This project aims to examine the addictive potential of e-cigarettes through three different lenses, combining neurobiological, sociological and epidemiological research methods and levels of observation. The neurobiological perspective will investigate the rewarding effects of vaping, using neurobiological and neuropsychological measurements on e-cigarette users, as compared to nicotine-naïve participants.~The researchers will use established fMRI paradigms to measure the reward potential of e-cigarettes: First, craving will be investigated in an experimental approach by presenting conditioned stimuli to participants; and second, motivation for e-cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes or money will be measured in an experimental work task. In addition, a dot-probe-task will be used in combination with eye-tracking to measure the attentional bias for e-cigarette stimuli. As part of the neuropsychological assessment outside the fMRI, the approach bias for smoking cues will also be investigated. The aim is to examine whether chronic use of e-cigarettes leads to similar conditioning processes and comparable aspects of motivation as that of traditional tobacco cigarettes.~The investigators will examine the punishment potential of e-cigarettes in a secondary research question, using questionnaires on withdrawal and on the consequences of smoking, both for traditional tobacco and for e-cigarettes.~The results of this project are relevant for the development of preventive healthcare and new treatment options. The neurobiological approach will also provide implications for individualized therapy by identifying consumer groups with different neuronal patterns.
This study will examine the subject matter from a neurobiological and a neuropsychological vantage point to ascertain whether the e-cigarette is potentially as addictive as the traditional tobacco cigarette.