Cocaine use continues to be a significant public health problem with limited treatment options and no approved pharmacotherapies. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors are located in brain areas important for reward and, as such, appear to play a significant role in modulating addictive-like behaviors and drug use (Eren-Yazicioglu et al. 2020). Extended-release exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In preclinical studies, exenatide reduces cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking behavior (Brunchmann et al. 2019). The effect of extended-release exenatide on cocaine use in patients with a cocaine use disorder (CUD) has not yet been investigated. A series of four case studies are being proposed to collect preliminary data on the feasibility, safety, and clinical effects of exenatide in treatment-seeking patients with CUD.~The U.S. is facing a re-emergence of cocaine as an epidemic drug, indicated by increases in availability, use, and overdose deaths following a previous period of decline (Maxwell 2020). Although significant strides have been made in medication development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD), no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies are currently available. NIDA's current strategic plan prioritizes efforts to accelerate CUD medication development by rigorously testing novel molecular targets based on a translational research approach. Emerging evidence supports the potential clinical utility of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor stimulation for the treatment of substance use disorders, including CUD.~GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Current evidence shows that GLP-1 receptors are widely expressed in areas of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway where they regulate the rewarding value of food and drugs of abuse, including cocaine. Preclinical literature suggests that activation of GLP-1 receptors reduces the rewarding effects of cocaine and cocaine self-administration (e.g., Hernandez et al. 2018; Hernandez et al. 2019). In the human laboratory, acute cocaine administration decreases GLP-1 concentrations, with changes associated with subjective reinforcing responses to cocaine (feeling high, anxious) (Bouhlal et al. 2017). Thus, there is compelling evidence to hypothesize that exenatide treatment will decrease cocaine use in individuals with CUD. In preparation for conducting a full-scale efficacy trial, the goal of the current proposal is to collect preliminary feasibility, safety, and clinical data on the effects of exenatide in series of four case studies.
The purpose of this study is to collect information about whether exenatide (Bydureon) may be safe and helpful as a medication treatment for individuals who want to stop using cocaine.~Although exenatide (Bydureon) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, it has not been approved by the FDA to treat cocaine use; therefore, it is called an investigational drug.