Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females. Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) is one of the main surgical treatments of breast cancer .The most common modality for anesthesia is general anesthesia with or without regional blocks . Nearly 40-60% of patients undergoing breast surgery experience severe acute postoperative pain, with severe pain persisting for 6-12 months in almost 10-30% of patients (Post Mastectomy Pain Syndrome; PMPS) . This pain can be severe enough to cause long-term disabilities and interfere with sleep and performance of daily activities.~Postoperative pain is usually managed by opioids, yet it is usually associated with side effects including; prolonged sedation, increase in the incidence of recurrence, respiratory depression , nausea , vomiting and ileus. In an attempt to reduce these side effects, thoracic epidural analgesia and paravertebral block became the gold standard regional techniques for breast surgery. However, both techniques may be associated with serious complications such as pneumothorax, spinal cord injury, incompatibility with pre-existing anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy and hemodynamic instability. Multiple different regional techniques have been developed in the last decade for postoperative pain management of MRM including including erector spinae plane block (ESPB) aiming to be effective and associated with less complications when compared to the gold standard techniques .~ESPB is a simple and safe paraspinal fascial plane block that involves injection of local anesthetic deep in the erector spinae muscle and superficial to the tips of the thoracic transverse processes hoping to block both ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves in the paravertebral area. However, regional blocks after a single dose of local anesthetic are of limited duration and efficacy. Hence, the co-administration of adjuvants with local anesthetics may be helpful for prolongation and potentiation of the analgesic effect. Dexmedetomidine is a potent α2agonist of which α2/α1 selectivity is 8 times greater than clonidine and is now emerging as an adjunct to regional and general anesthesia. It can prolong the duration of the nerve block when used with a local anesthetic .Dexamethasone is considered as an adjuvant as it act by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and by inhibiting discharge of C-fibers. There is a limited number of studies covering the effect of dexmedetomidine versus dexamethasone when added to ESPB, yet they are still lacking in breast surgeries. Our study aims at studying the effect of adding dexmedetomidine compared to dexamethasone as adjuncts to ESPB in modified radical mastectomy.~Objectives:~To identify the intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, as well as duration of analgesia and study the effect on hemodynamics.~Hypothesis We hypothesize that the addition of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine in US guided ESPB in patients undergoing MRM is superior to either adding dexamethasone to levobupivacaine, or using levobupivacaine alone.~Ethical Considerations The trial will be conducted after approval of departmental and institutional research ethics committee. A written informed consent will be obtained from all participants.~A comparative double-blinded study.~Study setting and location The study will be conducted in the breast operating theatre at National Cancer Institute hospital.~Study population 90 Female patients ASA II,III scheduled for modified radical mastectomy under general anaesthesia.~A. preoperative:~Patient's assessment; History, physical exam, laboratory and radiological investigations at preoperative assessment clinic National Cancer Institute Cairo University. Preoperative assessment on the night of surgery. Patients will be instructed on how to report pain by means of Numeric Pain Rating Scale, in which 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain. An informed consent will be obtained. Preoperative fasting; minimum of 6 hours for food and minimum of 2 hours for water and clear fluids.20G IV cannula is inserted. All patients will be pre-medicated with IV midazolam 0.01-0.02 mg\kg 30 minutes preoperatively. ESPB with either adjuncts or none at all will be done preoperatively with the patients in a lateral position. After allocation of patients to each study group, patients in group 1 will receive dexmedetomidine with levobupivacaine in ESPB, while patients in group 2 will receive dexamethasone with levobupivacaine in ESPB, & patients in group 3 will receive levobupivacaine without adjuncts in ESPB.~Technique of ESPB: The block level will be at T5 with the patient in a lateral position. The ultrasound probe will be placed on the back in a transverse orientation to identify the tip of the T5 transverse process; these are recognizable as flat, squared-off acoustic shadows with only a very faint image of the pleura visible. If the transducer is too lateral, the ribs will be visualized instead; these are recognizable as rounded acoustic shadows with an intervening hyperechoic pleural line. The tip of the transverse process will be centered on the ultrasound screen and the probe will then be rotated into a longitudinal orientation to produce a parasagittal view, in which the following layers will be visible superficial to the acoustic shadows of the transverse processes: skin, subcutaneous tissue, trapezius, erector spinae muscle and T5 transverse process. A skin wheel using 3 ml of lidocaine 1% is made 2-3 cm above the upper aspect of the transducer, then an echogenic block needle will be inserted in plane to the ultrasound beam in a cranial-to-caudal direction until contact is made with the T5 transverse process. Correct location of the needle tip in the fascial plane deep to erector spinae muscle will be confirmed by injecting 0.5-1 ml glucose 5% and seeing the fluid lifting the erector spinae muscle off the transverse process without distending the muscle. After aspiration; to avoid intravascular injection, 30 ml levobupivacaine 0.25% to which dexmedetomidine (1microgram\kg) is added in the first group , while dexamethasone (10 mg) is added to levobupivacaine in the second group, and no adjuncts to levobupivacaine is added to the third group. Upon injection, separation will be seen. 6-13-MHz, linear transducer set for small parts and a depth of 4-6 cm will be used. Fujifilm Sonosite M-Turbo Ultrasound system will be used.~B. Intraoperative:~All patients will be monitored continuously using electrocardiography, non-invasive blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation and end tidal carbon dioxide throughout the duration of the surgical procedure. Induction of general anesthesia will be performed using a regimen of IV 2 μg/kg fentanyl and propofol IV 2 mg /kg. Tracheal intubation will be facilitated by using 0.5 mg/kg IV of atracurium. Anesthesia will be maintained with inhaled sevoflurane 2-2.5% in oxygen enriched air (FiO2=0.5). Maintenance doses of atracurium o.1 mg\kg will be provided every 30 minutes. Paracetamol 500 mg and IV ketorolac 30mg will be provided as a part of multimodal analgesia. Rescue analgesia of fentanyl 1 μg/kg will be given if the mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate rises above 20% of the baseline levels. Ringer acetate will be infused to replace the fluid deficit, maintenance and losses, and patients will be mechanically ventilated at an appropriate setting keeping the end-tidal CO2 at 30- 35 mmHg. The first reading of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) will be taken before induction of general anesthesia to be defined as a baseline reading, another reading will be taken immediately before surgical incision and at 30-minute intervals intraoperatively. The residual neuromuscular blockade will be reversed using neostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) and atropine (0.02 mg/kg). Extubation will be performed after complete recovery of the airway reflexes.~C. postoperative:~Patients will be transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) where the Numeric Pain Rating Scale score, MAP and heart rate will be noted immediately on arrival, then observed for 2 hours & discharged to the ward afterwards. Rescue analgesia will be provided in the form of IV morphine 3 mg boluses if the patient indicates Numeric Pain Rating Scale ≥ 4. The total amount of morphine given in 24 hours will be recorded for the three groups. A maximum dose of 0.5 mg/kg/24hours of morphine is allowed. IV paracetamol 500 mg \6 hours and IV ketorolac 30mg\8 hours will be given as a part of multimodal analgesia. Numeric Pain Rating Scale score, MAP and heart rate will be noted at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours postoperatively. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression (respiratory rate <10/minute) will be recorded. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), will be rated on a four-point verbal scale; (none =no nausea, mild =nausea but no vomiting, moderate=vomiting one attack, severe =vomiting >one attack). 0.1 mg/kg of IV ondansetron will be given to patients with moderate or severe postoperative nausea and vomiting . Sedation will be assessed in the PACU with Ramsay scores.(1 = anxious or restless or both; 2 = cooperative, orientated, and tranquil; 3= responding to commands; 4 = brisk response to stimulus; 5 = sluggish response to stimulus; and 6 = no response to stimulus). A Ramsay score of 5 or 6 will be considered excessively high sedation levels; a Ramsay score of 2 to 4 will be considered adequate sedation levels needing observation; a Ramsay score of 1 will be considered inadequate or insufficient sedation levels .~Sample size As there was no study reporting results on a similar hypothesis, sample size was calculated based on the results of pilot study;SPSS version 23.0 was used to generate a list of 20 subjects who were randomly assigned into two groups each of 10 for the following treatment A) ESPB + Dexamethasone B) ESPB + Precedex Assuming a pooled standard deviation of 2.37 units, the study would require a sample size of thirty for each group (i.e. a total sample size of 60, assuming equal group sizes), to achieve a power of 90% and a level of significance of 1% (two sided), for detecting a true difference in means of post operative morphia consumption between ESPB + Dexamethasone and ESPB + Precedex groups of -2.4 (i.e. 2.4 - 4.8) units.~Statistical analysis PSS version 27.0 will be used in data analysis. Quantitative variables were tested for normality to select appropriate statistical tests. Mean and standard deviation described quantitative data with median and range. Comparison of means (or medians) of two independent groups will be done using t test. To show the effect of time on vitals, parametric repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test will be used to show changes overtime both intra and post-operative. Post-hoc test will be used for pairwise comparisons and will be Tucky adjusted. Chi-square and Fisher Exact were used for testing proportion independence. P value was always two tailed and set significant at 0.05 level
The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of adding dexmedetomidine versus dexamethasone to levobupivacaine in ultrasound guided ESPB for patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy