Subjects:~Sixty five women who will be referred by an Orthopedist with patellofemoral pain syndrome diagnosis.~Inclusion criteria:~Women were enrolled in this study according to the following criteria:~Female participants with patellofemoral pain syndrome.~Age ranges between 18 and 38 years old.~Bilateral or unilateral involvement.~Minimum score (3 out of 10-point) numerical pain scale (NPR) .~Orthopedic clinical confirmation revealing a history of anterior or retro-patellar knee pain aggravated by at least 2 of the following functional activities: 1. prolonged sitting, 2. stairs use, 3. squatting, 4. running, 5. kneeling, 6. hopping/jumping, and/or insidious onset of symptoms unrelated to any traumatic incident and persistent for at least 6 weeks.~Exclusion criteria:~A woman was excluded from the study if she has one or more of the following:~History of patellar dislocation or subluxation.~Osteoarthritis in the patellofemoral joint.~Meniscal or other intraarticular pathologic conditions.~cruciate or collateral ligament involvement.~Lower limb surgery.~Fracture, low back pain condition such as: spondylolisthesis and spondylosis.~Neurological deficits.~Traumatic injury or any abnormality in the lower extremity.~Methods: Sixty-five women with patellofemoral pain syndrome will be evaluated for dynamic knee valgus using Kinovea software program , tibial torsion using universal goniometer, and navicular drop using calliper.~Numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) will be used to measure pain severity. Arabic version of Kujala score will assess the functional disability in these patients.~Biodex Balance System will screen and will record the Medial-lateral stability index (MLSI), Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and an Overall stability index (OSI).~Assessments will be performed in a single session. Then correlation between these variables will be calculated.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to figure out how does the selection of lower-extremity biomechanical variables presented by dynamic knee valgus, tibial torsion and navicular drop may influence pain, disability, and balance in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome.~Methods: Sixty-five women with patellofemoral pain syndrome will be evaluated for lower limb biomechanical variables.