Study Design and Research Methods~Part I:~5 subjects from SOP group Goal: Optimize settings for destruction-replenishment contrast-enhanced ultrasound scan~Subject recruited at the Barbara Davis center~Review medical history (exclusion if required)~Subject reframes from eating for ~6h prior to measurement~Subject visits University of Colorado Hospital CTRC echo lab~Subject provides written consent~Subject catheterized and receives blood draw for lab tests~Subject receives pulse-ox for heart rate~Subject received conventional ultrasound scan to locate pancreas tail (by Sonographer, verified by radiologist).~Subject receives bolus of DEFINITY dose~Subject receives destruction-replenishment contrast-enhanced ultrasound scan (adjust settings to optimize)~Pause for 30 minutes, allowing subject to stand and move~Repeat steps 8-10 (once).~Subject deidentified~Analyze data.~Part II:~15 subjects from control group, 15 subjects from T1D group. Goal: characterize subject variability and test whether healthy subjects and those with T1D show differing contrast measures~Subject recruited at the Barbara Davis center~Review medical history (exclusion if required)~Subject reframes from eating for ~6h prior to study~Subject visits University of Colorado Hospital CTRC echo lab~Subject provides written consent~Subject completes questionnaire (family history of diabetes, exclusion criteria)~Subject assessed for weight, height, blood pressure.~Subject catheterized and receives blood draw for lab tests~Subject receives pulse-ox for heart rate~Subject received conventional ultrasound scan to locate pancreas tail (by Sonographer, verified by radiologist).~Subject receives bolus of DEFINITY dose~Subject receives destruction-replenishment contrast-enhanced ultrasound scan (under SOP)~Pause for 30 minutes while subject can move~Repeat steps 10-12 (once).~Subject deidentified~Analyze data.~In part I a single repeat measurement may be made to aide in the optimization of data collection. In part II a single repeat measurement is made to assess short-term intra-subject measurement variability.~In part I and part II, a subject may be asked to return on a separate date for a repeat procedure if data collection was not of sufficient quality during the first visit.
The overall goal of this study is to develop and test a novel method involving ultrasound imaging, in order to detect the development of type1 diabetes. In this study the investigators will first establish a standard operating procedure for measuring pancreas blood flow speed and volume in the pancreas of human subjects. The investigators will then determine 1) whether these pancreas blood flow factors differ between healthy subjects and those who have recently developed type1 diabetes; and 2) how variable measurements are in healthy subjects and subjects that recently developed type1 diabetes, both between subjects and over time. To address these aims the investigators will perform pancreas ultrasound measurements in each subject using an approved injectable 'bubble' contrast agent that allows measurement of pancreas blood flow. The investigators will compare ultrasound measurement with characteristics of the subject's type1 diabetes, including genetic factors, glucose levels and other circulating factors, as well as other factors that may influence blood flow in the pancreas independent of type1 diabetes. The successful conclusion of this study will indicate whether measuring pancreas blood flow speed/volume will be helpful in monitoring whether type1 diabetes will emerge and thus will allow a large scale study to answer this question.