The large central airways (i.e. trachea and bronchi) act as a conduit to enable lower airway ventilation but also facilitate airway clearance during dynamic manoeuvres, such as coughing. It is becoming increasingly well recognised however, that in a significant proportion of individuals with chronic airway disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic asthma) and in those with an elevated body mass index (BMI), that the large airways may exhibit a tendency to excessive closure or narrowing. This large airway collapse (LAC) can be associated with exertional breathlessness and difficulty clearing airway secretions. A variety of terms have been used to describe LAC including excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) or if the cartilaginous structures are involved then tracheobronchomalacia (TBM).~At the current time, there is considerable debate regarding the definition of LAC. Typically the 'excessive' collapse underpinning a 'diagnosis' of EDAC is defined as excessive bulging of the posterior tracheal membrane into the airway lumen during expiration without associated collapse of the cartilaginous rings, however the degree to which the trachea closes, to constitute EDAC is debated, with literature varying from >50% to >90%. Moreover, partial expiratory airways collapse (up to 50% reduction in airways cross-sectional area) can be identified in 70-80% of healthy individuals during dynamic computed tomography (CT).~One clear limitation of the current approach to diagnosis is the fact that many of the 'diagnostic' tests employed, utilise static, supine measures +/- forced manoeuvres. These are somewhat physiologically flawed and differ markedly from the reality of the heightened state of airflow that develops during exertion. i.e. forced manoeuvres likely induce very different turbulent and thoracic pressure changes, in contrast to the hyperpnoea of real-life physical activity (i.e. walking or cycling). A current unanswered question is therefore, what happens to the large airway dynamic movement of healthy individuals (and ultimately patients) during real-life exercise and how does this compare with the measures taken during a forced manoeuvre, either during a bronchoscopy or during an imaging study such as CT or MRI scan.~The key aim of this study is therefore to evaluate and characterize large airway movement in a cohort of healthy adults during a real-life exercise challenge and to compare this with findings from a dynamic expiratory MRI and MRI during exercise. In order to achieve this, the investigators propose to develop and test the feasibility of an exercise-bronchoscopy protocol.~As a clinical service, the investigators have extensive experience of evaluating movement of the upper airway and larynx during strenuous exercise. The Principal Investigator currently performs over 100 continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE) tests per year, whereby a small laryngoscope is placed in the upper airway and is secured on a headgear to allow visualisation of the laryngeal and subglottic movement during exercise. i.e. whilst a subject performs running exercise. This test has an established role in patient evaluation and a proven safety record in the assessment of laryngeal closure during exercise. The research team has performed approximately 500 CLE tests in the Royal Brompton Hospital, with no serious adverse outcome.~The investigators thus now propose to utilise a similar exercise technique but to advance the scope (using a bronchoscope because this is needed to evaluate the lower airways) slightly more distally to allow visualisation of the large airways during an exercise challenge. Others have also utilised a similar approach. Specifically, a study evaluated military personal with symptoms of exertional dyspnoea. As part of this study the research team performed dynamic bronchoscopy with real-time observation on a bicycle ergometer.~Therefore, the investigators recommend the application of a similar approach, termed continuous bronchoscopy during exercise (CBE) to evaluate large airway movement during exercise and to report the feasibility and tolerability of the technique and to compare findings with imaging techniques (i.e. as is often used to diagnose EDAC) using MRI. In this initial study however, the investigators propose to study only healthy subjects to assess feasibility and provide comparator data for later work. i.e. to use this data to provide pilot feasibility work and thus to utilise results to inform and power later work, as indicated.~Study Rationale The investigators hypothesise that exercise bronchoscopy is feasible to perform for the investigation of EDAC. It is also hypothesised that findings on dynamic static manoeuvres (i.e. when subjects are asked to perform a forced dynamic breath out) with both a bronchoscope in situ and also during MRI will exaggerate a tendency to closure and not relate to the real-life physiological airway stress encountered during exercise.~STUDY OBJECTIVES~The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility and safety of continuous bronchoscopy during exercise.~The following hypothesis will be tested:~Continuous bronchoscopy during exercise is feasible~Continuous bronchoscopy during exercise is well-tolerated~Continuous bronchoscopy during exercise provides stable large airway images; to enable reliable assessment of any propensity to large airway collapse.~Secondary objectives include:~To evaluate the degree of LAC apparent in normal subjects during exercise and to compare this with static forced expiratory manoeuvres in MRI.~To evaluate the degree of LAC from MRI in normal subjects during forced expiratory manoeuvres.~To compare findings between modalities and to compare all findings with simple baseline physiological measures, such as lung function.
The large central airways (i.e. trachea and bronchi) act as a conduit to enable lower airway ventilation but also facilitate airway clearance during dynamic manoeuvres, such as coughing. It is becoming increasingly well recognised however, that in a significant proportion of individuals with chronic airway disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD or chronic asthma) and in those with an elevated body mass index (BMI), that the large airways may exhibit a tendency to excessive closure or narrowing. This large airway collapse (LAC) can be associated with exertional breathlessness and difficulty clearing airway secretions. A variety of terms have been used to describe LAC including excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) or if the cartilaginous structures are involved then tracheobronchomalacia (TBM).~One clear limitation of the current approach to diagnosis is the fact that many of the 'diagnostic' tests employed, utilise static, supine measures +/- forced manoeuvres. These are somewhat physiologically flawed and differ markedly from the reality of the heightened state of airflow that develops during exertion. i.e. forced manoeuvres likely induce very different turbulent and thoracic pressure changes, in contrast to the hyperpnoea of real-life physical activity (i.e. walking or cycling). A current unanswered question is therefore, what happens to the large airway dynamic movement of healthy individuals (and ultimately patients) during real-life exercise and how does this compare with the measures taken during a forced manoeuvre, either during a bronchoscopy or during an imaging study such as CT or MRI scan.~The key aim of this study is therefore to evaluate and characterise large airway movement in a cohort of healthy adults during a real-life exercise challenge and to compare this with findings from a dynamic expiratory MRI. In order to achieve this, the investigators proposes to develop and test the feasibility of an exercise-bronchoscopy protocol.