The aim is to study is to evaluate low-dose tacrolimus as a treatment for HHT. Rare disease presents a number of challenges in clinical trial design, including recruitment challenges, related power limitations and less knowledge about outcomes measurement. Considering these limitations, as well as the large variability in epistaxis measures across HHT patients, a trial design, with each subject receiving the study drug for six months and for one year an epistaxis daily dairy documentation, providing valuable information about seasonal variation.in epistaxis.~This study will investigate tacrolimus, given its demonstrated anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as compelling effects in arteriovenous malformation (AVM) models. Specifically, tacrolimus has been shown to oppose the gene expression upregulation of the identified pro-angiogenic markers, thus resulting in anti-angiogenic effects. There are two mechanisms to this. Firstly, recent evidence has shown tacrolimus to be a potent ALK1 signaling mimetic at the transcriptional level. This is particularly significant given that the ALK1 pathway signaling is lost in HHT via the hallmark ACVRL1 and ENG genes. Independent of its effect on the ALK1 pathway, tacrolimus has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of VGEF signaling.~As mentioned previously, the BMP9-ALK1-endoglin-Smad1/5/9 pathway in HHT, is a novel avenue of interest for treating hemorrhage in HHT and also regressing vascular malformations. Given the upstream inactivation of the ALK1 pathway, therapeutic potential via this pathway is dependent on Smad1/5/8 activation and signaling irrespective of the functional status of the corresponding ALK1 receptors. To this end, tacrolimus has been shown to activate Smad1/5/8 signaling in HHT patient-derived cells, thus confirming its therapeutic potential in HHT.~Tacrolimus also has anti-inflammatory effects, via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL2, which is associated with cytotoxic T cell proliferation and activation. Finally, recent evidence also demonstrated a reduction of vascular pathology in mouse models via tacrolimus administration. Tacrolimus also has the advantages of a proven safety track record for long-term use, given its long history in transplant medicine, and can be orally administered, making it more acceptable to patients. In addition to promising effects in laboratory-based studies, Canadian case study reported the regression of angiodysplasia and reduction of mucosal hemorrhage in a probable HHT patient who underwent liver transplantation following high-output cardiac failure and hepatic AVM development. A recent case report of treatment with oral low-dose -dose tacrolimus in an individual with HHT, found that tacrolimus dramatically improved epistaxis. Based on the evidence to date, the investigators hypothesize that oral low-dose tacrolimus will reduce nasal hemorrhage in HHT subjects, through anti-angiogenic and/or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, both of which have been implicated in HHT.~This clinical trial of oral low-dose tacrolimus (0.025mg/kg/day and adjusted to maintain blood levels of 2-5ng/ml 6-month course) in HHT subjects with moderate-severe recurrent nasal hemorrhage. Drug dosing and safety monitoring will be tailored specifically to the agent studied. The primary outcome will be reduction of bleeding minutes per week. In addition, vascular malformation tissue (cutaneous) will be obtained pre and post-investigational product from some subject, and stained for inflammatory, angiogenic and BMP9-ALK1-endoglin- SMAD1/5/9 pathway markers. In addition, pre-excision, vascular malformations will be imaged with speckle variance optical coherence tomography (SVOCT), in vivo non-invasive micro-angiography, to measure lesion structure, vessel volume and vessel density, as previously described. Tissue and imaging may provide important insights into physiological mechanisms that explain clinical changes. If the drugs studied are effective at reducing nasal hemorrhage, this will have important clinical implications for HHT patients.
This study will investigate the effectiveness of oral low-dose tacrolimus for the treatment of recurrent nasal hemorrhage in HHT subjects. The primary outcome for the trials will be the reduction of epistaxis severity (minutes of bleeding per week). The biological outcomes of interest are the regression of vascular malformations as well as tissue and circulation biomarkers of the relevant mechanistic pathways. In this Phase II open label trial, we estimate a sample size of 30 subjects with HHT, with moderate-severe recurrent epistaxis will be required. Subject will be treated with a 6-month course of tacrolimus twice daily.