The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen 10-fold over the past half century and continues to have a dismal prognosis. Known risk factors for EAC do not adequately explain these incidence trends; the rise in EAC cases began a decade before increases in the prevalence of both gastro-esophageal reflux disease and obesity. Over the past 50+ years, dramatic changes in the bacterial composition (or microbiome) of the upper gastrointestinal tract have also occurred. While prior work has shown correlations between the microbiome, BE, and EAC, there is a critical knowledge gap on mechanisms by which bacteria interact with the esophagus and potentially promote cancer. The investigators hypothesize that increased levels of the certain bile acids in gastroesophageal reflux fluid cause changes that lead to increased interaction between bacteria and the esophagus, which may promote the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The investigators will carry out a case-control study of patients with and without BE, dysplasia, or EAC. The investigators will focus on deoxycholic acid in gastro-esophageal refluxate and its association with Notch signaling in tissue and bacterial composition. The microbiome represents a novel and potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of BE and EAC. Elucidation of microbiome features and mechanisms that promote the development of EAC is a critical step that will lead to subsequent trials of antibiotics, probiotics, and other interventions targeted to altering the microbiome, with the goal of lowering the risk of this highly lethal malignancy.
The purpose of this study is to prospectively collect and analyze clinical data and biospecimens from a cohort of 100 patients without BE (20), with non-dysplastic BE (40), or with BE and high grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC (40). The investigators will enroll 80 patients scheduled for upper endoscopy for clinical purposes, with a history of histologically confirmed BE (2 cm length); 40 with no history of dysplasia, and 40 with HGD or EAC. The investigators will also enroll 20 non-BE controls undergoing endoscopy for any indication who are on stable dose proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) for the past month. PPI therapy is standard of care for BE patients.