Pharmacological treatment caries a risk of overdosing and adverse events. Chlordiazepoxide, among other sedative drugs, has been associated with an increased risk of death. Chlordiazepoxide treatment for alcohol withdrawal symptoms will render some patients in need of ventilatory support and ICU admission. Other patients will not obtain the desired effect from the treatment and will be in a state of agitation despite having received high doses of chlordiazepoxide. This individual variation in effect is not predictable and may be explained by variations in the capacity of drug metabolism.~Chlordiazepoxide is extensively metabolized in the liver by hepatic microsomal enzymes and exhibits capacity limited, protein binding sensitive, hepatic clearance. Metabolism is primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP), especially CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 systems. Evaluation of CYP phenotypes by drug probe phenotyping is extensively used. Midazolam possesses several characteristics that makes it useable as a pharmacological probe for CYP3A activity despite having already received other benzodiazepines. It is metabolized to a primary metabolite exclusively by CYP3A4/3A5.Omeprazole can likewise be used as a pharmacological probe for CYP2C19.~The drug of investigation is chlordiazepoxide, which has been given before study inclusion. After inclusion and during the study period (12 hours), it is not allowed to administer chlordiazepoxide to the patient. In case of abstinence, the recommended therapy is diazepam or propofol.~Blood samples will be collected and plasma concentrations of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites will be analyzed and compared with the amount of chlordiazepoxide administered at inclusion and 12 hours after inclusion.~Independent variables:~Variations in genotypes of CYP3A4/3A5 and CYP2C19.~Phenotypes of CYP3A4/3A5 and CYP2C19, analyzed as above /below the median value of enzyme activity.~Variations in genotypes of CYP3A4/3A5 and CYP2C19 will be analyzed from blood samples.~Phenotyping of CYP3A4/3A5 and CYP2C19 will be performed with midazolam and omeprazole as pharmacological probes respectively. 2 mg of midazolam and 10 mg of omeprazole will be administered intravenously as bolus within 12 hours after inclusion. Blood samples 2 h after dosing (t=2 h dosing) will be collected and analyzed for plasma concentrations of omeprazole, hydroxyomeprazole, midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam. The ratio between omeprazole and hydroxyomeprazole will be used to classify the CYP2C19 phenotype as the ratio between midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam will be used in the classification of CYP3A4/3A5~By measuring concentration of chlordiazepoxide and the ability to metabolize chlordiazepoxide in ICU- or HDU-patients with respiratory insufficiency, impaired consciousness or agitation after treatment for alcohol withdrawal symptoms, we will investigate if there is a correlation between the patient's phenotypes of the CYP3A4/3A5 and CYP2C19 systems (independent variable) and the concentration of chlordiazepoxide (primary outcome).
The aim of this study is to elucidate if CYP-phenotypes, variations in CYP-genotypes and dose of chlordiazepoxide is correlated to chlordiazepoxide plasma concentrations in patients admitted to Intensive Care or High Dependency Units due to either respiratory insufficiency and/or agitation while treated for alcohol withdrawal symptoms.