Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare ectopic pregnancy occurring in cesarean section of previous cesarean delivery. The incidence of CSP was 1 in 1,800-2,216 of all deliveries reported in 2006. However, the incidence of CSP is increasing worldwide, especially in China, owing to the rapidly increasing rate of cesarean sections and second-child births since 2015.~CSP can lead to life-threatening complications, such as massive hemorrhage, uterine rupture, and loss of fertility. Therefore, immediate termination of pregnancy is recommended once a correct diagnosis is made. At present, there is still no standard treatment for CSP. Current treatments mainly include medical and surgical interventions (uterine artery embolization, suction curettage, local resection by hysteroscopy or laparoscopy, and hysterectomy). At our hospital, local resection by hysteroscopy is widely used; however, uncontrollable hemorrhage still occurs during treatment. It is of great importance to predict massive hemorrhage for clinical decision making.~Classically, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) is the preferred imaging modality to diagnose CSP. However, patient factors, such as obesity, presence of bowel gas, and pain, combined with operator experience, may limit the usefulness of TVUS. Owing to excellent soft tissue contrast, the capacity of multiple dimensional images, and an excellent anatomical overview, MRI has become an important supplement to evaluate CSP and cesarean section scar (CSS). Sagittal T2-weighted imaging can be used to clearly visualize the gestational sac (GS) and the CSS of a CSP and show detailed features, including the type of CSP, the degree of CSS weakness, and the relationship between the CSP and adjacent structures. Hoffmann et al. studied 25 asymptomatic pregnant women who had undergone one previous cesarean section and found that MRI showed good inter- and intra-rater reliability in measuring lower uterine segment thickness with a low observer dependency. MRI is an additional diagnostic tool that can be used to assess the lower uterine segment in women who have undergone previous cesarean section.~To our knowledge, no previous studies have explored the relationship between MRI and intraoperative massive hemorrhage in patients with CSP. The arm of this study was to investigate the ability of clinical characteristics and MRI features to predict massive hemorrhage during hysteroscopic treatment of CSP, and to aid the choice of treatment.
MRI features and clinical characteristics to predict massive hemorrhage during hysteroscopic treatment of CSP, and to aid the choice of treatment.