Pain is associated with significant psychosocial pathology include axis 1 diagnoses, opioid use and misuse, unemployment, and strained relationships, and treatments for chronic pain are often ineffective. Collectively, these factors may result in a higher prevalence of patients characterized as 'difficult', which can lead to missed diagnoses, barriers to care resulting in poorer outcomes (professional pessimism, mistrust, passive treatment, referrals to other providers or discharge), patient complaints and 'HERO' events, avoidable legal claims, and increased risk of professional burnout. Characterizing patients as difficult (instead of encounters) may have negative consequences for future care, and there are few studies that have explored patients' perspectives on difficult encounters. Although several articles have narratively explored this issue, there are few targeted at chronic pain patients, and no studies in this population that set out to determine what variables are associated with a difficult encounter, the congruence between patients' and providers' impressions of an encounter, or whether difficult encounters are associated with pain treatment outcome.
The investigators are seeking to determine factors associated with difficult patient encounters in an academic pain clinic. The investigators are examining 36 different variables to determine the association with difficult patient encounters as independently rated by a trainee and attending physician.