Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurs in 3-10% of all pregnancies and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality during pregnancy, after birth and throughout the child's lifespan. IUGR is caused by the inability of the placental vasculature to provide enough oxygen and nutrients to support the fetus; yet, the mechanisms leading to disruption of placental vasculature are unknown. The placenta of ~50% of IUGR fetuses are infiltrated with inflammatory cells, specifically maternal T cells, which destroy placental blood vessels that support the fetus. This infiltration of T cells is known as villitis of unknown etiology (VUE). The diagnosis of VUE is problematic because it occurs without clinical signs and symptoms of maternal (or fetal) distress and puts the fetus at significant risk of demise. Additionally, VUE commonly recurs in subsequent pregnancies putting future offspring at risk. Yet, the exact prevalence of VUE and its significance in IUGR pathogenesis and outcomes are poorly understood as VUE is only diagnosed after the infant is outside the womb. Therefore, the study aims to recognize risk factors and cellular mechanisms associated with VUE and develop methods for diagnosing and treating VUE in utero, in order to improve infant health.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is caused when the placenta cannot provide enough nutrients to allow normal growth of the fetus during pregnancy. It is unclear why IUGR happens, but an increase in inflammatory T cells in the placenta known as villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is observed in many IUGR infants. The investigators aim to develop ultrasound methods for diagnosing VUE to understand it's role in IUGR.