Background: Although women are twice as likely to suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) than men, there are still over 100 million men affected by this condition worldwide. Unfortunately, men suffering from MDD seek mental health services about 30% less than women, leaving a large portion of men with unresolved mental health needs. This is reflected in 2-fold higher rates of alcohol use disorder and 4-fold higher rates of completed suicide amongst men, while MDD is considered a prime risk factor for both. A case is made for male-typical MDD phenotypes with differing symptom presentation often unrecognized by clinicians. Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) represents an effective treatment for MDD, conformity to traditional masculinity norms based on stoicism, self-reliance, and restrictive emotionality often hinder men from engaging in psychotherapy. Therefore, a need to address this diagnostic and treatment gap emerges, while recent studies have identified a lack of male-specific psychotherapeutic programs (MSPP) that could persuade more men to take on psychotherapy based on a male-tailored nature, focusing on male-specific topics and being introduced in male-typical environments.~Method and study procedures: In total, 144 depressed men aged between 25 and 50 will be recruited. After Screening procedures, included participants are stratified by testosterone status (hypogoadal vs. eugonadal) and randomized to one of the conditions: MSPP, CBT, Waitlist. This results in six intervention groups (MSPP, CBT, Waitlist, MSPP+TT, CBT+TT, Waitlist+TT). Hypogonadal men will receive testosterone treatment administered at the Andrology-Urology Center (Uroviva). MSPP and CBT intervention groups will receive weekly therapy sessions for MDD over 18 weeks. All participants will be invited to a total of five examination appointments (weeks 0, 6, 15, 24, 36) at the psychological institute of the university of Zurich. In addition, a separate healthy control group will be examined, which will undergo only baseline assessments.~Expected results: Compared to the waitlist control groups, the treatment groups are expected to be more effective and efficacious (depression score reduction of ≥50%) at week 24 and at follow-up week 36. The MSPP, compared to CBT, is expected to show higher effectiveness and efficacy for depression symptoms, higher acceptability and a greater reduction of gender role conflict. In addition, it is expected that the initially hypogonadal men will have increased symptom improvement due to TT as compared to the eugonadal men in the parallel groups and that TT receiving men show an adjunct effect of added psychotherapy as compared to men in the waitlist.
This project aims to evaluate a male-specific psychotherapeutic program (MSPP) for MDD based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The primary goal is to test the superiority of the MSPP. This will be conducted in two groups of depressed men, namely eudonadal depressed men and hypogonadal depressed men receiving testosterone treatment (TT). In a randomized study design, the MSPP will be compared to a standard CBT and a waitlist control group, resulting in a total of six study groups. Both standardized psychotherapy programs will encompass 18 sessions delivered in a weekly manner, starting at study week 6 and continuing until study week 24. Aligned with the TT-related medical visits of the hypogonadal men, all participants will be followed up with clinical assessments and biosampling at weeks 0, 6, 15, 24, 36. In addition, a separate healthy control group will be examined, which will undergo only baseline assessments.