Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an acquired autoimmune disease resulting in the production of antibodies directed against the patient's red blood cells (RBCs) causing shortened erythrocyte lifespan.~The main pathogensis of the disease is autoantibodies (Ab) that directed against erythrocytes, with or without complement (C) activation. The most common form of AIHA is warm AIHA characterized by the presence of warm-type autoantibodies-immunoglobulin G (IgG) which reacts optimally at 37 °C, causing RBC extravascular destruction by tissue macrophages .~Previous studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of AIHA have focused on the autoreactive B cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms and regulatory T cells (Treg).~The main treatment of AIHA includes RBC transfusion and immune system inhibitors such as corticosteroids. During an immune response, CD4 Th cells can differentiate into several unique effector lineages that promote different immune responses via the secretion of distinct types of cytokines.~T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a CD4 T cell lineage whose major function is to help B cells form germinal centers (GCs) and produce high-affinity antibodies(6). Tfh cells are characterized by expression of the CXCR5, the transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and inducible costimulator (ICOS).~Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a newly identified subset of Treg cells that coexpress markers of both Treg cells and Tfh cells. In addition to expressing Tfh-related markers, Tfr cells also express regulatory markers, such as FoxP3, CD25, CTLA-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ).~TFR cells represent a highly specialized subpopulation of Foxp3+ Tregs that co-express TFHfeatures, such as Bcl-6, CXCR5, ICOS, PD-1 and Treg features CD25 and Foxp3. TFR cells have the ability to inhibit TFH activation and cytokines production and suppress B cell GL7 and B7-1 expression and limited class switch recombination occurring in the GC via high expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and production of inhibitory cytokine- interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ)(5). The involvement of TFR cells in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases remains speculative, but an alteration of the TFR:TFH ratio is observed in the blood of patients suffering from several autoimmune diseases, such as child immune thrombocytopenia, and rheumatoid arthritis.
we study the circulating T-follicular regulatory and T-follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.