Inclusion criteria for the ADHD group are (a) newly diagnosed ADHD (b) no prior psychotropic treatment for ADHD or any psychiatric disorder (c) age 6-12 years. Exclusion criteria were: (a) history of history of inflammatory/noninflammatory, metabolic, or autoimmune disease (b) any special diet history within the past year (c) use of corticosteroids or regular intake of medication in the last 6 months, (d) body mass index (BMI) [kg/m2] > 30), and (e) cognitive deficits by developmental history.
The association between levels of zonulin and occludin and behavioral/emotional problems in children with ADHD are investigated.