Cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 50% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) deaths. The reported cardiovascular death rates in patients receiving dialysis are substantially higher than in the general population. Cardiovascular mortality in ESRD is particularly high after acute myocardial infarction, but it is also elevated in ESRD patients with other forms of atherosclerotic vascular disease (eg, chronic coronary artery disease, strokes, transient ischemic attacks, and peripheral arterial disease). Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, as is congestive heart failure. One of the major reasons for such high cardiovascular mortality in ESRD is the large burden of cardiovascular disease present in patients with chronic artery disease before renal replacement therapy.~SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated benefits in reduction of major adverse cardiac events and heart failure hospitalisation in phase 3 randomised controlled trials. In addition, several recent clinical publications have also indicated renal benefits in patients with chronic renal impairment (eGFR >30ml/min).~The primary SGLT2 inhibition predominantly occurs at the proximal tubules of kidneys. The mechanistic benefits postulated (other than serum glucose lowering) included SGL2i mediated naturesis and glucosuria. Independent of this class's effects at the renal level, SGL2i possibly affect cardiac metabolism (in animal studies), with reverse adverse cardiac remodelling by switching myocardial substrate utilization from glucose toward oxidation of fatty acids, ketone bodies and branch-chained amino acids. Such improvement in cardiac metabolism may attenuate myocardial ischemia, improve cardiac haemodynamics and reduce overall cardiac mortality, either independent of or synergistic with SGLT2 inhibition at the kidney level.~Currently, there is a gap in knowledge and paucity of safety, efficacy and clinical outcomes data for the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients who are undergoing haemodialysis for end stage renal disease and established ASCVD.~This study aims to study SGLT2 inhibitors in this population and examine the safety and clinical outcomes, consisting of a composite of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death as the primary outcome. The key secondary composite outcome was all cause death or hospitalization for unstable angina.
This study aims to study SGLT2 inhibitors in patients who are undergoing haemodialysis for end stage renal disease and established ASCVD, to examine the safety and clinical outcomes, consisting of a composite of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death as the primary outcome. The key secondary composite outcome was all cause death or hospitalization for unstable angina.