Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic functional vestibular disorder that manifests as a sensation of non-vertiginous dizziness and instability.~The most common triggers of PPPD are peripheral vestibular conditions such as vestibular neuritis (VN) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), although vestibular migraine, central vestibular disorders and non-vestibular conditions such as panic attacks, minor injuries traumatic brain injury and also orthostatic intolerance have been reported as precipitants of PPPD. PPPD persists after the triggering events have resolved.~The diagnostic criteria for PPPD were established by the Barany Society. Once the negativity of the routine vestibular tests has been ascertained, the diagnosis is based on additional criteria such as the persistence of the symptom of dizziness for most of the time for at least 3 months, the worsening of the symptoms when standing, during active movement or passive, during exposure to moving visual stimulation or to visual stimuli with complex textures.~Existing treatments (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, vestibular habituation) are only partially successful in PPPD.~Methods. Experimental design. Single-blind randomized controlled trial. 40 individuals affected by PPPD will be recruited.~The patients will be randomly divided into 2 groups and evaluated before the rehabilitation training (T0), immediately after the end of the training (T1), 4 weeks after the end of the training (T2) and 8 weeks after the end of the training (T3). All patients will undergo 5 rehabilitation sessions supervised by a physiotherapist with experience in rehabilitation of balance disorders. The experimental group will carry out a interactive visuo-vestibular training (IVV) in order to facilitate postural visual stability and the control group will carry out a conventional vestibular rehabilitation training aimed at training the vestibular reflexes.~The rehabilitation protocols (IVV and vestibular) will consist of 1 session of 40 minutes per week, for a total of 5 sessions.~IVV training consists of exercises that stimulate saccadic movements during motor activities on the treadmill and walking on the treadmill blindfolded with the support and supervision of the physiotherapist.
The investigators will test a new rehabilitation protocol on patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). The investigators hypothesize that patients with PPPD, in the absence of vestibular deficits, do not benefit from standard vestibular rehabilitation but instead need a rehabilitation that acts on visual and postural stability, through training of saccadic movements in dynamic contexts of cognitive-motor dual-task and rehabilitation of postural stability.