Late-stage lung cancer patients (n = 318) meeting the inclusion criteria will be recruited and randomized into one of three groups: 1) Tai-Chi group, 2) aerobic exercise group, or 3) self-management control group. Both the Tai-Chi and aerobic exercise groups will attend twice-weekly group classes for 16 weeks (32 total contact hours). The self-management control group will receive written information regarding the recommended level of physical activity. To evaluate the effectiveness of Tai-Chi and aerobic exercise in alleviating the emotional symptom cluster (primary outcome) and individual symptoms (sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, fatigue), outcome measures will be conducted at baseline, 8 weeks (mid-point assessment), 16 weeks (post-intervention), and 28 weeks (12-weeks post-intervention). A linear mixed-effects model will be used to study the between-group differences in outcomes. In addition, emotion regulation, mindfulness, and cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated at each data collection point, and structural equation modeling will be used for subsequent mediation analysis to determine their mediating role in outcome changes. Qualitative interviews will be conducted to understand patients' experience and evaluation of the interventions.
The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of Tai-Chi and aerobic exercise on the emotional symptom cluster, and the underlying mechanism of that cluster, in late-stage lung cancer patients. Participants will be randomized into one of three groups: 1) Tai-Chi group, 2) aerobic exercise group, or 3) self-management control group. Both the Tai-Chi and aerobic exercise groups will attend twice-weekly group classes for 16 weeks (32 total contact hours). The self-management control group will receive written information regarding the recommended level of physical activity.