The immunological assays that will be performed on blood include immunophenotyping, serologic testing and cytokine analysis. Deep characterization of patients' immune profile offers a unique opportunity for comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) vaccination. The investigators will study immunological functions on the level of both adaptive and innate immunity by performing extensive immunophenotyping, cytokine analysis and RNA sequencing analysis. Biomarker analysis will be performed on protein and on RNA single cell level. Infectivity of different cell types including macrophages will performed. These analyses will be performed at the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Cure Research Center (HCRC) laboratory.~Nasal fluid: The investigators will compare the immune response and immunoglobulin production in nasal secretions before and after SARS-CoV2 vaccination. The investigators aim to compare the local versus the systemic (blood/serum) response to SARS-CoV2 vaccination. Further, patients that had a proven SARS-CoV2 infection will be compared with patients that never had COVID-19 symptoms nor antibodies.~Questionnaire: a questionnaire will be filled in by the individual to assess if the individual went through a previous SARS-CoV2 infection and experienced symptoms post vaccination. The questionnaires are available as supplementary documents.
This study aims to gain more insight in the immunological characteristics and immune response on a local level (the nose) and systemic level (the blood) of healthy people vaccinated with the current available COVID-19 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA; BNT162b2) and viral vector based (ChAdOx1) vaccines.