The bone healing requires the integrations of two main principles: biomechanical aspect and biological aspect. The second one has having growing interest.~The use of the biological adjuvants, as growth factors (rhBMP2 and 7), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), Platelet gel (PG) or Plasma Rich Fibrin (PRF), as well as peptides and molecules are demonstrating promising results in the field of bone regeneration.~The addition of autologous bone marrow concentrate cells has proven to be an effective option in the treatment of bone defects, although to date there is no clear superiority of one method over the other.~In light of this, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the treatment, with or without the application of biological adjuvants, collecting data coming from the treated patients for pseudarthrosis of the upper limbs from 2000 to 2017 at the SC Orthopedic Surgery, Innovative Techniques of the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli
The aim of this study is to collect boh clinical and radiographic data coming from the treated patients for pseudarthrosis of the upper limbs from 2000 to 2017 at the SC Orthopedic Surgery, Innovative Techniques of the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli in order to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the treatment, with or without the application of biological adjuvants.