Site of study:~This study will be carried out in neurosurgical operating rooms of Zagazig University Hospitals.~b. Sample size: A pilot study was done to estimate percent of children need intraoperative fentanyl was (10%) for dexmedetomidine group, and ( 40%) for lidocaine group, at 0.05 α error and 0.2 β error . Sample size was calculated using Open Epi software, is 32 children in each group.
Perioperative pain control is necessary in children as inadequate treatment may lead to progression of perception of pain and development of chronic pain in the future.~Anesthetists tend to adopt approach to perioperative control of pain by non-opioid drugs that mediate pain modulation. Its use as opioid sparing analgesia in different surgeries leading to mixed results.