Method:~A consecutive cohort of 153 infertile women attending In vitro fertilization (IVF) or Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment at Shanghai Ji Ai G-IVF institute was requited from March 2021 to December 2021. During the period, couples undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment were offered blastocyst culture to day 6 and time-lapse imaging (TLI) as part of a study evaluating parameters for embryo selection. Women aged < 38 years without endometriosis and with more than 6 oocytes retrieved were eligible. Patients were categorized in two groups. Women with regular menstrual cycles and no clinical signs of PCOS (non-PCOS) and women fulfilling the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for PCOS detected by the presence of anovulation and polycystic ovaries (PCO), which was diagnosed by luteal-phase progesterone testing and trans-vaginal ultrasound, respectively. Biochemical parameters of androgen excess were included in the diagnosis when available, whereas subjective symptoms of androgen excess (acne, hirsutism, alopecia) were not included. Ethical approval Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before inclusion. Shanghai Ji Ai ethical Committees approved the study.~Ovarian stimulation:~Patients were treated with individual doses of gonadotropin, based on serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and/or antral follicle count. Patients were stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol using rec-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) for stimulation according to clinical guidelines. A dose of 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered when at least 3 follicles measured ≥ 17 mm, and ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval was conducted 36 h later. Oocyte retrieval and ICSI/IVF Ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval were performed according to standard procedures. After fertilization, ICSI embryos were immediately placed in the time-lapse incubator (EmbryoScope™). IVF embryos were cultured for approximately 18 h in a conventional incubator. Before IVF embryos were transferred to the EmbryoScope, adhering cumulus cells were removed to ensure optimal image acquisition. In the EmbryoScope, all embryos were cultured until arrest or removal at day 6.~Embryo assessment:~All embryos with 2 pronuclei completing the first cleavage were annotated manually. The following parameters were annotated with time points: appearance and disappearance of 1st nucleus and 2nd nucleus after 1st division, 1st - third divisions and blastocyst. All time-points were normalized to first cleavage and treated as durations for further analysis in order to overcome the limitation of inexact starting points, and facilitate comparison between IVF and ICSI populations. For the same reason, no parameters before first cleavage were investigated. Durations of cell cycles and cell stages were subsequently calculated as the interval between two time-points. Two parameters (multi-nucleation and direct cleavage to 3-cell stage) were assessed by binary values yes and no. Embryos were selected for transfer according to conventional measures of morphological quality on day 6 according to the Gardner criteria. No time-lapse parameters were used in the selection process. The observer was blinded to the patient's treatment data and medical history.~Statistics:~The influence of PCOS on embryo development was tested in regression models for clustered data. A covariance regression model was used to account for potential confounding variables: female age, BMI and fertility treatment. In total, 768 embryos from 80 PCOS women, and 676 embryos from 73 non-PCOS women were analyzed.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic syndrome which accounts for 75% of women with anovulatory infertility. The cause of infertility in PCOS is already unknown. Although efforts have been made, many PCOS patients turned out to have worse oocyte maturity and IVF outcomes. Time-lapse analysis of embryo development can detect the abnormal timeline and cleavage mode which may affect the embryo viability of PCOS. However, there are still some debates on the effect of PCOS on the early embryo development by time-lapse analysis.