Study site:~Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Hospital, of the Central Railway at Byculla, Mumbai.~Study Population:~Patients attending Ophthalmology Out Patient Department(OPD) at Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Central Railway Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai.~Study design:~Prospective or cohort study to compare the effects of grid macular laser, topical bromfenac 0.09% and placebo (carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5%) medication in diabetic macular edema.~Sample size with justification:~60 eyes fulfilling the selection criteria were included in the study after informed consent.~Justification of sample size:~To calculate sample size formula used is N = Z2 * P (1-P) D2 Where, Z = standard normal deviate =1.96 (at 95% confidence interval) D = margin of error (precision) will be 0.05 P = Prevalence. According to Chennai Epidemiological Study99, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India is 17.6%. Out of these, less than one third patients have mild macular edema.~So calculated sample size is 60 patients.~Time frame of the study:~Patients were randomly selected from those who were attending the OPD from November 2014 to October 2015.~Sampling procedure and data collection:~All the patients enrolled in the study were informed verbally about potential benefits and risks associated with the treatment modalities and a fully informed written consent was obtained from each of them.~A detailed history was obtained in each case. A thorough ophthalmic history regarding mode of onset of symptoms, duration of symptoms, a history of any previous intervention in the affected eye, medical history including duration of diabetes mellitus, medications being taken, and history of any other systemic illness was obtained and recorded on case record sheet. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination of all patients was done.~The patients were then divided by simple random sampling into three groups. One group was treated with grid laser photocoagulation, the second group was treated with topical bromfenac 0.09% drops two times a day and the third group was treated with topical carboxy methyl cellulose 0.5% three times a day (placebo treatment).~HISTORY AND EXAMINATION INCLUDED:~i. General information: Name, age and sex ii. Chief complaints: The complaints patient presented with along with its onset, duration and progress.~iii. Ophthalmic history:~History of any ocular disease or injury which may affect vision and treatment taken for it.~History of undergoing any ocular procedure. iv. History of diabetes mellitus especially with regard to its duration and treatment v. Visual acuity: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing was done on the ETDRS chart and values were obtained in logMAR for analysis.~vi. Intraocular pressure measurement: Measured using Goldman applanation tonometer under topical anesthesia. vii. Slit lamp examination: For anterior segment examination to ensure clarity of lens and cornea.~viii. Fundus examination: Fundus examination was done with slit lamp biomicroscopy using 60 dioptre lens and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Photographs were taken with fundus camera.~ix. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) It was done at the beginning of the study before doing any intervention and then again after 6 weeks.~PROCEDURE:~OCT machine used was Spectral Domain Cirrhus OCT from Carl Zeiss (Cirrhus High Definition-OCT)~The pupils were dilated and the patient was positioned at the machine.~A 512 * 128 macular cube protocol was chosen, consisting of 128 horizontal scan lines, each consisting of 512 A-scans per line. The instrument provided a retinal thickness map: 3 concentric circular areas were centered on the fixation point. The diameter of each was 1, 3 and 6 mm. In each one of these 9 areas, the software calculated the mean value from all the thickness measurements on each single A-scan. In addition to average retinal thickness of 9 zones, including a 1 mm central zone, the Cirrus macula readout provided macular volume and average macular thickness, which reflected the 3D structure of retina.~The retinal thickness was measured from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to internal limiting membrane (ILM).~Central macular thickness was calculated as mean thickness in the central 1000 um diameter area.~x. Blood Investigations: Blood was checked for fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c levels. The blood tests were repeated at the end of 6 weeks.~PROCEDURE OF GRID PHOTOCOAGULATION For the patients treated with laser photocoagulation, grid laser was performed under topical anesthesia with frequency doubled neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd YAG) laser of wavelength 532 nm.~Laser Parameters for grid photocoagulation Lens used: Mainster grid lens Spot size: 75-100μ The burn intensity for grid laser: barely visible (light grey) Power: 80-100mw depending on the condition of the laser, the opacities in the media and background pigmentation.~Duration: 100msec No. of spots: 80-100 Laser burns were placed at least one burn width apart. Wider if the thickening was less severe. If necessary, the grid laser extended up to 2 disc diameters superiorly, inferiorly and temporally from the centre of the macula. Treating the area within 500 microns of the disc margin or the centre of the macula was avoided.~Patients in the bromfenac group were given twice daily e/d bromfenac 0.09% for 6 weeks.~Patients in the placebo group were given e/d carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5% to be instilled thrice a day for 6 weeks.~Follow up The patients were called every week and their visual acuity and fundus was checked.~The patients were instructed to maintain a good control diabetes, blood pressure and adhere to their follow up regimen and to report at the first sign of worsening vision.~The visual acuity, fundus photograph, macular thickness on OCT at 6 weeks checkup were used in present analysis.~Ethical consideration:~The investigator sought ethical clearance from Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Central Railway Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai, ethical and scientific committee. Patients were included in this study only after they gave informed consent. Patients were informed of the purpose of the study, procedures to be performed and the risks and benefits of the treatment. As patients were on regular weekly follow up where vision and fundus was checked, even those patients receiving placebo had the benefit of a careful monitoring in place for intervention if required.~Data Management and Statistical Analysis:~After data collection, data entry was done in excel.~Statistical analysis was performed with the help of the software SPSS ver 15.~For comparing quantitative data~Between the study groups chi square test was applied~Within the group that is before and after the study, paired 't' test was applied~Comparison of non- parametric (qualitative) data between the study groups was done using Fisher Exact test~Statistical significance is indicated by conventional symbols:~p <0.05: Statistically significant~p >0.05: Statistically non-significant
Prospective or cohort study to compare the effects of grid macular laser, topical bromfenac 0.09% and placebo (carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5%) medication in diabetic macular edema.~60 eyes with macular edema of two types i.e. cystoid macular edema (CME) and clinically significant macular edema (CSME) were divided into three groups with 20 patients in each group. One group was treated with grid laser photocoagulation, the second group was treated with topical bromfenac 0.09% drops two times a day and the third group was treated with topical carboxy methyl cellulose 0.5% three times a day (placebo treatment).