Overview of the study The investigators will conduct a prospective cohort study. Participants aged 1 to 12 years will be recruited and undergo baseline clinical and biological assessments and receive a curative dose of either artemether-Lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to clear any existing P.falciparum parasitemia. Clearance of parasites will be confirmed 3 weeks later by PCR, and only participants with negative PCR will be definitively enrolled for the longitudinal follow up. Both active and passive case detection will ensure that a high proportion of infections in the cohort is captured. In addition, participants with any other active tropical infections except the viral infections will be treated within the three weeks according to national treatment guidelines.~For the active follow up, participants will be actively seen every month for supervised clinical evaluations and to collect blood samples for detecting tropical infections according to the gold-standard test, PCR and serodiagnosis. Participants will be followed passively in parallel to monthly visits; diagnosis of tropical infectious diseases will be performed upon clinical evaluation. Participants will be followed for 12 months.~Screening The screening visit aims to determine subject eligibility for study participation. Screening procedures follow Informed consent procedures, clinical assessments, diagnosis of tropical infections, and hemoglobin level. Baseline immune responses will also be performed.~P. falciparum parasite clearance and treatment of other tropical infections. All children, irrespective of malaria parasite status, will receive a curative antimalarial dose to clear any existing parasitaemia. Children will be treated according to local guidelines when found with an active infection of M. perstans, Loa, loa, Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, SARS-CoV2, resistant bacteria, S. haematobium, N. americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, S. stercoralis, protozoa spp.~Follow up of enrolled participants The study will combine active and passive case detection surveys with meeting study objectives and capturing full episodes of tropical infections from enrolled study participants. In addition, studies on trained and heterologous immunity will take place.~For P. falciparum~The following procedures will be followed:~Questioning for symptoms of malaria, prevention measures, fever and medication since the previous visit~Temperature measurement~Perform careful clinical examination and syndrome summary~Venous blood sample collection~Blood smear~Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)~Parasite DNA extraction~Children with fever or history of fever will be referred to the local health centre:~Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in case of history of fever in 24 H/ fever (Axillary temperature ≥37.5°C/Tympanic ≥38°C or Forehead temperature ≥37.5°C using non- contact infrared thermometer) (50 μL)~Confirmed malaria cases will follow these procedures:~o Treatment as per government guidelines.~Others causes of fever will be managed according to the national guidelines.~For other pathogens The detection takes place every month at the clinic of CERMEL.~Questioned for symptoms of disease induced by the targeted pathogens, prevention measures, fever and medication since the previous visit~Perform careful clinical examination and syndrome summary~EDTA for RDT, blood smear, complete blood count, microfilaria (microscopy and Leucoconcentration), DNA and RNA extraction~Urine sample for S. haematobium, bacteria~Nasal and throat swabs for SARS-CoV2~Throat swabs for bacteria~Stool examination for helminths and protozoa~For trained and heterologous immunity Human DNA extraction; cell cultures and analyses; seroprevalence studies
Validation of ex vivo immune assays that are surrogates of complex in vitro assays and animal models studies to identify the occurrence, strength, and kinetics of trained and heterologous immunity may significantly impact public health. In this study, the investigators translate findings from systems biology approaches into contextualized in vitro and ex vivo assays in children living in settings where tropical infectious diseases are highly prevalent. The investigators first reproduce the Vitro assays using culture of monocytes, co-culture of T cells and dendritic cells. Based on data from contextualized assays, the investigators will select, test, and validate candidates' surrogate markers of trained immunity and heterologous immunity.~The TSH-IMMO is a prospective cohort study. Participants aged 1 to 12 years and living in Lambaréné, Gabon, will be recruited.