Structure-based characterization and optimization of novel hydrophobic binding interactions in a series of pyrrolidine influenza neuraminidase inhibitors.
Maring CJ, Stoll VS, Zhao C, Sun M, Krueger AC, Stewart KD, Madigan DL, Kati WM, Xu Y, Carrick RJ, Montgomery DA, Kempf-Grote A, Marsh KC, Molla A, Steffy KR, Sham HL, Laver WG, Gu YG, Kempf DJ, Kohlbrenner WE.
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a novel hydrophobic binding interaction within a subsite of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) active site was characterized and optimized for a series of trisubstituted pyrrolidine inhibitors modified at the 4-position. Previously, potent inhibitors have targeted this subsite with hydrophilic substituents such as amines and guanidines. Inhibitor-bound crystal structures revealed that hydrophobic substituents with sp(2) hybridization could achieve optimal interactions by virtue of a low-energy binding conformation and favorable pi-stacking interactions with the residue Glu119. From a lead methyl ester, investigation of five-membered heteroaromatic substituents at C-4 produced a 3-pyrazolyl analogue that improved activity by making a targeted hydrogen bond with Trp178. The SAR of substituted vinyl substituents at C-4 produced a Z-propenyl analogue with improved activity over the lead methyl ester. The C-1 ethyl ester prodrugs of the substituted C-4 vinyl analogues gave compounds with excellent oral bioavailability (F > 60%) when dosed in rat.