Along with history taking and complete clinical examination, the results of complete blood count, international normalized ratio , renal and liver function tests were obtained. Patients with coagulopathy were corrected by fresh frozen plasma and repeated vitamin K injections to reach an INR of at least 1.4 before the intervention, otherwise, they were excluded. Besides, ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis (pancreatic protocol) were routinely undertaken. Tumors were staged for resectability according to TNM staging system.~Patients were randomly divided by closed envelope method into two groups; patients were allocated to the first group (ERCP) who underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography coupled with placement of a 10-French plastic stent; and to the second group (PTD) who underwent Fluoroscopy-guided Percutaneous Transhepatic Drainage.~Preoperative biliary drainage Parenteral broad spectrum antibiotics were administered prior and after each intervention. ERCP was performed under general anesthesia in the operation room and a 10-french (3.2 mm) covered polyethylene stent with side flaps to prevent migration was placed below the level of biliary bifurcation. Stents were inserted over a guidewire via an Olympus 4.2 mm channel endoscope, by standard techniques.~PTD was placed in the interventional radiology department under local anesthesia via the left duct sub-xiphoid approach, only via the external approach. A 6 french gauge catheter was positioned with its tip above the biliary obstruction. After PTD, patients were instructed to drink a lot of fluids to replace fluid loss or they were given temporary intravenous fluid supplementation.~After either procedure, patients were either discharged home or kept in hospital. Those who were discharged were readmitted for preoperative preparation. Patients were followed up clinically as well as by laboratory results. The total and direct bilirubin level and other liver function tests were repeated after ten days from the procedure to estimate the decline in their levels. Post-intervention complications either PTD-related such as bleeding, cholangitis, bile leak and catheter occlusion/displacement; or ERCP-related such as pancreatitis, cholangitis, bleeding and stent displacement; were recorded.~Surgery After improvement of liver functions, patients were scheduled for PD. All operations were performed through a hockey-stick incision by consultant surgeons experienced in pancreatic surgery. The standard surgical procedure was pancreaticoduodenectomy with pylorus preservation. The effects of pre-operative drainage were evaluated during the operation in terms of operative resection time, blood loss, difficulties of dissection and intra-operative bleeding. While the endoscopic stent is removed intra-operatively after transection of the common hepatic duct, the catheter of PTD is left and inserted in the hepaticojejunostomy (stented anastomosis) to be removed two weeks later. Perioperative complications (< 30 days) were stratified for each group according to Clavien-Dindo classification.
Patients with potentially resectable pancreatic head cancer and high bilirubin level, were stratified into two equal groups according to the method of biliary drainage: endoscopic stenting or percutaneous drainage.