Paediatric cholesteatoma spread more extensively through the temporal bone than in adult as the temporal bone in children is well pneumatized. The disease in children is frequently more extensive and expanding, with more involvement of the peri-labyrinthine cells and petrous apex. It is a commonly encountered disease entity which requires prompt surgical management as early as possible. The management of cholesteatoma is solely surgical.~Comparatively the pediatric population has higher rates of recurrent and residual disease, possibly due to anatomic and physiologic differences. Eustachian tube anatomy and dysfunction predisposes children to more frequent infections and retraction pockets. Thus posing a greater challenge than in adults in treating cholesteatom.~The goals of surgery are to eliminate epithelial and bone disease thoroughly and prevent the recurrence, produce a dry and safe ear and to restore serviceable hearing
Chronic otitis media (COM) has a significant impact on health issues since prehistoric time. It is a global disease, seen in all the continents of world having different environmental and socioeconomic background. COM is characterized as a permanent abnormality of the pars tensa or flaccida, most likely a result of earlier acute otitis media, negative middle ear pressure or otitis media with effusion. COM squamous active (cholesteatoma) is a type of COM, which is a mass formed by keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear and/or mastoid, subepithelial connective tissue and by the progressive accumulation of keratin debris with/without surrounding inflammatory reaction.