Purpose: Opioid use in neonates is associated with short and long-term adverse events. Multi-modal pain control offers the ability to control pain while reducing opioid exposure. This topic has been relatively unexamined in preterm and term neonates. Specifically, this trial aims to evaluate the effect of adding IV acetaminophen to standard opioid-based pain regimes in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) undergoing major abdominal and thoracic surgery.~Objectives: The primary aim of the proposed study is to determine the feasibility and cost of conducting a multicenter, randomized control trial to compare the efficacy of IV acetaminophen and fentanyl, to fentanyl and saline placebo, in terms of reduction of postoperative pain, opioid use, adverse events. The primary outcome is feasibility; secondarily, efficacy and safety will be assessed.~Design: This single-center, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled, fully blinded, randomized controlled external feasibility trial will enroll patients admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who have undergone major, thoracic, or abdominal surgery. Patients will be randomized 1:1, with parallel allocation to receive acetaminophen and fentanyl or fentanyl and saline placebo. All study staff, clinical staff and guardians will be blinded. As this is a pilot study, no sample size will be calculated, however; we aim to enroll 60 patients. A sample size calculation will be completed for the full RCT if it is deemed feasible from the results of this study. Patients will be followed for the day of surgery and the following 7 postoperative days (192 hours) and have their charts reviewed at 90 days.~Impact: The results of this study will be used to determine the feasibility of conducting a multi-center RCT to assess the effect of IV acetaminophen on fentanyl infusions in postoperative neonatal patients. The effect of IV acetaminophen for postoperative pain in preterm neonates has yet to be studied, this trial would generate novel insights into its efficacy. The prolonged follow-up period would also provide novel insights into recovery throughout the entire perioperative period.
The goal of this pilot randomized clinical trial is to determine the effect of the addition of IV acetaminophen to opioid-based pain regimes for infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after surgery.~This is a pilot trial; the main goals are to make sure our study methods work before performing a larger study.~The main clinical aims are:~Determine if adding IV acetaminophen reduces pain~Determine if adding IV acetaminophen reduces opioid use~Determine if adding IV acetaminophen reduces complications~Participants will be randomized to two groups:~Comparator: Fentanyl and IV acetaminophen Control: Fentanyl and placebo~Patients will receive either IV acetaminophen or placebo at regular intervals for seven days after surgery. Patients will be followed daily during that period. Charts will be reviewed at 90-days for final outcomes.