A total of 100 participants with persistent or longstanding persistent AF who undergo radiofrequency catheter ablation will be randomized assigned to two groups at 1:1 ratio to receive Vein of Marshall ethanol infusion (VOMEI).~Group 1: VOMEI guided by fluroscopy alone Group 2: VOMEI guided by fluoroscopy and CARTO UNIVU The intraprocedural major endpoints are the change in low-voltage area led by VOMEI (efficacy endpoint) and procedural complications (safety endpoint). The longterm major endpoint is the recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between 3 and 12 months.
The study is a prospective, randomized, single-blind clinical trial aiming to compare two method in guidance of Vein of Marshall ethanol infusion (VOMEI), i.e., the conventional fluoroscopy-guided VOMEI and UNIVU-guided VOMEI.