Type-I diabetes mellitus is an auto immune disease. It is the most common type of diabetes in children and adolescents. It is also the most common chronic disease in children in the developed countries. The illness is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. Globally, it is estimated that there are almost 500,000 children aged under 15 years with type 1diabetes, with large geographical variations in incidence.~Furthermore Between 10 to 70% of these children present in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) as their first presentation of the disease.~In addition It can be associated with other auto immune disorders that may influence the control of diabetes by disruption of the function of respective organs and enhance the opportunity of developing DKA as the first manifestation of their disease.~In particular, autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common disorder associated with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.~AIT and type 1 Diabetes Mellitus have a common genetic background and similar pathogenesis; hence, they could occur in the same individual or family. The prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in children with type1 Diabetes Mellitus ranges from 3% to 50% in different countries and populations, which is markedly higher than in the general population (range, 1% to 4%).~Besides thyroid autoantibodies can be detected at the initial diagnosis and after it.~Thyroiditis is often clinically silent but it may progress to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), recognized as overt or subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.~The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended screening Thyroid-Stimulating hormone after diagnosis of diabetes and then after every one to two years. It also recommended that patients found to have positive anti-Thyroid Peroxidase antibodies with normal thyroid function tests should be screened more frequently, every six months to a year .
Thyroid function among pediatric patients with type1 diabetes mellitus at the first presentation, from patients' characteristics to disease severity