Staghorn calculi are branched stones either partial or complete occupying the pelvis and one or more of the renal caliceal system that is detected by non contrast computrized tomography (NCCT) and plain on kidney, ureter, urinary bladder (KUB). An untreated staghorn calculus over time can damage the kidney and deteriorate its function and /or cause life threatening sepsis.~Total stone clearance is an important goal to eradicate any infective focus, relieve obstruction and preserve the kidney function.~Based on American Urological Association (AUA) guideline, PCNL is the most effective, safest and minimally invasive treatment option compared to open surgery
Investigator aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of multiple tracts PCNL as one step therapy to treat the staghorn stones or multiple calyceal calculi which are inaccessible by single tract