Analgesia nociception index (ANI 0-100) and patient-reported numeric rating scale (NRS 0-10) were trained on a convolutional neural network (CNN) model by linking the patients' facial expression with the score. By applying the predicted pain score by the AI model to evaluate pain, it is intended to measure the intensity of pain in an automatic, fast, and objective way for appropriate pain management.
Patients' subjective complaints about pain intensity are difficult to objectively evaluate, and may lead to inadequate pain management, especially in patients with communication difficulties.