Neural tube closure defects (NTDs) are a common adverse pregnancy outcome, and one of the most debilitating birth defects in the United States and globally. NTDs comprise a cluster of neurodevelopmental conditions associated with the failure of neural tube closure during embryonic development. There are over 260,000 cases of NTDs each year globally, ranging from 1 to 80 per 10,000 births. Despite prevention efforts, NTDs remain a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, incurring medical costs of over $500,000 per person. Randomized trials have established that periconceptional folic acid supplementation prevents the occurrence and recurrence of NTDs by up to 70%. This led to the development of dietary recommendations for women of childbearing age in the U.S. and folic acid fortification of wheat and maize flour in over 80 countries.~Fortification of food staples is a sustainable intervention to improve micronutrient status in populations, and fortification of flour with folic acid is considered one of the most efficacious and cost-effective public health interventions to date. However, current folic acid fortification programs have not eliminated NTDs, and are constrained by suboptimal coverage and lack of consumption of targeted staple foods by at-risk populations. Fortification efforts to date have mainly targeted wheat and maize flour, which are not primary staples in some settings with the highest NTD burden, such as Southern India. It is estimated that India alone accounts for over one-third of all NTDs globally. In Southern India, the site of this randomized trial, rice is the primary staple, and the persistent burden of micronutrient deficiencies underscores the need to innovate additional strategies to deliver folic acid to at-risk populations.~Salt fortification is a promising strategy to prevent multiple micronutrient deficiencies, as it utilizes a widely consumed and affordable food and has existing production and distribution systems. In India, salt is one of the most widely consumed fortifiable staples. Previous studies demonstrated that double-fortified salt (DFS) with iron and iodine significantly improved iron status in women of reproductive age and schoolchildren. However, the high baseline prevalence of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 persisted, highlighting a need for additional interventions to target multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Recent technological advances have informed the development of a low-cost formulation of quadruple-fortified salt (QFS) - i.e., iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (Diosady, Mannar). This QFS is formulated to prevent chemical interactions of micronutrients and maintain stability in tropical conditions, and is ready for use in randomized efficacy trials in human populations.~The objectives of this randomized controlled trial are to determine the efficacy of quadruple-fortified salt (QFS) - i.e., iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 - on 1) erythrocyte folate and serum folate concentrations, 2) hemoglobin concentrations, and 3) vitamin B12 concentrations, among women of reproductive age in Southern India.~If proven to be efficacious, QFS could represent a low-cost and sustainable strategy to prevent anemia and micronutrient deficiencies and improve the the health of vulnerable populations, including women and young children.
Neural tube closure defects (NTDs) are a common adverse pregnancy outcome and among the most severe birth defects in the United States and globally. Women of reproductive age are a high-risk population for anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, and there is increasing evidence of the role of periconceptional nutritional status in the risk of birth defects and other common pregnancy complications. However, there is little representative population-level data from Southern India, where the burden of micronutrient deficiencies and birth defects is estimated to be among the highest in the world. Salt fortification is a promising strategy to prevent anemia and multiple micronutrient deficiencies, as it utilizes a widely consumed and affordable food and existing production and distribution systems.~The objectives of this randomized controlled trial are to determine the efficacy of quadruple-fortified salt (QFS) - i.e., iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 - on 1) erythrocyte folate and serum folate concentrations, 2) hemoglobin concentrations, and 3) vitamin B12 concentrations, among women of reproductive age in Southern India. If proven to be efficacious, QFS could represent a low-cost and sustainable strategy to prevent anemia and micronutrient deficiencies and improve the health of vulnerable populations, including women and young children.