The pre-op examination involved taking patient history (including the information about prior venous surgeries), identifying varicose veins (VV's) clinical symptoms/signs, duplex ultrasound (US) evaluation of the lower extremities, clinical-etiological and anatomical-pathophysiological assessment based on the CEAP classification.~The primary transverse and longitudinal US examination (B-mode, color and spectral Doppler) was performed by expert doctors at the Vascular Pathology Non-Invasive Diagnostics Unit before deciding on treatment choices. Reflux in the saphenofemoral/saphenopopliteal junction (SFJ/SPJ) area was determined in supine and upright positions using the Valsalva manoeuvre or manual compression/decompression test, respectively. SFJ/SPJ and great/small saphenous vein (GSV/SSV) segments with retrograde blood flow longer than 0.5 seconds were considered incompetent. Venous reflux section length and incompetent GSV/SSV segments' diameter (in mm) were reflected in medical documentation.~The trial inclusion criteria were as follows: age >18 years old; VV's CEAP clinical class C2-C4; SFJ/SPJ insufficiency and pathological (>0.5 s) reflux in GSV/SSV manifested by one or more venous symptoms (pain, itching, nocturnal leg cramps, swelling/pulsing sensation, heaviness, fatigue and overall discomfort), vein diameter at the SFJ/SPJ >4.5 mm and <8 mm in an upright position.~The patients were informed about the MOCA technique, the intervention's potential complications and side effects.~The exclusion criteria included isolated reflux in tributaries, excessive GSV/SSV tortuosity, known allergy to the sclerosant, deep/superficial vein thrombosis, post-thrombotic occlusion, confirmed thrombophilia, postoperative VV recurrence, obliterating peripheral artery diseases (ankle-brachial pressure index <0.8), pregnancy and lactation.~The Flebogrif™ device's design is based on a 5Fr single-channel diagnostic vascular catheter 60 cm or 90 cm long (with 1-cm graduated marks), its lumen containing a retractable metal rod with five sharp wires (claws) attached to its tip. As the claws get released and the catheter is then withdrawn from the vessel, the vein wall's endothelial layer gets damaged; at this time, the distance between the fully opened cutting elements is ~29 mm, which is quite enough to treat incompetent veins up to 17-20 mm in diameter.~The patients were put in supine or prone positions for GSV or SSV ablation, respectively. The catheter length choice was determined by that of the incompetent vein segment. The GSV/SSV was punctured with a straight needle 18G at the distal point of reflux in an operating room under local anesthesia (1% lidocaine hydrochloride solution) and US guidance, after which a 0.035 J-shape guidewire was employed to insert a 6Fr introducer with an expander. Upon the latter's removal, a Flebogrif™ catheter was delivered to the target vein's lumen so as to have its tip positioned 2-3 cm below the SFJ/SPJ. Following the guidewire's removal, the catheter's cutting elements were released, shifting its outer shell against the stationary inner rod, after which a syringe containing a dose of 3% lauromacrogol-400 foamed solution (Ethoxysclerol®, Kreussler & Co. GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) prepared using the Tessari's method was connected to the central channel's port. The catheter was being distally removed from the vein in a smooth motion all the way up to the introducer, damaging the endothelium with its cutters, with simultaneous introduction of the foam in the amount of 0.1-0.2 ml per 1 cm. The graduated marks on the catheter helped measure the treated GSV/SSV section's length. During and within 5 minutes after the foam injection, the ultrasound probe was used to apply percutaneous compression in the SFJ/SPJ plane. Where deemed necessary, MOCA was supplemented with simultaneous Müller- Varadi miniphlebectomy or standard foam sclerotherapy of the visible varicose tributaries.~Immediately after the procedure, a class 2 RAL compression stocking was put on the operated lower limb, and the patients were recommended a 30-minute walk. The duration of elastic compression was continuous over the first 24 hours, with subsequent transition to daytime wear for 4 weeks.
This study will be evaluate the clinical efficacy of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) phlebotropic therapy for postoperative pain, venospecific symptoms, and quality of life in patients with incompetent great or small saphenous veins (GSV/SSV) following an endovenous mechanochemical ablation procedure (MOCA).