Subjects were supplemented daily for 3 months with cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 (group A) or placebo (group B).Enrolled children will be randomly assigned, with the use of a computer-generated randomization list to receive either milk fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 or placebo once. Placebo and fermented milk had the same shape, the placebo's taste, dimension, indication, and appearance. At enrollment the family pediatricians consulted the clinical records of each child for previous diseases and pharmacological treatments. At the baseline, after obtaining informed consent from the parents/tutors of each child, the health status of all the study subjects was carefully assessed, and the presence of infectious diseases or other disease was ruled out by means of a complete physical examination, including vital signs (body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure); neurological status; body growth status; nutritional status; hydration; skin evaluation; otoscopy; evaluation of oral cavity; respiratory/abdomen/lymphonode examination; and genital examination.~A diary will be given to the parents; on a daily basis, patients will monitor and record the frequency/severity of symptoms, episodes of respiratory and/or gastrointestinal infection and their duration and school absence on the diary.~Fecal Analysis: three fecal samples for microbiological and immunological analysis will be collected before treatment and at 90 days (end of treatment). Nasal mucus samples for immunological analysis will be collected before the treatment and at 90 days (end of the treatment).~The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universities of Bari.
this is a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. 200 healthy children aged 12-48 months, attending day care or preschool for at least 5 days a week, regularly checked by the family pediatrician (FP) involved in the trial, were considered for the study and consecutively contacted during scheduled medical examinations at the FPs office. study plan is 3-month treatment period. The clinical evaluation will be carried out at enrollment, at 30, 60 and 90 days from the beginning of the treatment by the pediatrician. fecal and nasal mucus samples for immunological and microbiological analysis will be collected before the treatment and at 90 days (end of treatment).