
## Demand For Grants 2022-23 Analysis Civil Aviation

India has one of the fastest growing aviation markets in the world.  Domestic air traffic in India has more than doubled from around 61 million passengers in 2013-14 to around 137 million in 2019-20.1  The sector has registered a growth of over 14% per annum.  International passenger traffic has grown from 47 million in 2013-14 to around 67 million in 2019-20, registering an annual growth of over 6%.2 The Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for formulating national aviation policies and programmes.  The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) and the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) are the two major regulatory bodies.  DGCA is responsible for regulating air transport services, civil air regulations, air safety, while BCAS regulates matters related to security. This note looks at the proposed expenditure of the Ministry for the year 2022-23, its finances over the last few years, and issues with the same.   
Allocations in Union Budget 2022-23 
Fund allocation The total expenditure of the Ministry of Civil Aviation for 2022-23 is estimated to be Rs 10,667 crore, which is 85% lower than the revised estimate of 2021-22.  In 2022-23, capital expenditure is estimated at Rs 76 crore, while revenue expenditure is estimated at Rs 10,591 crore.3  

## Civil Aviation (In Rs Crore)

| 2022-23    | 2020-21    |
|------------|------------|
| Actual     |            |
| 2021-      |            |
| 22 RE      | BE         |
| % change   |            |
| (2022 BE   |            |
| over 2021  |            |
| RE)        |            |
| Revenue    | 4,039      |
| Capital    | 50         |
| Total      | 4,089      |

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate. Sources: Demand for Grants 2022-23; Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS.   
As per the revised estimates of 2021-22, Rs 62,057 crore will be spent on repaying the debts of Air India through equity infusion.  While the overall allocation to the Ministry has reduced, the revenue expenditure budgeted for 2022-23 is 76% higher than the revised estimates of 2021-22.  Of this, Rs 9,260 crore will be allocated towards Air India Asset Holding Limited (AIAHL). AIAHL is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed by the government to hold the assets and liabilities of Air India while the process of its sale takes place.  AIAHL is authorised to hold nonoperational, non-core assets, and accumulated working capital loans not backed by any asset, among other things.  The allocation to AIAHL (Rs 9,260 crore) in 2022-23 is towards servicing the loans of Air India. 

Overview of Finances Utilisation of funds Over the last few years, the Ministry has been, on average, utilising 112% of the amount allocated to it.  Utilisation in 2020-21 was 108% of the budgeted allocation.3  

budget allocation (in Rs crore) 
% of Actual 
Actual 
Expenditure on 
Year 
Budget 
Allocation 
Expenditure 
Budget 
Allocation 
2013-14 
5,882  
6,955  
118% 
2014-15 
7,378  
6,626  
90% 
2015-16 
3,342  
4,168  
125% 
2016-17 
2.591  
3,406  
131% 
2017-18 
2,702  
2,664  
99% 
2018-19 
6,603  
9,599  
145% 
2019-20 
4,500  
3,647  
81% 
2020-21 
3,798  
4,089  
108% 
2021-22* 
3,225 
72,652 
2253% 

Note: Actual expenditure for 2021-22 refers to the revised estimates for the year. Source: Ministry of Civil Aviation budget documents; PRS. 

However, in several years, there has been a difference in the demand for funds made by the Ministry and the funds allocated by the central government.  For instance, in 2018-19 the allocation to the Ministry was 60% less than the demand.4  The Ministry made a demand of Rs 16,389 crore (see Figure 1).  Against this demand, an allocation of Rs 6,603 crore was made. Due to the debt servicing of Air India, the revised estimate for 2021-22 is more than 22 times higher than the budgeted estimates (Rs 3,225 crore) for the year. 

## Expenditure Of The Central Government

In 2022-23, out of the total allocation to the Ministry, the highest is towards AIAHL at Rs 9,260 crore (87%).  This is followed by the allocation towards the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) at Rs 601 crore (5.62%). 

| 2021-22     | 2022-23    |
|-------------|------------|
| Major Head  |            |
| 2020-21     |            |
| Actual      | RE         |
| % change    |            |
| (2022-23 BE |            |
| over 2021-  |            |
| 22 RE)      |            |
|             |            |
| Expenditure | 353        |
| 12%         |            |
| RCS         | 700        |
| AAI         | 30         |
| Others      | 822        |
| Subtotal    | 1,905      |
| Air India   |            |
| Related     |            |
| 2,184       | 70,883     |
| Total       | 4,089      |

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate; RCS - Regional Connectivity Scheme; AAI: Airports Authority of India.  
Source: Demands for Grants 2022-23, Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS.   

## Issues To Consider Impact Of Covid-19

In March 2020, air travel across the world was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  The number of flights that flew between 2019 and 2020, declined by 50%.5  Airline operators across the world reported revenue losses of USD 372 billion (Rs 28 lakh crore) between 2019 and 2020.5 As per the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Indian airline operators reported losses of Rs 19,564 crore, while airports reported losses of Rs 5,116 crore for the financial year 2020-21.6  Figure 2 indicates the fall in air passenger traffic in India due to the pandemic.  Note that, as of March 2021, air passenger traffic in India had not returned to the pre-pandemic levels.  As per projected numbers provided by the Ministry, passenger traffic is expected to cross pre-pandemic levels in 2023-24.7 
Note: Figures for 2019-20 and 2020-21 are actuals. Source: Unstarred Question 337, Lok Sabha; PRS. 

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the civil aviation sector with airlines, airports and related services coming under financial stress in 2020-21.8  However, several airline companies had been under financial stress from before the pandemic.  As per the Ministry, 17 airlines have exited the market in the past 15 years.9  Out of these, two airlines exited in 2020.  The details of this are attached in the Annexure. Figure 4 indicates a trend of losses in airline companies from 2014-15 to 2020-21.  Air India has reported consistent losses from 2017-18, which exceed those of other private airlines.  The details of Figure 4 are provided in the Annexure.  Note that Vistara Airlines which has reported consistent losses, commenced operations in 2015. As per the Ministry, Air India has remained in loss because of: (i) a high interest burden, (ii) increase in competition from low-cost carriers, (iii) high operating costs, and (iv) adverse impact of exchange rate variation due to weakening of the Indian rupee.10 
Sources: Unstarred Question 1812 answered on August 4, 2021, and Unstarred Question 1127 answered on September 21, 2020; Rajya Sabha; PRS.  

## Air India

In October 2021, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved the sale of Air India to Talace Ltd which is a subsidiary of Tata Sons Pvt Ltd.  The bid for Air India was finalised at Rs 18,000 crore.  Up to January 2020, Air India had accumulated debt of Rs 60,000 crore, which postdisinvestment, the central government is servicing. This servicing of debt will be done in 2021-22, as shown in the revised estimates of 2021-22. In the revised estimates of 2021-22, the government provided Air India with a loan of Rs 4,500 crore and a grant for losses incurred due to Covid-19 worth Rs 1,944 crore.   
Financial Burden of Air India: Between 2009-10 
and 2020-21, the government allocated a total amount of Rs 1,22,542 crore to Air India.  Between 
2015-16 and 2019-20, the actual passenger revenue from the airline fell short of the budgeted passenger revenue by 14% on average.11 Following the finalisation of the sale of the airline, funds were allocated for the equity infusion process to repay the debts.  The revised estimates of 2021- 22 shot up since the government allocated Rs 70,718 crore to repay the debts of Air India.  This amount includes a fresh loan (Rs 4,500 crore) and a grant amount (Rs 1,944 crore) for managing losses incurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.  It also includes liabilities of AIAHL (Rs 2,217 crore), and equity infusion for repayment of debts (Rs 62,057 crore).  The Internal and Extra Budgetary Resource (I&EBR) allocation to Air India was discontinued in 2014-15, following which, all its funds came from gross budgetary allocation.12  Air India accounted for the biggest expenditure head of the Ministry in the past five years. (See **Figure** 5). 

| 2021-22        | 2022-23    |
|----------------|------------|
| Major Head     |            |
| 2020-21        |            |
| Actual         | RE         |
| % change       |            |
| from 2021-     |            |
| 22 RE to       |            |
| 2022-23 BE     |            |
| -              | 62,057     |
| Equity         |            |
| infusion in    |            |
| AIAHL          |            |
| Debt servicing |            |
| of AIAHL       |            |
| 2,184          | 2,217      |
| -              | 165        |
| Medical        |            |
| benefit to     |            |
| retired        |            |
| employees      |            |
| Loans to AI    | -          |
| -              | 1,944      |
| Grants for     |            |
| cash losses    |            |
| during Covid-  |            |
| 19             |            |
| Total          | 2,184      |

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate; AAI: Airports Authority of India; AIAHL - Air India Asset Holding Limited; AI - Air India. Source: Demands for Grants 2022-23, Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS. 

Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate; Source: Demand for Grant documents, Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS. 

Air India (in Rs crore) 
Year 
Budgeted Passenger Revenue 
Actual Passenger Revenue 
2015-16 
17,017 
15,656 
2016-17 
17,160 
15,998 
2017-18 
19,990 
17,744 
2018-19 
22,921 
20,427 
2019-20 
25,500 
17,316 

Source: Unstarred Question 1445, Rajya Sabha (2020); PRS. 

No provision has been made for any expense related to Air India in the budget estimates of 2022- 23, except for the provision towards AIAHL.  In due course, the assets with AIAHL will be monetised.  The government will bear the excess liabilities of AIAHL over and above the assets.13 
Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS)/ Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN)  
The Ministry of Civil Aviation notes that the top 15 
airports including Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru account for about 83% of the total passenger traffic in the country.  These airports are also close to their saturation limit, and hence there is a need to add more Tier-II and Tier-III cities to the aviation network.2 The RCS scheme was introduced in 2016 by the Ministry to stimulate regional air connectivity and make air travel affordable to the masses.14  The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is the implementing agency of the scheme.  In 2016, it sanctioned 948 air routes to boost connectivity in under-served, tourist destinations, and the North Eastern Region.  As of January 31, 2022, 403 of these routes (43%) have been operationalised.15 The budget for this scheme is Rs 4,500 crore over five years from 2016-17 to 2021-22.  As of December 16, 2021, Rs 2,063 crore (46%) has been released.16 In 2022-23, the scheme has been allocated Rs 601 crore, which is 60% lower than the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Rs 994 crore).  The allocation to RCS is the second-highest expenditure of the Ministry in 2022-23.  In 2021-22, the revised allocation to the scheme has been increased by 66% as compared to the amount allocated at the budget stage.   
Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate; Source: Demand for Grants documents, Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS.  
Under RCS, airline operators are incentivised to operate on under-served routes by providing them with viability gap funding (VGF) and airport fee waivers.17  The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) had noted that there has been a delay in operationalising certain routes and few routes have been discontinued.  As per the Ministry, lack of availability of land and creation of regional infrastructure has led to such delays.18  Issues such as obtaining licenses and unsustainable operation of awarded routes also contribute to the delay. Moreover, airline operators are unwilling to operate on the RCS routes.  As per the Ministry, these issues, along with the setback faced due to the pandemic acted as major obstacles for the effective utilisation of funds.18  

## Rcs Airports

Excluding the revised estimates of 2021-22, the allocation towards central sector projects, including the RCS has remained at a constant level.  Up till November 30, 2021, the Ministry has spent Rs 2,307 crore on the upgradation and revival of RCS airports.17  Additionally, states provide free security, electricity, and firefighting services to selected airlines at the airports. Table 6 shows the expenditure for the development of airports over the sanctioned cost in 2018-19 and the end of 2019.  

## Infrastructure At Airports For 2018-19 And 2019

| Name        | Estimated       |
|-------------|-----------------|
| Expenditure |                 |
| Incurred FY |                 |
| of          | Cost/Sanctioned |
| Expenditure |                 |
| Incurred FY |                 |
| Apr-Dec     |                 |
| Region      | Cost            |
| 2019        |                 |
| UDAN1       | 1,770           |
| UDAN2       | 1,052           |
| UDAN3       | 1,678           |
| Total       | 4,500           |

Note: UDAN 1, UDAN 2, and UDAN 3 refer to different regions in the country where the scheme is operational. Source: Report of the Standing Committee on Civil Aviation on the subject Demand for Grants 2021-22 (2021); PRS. 

## Airports Authority Of India (Aai)

AAI operates and maintains 137 airports in the country as on June 23, 2020.  Out of these, 110 airports are operational, of which 24 are international airports.19  Primary functions of AAI include: (i) controlling and managing the Indian air space, (ii) providing communication, navigational and surveillance aids, and (iii) expanding and strengthening airport infrastructure.  This includes operational areas, passenger terminals, and information systems.  
Note: BE - Budget Estimate; RE - Revised Estimate; AAI - Airports Authority of India; I&EBR - Internal and Extra- Budgetary Resources; Source: Demand for Grants documents, Ministry of Civil Aviation; PRS.  
With the increase in domestic and international air travel, and strong traffic growth resulting in congestion at AAI airports, the privatisation of airports was initiated.  AAI has awarded six airports namely, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram and Mangaluru to M/s Adani Enterprises Limited (AEL) under Public Private Partnership (PPP) for a lease period of 50 years.20  The ownership of these airports remains with AAI and will come back to AAI after the concession period is over.21  The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) noted that the government expects to have 24 PPP airports by 2024.2 In the 190th (2021) meeting of AAI, six more airports were approved for leasing.  These are Bhubaneshwar, Varanasi, Amritsar, Raipur, Indore and Trichy. 22  The role of AAI in future policy issues will include providing high quality, safe and customer-oriented airport and air navigation services.22 In 2022-23, Rs 150 crore has been allocated to AAI, 1038% higher than the budget estimates of 2021-22.  Note that Rs 190 crore was allocated to AAI in the revised estimates for 2021-22.  

## Airport Infrastructure

The rapid growth of passenger traffic has put enormous pressure on airport infrastructure causing congestion at major airports.2 Most major airports are operating at 85% to 120% of their handling capacity.2  This congestion is caused due to sub-optimal infrastructure since the availability of slots at airports is a factor of the terminal capacity, airspace, and runway capacity. Inadequate physical infrastructure at airports, costly land prices, and inadequate digital processes also lead to cargo dwelling for longer durations at airports.  This adds to the cost of aviation logistics.  
The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) had noted that if the high growth of the aviation sector in the country is to be sustained, it is necessary to augment and modernise the overall aviation infrastructure.  It recommended that the Ministry should develop a comprehensive, strategic, and futuristic Master Plan to create world class airport infrastructure.  This plan should not only cater to improving the existing capacity constraints but also address future infrastructure requirements based on the growth projections.2 The Committee also flagged a structural issue in the way airport concessions are given.  At present, entities/individuals that bid the highest amount are given the right to operate airports.  As a result, they pass on this high charge to airline operators.  This system does not consider the actual cost of the service.  Additionally, the large number of institutional clearances required for airport projects further lead to delays and increase costs.  The Committee has asked the Ministry to rectify these structural issues.2 The AAI has earmarked a sum of Rs 25,000 crore for a period of five years, from 2019 to 2024 for modernising 100 airports across the country.24  The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) 
highlighted the cautious nature of lenders regarding issuing long-term debt to airport operations due to the risks associated.  It recommended the Ministry to formulate policies that attract the required investment.17 

## Air Cargo

India's domestic air cargo handling grew by 8.2% 
compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) between FY 2013-14 and FY 2019-20, whereas international air cargo grew by about 6% per annum.27  Freighter aircrafts deployed by Indian airlines have increased from seven in 2018 to 28 during the last three years.23 Air cargo tonnage in October 2021 surpassed pre-Covid averages.23 The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) has noted the potential of India's cargo industry with respect to its geographical location, its growing economy, and its growth in domestic and international trade in the last decade.24  All airports together in India handled 3.33 million metric tonnes (MMT) of freight in 2019-20, which is lower than that handled by some airports such as Hong Kong (4.5 MMT), Memphis (4.8 MMT), and Shanghai (3.7 MMT).2  These are the top three airports in terms of the volume of freight handled. The Ministry has highlighted the following constraints for establishing dedicated cargo airports in India: (i) current tonnage handling capacity of India is twice the cargo handled at various terminals in India, (ii) India has too few dedicated freighter aircraft, and (iii) India focuses less on handling trans-cargo shipments. 

The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) has noted inadequate infrastructure as a major bottleneck in developing the country's air cargo sector.2  It recommended the Ministry to address this bottleneck by establishing dedicated cargo airports.  Further, it recommended the Ministry to automate air cargo procedures and information systems to streamline redundant processes for faster movement of cargo. The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) has also highlighted the impact of the Open Sky Policy for cargo on domestic freight carriers.  The Open Sky Policy enables foreign cargo carriers to freely operate cargo services to and from any airports in India having customs/immigration facilities.2 Foreign carriers face minimal restrictions for carrying cargo to and from India. They account for 90-95% of the total international cargo carried to and from the country.  However, Indian air cargo operators face discriminatory practices and regulatory impediments for operating international cargo flights in foreign countries.  The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) urged the Ministry to provide a level-playing field for Indian air cargo operators and to ensure equal opportunities for them.  The Ministry has revised the Open Sky Policy in December 2020.18  Under the revised policy, the operations of foreign ad hoc and pure non-scheduled freighter charter service flights have been restricted to six airports - Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Mumbai.18 The Ministry has noted the resilience of the air cargo industry, despite the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.  India modified 150 passenger aircraft to carry on-seat cargo.23  Revenue from international cargo operations for Indian carriers increased from Rs 1,499 crore in 2019-20 to Rs 2,301 crore in 2020-21.23 The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) has highlighted the issues of congestion that are faced by the sector.2  Congestion at the entry of terminals, inadequate screening, inadequate storage space, and a lack of temperature facility are some of the major problems.  The Committee has urged the Ministry to address these issues, along with ensuring that attractive and uniform transit handling costs and procedures are implemented across all airports in the country. 

Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)  
Aviation Turbine Fuel is a major component of the operating expenses of airlines.  The cost of ATF forms around 40% of the total operating cost and impacts their financial viability.24  ATF prices have been consistently rising over the past years, placing stress on the balance sheets of airline companies.25 As per news reports, airfares are expected to rise as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is making ATF costlier.26 
ATF attracts VAT which is variable across states and does not have a provision for Input Tax Credit. High rates of aviation fuel coupled with high VAT rates are adversely affecting airline companies.27 

Private Domestic 
Year 
National 
Carriers 
Airlines 
2016-17 
         7,286  
       10,506  
2017-18 
         8,563  
       13,596  
2018-19 
       11,788  
       20,662  
2019-20 
       11,103  
       23,354  
2020-21 
         3,047  
         7,452  

Source: Unstarred Question 2581, Rajya Sabha; PRS.  
The Ministry has reduced the tax burden on ATF by eliminating fuel throughput charges that were levied by airport operators at all airports across India.  Central excise on ATF was reduced from 14% to 11% w.e.f. October 11, 2018.27  Central excise duty at a reduced rate of 2% is leviable on ATF drawn by passenger operators as well as cargo operators from Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) airports for an initial period of three years from the date of notification.27  State governments have also reduced VAT/Sales Tax on ATF drawn on RCS airports to 1% or less for a period of 10 years.27  For non-RCS-UDAN operations also, various state governments have reduced VAT/Sales Tax on ATF to within 5%.27 The Standing Committee on Transport (2021) has recommended ATF to be included within the ambit of GST and that applicable GST should not exceed 12% on ATF with full Input Tax Credit.27   

## Flying Training Organisations (Ftos)

To optimally utilise the unused infrastructure at AAI airports and enhance the number of licensed pilots in the country, six airports have been permitted to allow FTOs to operate at their premises.  These are Lilabari, Khajuraho, Belagavi, Kalaburgi, Jalgaon and Salem.  The arrangement is based on the payment of a substantially rationalised concession fee.  According to the Standing Committee on Transport (2021), the minimum concession fee was reduced from several crores to Rs 15 lakh per annum in 2021-22.  The concept of royalty, i.e., payment of revenue share by FTOs to AAI has also been abolished.17 As of November 2019, there are 32 FTOs approved by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).  About 380 pilots have been trained every year for the last two years from these FTOs.28

## Drone Rules17

- 
In light of the increasing demand for the usage of drones, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has liberalised the regulation of drone usage.  The liberalised Drones Rules, 2021 (notified on August 25, 2021) provide a regulatory framework for owning and operating drones. 
- 
These rules cover aspects like type certification, registration, operation of drones, airspace restrictions, research, development, and testing of drones, training and licensing, offences, and penalties. 
- 
An incentive of Rs 120 crore has been provided for Indian manufacturers of drone and drone components based on their value addition in India.  The incentive shall be provided over three financial years commencing from 2021. 

| Name of Operator                                      | Date of Issue    | Date of Closure                               |
|-------------------------------------------------------|------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Jet Airways (I) Ltd.                                  | 13.02.1995       | 17.04.2019                                    |
| Jet Lite (I) Ltd. (Formerly known as Sahara Airlines) | 01.01.1996       | 17.04.2019                                    |
| Deccan Aviation Pvt. Ltd. (Air Deccan)                | 26.08.2003       | Acquired By Kingfisher Airlines on 29.08.2008 |
| Kingfisher Airlines Ltd.                              | 04.05.2005       | 05.10.2012                                    |
| Paramount Airways                                     | 14.10.2005       | 19.04.2010                                    |
| Indus Airways Pvt. Ltd                                | 16.11.2006       | 31.03.2007                                    |
| MDLR Airlines Pvt. Ltd.                               | 19.03.2008       | 08.10.2009                                    |
| Jagson Airlines Ltd.                                  | 30.06.2008       | 31.12.2008                                    |
| Deccan Cargo & Express Logistics Pvt. Ltd.            | 18.05.2009       | 17.05.2014                                    |
| Aryan Cargo Express.                                  | 19.02.2010       | 18.02.2011                                    |
| 02.01.2012                                            | 07.08.2013       |                                               |
| Quickjet Cargo Airlines Pvt. Ltd.                     |                  |                                               |
| 03.02.2016                                            | 03.11.2017       |                                               |
| Religare Aviation Ltd.                                | 01.06.2012       | 24.05.2017                                    |
| LEPL Projects Ltd. (Air Costa)                        | 13.09.2013       | 11.05.2017                                    |
| Air Pegasus Pvt. Ltd.                                 | 24.03.2015       | 08.11.2016                                    |
| Air Carnival Pvt. Ltd.                                | 04.07.2016       | 06.06.2017                                    |
| Deccan Charters Pvt. Ltd.                             | 22.12.2017       | 24.07.2020                                    |
| Air Odisha Aviation Pvt. Ltd.                         | 13.02.2018       | 30.07.2020                                    |

Sources: Unstarred Question 980, Rajya Sabha; PRS. 

Year 
Air India 
Air Express 
Alliance Air 
Jet Airways 
Go Air 
Spice Jet 
Indigo 
Air Asia 
Vistara 
2014-15 
       -2,072  
          335  
           -75  
       -1,942  
     195  
         -887  
        1,567  
          -133  
          -199  
2015-16 
            105  
          690  
           -48  
        1,203  
            211  
          378  
        2,503  
          -182  
          -424  
2016-17 
            298  
          565  
         -132  
              51  
            409  
          345  
        1,691  
          -140  
          -549  
2017-18 
       -1,658  
          547  
         -135  
          -721  
            536  
          522  
        2,577  
          -141  
          -517  
2018-19 
       -4,685  
          434  
         -173  
               -                  73  
         -266  
          -490  
          -703  
          -900  
2019-20 
       -4,660  
          752  
             65  
               -    
          -482  
         -508  
        1,626  
          -813  
       -1,563  
2020-21 
       -4,701  
         -162  
              -    
               -    
       -1,333  
              -           -5,830  
       -1,396  
       -1,610  

Sources: Unstarred Question 1812 answered on August 4, 2021, and Unstarred Question 1127 answered on September 21, 2020; Rajya Sabha; PRS. 

15 Rajya Sabha Unstarred question no. 2417, December 20, 2021, https://pqars.nic.in/annex/255/AU2417.pdf. 

22 "297th Report: Functioning of Airports Authority of India, August 2, 2021, https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/20/148/297_2021_11_13.pdf. 23 314th Report: Demand for Grants (2022-23), Ministry of Civil Aviation, March 14, 2022, https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/20/166/314_2022_3_12.pdf. 24 "293rd Report: 'Status of Aviation Connectivity in the country, July 23, 2021', https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/20/148/293_2021_9_12.pdf 25 Rajya Sabha Unstarred question number 325, November 20, 2019, https://pqars.nic.in/annex/250/AU325.pdf 26 Russia-Ukraine conflict set to drive airfares higher as ATF gets costlier, Economic Times, March 3, 2022. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/russia-ukraine-conflict-set-to-drive-airfares-higher-as-atfgets-costlier/articleshow/89955331.cms 27 308th Report: Action Taken by the Government on the Recommendations/ Observations of the Committee contained in its Two Hundred and Ninety Seventh Report on the subject Functioning of Airports Authority of India, February 2, 2022, https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/20/166/308_2022_2_17.pdf. 28 Rajya Sabha Starred question no. 96, November 27, 2019, https://pqars.nic.in/annex/250/AS96.pdf. 

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