Rationale: As the prevalence of obesity is reaching epidemic proportions, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increases concomitantly and becomes a major global health hazard. Successful pharmacological interventions to treat or prevent NASH are not available and so far only weight loss has clear benefits, but sustained weight-loss is difficult to achieve on the longer-term. We recently demonstrated in mice that plant sterol and stanol ester consumption inhibited the development of liver inflammation. Moreover, Javanmardi and co-workers recently observed reduced plasma concentrations of Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) after daily plant sterol consumption (1.6 g/d) for 6 weeks in a population of adult NAFLD patients. In the current study, we propose to evaluate the effect of long-term consuming plant sterol or plant stanol esters on ALT concentrations in subjects who are at risk to develop NASH. Furthermore, we want to demonstrate the effect of plant sterol and plant stanol consumption on other parameters reflecting liver health, such as cathepsin-D, liver fat and liver insulin sensitivity.~Objective: To assess the effect of consuming plant sterol or plant stanol esters (3 grams/day) for 6 months on ALT concentrations in subjects with elevated ALT concentrations, i.e. who are at risk to develop NASH.~Study design: This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blinded pilot study with a run-period of 2 weeks, an intervention period of 6 months and a wash-out period of 1 month.~Study population: 90 subjects with elevated ALT concentrations (>ULN), aged 18-75 years.~Intervention: All subjects will start a run-in period of two weeks during which they consume daily 20 grams of control margarine after which they will be randomly allocated to consume 20 grams control margarine or plant sterol or plant stanol enriched margarine on a daily basis for a period of 6 months.~Main study parameters/endpoints: The primary outcome parameter in this study is the change in plasma ALT concentration.~Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: During a screening visit, body weight, body height and blood pressure are determined and a blood sample (5.5 mL) will be drawn. During the run-in period of two weeks, subjects will receive 20g control margarine and during the intervention period of 6 months they will be randomized to receive control, plant sterol ester or plant stanol ester margarine. On 7 occasions a fasting blood sample will be drawn (with a total of 195 mL) and at baseline and in week 26, samples for VOCs analysis will be taken, a FibroScan will be performed to measure liver fat and liver stiffness, body composition will be determined and retinal images will be taken. In a subgroup of 30 subjects, a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (278 mL blood sample) including a ventilated hood measurement for indirect calorimetry will be performed and liver fat and liver inflammation will be measured with MRS imaging at baseline and at the of intervention in week 26. All subjects will be asked to fill out a food frequency questionnaire, a physical activity questionnaire and a quality of life questionnaire two times and to keep a diary throughout the study and body weight and blood pressure will be assessed on five occasions.~Venipuncture and insertion of a cannula can cause discomfort and possibly a local haematoma or bruise. Indirect calorimetry might evoke claustrophobic reactions, but there are no physical risks involved. MRS and MRI are modern diagnostic tools that do not imply significant risks (no ionizing radiation). In principle, all measurements are routine in our metabolic research unit (MRUM) and are not expected to lead to physical side effects. Total time investment spread-out over the study participation will be approximately 7 hours or 34 hours (depending on the subgroup), excluding travel time. Plant sterol and plant stanol enriched products are commercially available and we therefore do not foresee any risks related to the consumption of these food products
This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blinded pilot study to assess the effect of consuming plant sterol or plant stanol esters (3 grams/day) for 6 months on ALT concentrations in subjects with elevated ALT concentrations, i.e. who are at risk to develop NASH.