Background~Good glycemic control is crucial for improving clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with diabetes. Multiple insulin injections (one dose of long-acting insulin and three doses of rapid-acting pre-meal bolus insulins) are the standard of care for the hospital management of patients with diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors is a class of glucose-lowering agents that are increasingly being used in patients with type 2 diabetes, due to multiple pleiotropic effects. These drugs reduce cardiovascular mortality, especially by reducing risk of heart failure, and also improve renal outcomes. The role of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital in a non-critical care setting has not been assessed. Accordingly, the proposed study will provide a clinically useful information on the efficacy (blood glucose control) and safety (hypoglycemia) of dapagliflozin (an SGLT-2 inhibitor) for the management of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.~Summary~The purpose of the trial is to examine whether treatment with dapagliflozin plus insulin as compared with insulin alone (basal-bolus insulin) will result in similar blood glucose control and similar rate of complications in patients with diabetes, who are admitted to a hospital in a noncritical setting.~Arms and interventions~Arms Study participants with type 2 diabetes undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery will receive basal-bolus regimen (one dose of long-acting basal insulin and three doses of rapid-acting pre-meal bolus insulins) on the third day of surgery (transition from intravenous insulin infusion). One arm (dapagliflozin group) will receive dapagliflozin 10 mg daily in addition to basal-bolus regimen while another group (basal-bolus group) will receive basal-bolus insulin without dapagliflozin. Both arms will receive glargine U300 as basal insulin and lispro U100 as rapid-acting bolus insulin.~Dapagliflozin group:~Dapagliflozin 10 mg, every day before breakfast. Glargine insulin 300 Units/mL, average dose: 10-20 U/day; Insulin lispro 100 Units/mL, average dose: 10-30 U/day~Basal-bolus group:~Glargine insulin; 300 Units/mL, average dose: 10-20 U/day; Insulin lispro 100 Units/mL, average dose: 10-30 U/day~Primary outcome measure Noninferiority in mean differences between groups in their daily blood glucose concentrations. [Time Frame: The first 7 days of therapy in hospital and 5 days post-discharge]~Blood glucose will be measured pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner and night-time (0300 hours). Mean daily blood glucose concentration will be calculated to determine differences in inpatient glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus basal-bolus insulin or basal-bolus regimen, using glargine U300 as basal insulin and insulin lispro U100 before meals.~Sample size calculation~Noninferiority for the primary end point of glycemic control will be defined as a mean blood glucose difference of <18 mg/dL between dapagliflozin group and basal-bolus group. A blood glucose difference of such a magnitude has been reported in other superiority trials as nonclinically significant and is smaller than significant treatment effects. Assuming the true blood glucose difference between the treatment groups is zero, and using one-sided, two-sample t tests, Principal Investigato required 90 subjects for each treatment group to achieve 90% power. Principal Investigator do not expect any attrition rate. Principal Investigato aimed to enrol 200 subjects in total to achieve >90% power.~Procedures~Patients will be treated with a basal-bolus insulin regimen approach as previously reported. In brief, all study participants will receive insulin infusion till soft diet is initiated. Dose of insulin (units/hour) for last 4 hours will be calculated and that dose will be multiplied by 24 to get the 24 hour insulin utilization, and 80% of that 24-h dose was be as total daily dose (TDD). Half of the TDD will be administered as once-daily basal insulin (glargine U300) at 11:00 am, and half as prandial insulin (lispro U100) divided in three equal doses before meals. Insulin infusion will be continued till lunch time, and will be discontinued once pre-lunch rapid-acting bolus dose is administered. No interim analysis will be performed. Dapagliflozin group will receive first dose of dapagliflozin 10 mg, before lunch on the same day, followed by before breakfast next day onwards.~Glargine U100 will be given once daily, at the same time of the day (11:00 am). Insulin doses will be adjusted daily to maintain a fasting blood glucose <140 mg/dL, and pre-meals <180 mg/dL, while avoiding hypoglycemia <70 mg/dL. The TDD will be increased by 10% if blood glucose was between 140 and 180 mg/dL, by 20% if BG was between 180 and 240 mg/dL, and by 30% if BG was >240 mg/dL.~Glucose Monitoring~Glucose levels will be assessed by capillary point-of-care (POC) testing before meals, and at night-time (0300 hours). A subgroup of participants (n = 100) will wear a professional (blinded) Abbott FreeStyle Libre continuous glucose monitor (CGM).~Statistical Analysis~Noninferiority for the primary end point of glycemic control was defined as a mean BG difference of <18 mg/dL between dapagliflozin group and basal-bolus group. . A BG difference of such a magnitude has been reported in other superiority trials as nonclinically significant and is smaller than significant treatment effects. Assuming the true BG difference between the treatment groups is zero, and using one-sided, two-sample t tests, Principal Investigato required 90 participants for each treatment group to achieve 90% power. Accounting for a 5% attrition rate, Principal Investigatoaimed to enrol 200 participants in total to achieve >90% power. To compare baseline and clinical characteristics and outcomes, such as mean daily BG, occurrence of hypoglycemia, and occurrence of complications between treatment groups,Principal Investigato used nonparametric Wilcoxon tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests (or the Fisher exact test) for discrete variables. To determine differences in the primary end point, Principal Investigatoperformed a cross-sectional analysis using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests (or Wilcoxon tests) or one-way ANOVA, followed by repeated-measures ANOVA to estimate and test the difference between the two treatment groups while simultaneously examining mean daily BG across multiple days during treatment. Secondary end point analysis was not adjusted for multiple comparisons. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. The data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and count (percentage) for discrete variables. Principal Investigatoperformed the statistical analyses with SAS 9.4 software.
The purpose of the trial is to examine whether treatment with dapagliflozin plus insulin as compared with insulin alone (basal-bolus insulin) will result in similar blood glucose control and similar rate of complications in patients with diabetes, who are admitted to a hospital in a noncritical setting