumably 30 elective patients. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Medical Board of the City of Hamburg, Germany and informed consent will be obtained from all patients. After induction of deep propofol sedation a laryngeal mask is inserted and sedation is maintained by continuous bispectral index-guided propofol-infusion. Next, remifentanil is increased step-by-step according to the study protocol.~After ensuring a steady-state period of remifentanil infusion of at least 5 minutes, the standardized painful stimuli consisting of the intracutaneous pain model and tetanic stimulation for the time period of 30 s with 80 milliampere, 50 Hz are applied. All stimulations are accompanied by the measurement of the analgesic monitoring-indices. Moreover the investigators measure and inspect changes in heart rate and blood pressure as well as occurrence of defensive movements of the patients.
Until today there is no standard-monitoring to specifically reflect the analgesic component of general anesthesia. Quality and safety of general anesthesia are of major clinical importance and can be improved by limiting the administration of opioid analgesics to the minimum dose needed. This study therefore examines the quality of three different monitoring techniques (PhysioDoloris, MetroDoloris, Lille, France, SPI (Surgical Plethysmographic Index), GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland and AlgiScan, IDMed, Marseille, France) in assessing the level of analgesia during general anesthesia. Therefore a standardized painful stimulus is applied under different levels of analgesic drugs. The monitor's indices are compared to clinical signs such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.