Background~Ischemic heart diseases (IHD) still represent the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, with IHD and obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) (defined as any coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) often used as synonymous or interchangeable terms. However, a significant proportion of patients (up to 50% and particularly women) undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) because of angina and/or evidence of myocardial ischemia do not have OCAD. The term ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) identifies this significant proportion of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia (e.g., angina pectoris) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries at angiography. Even if initially believed a benign condition, it is now well-established that INOCA patients are at increased risk for cardiovascular events (including acute coronary syndrome, heart failure hospitalization, stroke and repeated cardiovascular procedures). Vasomotion disorders, including microvascular angina (MVA) and/or vasospastic angina (VSA), may be particularly relevant in the pathogenesis of INOCA. Indeed, coronary vasomotion disorders can cause a relative supply-demand mismatch of myocardial blood flow and nutrients relative to their requirements, inducing myocardial ischemia that may be transient, recurrent, and/or chronic. MVA is the clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia caused by coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). In this clinical entity, myocardial ischemia may result from structural remodeling of the microvasculature leading to fixed reduced microcirculatory conductance (impaired vasodilatation) and/or vasomotor disorders affecting the coronary arterioles and causing dynamic arteriolar obstruction in the presence of endothelial dysfunction and local inflammation (microvascular spasm). VSA is the clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia caused by dynamic epicardial coronary obstruction due to epicardial artery spasm. Key subgroups of patients (endotypes) within the heterogeneous population of INOCA may be distinguished by distinct mechanisms and/or responses to medical therapy (i.e.: MVA, VSA, both MVA and VSA or none). This distinction is of mainstay importance, as the Coronary Microvascular Angina (CorMicA) trial demonstrated that a strategy of adjunctive invasive testing for disorders of coronary function linked with stratified medical therapy led to improvements in patient outcomes, including a reduction in angina severity and better quality of life. However, the specific endotype is rarely correctly diagnosed in clinical practice and, therefore, no tailored therapy is prescribed for these patients. Consequently, INOCA patients often experience recurrent angina, with hospital readmission, repeated CAG and a significant impact on quality of life and healthcare-related costs.~Platelets play pivotal roles in thrombosis and subsequent ischemic complications in patients with OCAD, and platelet activation and dysfunction have been reported also in INOCA patients. Indeed, platelets dense bodies contain adenine nucleotides (adenosine diphosphate [ADP] and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) and serotonin which induce platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and production of cytokines and modulators of inflammation. Moreover, healthy vascular endothelium produces potent platelet inhibitors such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and natural ADPase. Therefore, an imbalance in platelet activation and endothelial function, along with platelet-mediated vascular inflammation, may be relevant to the pathogenesis of INOCA. Given these diagnostic shortcomings in this evolving area of clinical research, the assessment of different circulating plasma biomarkers along with platelet function tests and their correlation with specific underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may help to identify new diagnostic and stratification tools for INOCA patients.~Hypothesis and significance~Diagnosing the precise cause, in particular, the identification of the specific endotype, is of mainstay importance in INOCA patients, given that a tailored therapy demonstrated to have a significant impact on cardiovascular and quality-of-life outcomes. Thus, the investigators hypothesized that distinct signatures of circulating biomarkers and/or platelet function may be associated with a specific endotype of INOCA. Therefore, identifying these specific signatures may help in the diagnosis of these patients as well as pave the way for the identification of specific pathophysiologic pathways and the development of future therapies. In addition, the investigators hypothesized that such specific signatures may be associated with different clinical courses at follow-up, and therefore they may help in the prognostic stratification of INOCA patients.~Thus, our hypotheses are the following:~that specific plasma circulating biomarkers and/or platelet function signatures could discriminate between the different endotypes of INOCA, helping to identify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms;~that specific plasma circulating biomarkers and/or platelet function signatures may be associated with a worse angina status and quality of life and may be able to predict a higher rate of adverse cardiovascular events, helping in the prognostic stratification of INOCA patients and identifying those that may need more aggressive therapy and a closer follow-up.~Study design~A prospective observational pilot study.~Specific aim 1:~To evaluate the diagnostic capability of different circulating biomarkers, miRNA, platelet function tests and their combinations, in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the different endotypes of INOCA.~Specific aim 2:~To evaluate if distinct plasma circulating biomarkers and/or platelet function signatures are associated with a worse angina status and quality of life (evaluated using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ] summary score) at 1-year follow-up in INOCA patients.~Specific Aim 3:~To evaluate if distinct circulation biomarkers and/or platelet function signatures predict worse clinical outcomes in terms of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (defined as the composite of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for angina or heart failure, stroke, and repeated CAG) at 1-year follow-up in INOCA patients.~Methods~In order to define the different endotypes of INOCA, enrolled patients will undergo or underwent a comprehensive diagnostic work-up at the time of CAG, as suggested in current guidelines and consensus, consisting of:~Coronary function testing using a diagnostic pressure-temperature sensor guidewire in order to assess Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) and the Index of Microvascular Resistance (IMR);~Acetylcholine (Ach) provocative test to assess the presence of coronary vasomotion disorders;~All patients will undergo a blood sampling to assess circulating biomarkers, miRNAs expression profile and platelet function tests at the time of CAG or at the time of any follow-up visit.~Sample size calculation~To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous literature calculating sample size in a study comparing the different endotypes of INOCA. Consequently, due to the pilot nature of the study, the investigators did not perform a formal sample size calculation. However, based on data from expert consensus, the investigators assumed that a sample size of 200 patients will allow an appropriate comparison among the INOCA endotypes. Moreover, the investigators assume an enrollment rate of 50 patients/year in each participating center, thus the investigators aim at enrolling a total of 200 patients within 2 years.~Statistical analysis~Data will be reported as numbers and frequencies as for qualitative variables, whilst quantitative data will be expressed either as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR). Quantitative data distribution will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Differences between INOCA groups will be analyzed, as for qualitative data y the chi Square test. Conversely, as for quantitative data One-way ANOVA will be used for normally distributed values whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test will be performed for variables without normal distribution. The area under the curve (AUC) by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis will be analysed to assess specificity, sensitivity, PPV and NPV of single-plasma biomarker, miRNAs and result of platelet function tests, as well as their combinations for different endotypes of INOCA, by using the gold-standard as reference line. Univariate and multivariate multiple linear regression will be used to evaluate the association of single-plasma biomarker, miRNAs and result of platelet function tests as well as their combinations with SAQ summary score at 1-year follow-up. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis will be used to assess the relation of single-plasma biomarker, miRNAs and result of platelet function tests as well as their combinations with MACE. The analysis of MACE will consider time to first event and time to each event. A two-tailed analysis will be performed and a p value <0.05 will be considered as significant. Statistical analyses will be performed using STATA software version 16 (STATA Corp).
Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) identifies a significant proportion of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia with normal or near-normal coronary arteries at angiography. Initially believed a benign condition, it is now well-established that INOCA is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events. However, it is rarely correctly diagnosed. The identification of distinct signatures of circulating biomarkers and platelet alterations associated with the specific endotype of INOCA (Microvascular Angina [MVA]; Vasospastic Angina [VSA]; both MVA and VSA; and none) may help in the diagnosis of these patients as well as in the identification of specific pathophysiologic pathways and the development of future therapies. In addition, the identification of specific signatures may help in the prognostic stratification of INOCA patients, identifying those that may need more aggressive therapy and closer follow-up. Finally, the results deriving from this study may pave the way for a new pathophysiology-driven approach with cause-target therapies personalized for the specific mechanisms of INOCA. The BIOPLATINO study is the first study specifically designed to evaluate if there is a unique signature of circulating biomarkers and/or platelet function tests able to discriminate between the multiple pathogenetic mechanisms of INOCA as well as the different clinical courses. Furthermore, it may pave the way for the identification of specific pathophysiologic pathways of INOCA and the development of future therapies.