The purpose of this study is to look at Opioid Use Disorders (OUDs) and Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS). OUDs are conditions involving misuse or addiction to opiate-containing prescription pain medications or opioid-containing substances including heroin. OUDs are associated with symptoms of withdrawal upon discontinuation of the substance, which can include problems with concentration and sleep, irritability, rapid heart rate, and craving for opioids. Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is a procedure where the vagus nerve, which is in the neck, is electrically stimulated, much like a pacemaker is used to stimulate the heart. Branches of the vagus nerve travel throughout the brain and the body. Vagal nerve stimulation is felt to have positive effects on the brain and body by blocking the sympathetic (adrenaline) response that occurs with withdrawal from opioids, as well as changes in the brain that drive a craving for opioids. A surgically implantable VNS has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of both epilepsy and severe depression. Studies have shown that VNS stimulation is helpful for both conditions. Researchers are using a non-invasive hand-held VNS device made by a company called ElectroCore. It is applied directly to the neck and does not require surgery. It is approved in Europe for the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, depression, headaches, and other conditions, and in the US by the FDA for the treatment of headaches. Investigators have studied its use at Emory for PTSD and have found it to be well tolerated and there have been no adverse events or untoward effects with the device. The research team conducted two initial studies in patients with OUDs and found that it was safe and that it reduced opioid craving and withdrawal as well as blocking the sympathetic (adrenaline) response to withdrawal. It has not yet been approved in the US by the FDA for the treatment of OUDs and is considered investigational in this study.~This study will enroll individuals that have been diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). The main purpose of this study is to look at the effects of VNS on behavior as well as the body and brain's responses to craving in patients with OUDs. Study procedures include a screening, mental health assessment, medical assessment, lab work, brain imaging (MRI and PET), and a follow-up call. It is possible that participants may not have brain imaging (MRI and PET) during the study. The study will be completed in around a week depending on the scheduling of the MRI visit. This might be completed during the inpatient stay or could be a separate visit. The research team will also plan to call and follow up with participants 1-3 months after the inpatient stay.
This study is being done to answer the question: what is the effect of Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) dosing on opioid withdrawal responses in individuals with a history of Opioid Use Disorders (OUDs)? Eligible participants will be in the study for one week in an inpatient research hospital stay, have an MRI scan, and have a follow-up call 1-3 months after their inpatient stay. Participants will complete several psychiatric questionnaires/interviews, physiological monitoring with several devices, brain imaging, and VNS testing.