Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and the most common cause of dementia. It is characterized by the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The A/T/N diagnostic criteria for AD, published by the National Institutes for Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (2018) identify amyloid plaques as a necessary condition for Alzheimer's disease.~Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential neuroimaging examination for patients with Alzheimer's disease. MRI allows for the exclusion of other causes of dementia, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumors, subdural hematoma, or cerebrovascular disease. MRI also permits the assessment of the atrophy pattern which may provide additional diagnostic or predictive information. To date, however, MRI cannot prove the existence of amyloid plaques in the brain.~Recently, amyloid-targeting radiopharmaceuticals have been approved by several Regulatory Authorities for use with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. Amyloid PET imaging is a sensitive imaging biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, but PET is associated with radiation exposure and has limited availability.~ADx-001 is a novel, intravenously delivered, macrocyclic gadolinium (Gd)-based molecularly targeted liposomal product that is being developed for use in contrast-enabled MR imaging of amyloid plaques. ADx-001-enabled MRI is expected to allow the detection of amyloid plaques in the human brain with sensitivity that is comparable to amyloid PET imaging.~This study is a Phase 1, first-in-human, study to collect safety data and obtain proof-of-concept of ADx-001 in healthy volunteers and subjects with proven amyloid plaques. Data from this study will be used to support future clinical studies with ADx-001 in AD patients.~. The study is designed in 2 parts. The first part in healthy volunteers is supposed to assess safety and tolerability in humans. In this study phase, 6 healthy volunteers will be included and receive a single dose of 0.016 mmol Gd/kg body weight, each. The first volunteer will be a sentinel and observed for 14 days before the next volunteers will be included. Volunteers will be recruited one-by-one with at least 24 h between the inclusion of subsequent volunteers.~The second part in patients with proven amyloid plaques (proven by amyloid PET) is supposed to provide proof of concept of ADx-001 MR signal enhancement in amyloid-rich brain regions and to identify the lowest ADx-001 dose able to delineate amyloid plaques in the human brain.~The patient part will use a dose escalation design with a maximum of 4 dose groups, with 3-6 patients in each dose group. The starting dose for the first dose level will be 0.016 mmol Gd/kg based on the NOAEL (0.5 mmol Gd/kg) established in the nonclinical development program, the safety factor of 0.1 and the human equivalent dose (HED) conversion factor of 0.32 (0.5 mmol Gd/kg x 0.1 x 0.32 = 0.016 mmol Gd/kg). Dose escalation will be based on findings in MRI and the occurrence of adverse events. Dose will be increased until no further increase in imaging signal is expected; stopping rules will define the stop of dose escalation (or the trial) based on safety considerations.~All study participants will need to be kept in-patient for observation for 72 hours after administration of ADx-001. At each dose level, the first patient will be a sentinel and followed for 14 days after the dose (or until early termination). If no clinically relevant adverse events or safety concerns occur during the first 14 days, additional 2 patients will be sequentially administered ADx-001 at the same dose with at least 24 h between the patients.~A Dosing Committee (DC) will oversee dose escalation of this trial. The DC will be composed of a board-certified radiologist, a physician specialized in a clinical discipline with experience in the administration of injectable liposome formulations, and a board-certified nuclear medicine physician as voting members. The DC will evaluate imaging and safety data, decide if further dose increases are expected to increase imaging signal, decide if the trial must be stopped following predefined stopping rules, decide if additional patients are to be included at a given dose level, and propose the next dose level. It is expected that dose levels will be gradually increased; however, the DC may also decide to lower the ADx-001 dose (especially after imaging of patients at the first dose if signal enhancement in amyloid plaques is already visible and judged as sufficient), or decide that no further dose levels are to be tested. The DC may also recommend different imaging time points (as long as the total number of imaging time points remains unaffected).~The following dose escalation criteria will be used:~If no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) has been seen in the first 3 subjects in a dose level and imaging signal is expected to increase with higher doses, then enrollment/dosing may move to the next higher dose level.~If a DLT is seen in one of the first three subjects in a dose level, an additional 3 subjects will be enrolled into that same dose cohort. If only 1 DLT is seen in the first 6 subjects in a dose level and imaging signal is expected to increase with higher doses, then enrollment/dosing may move to the next higher dose level.~Development of DLTs in 2 or more subjects in a specific dose cohort will indicate that the amount of drug tolerated has been exceeded, and further dose escalation will be terminated irrespective of imaging findings.~The DC may recommend the next dose level be reduced from the previous dose (relevant for the first dose level in patients).~In all patients, amyloid PET imaging will serve as a comparator. Eligible patients will have a documented positive amyloid PET scan obtained within the 12 months prior to inclusion into this study and are able to provide the original DICOM images of the PET scan to the imaging core lab.~Patient recruitment will be done in a staggered approach. The time interval between injection with ADx-001 of the sentinel and subsequent patients is 14 days, at minimum. Safety follow-up of at least 7 days must be available in all 3 patients (or 6 patients if 1 DLT has been observed) of a dose level before the next higher dose level is started.
This study is a Phase 1, first-in-human, multi-center study to establish safety of ADx-001 in healthy volunteers, and safety and proof of concept in patients with confirmed amyloid plaques in the brain (confirmed by amyloid positron emission tomography (PET)). ADx-001 is a novel, intravenously delivered, Gd- containing molecularly targeted liposomal product that is being developed for use in contrast-enabled MR imaging of amyloid plaques.