
## Demand For Grants 2017-18 Analysis Human Resource Development

The Ministry of Human Resource Development 
consists of two departments: (i) school education 
and literacy, and (ii) higher education.  In 2017-18, 
the Ministry has been allocated Rs 79,686 crore, 
the fourth highest allocation among all Ministries.  
This note presents the trends in expenditure, and 
discusses some of the issues related to the 
education sector.  

The Department of School Education and 
Literacy under the Ministry is broadly responsible 
for education imparted between the ages of 6 to 18 
years, i.e., school education.   

 
Elementary education is a fundamental right imparted up to class 8 for children between 6- 14 years of age.  The government is mandated to provide elementary education to all children under the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009.   
 
Secondary education is imparted between classes 9 to 12 for children between 14-18 years of age.   
In 2017-18, the Department has been allocated Rs 46,356 crore, accounting for 58% of the Ministry's total allocation.   

The Department of Higher Education is 
responsible for higher education, technical 
education and training, etc., for students between 
18-24 years of age.   

 
Higher education qualifies as at least nine months of education, after the completion of 12 years of schooling or equivalent.    
In 2017-18, the Department has been allocated Rs 
33,330 crore, accounting for 42% of the Ministry's total allocation.   

## Overview Of Finances1 Budget Estimates 2017-18

The Ministry has been allocated Rs 79,686 crore in 
2017-18.  This has been an 8% increase over the 
revised estimate of 2016-17.  The allocation 
constitutes 3.7% of the central government's 
estimated expenditure for 2017-18.  Expenditure on 
education by the centre and the states as a 
proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 
has been around 3% during between 2008-09 and 
2014-15.2  The Committee constituted to examine 
the New Education Policy has proposed 6% of 
GDP as the minimum expenditure on education.3   

Within the Ministry, 58% of the total allocation is 
to the Department of School Education and 

Nivedita Rao 
nivedita@prsindia.org 
                            
                                                                                   February 28, 2017 

3rd Floor, Gandharva Mahavidyalaya  212, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg  New Delhi - 110002 
Tel: (011) 2323 4801-02, 4343 4035-36 
www.prsindia.org 

Literacy and 42% is to the Department of Higher 
Education.  Table 1 provides the budget related 
figures for the Ministry.  For further details on the 
budgetary allocations, refer to the Annexure. 

% 
Department 
Actuals 
2015-
RE 
2016-
BE 
2017-
16 
17 
18 
change 
(RE to 
BE) 
41,800 
43,896 
46,356 
5.6% 
School Education & Literacy Higher Education 
25,439 
29,703 
33,330 
12.2% 
Total 
67,239 
73,599 
79,686 
8% 

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimates. Sources: Demand for Grants, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget 2017-18, PRS 
Figure 1 depicts the major heads under which the Ministry spends its funds (as a percentage of its total allocation).   

Note: The category 'Others' includes other schemes and 
programmes under the Ministry which have an allocation of less 
than 2% of the total expenditure.  
Sources: Expenditure Budget, Vol. 2, Ministry of Human 
Resource Development, 2017-18; PRS. 
 

## Department Of School Education And Literacy

In 2017-18, the Department of School Education and Literacy has been allocated Rs 46,356 crore, a 5.6% increase over the revised estimates of 2016-
17.4   In 2016-17, it was budgeted to spend Rs 43,554 crore.  Note that the budget estimate for 2017-18 exceeds the estimates of 2016-17 by Rs 2,802 crore. 

Sources: Union Budgets, 2008-17; PRS. 

In the past 10 years, the highest allocation was given in 2014-15 which Rs 55,115 crore.  Note that in 2015-16, the allocation was reduced by 25%. This may be on account of a greater devolution of funds to the states in pursuance of the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission.  

Year 
Budget 
estimate 
Actuals 
Actuals/BE (%) 
2015-16 
42,220  
41,800  
99%  
2014-15 
55,115  
45,722  
83%  
2013-14 
52,701  
46,856 
89%  

Sources: Union Budgets, 2015-17; PRS. Table 2 indicates the actual allocation of the Department compared with the budget estimates of that year.  The utilisation has been over 80% of the budget estimates as seen in the table. Table 3 presents details of the Department's allocation in 2017-18. 

% 
RE 
2016-
BE 
2017-
Major Head 
Actuals 
2015-16 
17 
18 
change 
(RE to 
BE) 
SSA 
21,661 
22,500 
23,500 
4.4% 
Mid-day Meal Scheme  
9,145 
9,700 
10,000 
3.1% 
Autonomous Bodies 
5,839 
6,903 
7,302 
5.8% 
RMSA 
3,563 
3,700 
3,830 
3.5% 
Scholarships 
281 
85 
602 
611.2% 
Others 
7,150 
1,009 
1,122 
11.3% 
Total 
41,800 
43,896 
46,356 
5.6% 

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimates. Sources: Expenditure Budget, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget 2017-18; PRS.  

 
Allocation to Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in 2017-18 was increased by 4.4% (as compared with revised estimates of 2016-17) to Rs 23,500 crore.  Expenditure on Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) also increased by about 3% from the revised estimates of 2016-17. 
 
Scholarships increased by 611% in 2017-18 to a total allocation of Rs 602 crore from revised estimates of Rs 85 crore.  

Figure 3 provides the major heads of financial 
allocation under this Department for 2017-18.  In 
2017-18, expenditure on centrally sponsored 
schemes (SSA, MDMS, and RMSA) constitute 
81% of the estimated spending of the Department 
of School Education and Literacy. 

Sources: Expenditure Budget, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget, 2017-18; PRS. 

 
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):  SSA has 
been implemented since 2000 to universalise elementary education and promote retention of children in the school system.  After the RTE 
Act, 2009 was enacted, SSA was subsumed 
under it.  RTE guarantees the right to free and compulsory elementary education for children between the ages of 6 and14 years in a neighbourhood school.5  Note that in 2016, Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat was launched under SSA mainly to (i) improve language through early reading and writing with comprehension, and (ii) learn mathematics. 
It has been observed that there exists a wide gap between demand and actual allocation for the SSA and RTE.6  For example, the BE for 2016-17 was Rs 22,500 crore as against the Department's request for Rs 55,000 crore. Further, Standing Committees have recommended increased funding for the SSA and sufficient allocations for states requiring additional resources.7,8  

 
Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS):  The 
MDMS targets children in the same age group as covered by the SSA (6 to 14 years).  In addition to promoting enrolment, retention and attendance by incentivising the children to come to school for meals, the scheme also aims to improve nutritional levels among children.  It covers children in government and government-aided schools.   
Committees have consistently highlighted low utilisation and lifting of food grains by states. On average, less than 50% of the allotted food grains have been lifted by the states.16   The Committee also notes an infrastructural shortfall for the implementation of MDMS 
which needs to be addressed.  For example, lack of pucca buildings and separate toilet facilities for boys and girls.  Note that in the case of MDMS, there are no pending UCs.9  

 
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan 
(RMSA):  The RMSA is aimed at secondary 
education (classes 9-12).  Its aims include achieving universal access to secondary education by 2017 and universal retention by 2020.10  Following a Joint Review Mission by the government and the development partners of RMSA, it was discovered that RMSA has reached a stage where an outcome orientation is needed to bring in learner achievement as a major goal of RMSA.11  This was also to bring RMSA in step with SSA and ensure 100% transition of every child from the upper primary to secondary stage.  Note that under the RMSA Scheme, during 2015-16, an amount of Rs 3,562 crore out of a budgeted 
amount of Rs 3,565 crore was utilised, which comes to 99.9% utilisation. 

## Financial Allocations To Outcomes  Enrolment, Transition And Dropout Rates

Enrolment:  The GER is calculated as a 
percentage of total number of students enrolled in a 
level of education (school education in this case) 
divided by the total population within the relevant 
age group.  The GER at primary level is 100.1 % 
which has come down from 114% in 2008-09.12  
This signifies a more age appropriate enrolment as 
a GER above 100% signifies that children not of 
the requisite age were also being enrolled. 

Note that the GER at the upper primary (91.2%), 
secondary (78.5%) and senior secondary (54.2 %) 
level has increased over a five-year period (2008-
09 to 2014-15).  However, except for primary 
education, India's enrolment rate lags behind 
internationally when compared with countries like 
China, Russia, UK, Germany and USA.12  Note that 
the GER for secondary (78.5%) and senior 
secondary (54.2 %) level has increased over the last 
five-year period (2008-09 to 2014-15) but hasn't 
met the RMSA targets.13 

Sources:  Education statistics at a glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2016; PRS. 

Transition: Transition is measured as the rate of transfer of students from one class or one level of education to the class or level above.   

According to the Ministry, transition rates of 
students are high in the lower levels of education 
such as elementary and secondary.  The transition 
of students from class 8 to 9 (elementary to 
secondary) is the highest (92%), followed by the 
transition from class 5 to 6 (primary to upper 
primary) at 90%. 

However, the transition rate for higher levels, i.e. 
senior secondary and higher are lower in 
compassion.  The transition rate from class 10 to 
11 (secondary to senior secondary) lags behind at 
67%.12   Consequently, relatively fewer students 

reach class 11 which is seen in the GER in senior secondary level (class 11 and 12), being the lowest within school education. One of the factors affecting transition rates may be that under the RTE, education is provided only until class eight i.e. till upper primary level.  There is no legislation which mandates free and compulsory secondary education. Further, with regard to access to secondary school, for every three upper primary schools there is one secondary school.12  According to RMSA statistics, four states where the ratio of upper primary school to secondary school is a cause of concern are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Meghalaya.14 students dis-enrolling from school in a year. Figure 5 depicts the dropout levels in school education (primary and secondary). 

Sources:  Education statistics at a glance, Ministry of Human The highest dropout rate is at 18% at the secondary level of school education. Consequently, relatively fewer students reach class 
11 which is seen in the GER in senior secondary level (class 11 and 12), being the lowest under school education.   

##  Teacher Related Issues

Many committees over the years have highlighted teacher vacancies as a significant issue in elementary education.3,15,8  Against a total of 19.14 lakh teacher positions sanctioned under SSA in 2011-12, only 12.01 lakh were recruited.  Further, approximately 4.5 lakh untrained teachers are operating in 19 states, as on February 2015. Teacher training institutes such as DIETs are also experiencing many teacher vacancies.15 It has also been observed that there are a large number of teacher vacancies under SSA, which adversely affects the implementation of the scheme.16 It has also been noted that the presence of para/temporary teachers instead of permanent teachers contributes to the deterioration of quality of education.  The Central Advisory Board of Education Committee commented that to ensure 
 

quality secondary education, para/temporary and 
contract teachers must be done away with.  Instead, 
fully qualified teachers with a complete salary and 
benefits must be hired.17  

It has been recommended that appropriate 
professional development programmes for teachers 
be designed after carrying out formal training needs 
assessment of teachers.  Further, in classrooms, 
there is a need to introduce differentiated teaching 
that caters to multi-level learning environments.17  

In the implementation of MDMS, it has been 
observed that the scheme has diverted the attention 
of teachers and students on activities related to it, 
rather than towards teaching and learning activities.  
It has been recommended that teachers should not 
be burdened with the task of supervising cooking 
and serving of mid-day meals.3   

##  Learning Outcomes In School Education

The Economic Survey 2015-16 pointed out that the 
percentage of standard five students in government 
schools who are able to read a class two text has 
declined from 56.7% from 2007 to 42.2% in 2014.  
The corresponding decline in private schools is 
from 69% to 62.5%.18  The National Achievement 
Survey in 2015 for class five has also revealed that 
performance of students, on an average, had gone 
down from the previous round of the survey 
conducted in 2014.19  

Standing Committees have recommended 
reconsidering the automatic promotion of students 
till standard eight ( no detention policy), as this 
may prevent a child from working hard or eliminate 
motivation.20  In 2016, it was recommended that 
the policy of no detention should be upheld only till 
class five (age 11 years).3  This would reverse the 
existing policy of no detention till class eight (age 
14 years).  Further, it was suggested that students 
should be given the choice to pick the difficulty 
level of the Mathematics and Science exams in 
class 10.  

In light of the learning outcomes, The Ministry and 
NITI Aayog are jointly working on a School 
Education Quality Index with the goal of 
institutionalising a focus on improving education 
outcomes at the State/UT level.21 
 

## Department Of Higher Education

The Department of Higher Education has been 
allocated Rs 33,330 crore in 2017-18, a 12.2% 
increase over the revised estimate of 2016-17.  
Note that it has seen an increase of Rs 4,490 crore 
over the budget estimates of 2016-17.  Figure 6 
depicts the allocation to the Department of Higher 
Education since 2006-07.  Between 2010-16, there 

has been an increase in the central budgetary allocation to higher education.     
Note: Revised estimates have been used for 2016-17 and budget Sources: Union Budgets, 2006-17; PRS. 

the actual expenditure  (2013-16) (in Rs crore) 
Year 
Budget 
Estimate 
Actuals 
Actuals/BE (%) 
2015-16 
26,855 
25,439 
95% 
2014-15 
27,656 
23,152 
84% 
2013-14 
26,750 
24,465 
91% 

Note: BE - Budget Estimate.  
Sources: Union Budgets, 2015-17; PRS. 

% 
Actuals 
RE 
BE 
Major Head 
2015-
2016-
2017-
change 
(RE to 
16 
17 
18 
BE) 
IITs 
4,365 
5,389 
7,856 
45.8% 
NITs 
2,513 
2,875 
3,440 
19.7% 
Student Financial Aid 
2,177 
2,136 
2,380 
11.4% 
RUSA 
1,037 
1,300 
1,300 
0.0% 
IIMs 
464 
858 
1,030 
20.1% 
IISERs 
650 
780 
650 
-16.7% 
Digital India-elearning 
304 
517 
497 
-3.8% 
AICTE 
468 
481 
485 
0.8% 
IIITs 
208 
229 
379 
66.1% 
Grand Total 
25,439 
29,703 
33,330 
12.2% 

Sources: Expenditure Budget, Vol. 2, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget 2017-18; PRS.  

 
Expenditure on Digital India e-learning has been estimated at Rs 497 crore, which is down by 3.8% over the revised estimates of 2016-17. 
 
The allocation for Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) has been estimated at Rs 7,856 crore in 2017-18, National Institutes of Technology (NITs) at Rs 3,440 crore and 
Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) at Rs 
1,030 crore.   
 
The funding allocation for Rashtriya Uchchtar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) has remained the same this year at Rs 1,300 crore (from the 2016-17 budget allocation) and has seen no change in its allocation. 
 
It has been observed that there has been underutilisation of funds by central and state universities, including unspent balances lying with central universities.6  Committees have stressed on the need to curb delays on the part of the UGC and the MHRD in disbursing budgetary allocations to the various universities of higher education.22   
 
Committees have noted that such a consistent trend of unspent balances is leading to lower 
allocations against the MHRD's demands for 
funds, resulting in a 'vicious circle'.23  For example, Rs 689 crore was left unspent with the autonomous bodies which get one of the highest allocations under higher education in 2016.24  This leads to a significant gap between the proposed demand and the allocation of budget to MHRD as well.25   
Figure 7 below provides the major heads of financial allocation under the Department for the year 2017-18. 

Sources: Expenditure Budget, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget, 2017-18; PRS. 

## Issues In The Higher Education Sector  Enrolment Levels

In India, GER in higher education has more than doubled over a period of 11 years, going from 9% in 2002-03 to 24% in 2014-15.26 A GER of 24% implies that roughly 24% of people who should be enrolled in universities (as per the target age-group of 18-23 years) are actually enrolled.  The GER for higher education in India is fairly low compared to other countries such as the UK and USA, as seen in Figure 9 below.   

##  Regulatory Issues In Higher Education

Indian higher education is regulated by a multiplicity of regulatory agencies, with overlapping mandates.  These bodies are the University Grants Commission (UGC), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and the various professional councils.  Citing overregulation and under governance, various committees have highlighted the need for an overarching regulatory body by subsuming the multiple existing regulatory bodies.27,28  Such a body would be responsible for monitoring standards and licensing accreditation bodies. 

Recently, the TSR Subramanian Committee report 
(2016) on the New Education Policy also 
recommended bringing in the National Higher 
Education Promotion and Management Act which 
would replace the existing separate laws governing 
individual regulators in higher education.3  In the 
Union Budget of 2017-18, the Finance Minister 
mentioned that reforms would be undertaken 
concerning the functioning of UGC.29 

##  Quality Standards In Higher Education

There are two accrediting institutions in higher 
education– namely National Board of Accreditation 
(NBA) established by AICTE, and the National 
Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) 
established by UGC.  Currently, in terms of the 
quality of universities, out of 759 universities, only 
three universities have been given an 'A+', the 
highest grade and 74 universities have been given 
an 'A' grade by the NAAC.30 

Accreditation is used to determine eligibility for 
grants of different kinds.  However, there is a need 
to reorient the purpose of accreditation, as one 
involving assessment of quality of the institution.3  
A National Accreditation Board could be set up 
subsuming the NAAC and the NBA.  This Board 
will provide oversight, define methodology, 
undertake research on accreditation and set the 
standards to be followed. 

Note that India Rankings 2016 was conducted for 
the first time in 2016.  More than 3,500 institutions 
participated in the exercise and ranks were released 
in four categories of institutions: universities, 
engineering, management and pharmacy.31 

##  Fee Structure In Higher Education

It has been observed that many private institutions 
of higher education charge exorbitant fees.  In the 
absence of well-defined norms, fees charged by 
such universities have remained high.32  UGC 
regulates fees for courses offered in deemed 
universities, to an extent.  They state that the fees 
charged shall be directly linked to the cost of 
running the course and the institution shall ensure 
non-commercialisation of education.  In 2002, the 
Supreme Court ruled that the fees charged by 
private unaided educational institutes could be 
regulated.33  Also, while banning capitation fee 
(fees exceeding the tuition fee), it allowed institutes 
to charge a reasonable surplus.  

##  Profit Motive And Private Investment In Higher Education

Committee recommendations have not encouraged 
for-profit private educational institutions.27  
However, it has been recommended that it is 
essential to stimulate private investment in higher 
education to extend educational opportunities and 
private intervention would be key in bridging the 

gap in investment from the government in the education sector.  Note that in 2016, a scheme to establish 20 Indian Institutes of Information 
                                                 
1  Demand for Grants, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget, 2017-18. 2  Economic Survey, 2013-14, Ministry of Finance, http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapter-vol2.pdf. 3  "Report of the Committee for Evolution of the New Education Policy", Ministry of Human Resource Development, April 30, 2016, http://www.nuepa.org/New/download/NEP2016/ReportNEP.pdf 4  Expenditure Budget, Vol. 2, Union Budget 2017-18. 5  The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009. 6 "280th Report: Demands for Grants 2016-17 (Demand No. 51) of the Department of School Education & Literacy", Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, April 27, 2016 7  "250th Report: Action Taken Report on 244th Report on Demands for Grants 2012-13", Department of School Education and Literacy, Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, February 26, 2013. 8  "255th Report: Action Taken Report on 250th Report on Demands for Grants 2016-17", Department of School Education and Literacy, Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, December 16, 2016. 9 Outcome Budget, 2016-17, Ministry of Human Resource Development, http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/documentreports/Outcome_16-17.pdf 
10  Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, Ministry of Human Resource Development, http://rmsaindia.gov.in/en/component/rmsastates/?view=rmsasta tes&Itemid=130&id=india 11  Fourth Joint Review Mission, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, 2014, http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_docume nt/4th%20JRM%20AM%202014%2008%2023%20FINAL%20 _2_.pdf 12  Education statistics at a glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2016, http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics/ESG20 16_0.pdf 13  "School Education in India, Flash Statistics", U-DISE 2014- 15, Ministry of Human Resource Development, http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Publications/Documents/U-
DISE-SchoolEducationInIndia-2014-15.pdf. 14  Trends under RMSA, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, http://rmsaindia.gov.in/images/Trends_and_Indicators_under_R MSA.pdf 15  "253rd Report: Demands for Grants 2013-14, Demand No. 

57", Department of School Education and Literacy, Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, April 26, 2013. 16  "283rd Report: The Implementation of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Mid-Day-Meal Scheme', Department of School Education and Literacy, Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, December 15, 2016. 17  "Report of the CABE Committee on Girls' education and common school system", Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2005, http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/documentreports/Girls%20Education.pdf 18  Economic Survey 2015-16, Ministry of Finance, http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/es2014-15/echaptervol2.pdf 19  National Achievement Survey, Class V (Cycle 3) Subject Wise Reports, Technology (IIITs), on a not-for-profit Public Private Partnership basis was approved.

http://www.ncert.nic.in/departments/nie/esd/pdf/NationalReport
_subjectwise.pdf  
20  "Report of CABE Sub Committee on Assessment on 
implementation of CCE and no detention provision", Ministry of 
Human Resource Development, 
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-
reports/AssmntCCE.pdf  
21   Unstarred Question no. 3218, Ministry of Human Resource 
Development, Lok Sabha, December 5, 2016. 
22  Economic Survey 2015-16, Ministry of Finance, 
http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/es2014-15/echapter-
vol2.pdf 
23  "Demands for Grants 2013-14 (Demand No. 58) of the 
Department of Higher Education, Standing Committee on 
Human Resource Development, May 3, 2013, 
http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/C
ommittee%20on%20HRD/256.pdf.  
24  "279th Report: Demands for Grants 2016-17 (Demand No. 
52) of the Department of Higher Education", Standing 
Committee on Human Resource Development, April 27, 2016. 
25  Outcome budget, 2016-17, Ministry of Human Resource 
Development, 
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-
reports/Outcome_16-17.pdf , 
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-
reports/Outcome2016-17.pdf  
26  All India Survey on Higher Education, 2014-15, Ministry of 
Human Resource and Development, Department of Higher 
Education, 
http://aishe.nic.in/aishe/viewDocument.action?documentId=206.  
27  " Report of the Committee to Advise on Renovation and 
Rejuvenation of Higher Education", 2009, 
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-
reports/YPC-Report.pdf. 
28  "Report to the Nation: 2006-2009", National Knowledge 
Commission, March 2009, http://www.aicte-
india.org/downloads/nkc.pdf. 
29  Budget Speech, 2017-18, Union Budget, 
http://indiabudget.nic.in/bspeecha.asp  
30  Accreditation status, National Assessment and Accreditation 
Council, 
http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx.  
31  Year End Review, 2016, Initiatives and Achievements of 
Ministry of Human Resource Development, December 30, 2017, 
Press Information Bureau. 
32  "236th Report on the Prohibition of Unfair Practices in 
Technical Educational Institutions, Medical Educational 
Institutions and Universities Bill, 2010", Standing Committee on 
Human Resource Development, May 30, 2011. 
33  TMA Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka & Ors 
[(1994)2SCC195]. 

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|                                             |         | %        | % Change    |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|----------|-------------|
| Budgeted                                    | Change  | Budgeted | BE ('17-    |
| Major Heads                                 |         |          |             |
| Actuals                                     |         |          |             |
| 2015-16                                     | 2016-17 |          |             |
| Revised                                     |         |          |             |
| 2016-17                                     | RE/BE   | 2017-18  | 18)/RE('16- |
| (2016-17)                                   | 17)     |          |             |
| School Education and Literacy               | 41,800  | 43,554   | 43,896      |
| Scholarships                                | 281     | 80       | 85          |
| Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan                       | 21,661  | 22,500   | 22,500      |
| Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan         | 3,563   | 3,700    | 3,700       |
| Teachers Training and Adult Education       | 916     | 830      | 751         |
| National Programme of Mid Day Meal in       |         |          |             |
| Schools                                     |         |          |             |
| 9,145                                       | 9,700   | 9,700    | 0%          |
| Umbrella Program for Development of         |         |          |             |
| Minorities                                  |         |          |             |
| 296                                         | 120     | 120      | 0%          |
| Higher Education                            | 25,439  | 28,840   | 29,703      |
| Student Financial Aid                       | 2,177   | 2,221    | 2,136       |
| Digital India-e-learning                    | 304     | 552      | 517         |
| National Institutional Ranking Framework    | 5       | 5        | 0%          |
| Research and Innovation                     | 61      | 236      | 236         |
| All India Council for Technical Education   | 468     | 481      | 481         |
| Indian Institutes of Technology             | 4,365   | 4,984    | 5,389       |
| Indian Institutes of Management             | 464     | 730      | 858         |
| National Institutes of Technology           | 2,513   | 2,630    | 2,875       |
| Indian Institute of Science, Education and  |         |          |             |
| Research                                    |         |          |             |
| 650                                         | 720     | 780      | 8%          |
| Indian Institutes of Information Technology | 208     | 268      | 229         |
| Rashtriya Uchhatar Shiksha Abhiyan          | 1,037   | 1,300    | 1,300       |
| Total                                       | 67,239  | 72,394   | 73,599      |

Sources:  Demand for Grants, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Union Budget, 2017-18; PRS. 

## State Wise Indicators On School And Higher Education

Senior 
Elementary 
Secondary 
State/UT 
Private 
schools 
Secondary 
PTR 
GPI 
Government 
schools (%) 
GER 
GER 
(Secondary) 
(%) 
GER 
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 
16.91 
83.1 
98.82 
86.64 
73.96 
15 
0.95 
Andhra Pradesh 
27.55 
71.61 
93.79 
84.28 
- 
19 
1.03 
Arunachal Pradesh 
12.97 
86.29 
90 
81.64 
78.9 
22 
0.97 
Assam 
13.18 
74.63 
85.92 
66.11 
- 
14 
1.18 
Bihar 
5.04 
88.66 
98.23 
73.37 
- 
57 
1.14 
Chandigarh 
39.8 
57.22 
- 
- 
87.09 
14 
1 
Chhattisgarh 
11.87 
87.73 
95.5 
67.14 
95.29 
45 
1.02 
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 
12.68 
86.17 
96.61 
81.82 
88.47 
27 
0.9 
Daman & Diu 
17.93 
82.07 
98.16 
67.38 
59.21 
16 
1.21 
Delhi 
50.86 
49.14 
- 
78.38 
72.53 
28 
1.01 
Goa 
42.47 
57.52 
99.42 
78.62 
84.64 
25 
0.92 
Gujarat 
33.43 
66.56 
96.91 
74.31 
92.64 
34 
0.81 
Haryana 
30.65 
65.61 
93.97 
80.97 
93.66 
17 
0.93 
Himachal Pradesh 
14.7 
85.29 
99.01 
87.43 
89.1 
25 
0.97 
Jammu & Kashmir 
18.07 
81.93 
93.38 
80.08 
86.06 
15 
0.94 
Jharkhand 
5.96 
84.81 
92.24 
74.63 
95.45 
68 
1.05 
Karnataka 
33.17 
66.79 
96.76 
72.89 
95.67 
15 
1.02 
Senior 
Elementary 
Secondary 
State/UT 
Private 
schools 
Secondary 
PTR 
GPI 
Government 
schools (%) 
GER 
GER 
(Secondary) 
(%) 
GER 
Kerala 
62.29 
27.97 
99.99 
87.09 
99.37 
17 
0.99 
Lakshadweep 
0 
100 
99.2 
85.43 
96.88 
2 
1.13 
Madhya Pradesh 
17.98 
80.9 
91.57 
62.06 
98.25 
36 
0.98 
Maharashtra 
36.62 
62.83 
98.49 
86.3 
97.75 
22 
0.95 
Manipur 
30.77 
66.74 
91.57 
85.1 
- 
13 
0.99 
Meghalaya 
45.11 
53.57 
87.28 
70.29 
- 
13 
1.18 
Mizoram 
32.16 
67.74 
91.31 
69.64 
91.49 
9 
1.01 
Nagaland 
25.65 
74.35 
92.89 
72.74 
87.71 
19 
1.06 
Odisha 
13.55 
83.55 
96.73 
70.34 
- 
23 
0.99 
Puducherry 
41.17 
58.82 
99.56 
84.51 
93.24 
14 
1.01 
Punjab 
25.16 
70.83 
96.76 
88.52 
93.48 
17 
0.99 
Rajasthan 
32.34 
65.44 
94.66 
82.41 
- 
25 
0.83 
Sikkim 
31.97 
68.03 
97.75 
78.59 
85.3 
19 
1.18 
Tamil Nadu 
33.34 
66.35 
- 
91.41 
96.12 
21 
1.04 
Telangana 
30.27 
68.32 
97.84 
84.47 
99.23 
19 
1.07 
Tripura 
6.91 
89.23 
97.62 
51.05 
86.62 
33 
1.01 
Uttar Pradesh 
34.82 
63.54 
92.87 
88.3 
97.14 
41 
0.99 
Uttarakhand 
24.58 
73.88 
96.32 
82.59 
94.77 
17 
0.97 
West Bengal 
10.19 
86.43 
96.47 
77.98 
90.8 
28 
1.19 
All India 
24.88 
72.57 
95.44 
79.91 
98.88 
27 
1.01 

Note: GER: Gross Enrolment Ratio; GPI: Gender Parity Index; PTR: Pupil-Teacher Ratio Sources: Flash Statistics, District Information System for Education, 2015-16; PRS. 

| Government        | No. of    |
|-------------------|-----------|
| State             |           |
| Private           |           |
| Colleges          |           |
| GPI               |           |
| Andaman &         |           |
| Nicobar Islands   |           |
| -                 | 7.00      |
| Andhra Pradesh    | 1,933.00  |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 7.00      |
| Assam             | 62.00     |
| Bihar             | 142.00    |
| Chandigarh        | 9.00      |
| Chhattisgarh      | 355.00    |
| Dadra & Nagar     |           |
| Haveli            |           |
| 4.00              | 3.00      |
| Daman & Diu       | 4.00      |
| Delhi             | 77.00     |
| Goa               | 33.00     |
| Gujarat           | 1,624.00  |
| Haryana           | 658.00    |
| Himachal Pradesh  | 139.00    |
| Jammu and         |           |
| Kashmir           |           |
| 162.00            | 135.00    |
| Jharkhand         | 98.00     |
| Karnataka         | 2,609.00  |
| Kerala            | 916.00    |
| Lakshadweep       | -         |
| Madhya Pradesh    | 1,390.00  |
| Maharashtra       | 3,698.00  |
 
Government 
State 
Private 
Colleges 
Colleges 
Manipur 
           35.00  
           48.00  
            3.00  
            0.94  
           35.90  
           19.00  
Meghalaya 
           28.00  
           18.00  
           10.00  
            1.07  
           20.50  
           18.00  
Mizoram 
            1.00  
           28.00  
            3.00  
            0.98  
           23.30  
           14.00  
Nagaland 
           43.00  
           20.00  
            4.00  
            1.06  
           15.60  
           15.00  
Odisha 
         704.00  
         355.00  
           21.00  
            0.81  
           17.70  
           19.00  
Puducherry 
           50.00  
           27.00  
            4.00  
            0.93  
           46.00  
            9.00  
Punjab 
         721.00  
         183.00  
           24.00  
            1.09  
           27.10  
           16.00  
Rajasthan 
      1,731.00  
         459.00  
           64.00  
            0.82  
           20.00  
           22.00  
Sikkim 
            5.00  
            9.00  
            7.00  
            1.14  
           30.30  
           12.00  
Tamil Nadu 
      2,127.00  
         325.00  
           58.00  
            0.92  
           45.20  
           14.00  
Telangana 
      1,784.00  
         214.00  
           20.00  
            0.84  
           36.10  
           14.00  
Tripura 
            7.00  
           40.00  
            3.00  
            0.67  
           16.80  
           26.00  
Uttar Pradesh 
      4,600.00  
         777.00  
           63.00  
            1.04  
           25.00  
           38.00  
Uttarakhand 
         202.00  
         116.00  
           26.00  
            0.94  
           33.90  
           22.00  
West Bengal 
         609.00  
         427.00  
           31.00  
            0.83  
           17.40  
           34.00  
All India 
     26,567.00  
      7,885.00  
         760.00  
            0.92  
           24.30  
           21.00  
No. of 
universities 
GPI 
GER 
PTR  


