The REN device The REN device is a wearable device applied to the upper arm and stimulates C and Aδ noxious fibers using a modulated, symmetrical, biphasic, square pulse with a pulse width of 400 μs, modulated frequency of 100-120 Hz, and up to 40 mA output current which can be adjusted by the patient.~Data collection As part of the sign-up process to the Nerivio app, all patients accept the terms of use which specify that providing personal information is done of their own free will, and that their de-identified data may be used for research purposes. Users were not obligated to provide personal information and could treat without providing any feedback. The app includes a secured, personal migraine diary, which enables patients to record and track their migraines and other headaches. At the beginning of each treatment, and again 2 hours after the start of treatment, patients are prompted to record their symptoms, including pain level (none, mild, moderate, severe), functional disability ('No limitation, 'Some limitation', 'Moderate limitation, 'Severe limitation), and indication of which medications, if any, were taken within that 2-hour time window.~Dataset Real-world data of REN treatments collected from patients across the United States who used the REN device.~'Treatment' defined as a REN treatment of at least 20 minutes (the nominal duration is 45 minutes).~'Evaluable treatment' defined as a treatment in which pain levels were reported at baseline and post 2 hours.~Inclusion criteria for each of the different metrics:~A. REN-medication combinations: all evaluable treatments. B. Consistent efficacy: all users that performed at least 2 evaluable treatments. In order to isolate the effect of REN treatments, this dataset considered only treatments where REN was used as a standalone treatment.~C. Intensity stability: all treatments. D. Safety: all reported adverse events (AEs) within the time period.~Outcome measures~Respectively, outcome measures:~A. REN-Medication combinations (prevalence & efficacy):~Medication intake outcomes calculated based on the 2h post-treatment report and comprised of the percentage of treatments in which no rescue medications were used, treatments in which OTC medications were taken, treatments in which triptans were taken, treatments in which other prescription medications were taken, and treatments in which medication intake status was not reported. OTC included acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and combinations of the two, with or without caffeine.~Efficacy outcomes calculated based on the baseline and post-2h reports and comprised of:~(i) consistency of pain relief (decrease in headache from moderate or severe at baseline to mild or no pain); (ii) consistency of pain-freedom (decrease in headache from mild, moderate, or severe at baseline to no pain); (iii) Consistency of improvement in function (improvement in at least one grade between baseline and 2 hours); and (iv) consistency of return to normal function (no functional disability at 2 hours).~B. Consistent efficacy:~Consistency defined as a response of a patient to the treatment in at least 50% of their treated attacks, and calculated for the four efficacy outcomes: (i) consistency of pain relief (ii) consistency of pain-freedom (iii) consistency of improvement in function; and (iv) consistency of return to normal function.~C. Treatment intensity:~The mean intensity of the stimulation collected for all treatments that were 20 minutes or longer, which were performed within the study's time window.~D. Safety:~All adverse events that were reported within the study's period, the following information provided: number of device-related AEs, percentage of the device-related AEs that were mild, moderate, and severe, and percentage of AEs that were serious vs. not serious.
Data analysis concerning four sets of metrics: A. Per-treatment patterns of REN use as a standalone treatment vs. in combination with medications. B. Per-user Intra-individual consistency of efficacy across multiple treatments (consistency defined as a response to treatment in at least 50% of treatments). C. Distribution of treatment intensity among users (the electroceutical equivalent to treatment dose). D. Prevalence and severity of adverse events.