Incidence of obesity continues to increase in the United States and worldwide, making its prevention or reduction a public health priority. Nutrition research that can lead to effective prevention strategies is greatly needed. Inflammation is a major underlying cause for obesity, and it is imperative to understand how anti-inflammatory food sources, such as fish oil, could aid in reducing obesity. Moreover, exercise is effective at reducing systemic inflammation and improving insulin resistance. Both exercise and diet can influence health through changes in the gut microbiome; however, no studies have investigated how together these affect gut microbiome and overall metabolic health. The goal is to understand the combined effects of fish oil and exercise in obesity-associated inflammation. The investigators hypothesize that fish oil will improve gut bacteria profiles, which will in turn potentiate the benefits of an exercise program and improve energy utilization and reduce inflammation and metabolic risk. These studies will provide the foundation for development of novel strategies for obesity, inflammation, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia.~The first aim of this study will focus on determining the combined effects of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on improving metabolic risks such as obesity-related markers of inflammation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.~The investigators will test the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA, in addition to HIIT, will have beneficial effects on energy utilization, as well as obesity-related markers of inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.~Aim 2.1: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on body weight and composition Aim 2.2: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on serum markers associated with obesity Aim 2.3: Investigate influence of n-3 PUFA and HIIT on energy utilization/ markers of insulin resistance~The second aim is to determine the combined effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on improving gut dysbiosis.~The investigators will test the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA supplementation will improve gut microbiota composition and related metabolites, which will result in reduced inflammation and ameliorate the metabolic response to a HIIT exercise intervention in an overweight population.~Aim 1.1: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and exercise on gut microbiota composition~Aim 1.2: Investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA and exercise on microbiota produced metabolites~Participants will be randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 120), each balanced for sex, BMI, lipid profile, and dietary intake. The goal is to conduct the study in smaller cohorts, such as 10-15 participants/group (n = 40-60).~Participants will first be allocated to two groups: One group will take 4 grams n-3 PUFA (AlaskOmega®) per day (3000 mg EPA and 1000 mg DHA) and one group will take placebo (safflower oil, AlaskOmega®, from Organic Technologies Inc.) for 8 weeks of initial supplementation.~Following this, one group from the treatment and one from the placebo group (creating 4 groups: (1) placebo + exercise control; (2) n-3 PUFA + exercise control; (3) placebo + HIIT; (4) n-3 PUFA + HIIT) will also participate in a home-based 4 x 4 HIIT exercise (4 intervals for 4 min at 85-95% HRmax with 3min active recovery at 50-70% HRmax) program 3 days/week conducted at a local gym under virtual investigator supervision and utilizing cycle ergometers.~If not asked to exercise, participants will be instructed to maintain their normal level of physical activity but will participate in a home-based, time-matched control consisting of flexibility training led virtually by investigators.~All participants will wear a heart rate monitor (Polar H10) provided by TTU throughout the training (HIIT and control) to monitor exertion level.~Capsules will be administered in a double-blind fashion and will be identical in appearance. Participants will visit the clinic to pick up capsules. To ensure compliance, subjects will be reminded via phone (text message or phone call based on participant preference) to take their capsules and counts will be conducted when they come in for study visits.~As with any acute metabolic or physiological improvements, beneficial effects of exercise on bacterial taxa and resultant metabolite production are quickly reversed with detraining. Thus, it is of interest to determine if fish consumption can ameliorate the negative metabolic and gut effects of detraining.~At the end of the 6-week intervention (week 14), participants in the respective groups will cease engaging in HIIT for a 2-week detraining period and those allocated to the fish oil group will receive recommendations for fish consumption according to guidelines (8 oz per week or consuming fish twice weekly, including one serving of oily fish). Dietary records for the last 2 weeks of the study will assess dietary fish intake compliance.
The goal of this project is to understand the combined effects of fish oil and exercise in obesity-associated inflammation. The investigators hypothesize that fish oil will improve gut bacteria profiles, which will in turn potentiate the benefits of an exercise program and improve energy utilization and reduce inflammation and metabolic risk.