
## Demand For Grants 2018-19 Analysis Petroleum And Natural Gas

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is responsible for: (i) exploration of petroleum (including natural gas), (ii) supply and distribution of petroleum, and (iii) planning and development of the petroleum industry in the country, among others.1  It has been allocated Rs 31,101 crore for 2018-19.2  This note examines the allocations for the Ministry under Union Budget 2018-19. Petroleum products are used as raw materials in various sectors and industries such as transport and petrochemicals.  Further, they may also be used in factories to operate machinery or fuel generator sets.  Any fluctuation in the price of petrol and diesel impact the production and transport costs of various items.  When compared to other neighbouring countries, India has the highest prices for petrol and diesel.  On the other hand, it has the lowest price for kerosene. 

Delhi for petrol and diesel, and Mumbai for kerosene. Sources: Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas; PRS. 

Imports:  India imports 84% of the petroleum products consumed in the country.  This implies that any change in the global prices of crude oil has a significant impact on the domestic price of petroleum.  In 2000-01, net import of petroleum products constituted 75% of the total consumption in the country.  This increased to 95% in 2016-17. Figure 2 shows the amount of petroleum products consumed in the country, and the share of imports. 

Note: Production is the difference between the total consumption in the country and the net imports. Sources: Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell; PRS. 

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 
provides subsidy on LPG cylinders and kerosene.  
This subsidy seeks to fill the gap between 
production cost of these petroleum products, and 
the price at which they are provided to consumers.  
The production cost of these items is dependent on 
the global crude oil price, which the primary input.  

The Ministry's expenditure has followed the trend 
in the global crude oil prices.  As seen in Figure 3, 
the Ministry's expenditure increased in the early 
2010s with an increase in the global prices of 
crude.  During this period, the actual expenditure of 
the Ministry exceeded the budget estimates.   

With a fall in crude oil prices from 2014 onwards, 
the expenditure has gradually reduced.  During this 
period, the Ministry has also sought to plug 
leakages in the delivery of LPG subsidy by directly 
transferring the subsidy to the bank account of the 
beneficiary under the PAHAL scheme (discussed 
later).  It has also sought to weed out duplicate and 
ghost beneficiaries under the PAHAL scheme.  
Between 2010-11 and 2018-19, the Ministry's 
expenditure reduced by 3% annually, on average. 

Under-recoveries:  Under-recovery refers to the difference in the cost of producing petroleum products, and the price at which they are delivered to consumers.  They indicate the loss incurred by oil marketing companies while supplying these products.  This difference is shared by the central government and the oil companies.  Figure 4 shows that under-recoveries have reduced with a fall in global prices of crude oil. 

Note: Data for 2017-18 till September 2017. Sources: Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell; PRS. 

Developments in Union Budget 2018-19 

Road and Infrastructure Cess:  Currently, the 
government levies the road cess on the import 
and production of petrol and diesel.  The Union 
Budget 2018-19 renames this to the road and 
infrastructure cess.  It also proposes certain 
changes in the excise and customs duty levied on 
petrol and diesel. 

 
Petrol 
Diesel 
Before 
After 
Before 
After 
Customs 
6.48 
4.48 
8.33 
6.33 
Cess 
6.00 
8.00 
6.00 
8.00 
Total 
12.48 
12.48 
14.33 
14.33 
Excise 
7.66 
5.66 
10.69 
8.69 
Cess 
6.00 
8.00 
6.00 
8.00 
Total 
13.66 
13.66 
16.69 
16.69 

The total tax incidence on the consumers 
remains unchanged.  However, there is Rs 2/litre 
shift from excise and customs duty towards the 
cess.  Note that unlike customs and excise duty 
collections, proceeds from cesses do not form 
part of the divisible pool of taxes share with 
states.  This means that Rs 2/litre of petrol and 
diesel imported or produced will move from the 
divisible pool to the cess which is entirely with 
the centre.  Given that 42% of the divisible taxes 
are shared with states following the 14th Finance 
Commission, this would mean a loss of 84 paise 
per litre of petrol/diesel to states. 

Increase in coverage under Pradhan Mantri 
Ujjwala Yojana:  Under the scheme, the 
Ministry provides LPG connections in the name 
of the women of the household.  The scheme had 
a target of giving five crore connections between 
2016-17 and 2018-19.  Union Budget 2018-19 
proposes to increase this target to eight crore. 

## Overview Of Finances Budget Estimates 2018-19 (Details In Annexure) Table 2: Allocations For The Ministry (Rs Crore)

% 
Head 
Actual  
2016-17 
Revised  
2017-18 
Budget  
2018-19 
change 
LPG Subsidy 
18,678 
15,656 
20,378 
30.2% 
Kerosene Subsidy 
8,861 
8,804 
4,555 
-48.3% 
Royalty to States 
35 
7,005 
2,326 
-66.8% 
PDH Pipeline 
450 
400 
1,674 
318.5% 
National Seismic Programme 
- 
10 
1,300 13260.7% 
Strategic Oil Reserves 
2,031 
1,141 
781 
-31.6% 
Others 
177 
179 
87 
-51.4% 
Total 
30,231 
33,195 
31,101 
-6.3% 

Sources: Expenditure Budget, Union Budget 2018-19; PRS. 

LPG Subsidy:  The Ministry provides subsidy on LPG cylinders to beneficiaries.  Prior to 2013, this subsidy was provided in the form of subsidised cylinders.  Following the launch of the PAHAL 
scheme in 2013, this subsidy is directly credited to the bank accounts of the beneficiary.3  In 2018-19, the Ministry is estimated to spend Rs 20,378 crore on LPG subsidy, which is 30% higher than the revised estimates of 2018-19. 

Kerosene Subsidy:  The Ministry provides subsidised kerosene through the Public Distribution System (PDS).  In 2018-19, the Ministry has allocated Rs 4,555 crore for the subsidy, which is 48% lower than the revised estimates of 2017-18. 

Royalty to States:  The central government grants mining leases under the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948 and receives royalty and licensing fee for exploration and production of petroleum.  The central government has estimated to raise Rs 9,877 crore as royalty during 2018-19.4 It will pay Rs 2,326 crore to the states.   
PDH Pipeline:  The Phulpur-Dhamra-Haldia 
(PDH) Pipeline is being developed by GAIL India to transport natural gas.5  The project will connect five states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal - to the National Gas Grid.  In 2018-19, the project has been allocated Rs 1,674 crore. 

National Seismic Programme:  The Ministry is conducting a seismic survey of all sedimentary basins of India, where limited data is available. The Programme was launched in October 2016 with an estimated expenditure of Rs 5,000 crore.6 It is expected to be completed by 2019-20.  The Programme has been allocated Rs 1,300 crore for 2018-19.  This is significantly higher than the allocation of Rs 10 crore in 2017-18. 

## Key Issues And Analysis A. Trend In Crude Oil And Retail Prices Of Petrol And Diesel

Over the last five years, the global price of crude oil (Indian basket) has come down from USD 110 in January 2013 to USD 67 in January 2018, having touched a low of USD 28 in January 2016. While there has been a 63% drop in the price of global crude over this five-period, the retail price of petrol in India has reduced by 3%.  During this period, the retail price of diesel increased by 30%. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the trends in prices of global crude oil and retail price of petrol and diesel in India over the last five years. 

Note: Subsidy indicated in the graph is notional.  While 
calculating the amount of subsidy, various other factors such as 
cost of domestic inputs will also have to be accounted.  Global 
Crude Oil Price is for the Indian basket.  Figures reflect average 
monthly retail price of petrol in Delhi.   
Sources: Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell; Indian Oil 
Corporation Limited; PRS. 

monthly retail price of diesel in Delhi. Sources: Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell; Indian Oil Corporation Limited; PRS. 

The central government has used taxes to prevent 
sharp fluctuations in the retail price of diesel and 
petrol.  In the past, when global crude oil prices 
have increased, duties have been cut.7  Since 2014, 
as global crude oil prices declined, excise duties 
have been increased.  As a result, the central 

government's revenue from excise duty on petrol and diesel increased annually at a rate of 46% between 2013-14 and 2016-17.  During the same period, the total sales tax collections of states (from petrol and diesel) increased annually by 9%.   

## B. Subsidy Paid On Kerosene And Lpg

The Ministry provides subsidy for: (i) LPG cylinders, and (ii) supply of kerosene through the PDS system.  The subsidy seeks to provide these products to beneficiaries at prices lower than production costs.  Over the last few years, the Ministry's expenditure on subsidy has reduced from Rs 96,880 crore in 2012-13 to an estimated Rs 24,933 crore in 2018-19 (see Figure 8). 

The Ministry is estimated to spend 80% of its total budget on providing this subsidy in 2018-19.  As seen in Figure 9, a large proportion of this will be 
 

for LPG subsidy.  Between 2015-16 and 2018-19, 
the expenditure on LPG subsidy reduced from Rs 
22,660 crore to an estimated Rs 20,378 crore 
(average reduction of 3% annually).  During this 
period, the expenditure on kerosene subsidy 
reduced from Rs 7,339 crore to Rs 4,555 (average 
reduction of 15% annually. (Break-up of petroleum 
subsidy unavailable for previous years.) 

## Lpg Subsidy

The Ministry has been directly transferring the 
LPG subsidy into the bank account of the 
beneficiary under the PAHAL scheme.  The 
Ministry stated that it had weeded out 3.77 crore 
duplicate, inactive or ghost beneficiary accounts 
under the scheme (for state-level details, see Table 
8 in the Annexure). 8,20   

The CAG (2016) noted that while de-duplication 
checks had been carried out by agencies and oil 
companies, its audit identified 74,180 LPG 
customers linked to 37,090 Aadhaar (see Table 3).  
This indicated multiple LPG connections having 
the same Aadhaar number and bank details.9   

No. of LPG 
unique 
Combination of 
Oil Marketing 
Companies 
No. of 
Aadhaar 
numbers 
consumer IDs 
HPCL and IOCL 
13,698 
27,396 
IOCL and BPCL 
10,640 
21,280 
BPCL and HPCL 
12,752 
25,504 
Total 
37,090 
74,180 

Note: HPCL - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited. IOCL 
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited.  BPCL - Bharat Petroleum 
Corporation Limited. 
Sources: CAG Report on implementation of PAHAL; PRS. 

This Ministry stated that the implementation of 
PAHAL has resulted in savings in the delivery of 
LPG subsidy (see Table 4).  Note that the CAG 

(2016) had observed that there was a difference in the savings estimated by the Ministry and oil companies.  It noted inconsistencies in the calculations made by both, and stated that the actual savings may be less than estimates made by the Ministry and the oil companies.9  

| Year              | Estimated savings    |
|-------------------|----------------------|
| 2014-15           | 14,818               |
| 2015-16           | 6,443                |
| 2016-17           | 4,608                |
| 2017-18 (Apr-Nov) | 3,799                |

The CAG audit observed that as of December 2015, 1.55 crore beneficiaries had not joined the PAHAL scheme for direct benefit transfer of subsidy.  It noted that there was a possibility that this includes consumers who deserve the subsidy, but may not be able to avail it.9 
Give it up campaign:  The Ministry launched the 
'Give it Up' campaign to encourage domestic LPG consumers, who can afford to pay the market price of LPG, to voluntarily surrender their LPG subsidy.10  As on January 30, 2018, more than one crore LPG consumers had voluntarily surrendered their subsidy.11  The government also disqualified consumers with an annual income of more than Rs 10 lakh from receiving the subsidy.1 The CAG audit (2016) noted that the implementation of PAHAL and the 'Give it Up' 
campaign had resulted in the reduction in the offtake of subsidised LPG cylinders.  However, it noted that lower offtake did not have a significant impact on subsidy savings, as these savings were primarily a  result of the fall in global crude prices.9 
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana:  According to the National Sample Survey (2011-12), more than 67% of the rural households in the country used firewood as the primary source of energy for cooking (see Figure 10).12  In urban areas, most of the households (68%) used LPG for cooking.  (For a state-wise details on the primary source of energy for cooking in rural and urban areas and the change in preferences between 1993-94, see Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, and Table 12 of the Annexure.) 

The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched 
in 2016 with an objective of providing clean 
cooking fuel, i.e., LPG, to households which rely 
on firewood, coal, dung cakes, etc. for cooking.13  
Under the scheme, Rs 1,600 is provided as an 
initial cost to the beneficiary households.14,20  This 
amount seeks to cover costs for installation of an 
LPG connection.15 

The scheme has a target of providing five crore 
LPG connections to BPL families between 2016-17 
and 2018-19 (see Table 5 below).  These 
connections are issued in the name of the women of 
the household, and the BPL families are identified 
based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census.16 

| Financial Year    |   Target (Crore)  |
|-------------------|-------------------|
| 2016-17           |               1.5 |
| 2017-18           |               1.5 |
| 2018-19           |               2   |

Sources: 18th Report of the Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas on the Demands for Grants of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (2017-18), March 2017; PRS. 

As of February 2018, 3.39 crore new connections 
had been issued.17  For a state-wise break up of new 
connections, see Table 13 in the Annexure.  The 
Union Budget 2018-19 proposes to increase this 
target to eight crore beneficiaries.18 

## Kerosene Subsidy

Over the last few years, the Ministry's expenditure on providing subsidy for kerosene has reduced from Rs 24,804 crore in 2014-15 to an estimated Rs 4,555 crore in 2018-19 (see Table 6).  The Ministry stated that with the increase in LPG coverage and electrification in villages, the allocation for kerosene had been rationalised.19 
                                                           
1 Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/AR16-17.pdf. 2 Demands for Grants for the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for 2018-19, http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018- 19/eb/sbe72.pdf. 3 About the Scheme, PAHAL - Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, http://petroleum.nic.in/dbt/whatisdbtl.html. 4 Receipt Budget, Union Budget 2018-19, http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/rec/allrec.pdf.   
5 Brief Report on Jagdishpur- Haldia & Bokaro- Dhamra Pipeline (JHBDPL Phase-II) Project, Environment Clearance 6 Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/AR16-17.pdf.   
7 Report of the Committee on Pricing and Taxation of Petroleum Products, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, February 
2006, http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/Report1.pdf.   
8 Unstarred Question No. 278, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Answered on February 5, 2018, http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/14/AU278.pdf. 9 Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Implementation of PAHAL (DBTL) Scheme (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh Yojana), 2016, http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Unio n_Commercial_Compliance_Full_Report_25_2016_English.pdf

| Year       | Expenditure on kerosene subsidy    |
|------------|------------------------------------|
| 2014-15    | 24,804                             |
| 2015-16    | 11,496                             |
| 2016-17    | 8,861                              |
| 2017-18 RE | 8,804                              |
| 2018-19 BE | 4,555                              |

Sources: Demands for Grants for the Ministry of Petroleum and 
Natural Gas (2018-19); Unstarred Question No. 2295, Lok 
Sabha, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Answered on 
January 1, 2018; PRS. 

The Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural 
Gas (2017) had recommended that the Ministry 
should reduce the expenditure on this subsidy and 
work towards the eventual withdrawal of the 
subsidy.20  It noted that an increase in the coverage 
of LPG beneficiaries is necessary to reduce their 
dependence on kerosene.  This will result in the 
usage of cleaner fuel, promote the health of users, 
and address the problem of adulteration.   

The Committee also recommended that states 
should be encouraged to move towards the direct 
cash transfer of kerosene subsidy to reduce 
inefficiencies in the delivery.19  As of January 1, 
2018, Jharkhand had implemented direct cash 
transfer in kerosene in 24 districts.  The Ministry 
stated that other states had been requested to join 
the scheme.19  

                                                                                                                                                                                     
19 Unstarred Question No. 2295, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Answered on January 1, 2018, http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/13/AU2295.pdf. 20 18th Report of the Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas on the Demands for Grants of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (2017-18), March 2017, DISCLAIMER: This document is being furnished to you for your information.  You may choose to reproduce or redistribute this report for non-commercial purposes in part or in full to any other person with due acknowledgement of PRS Legislative Research ("PRS").  The opinions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s).  PRS makes every effort to use reliable and comprehensive information, but PRS does not represent that the contents of the report are accurate or complete.  PRS is an independent, not-for-profit group.  This document has been prepared without regard to the objectives or opinions of those who may receive it.  

## Annexure Detailed Expenditure Table

Table  provides an overview of expenditure on the major schemes of the Ministry, provided in the Demands for Grants (2018-19). In addition, major shifts in the budgetary allocation are shown in the last two columns.   

Absolute 
increase in 2018-
Head 
Actual 
2016-17 
Budget  
2017-18 
Revised  
2017-18 
Budget  
2018-19 
% change 
in BE 2018-
19 over RE 
19 (BE) over 
2017-18 (RE) 
2017-18 
Secretariat 
28 
31 
34 
32 
-1 
-4.3% 
Payment of royalty to states 
35 
44 
7,005 
2,326 
-4,679 
-66.8% 
Strategic Oil Reserves 
2,031 
2,579 
1,141 
781 
-360 
-31.6% 
LPG Subsidy 
18,678 
16,076 
15,656 
20,378 
4,721 
30.2% 
Of which: 


Direct Benefit Transfer 
13,000 
13,097 
13,097 
16,478 
3,381 
25.8% 
LPG Connection to Poor Households 
2,500 
2,500 
2,252 
3,200 
948 
42.1% 
Other subsidy 
3,178 
454 
282 
608 
326 
115.3% 
Kerosene Subsidy 
8,861 
8,924 
8,804 
4,555 
-4,249 
-48.3% 
Of which: 


Cash Incentives for Kerosene Distribution 
80 
107 
106 
254 
148 
140.5% 
Direct  Benefit Transfer 
0 
150 
34 
96 
62 
180.3% 
Under-recovery 
8,781 
8,662 
8,662 
4,200 
-4,462 
-51.5% 
Phulpur Dhamra Haldia Pipeline  
450 
1,200 
400 
1,674 
1,274 
318.5% 
National Seismic Programme 
- 
- 
10 
1,300 
1,290 
- 
Autonomous Bodies 
149 
303 
145 
55 
-91 
-62.3% 
Total 
30,231 
29,158 
33,195 
31,101 
-2,095 
-6.3% 

Sources: Expenditure Budget, Union Budget 2017-18; PRS.   
 
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas stated that it had weeded out 3.77 crore duplicate, inactive or ghost beneficiary accounts under the PAHAL scheme.  State-wise details of the accounts can be found in the table below. 

Weeded Out 
State / UT 
Customers 
(Lakh) 
Andhra Pradesh 
28.72 
Arunachal Pradesh 
0.85 
Assam 
10.76 
Bihar 
11.42 
Chhattisgarh 
5.48 
Goa 
1.36 
Gujarat 
19.37 
Haryana 
11.09 
Himachal Pradesh 
6.62 
Jammu and Kashmir 
7.47 
Jharkhand 
4.89 
Karnataka 
15.28 
Kerala 
11.18 
Madhya Pradesh 
19.34 
Maharashtra 
36.15 
Manipur 
1.11 
Meghalaya 
0.67 
Mizoram 
0.72 
Nagaland 
0.79 
Odisha 
7.75 
Punjab 
19.53 
Rajasthan 
12.7 
Sikkim 
0.61 
Tamil Nadu 
23.46 
Telangana 
21.51 
Tripura 
1.19 
Uttar Pradesh 
55.87 
Uttarakhand 
7.73 
West Bengal 
13.64 
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 
0.31 
Chandigarh 
1.59 
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 
0.11 
Daman and Diu 
0.19 
Delhi 
17.9 
Lakshadweep 
0.01 
Puducherry 
0.56 
Total 
377.94 

Source: Unstarred Question No. 278, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Answered on February 5, 2018; PRS. 

State 
Coal and 
Coke 
Firewood 
and Chips 
LPG 
Dung 
Cake 
Kerosene 
Other 
Sources 
No Cooking 
Arrangement 
All 
Andhra Pradesh 
2 
675 
289 
2 
2 
3 
27 
1000 
Assam 
1 
810 
172 
0 
3 
5 
9 
1000 
Bihar 
6 
564 
59 
208 
5 
157 
1 
1000 
Chhattisgarh 
9 
932 
15 
31 
2 
5 
6 
1000 
Gujarat 
0 
797 
139 
9 
35 
7 
12 
1000 
Haryana 
0 
417 
267 
244 
12 
58 
3 
1000 
Jharkhand 
143 
777 
29 
29 
3 
2 
16 
1000 
Karnataka 
0 
805 
147 
0 
20 
7 
21 
1000 
Kerala 
1 
663 
308 
0 
1 
7 
20 
1000 
Madhya Pradesh 
2 
808 
62 
106 
5 
7 
8 
1000 
Maharashtra 
0 
621 
231 
2 
10 
97 
38 
1000 
Odisha 
9 
870 
39 
18 
2 
56 
6 
1000 
Punjab 
0 
305 
305 
303 
27 
42 
19 
1000 
Rajasthan 
0 
893 
89 
6 
7 
4 
1 
1000 
Tamil Nadu 
0 
583 
372 
0 
25 
2 
18 
1000 
Uttar Pradesh 
2 
561 
67 
334 
1 
28 
6 
1000 
West Bengal 
65 
629 
66 
53 
5 
175 
6 
1000 
All-India 
11 
673 
150 
96 
9 
49 
13 
1000 

Sources: Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting, 2011-12, NSS 68th Round, July 2011-June 2012; PRS. 

State 
Coal and 
Coke 
Firewood 
and Chips 
LPG 
Dung 
Cake 
Kerosene 
Other 
Sources 
No Cooking 
Arrangement 
All 
Andhra Pradesh 
1 
101 
773 
0 
27 
7 
91 
1000 
Assam 
1 
168 
710 
1 
57 
23 
40 
1000 
Bihar 
40 
249 
605 
55 
5 
33 
13 
1000 
Chhattisgarh 
113 
347 
398 
33 
27 
21 
59 
1000 
Gujarat 
9 
159 
620 
3 
105 
57 
47 
1000 
Haryana 
0 
60 
865 
31 
14 
5 
25 
1000 
Jharkhand 
311 
56 
539 
5 
12 
9 
68 
1000 
Karnataka 
0 
148 
640 
0 
68 
4 
139 
1000 
Kerala 
0 
363 
554 
0 
6 
5 
72 
1000 
Madhya Pradesh 
8 
257 
652 
18 
36 
2 
27 
1000 
Maharashtra 
2 
57 
745 
0 
101 
15 
80 
1000 
Odisha 
38 
365 
435 
2 
48 
27 
85 
1000 
Punjab 
1 
67 
754 
32 
100 
7 
38 
1000 
Rajasthan 
5 
187 
716 
2 
20 
0 
70 
1000 
Tamil Nadu 
0 
112 
709 
0 
85 
2 
92 
1000 
Uttar Pradesh 
6 
210 
668 
75 
10 
8 
23 
1000 
West Bengal 
135 
107 
565 
6 
87 
15 
84 
1000 
All-India 
21 
140 
684 
13 
57 
15 
69 
1000 

Sources: Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting, 2011-12, NSS 68th Round, July 2011-June 2012; PRS. 


| Source of energy for cooking    | 1993-94    | 1999-2000    | 2004-05    | 2009-10    | 2011-12    |
|---------------------------------|------------|--------------|------------|------------|------------|
| Coal and Coke                   | 1%         | 2%           | 1%         | 1%         | 1%         |
| Firewood and Chips              | 78%        | 76%          | 75%        | 76%        | 67%        |
| LPG                             | 2%         | 5%           | 9%         | 12%        | 15%        |
| Dung Cake                       | 12%        | 11%          | 9%         | 6%         | 10%        |
| Kerosene                        | 2%         | 3%           | 1%         | 1%         | 1%         |
| No Cooking Arrangement          | 1%         | 1%           | 1%         | 2%         | 1%         |
| Other Sources                   | 4%         | 3%           | 4%         | 3%         | 5%         |
| All Rural Households            | 100%       | 100%         | 100%       | 100%       | 100%       |

Sources: Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting, 2011-12, NSS 68th Round, July 2011-June 2012; PRS. 

| Source of energy for cooking    | 1993-94    | 1999-2000    | 2004-05    | 2009-10    | 2011-12    |
|---------------------------------|------------|--------------|------------|------------|------------|
| Coal and Coke                   | 6%         | 4%           | 3%         | 2%         | 2%         |
| Firewood and Chips              | 30%        | 22%          | 22%        | 18%        | 14%        |
| LPG                             | 30%        | 44%          | 57%        | 65%        | 68%        |
| Dung Cake                       | 2%         | 2%           | 2%         | 1%         | 1%         |
| Kerosene                        | 23%        | 22%          | 10%        | 7%         | 6%         |
| No Cooking Arrangement          | 6%         | 4%           | 5%         | 7%         | 7%         |
| Other Sources                   | 3%         | 1%           | 2%         | 2%         | 2%         |
| All Urban Households            | 100%       | 100%         | 100%       | 100%       | 100%       |

Sources: Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting, 2011-12, NSS 68th Round, July 2011-June 2012; PRS. 


States / UT 
Number of connections 
released as on 31-03-2017 
Number of connections 
released as on 16-02-2018 
Andhra Pradesh 
63,428 
79,893 
Arunachal Pradesh 
- 
5,253 
Assam 
2 
8,74,893 
Bihar 
24,76,953 
47,00,789 
Chhattisgarh 
11,05,441 
18,66,588 
Goa 
954 
983 
Gujarat 
7,52,354 
12,56,221 
Haryana 
2,78,751 
3,51,723 
Himachal Pradesh 
1,601 
26,853 
Jammu and Kashmir 
2,65,787 
3,65,115 
Jharkhand 
5,36,912 
10,80,352 
Karnataka 
15,840 
8,61,080 
Kerala 
11,241 
34,642 
Madhya Pradesh 
22,39,821 
31,63,875 
Maharashtra 
8,58,808 
17,86,364 
Manipur 
25 
27,064 
Meghalaya 
- 
29,161 
Mizoram 
- 
704 
Nagaland 
- 
8,208 
Odisha 
10,11,955 
20,58,124 
Punjab 
2,45,008 
3,73,463 
Rajasthan 
17,22,694 
25,32,655 
Sikkim 
- 
576 
Tamil Nadu 
2,72,749 
9,37,746 
Telangana 
41 
41 
Tripura 
- 
37,861 
Uttar Pradesh 
55,31,159 
64,02,186 
Uttarakhand 
1,13,866 
1,35,579 
West Bengal 
25,20,479 
49,11,387 
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 
1,189 
1,698 
Chandigarh 
- 
- 
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 
3,211 
11,437 
Daman and Diu 
73 
202 
Delhi 
516 
519 
Lakshadweep 
- 
129 
Puducherry 
760 
2,407 
Total 
2,00,31,618 
3,39,25,771 

Sources: Website of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (last accessed on February 19, 2018); PRS. 