Punjab-Haryana High CourtM/S. Subbhash Chander Kamlesh Kumar vs State Of Punjab And Others on 9 March, 1990Equivalent citations: AIR1990P&H259, (1990)98PLR666, AIR 1990 PUNJAB AND HARYANA 259, (1990) 1 LANDLR 433, (1990) 2 LJR 308, (1990) 2 RRR 227, (1990) 2 PUN LR 666ORDER
 

A.P. Chowdhri, J.1.  The principal question which will largely decide the fate of these writ petitions is -- as to the nature and degree of quid pro quo (one thing in return for another) between the fee realised and the cost of services rendered. In other words, whether quite a substantial portion of the amount of fee must be shown to be actually, distinctly and primarily spent for the benefit of the prayer or whether a broad and general correlationship between the fee and the services satisfied the crucial test.2. The question stated above is common to a number of writ petition. For the sake of convenience, nine writ petitions Nos. 3923, 3924, 3925, 3926, 5542, 5543, 5544, 3760 of 1986 and 6328 of 1987, challenging the vires of market fee levied under thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') are dealt with in Part I. Part II deals with CWP No. 2551 of 1988 relating to timber. Part III deals with CWP No. 121 of 1988 challenging the validity of theHaryana Rural Development Act, 1986and CWP No, 821 of 1988 regarding the vires of thePunjab Rural Development Act, 1987.3. CWP No. 3923 of 1986 and some connected writ petitions came up for hearing before a Division Bench of this Court. Relying on K. K. Puri v. State of Punjab, AIR 1980 SC 1008, it was argued on behalf of the petitioners that levy of market fee on dealers working in the notified market area but outside the principle market yard or sub-market yard was ultra vires, as no services were rendered to the payers of the fee.On

behalf of the respondents, reliance was placed on two later decisions of the Supreme Court inSreenivasa General Traders v. State of A. P., AIR 1983 SC 1246 and Amar Nath Om Parkash v. State of Punjab, AIR 1985 SC 218, explaining the observations in K, K. Puri's case (supra) and laying down that a broad and general correlationship is all that is required by way of quid pro quo. The learned Judges of the Division Bench pointed out that while K. K. Puri, decision was rendered by a Constitution Bench of five Judges, the later decisions were by smaller Benches and anything said therein did not override the dictum of the former. In any case, the learned Judges observed, that the matter involved a question of general importance having far-reaching consequences and, therefore, referred these cases to a larger Bench.This is how these writ petitions have been placed before us.4. The facts in CWP No. 3923 of 1986 are fairly representative of the facts in the first set of writ petitions. The petitioner-firm is dealing in Gur, Shakkar and Khandsari in retail as well as wholesale. The petitioner brings the aforesaid items from the State of Uttar Pradesh and other States and sells them at a shop No. 545 in Old Grain Market at Moga. Moga is a Sub-Divisional Headquarter of district Faridkot in the State of Punjab. An area of about 15 KMS from the outer limits of the town as well as the town itself have been declared as notified market area under the Act. The business premises of the petitioner is sitauted outside the principal market yard and sub-market yard but within the notified market area. The sales at the shop of the petitioner do not take palce by auction. The purchasers are mostly licensed dealers. The case of the petitioner is that no services of any kind are rendered by the respondent-market Committee to the petitioner and other dealers falling in the same category. The petitioner does not use any road constructed by the Market Committee. In fact, the roads which are used have been built and are being maintained by the Municipal Committee, Moga, or the P.W.D. Lighting arrangements on those roads have been provided by the Municipal Committee. The other civic amenities are also provided by the Municipal

Committee. Whatever services are provided by the Market Committee, Moga, are available in the principal market yard or sub-market yard and not anywhere else in the rest of the notified market area.The Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets (Amendment and Validation) Act. 1976, amending the definition of 'licensee' was challenged by the petitioner as well as some others. The writ petitions were dismissed by this Court. The matter was taken to the Supreme Court in SLP No. 2949 of 1977 (CA No. 2361/1979) M/s. Goverdhan Dass Radhey Sham v. State of Punjab). By a short order dated December 1, 1983, the said SLP was disposed of in view of the judgment in the case of K. K. Puri (AIR 1980 SC 1008). The Market Committee framed best judgment assessment against the petitioner. A Division Bench set aside the assessment with a direction that the petitioner be given three weeks to file their objections and orders be passed afresh according to law. The objections filed by the petitioner were overruled and assesment order Annexure P-7 was passed by the Administrator, Market Committee, Moga. It was held that the petitioner was liable to pay market fee amounting to Rs.4,04,825,/- besides 75 per cent of the said amount as penalty. A demand notice was issued. The petitioner has challenged the aforesaid assessment, imposition of penalty and vires of various provisions of thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Actprimarily on the ground that the petitioner was not liable either to obtain a licence under the Act or to pay market fee, as the Market Committee did not render any services at all to the petitioner and others of his class.5. In the return filed by the respondents, it was stated that the petitioner being a licensee in the notified market area was laible to pay market fee. It was denied that no services were being rendered to the petitioner or other dealers of his class. In fact, all services contemplated and envisaged under the Act and the Rules framed thereunder were being rendered to the licensed dealers throughout the notified market area. It was denied that the services were confined to the principal market yard and the sub-market yard. The assessment as also the imposition of

penalty were said to have been made/ imposed in accordance with law.6. In order to appreciate the various contentions advanced by learned Counsel for the parties, it is necessary to notice the salient provisions of the Act and the Rules called the Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets (General) Rules, 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules).7. According to the Preamble, the purposes of the act are : (a) better regulation of the purchase, sale, storage and processing of agricultural produce; and (b) establishment of markets for agricultural produce. Clause (a) ofSection 2defines 'agricultural produce' to mean all produce, whether processed or not, of agricuture, horticulture, animal husbandry or forest as specified in theSchedule to the Act. 'Dealer' is defined in clause (f) to mean any person who within the notified market area sets up, establishes or continue or allows to be continued any place for the purchase, sale, storage or procesing of agricultural produce notified under sub-section (1) ofSection 6or purchases, sells, stores or processes such agricultural produce. 'Licensee' is defined in clause (hh) to mean a person to whom a licence is granted underSection 10and the rules made under the Act and includes any person who buys or sells agricultural produce and to whom a licence is granted as Kacha Arthia or Commision agent or otherwise but does not include a person licensed underSection 13. The expression 'market' is defined to mean a market established and regulated under the Act for the notified market area. The expression includes a market proper, a principal market yard and sub-market yard. 'Notified market area' is defined in clause (I) to mean any area notified underSection 6, 'State Agricultural Marketing Board is constituted underSection 3and the Board exercises superintendence and control over the Market Committees. The provision of declaration of notified market area is to be found inSection 6(1), which empowers the State Government to declare the area notified underSection 5or any portion thereof to be notified market area for the purposes of the Act in respect of the agricultural produce

notified underSection 5or any part thereof. As already pointed out the whole of the State is divided into various market areas and was also declared as such underSection 6. Under sub-section (3) ofSection 6, after the declaration of the notified market area, no person can establish or continue any place for the purchase, sale, storage or processing of agricultural produce except under a licence granted in accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Rules and the bye-laws. The sub-rule makes two exceptions, one, in favour of the producer who sells his own agricultural produce and two. those exempted under the Rules. Rule 18 of the Rules enumerates the persons exempted from taking a licence. These include confectioners and purview of parched, fried or cooked food, hawkers and peity retail shop-keepers who do not engage in any dealing in agricultural produce other than such hawking or retail sales. The explanation appended to the clause relating to petty retail shop-keepers lays down that a person whose turnover of sales and purchasers of agricultural produce does not exceed one lakh rupees during a year shall be treated as a petty retail shop-keeper. The proviso, however, further lays down that a dealer importing agricultural produce from outside the State of Punjab shall not be treated as a hawker or a petty retail shopkeeper. With the other categories of those exempted, we are not concerned for the moment.Section 7deals with market yards and it lays down that for each notified market area there shall be one principal market yard and one or more sub-market yards, as may be necessary. Sub-section (2) makes it clear that principal market yard and sub-market yard can be declared by a notification of the State Government in respect of any enclosure, building or locality.Section 8prohibits the Local Bodies, such as, Municipal Committee, District Board, Panchayat etc, as also any person from establishing or continuing any place within specified limits of the principal market yard or sub-market yai'd for being used for purchase, sale or storage or processing of any agricultural produce. The above bar, however, does not apply to a producer selling his own agricultural produce.Section 10deals with licences. The annual fee for a licence is Rs. 100/- A licence

can be refused to a person who is an undisputed insolvent, is convicted of an offence affecting his integrity as a man of business for a period of two years of such conviction or is a benamidar for or is a partner with any person to whom licence has been refused.Section 11relates to establishment of Market Committee for each notified market area. In the constitution of the Committee, it may be pointed out, amongst others there are two members from the licencees underSection 10and one member from amongst licencees underSection 13(a).Section 13relates to duties and powers of a Committee and one of the primary duties of the Committee is to enforce the provisions of the Act, the Rules and the bye-laws in the notified market area.Section 23is the charging section, and in so far as relevant, reads as under:"23. Levy of fees.-- A Committee shall, subject to such rules as may be made by the State Government in this behalf, levy on ad valorem basis--(i) fees on the agricultural produce bought or sold by a licensee in the notified market area at a rate not exceeding two rupees for every one hundred rupees; and(ii) also additional fees on the agricultural produce when sold by a producer to a licensee in the notified market area at a rate not exceeding one rupee for every one hundred rupees."Section 25provides for Marketing Development Fund and it lays down that all receipts of the Board shall be credited to the said fund. Similarly, there is a Market Committee Fund constituted underSection 27. The purposes for which the Marketing Development Fund can be expended are detailed inSection 26and purposes for which Market Committee Fund may be expended are given inSection 28of the Act.Section 30prohibits any trade allowance except as prescribed by the Act, the Rules and the bye-laws framed thereunder. Section 33-A confers power of entry, inspection and seizure. What deserves to be noticed is that the said power is exercisable throughout the notified market area and is not confined to principal market yard or sub-market

yard. Section 33-B confers powers of search of a vehicle going outside the notified market area.8. Reference may now be made to the material Rules. Rule 2(9) defines 'Kacha Arhtia' to mean a dealer who, in consideration of commission, offers his services to sell agricultural produce. Rule 13 relates to appointment of a disputes sub-committee to resolve disputes between buyers and sellers regarding quality, weight, rate, allowances in wrappings, dirt or impurities or deductions for any cost. A panel of arbitrators is required to be maintained for each market yard. The parties to the dispute can choose any arbitrator. The decision of the Arbitrator is subject to appeal to the disputes sub-committee. Rule 17 deals with licences to dealers. A person desirous of obtaining a licence underSection 10is required to specify in the application the area in which he wishes to carry on his business. Sub-rule (5) of the Rule lays down that a separate licence is required by a person for each place of business in the same notified area. Licence is granted in Form 'B'. A perusal of Form 'B' appended with the Rules shows that the licence specifies the place of business in para 6. Condition No. 4-A which has been inserted by notification No. 18(25)/M-I/81 5246 dated March 14, 1988, makes explicit what was earlier implicit in the conditions of licence. The condition, as now inserted, lays down that the licences shall carry on his business in the principal market yard or sub-market yard or at his place of business specified in the licence. Rule 23 lays down that no person shall be bound to employ a broker or to pay for a broker employed by any other party to the transaction or to pay when no broker has been employed. The Commission agent is also debarred from engaging any broker without written authority from the principal. Rule 24 is material in that it has been heavily relied upon by the learned Counsel for the petitioner. Sub-rule (1) of Rule 24 lays down that all agricultural produce brought into the market for sale shall be sold by open auction in the principal or sub-market yard. Sub-rule (2) lays down that nothing in sub-rule (I) shall apply to a retail sale as may be specified in the Bye-laws of the

Committee. Under sub-rule (3) the Board is empowered to fix timings for the starting and closing of the auction. Sub-rule (4) prohibits settlement of price by secret signs or secret bid and also any deduction from the agreed price being made. Sub-rule (5) prohibits auction by a person other than one engaged by the Committee. Sub-rule (6) lays down that the highest bidder acceptable to the seller shall determine the sale price. Sub-rule (7) lays down that the buyer shall be considered to have thoroughly inspected the produce for which he has made a bid and shall have no right to retrace it. Sub-rule (8) lays down the filling in of particulars in Form 'H' which is required to be secured by the buyer as well as the seller. Register 'HM' is required to be maintained for entering the produce which remains unsold during the course of auction. Sub-rule (9) makes the buyer responsible to get the agricultural produce weighed once the auction is concluded. Sub-rule (10) debars a person engaged by a producer to sell agricultural produce on his behalf from acting as a buyer either for himself or on behalf of another person without the prior consent of the producer. Sub-rule (11) lays down that the Kacha Arhtiya shall make payment to the seller immediately after the weighment is over. Sub-rule (12) requires the Kacha Arhtiya to execute a memorandum in Form 'I' and deliver the same to the buyer on the same day. Sub-rule (14) lays down that the agricultural produce sold shall be delivered after the Kacha Arhtiya or where none has been employed the buyer gives to the seller a sale voucher in Form 'J'. rule 24-B makes agricultural produce trilled without a valid licence liable to confiscation. Rule 25 makes a provision with regard to weighment. It declares that all transactions in the market shall be deemed to have been entered into in accordance with the standards fixed under the various sub-rules. It makes a provision for test weighment as also for having the weights checked for their correctness. Rule 26 deals with weighing instruments, weights and measures, and inspection and seizure in order to enforce the rules made in this behalf. Rules 27 and 28 relate to weigh bridges and measuring yards, certificates of weighment or measurement and places at which agricultural

produce shall be weighed or measured. Rule 29, which has been impugned, substantially reproducesSection 23of the Act, and proceeds to note that wheat imported from foreign countries and certain other agricultural produce shall not be liable for payment of fee. Sub-rule (2) is important and reads as under:"(2) The responsibility of paying the fees prescribed under sub-rule (1) shall be of the buyer and if he is not a licensee then the seller who may realise the same from the buyer. Such, fees shall be leviable as soon as an agricultural produce is bought or sold by a licensee."Sub-rule (3) lays down that the fee shall be paid to the Committee within four days of the transaction. Sub-rules (7) and (8) are also important and read as under:''(7) For the purpose of this rule agricultural produce shall be deemed to have been bought or sold in a notified market area--(a)If the agreement of sale or purchase thereof is entered into in the said area; or(b) If in pursuance of the agreement of sale or purchase the agricultural produce is weighed in the said area; or(c) If in pursuance of the agreement of sale or purchase the agricultural produce is delivered in the said area to the purchaser or to some other person on behalf of the purchaser;(d) If the agricultural produce sold or bought otherwise than in pursuance of an agreement of sale or purchase and is delivered in the said area to the purchaser or to some other person on behalf of the purchaser.(8) If in the case of any transaction any or more of the acts mentioned in sub-rule (7) have been performed within the boundaries of two or more notified market areas the market fee shall be payable to the Committee within whose jurisdiction the agricultural produce has been weighed in pursuance of the agreement of sale or, if no such weighment has taken place to the Committee, within whose

jurisdiction the agricultural produce is delivered."Rule 30 relates to exemption from payment of market fee. Sub-rule (1) lays down that no market fere shall be levied where such fee has already been paid in the same notified market area or in another notified market area within the State. Rule 31 deals with account of transactions and fees to be maintained by the licensed dealer. Sub-rule (1) requires a return in Form 'M' showing all sales and purchasers of each transaction within four days to the Committee. Rule 34 makes a provision for the prevention of adulteration of agricultural produce. Rule 37 relates to publication of marketing information.9. The history of marketing legislation was traced inP. P. Kutti Koya v. State of Madras,AIR 1954 Mad 621, M. C. V. S. Arunachala Nadar v. State of Madras, AIR 1959 SC 300 and M/s. Amar Nath Om Parkash's case (AIR 1985 SC 218) (supra). The salient features of the history are that marketing legislation has been a well recognised features of all commercial countries since the early part of this century. The object of enactment of marketing laws was to protect the producers of commercial crops from being exploited by middlesmen and profiteers and to enable them to secure a fair return for their produce. In India, the beginning was made with cotton which was in great demand in England. Markets were established in Central Provinces and Berar through legislation. In 1919 the Indian Cotton Committee recommended that such markets be established in every cotton growing area. The Royal Commission on Agriculture in India submitted its report in 1928. This was followed by several Expert Committees. The findings of these Committees were that the village producer seldeom obtained a proper price because of various reasons. He was chronically indebted to the middlemen. The bargains were seldom fair to the sellers. The producer had no holding power. In early thirties, marketing legislation covering principal commercial crops, such as cotton, groundnuts and tobacco, was undertaken. In course

of time, such legislation has been enacted throughout the country and covers a fairly large number of agricultural produce. The present Act replaced an earlier Act with the same title which was enacted in [939 in so far as Punjab is concerned and in 2004 B. K. in so far as the erstwhile Pepsu is concerned. The Punjab Act of 1939 like similar enactments in the field of marketing legislation, was the result of a long exploratory investigation by experts in the field, conceived and enacted to regulate the buying and selling of commercial crops by providing suitable and regulated markets by eliminating middlemen and bringing face to face the producer and the buyer, so that they may meet on equal terms, thereby eradicating or at any rate reducing the scope for exploitation in dealings.10. Although there is no generic difference between tax' and 'fee', the two have vital distinction in their connotation and legal incidence. The definition of 'tax' and 'fee' given in theCommissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt, AIR 1954 SC 282, which is considered a leading authority on the subject, has often been referred to and relied upon in subsequent cases. The admitted case on both sides is that market fee is a fee as distinct from a tax.Fee itself may be of various kinds, K. K.. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) mentions about three types of fee (vide para 15J; (i) fee for licences prescribed as a regulatory measure on payment of a small amount e.g. the licence fee underSections 10and13of the Act; (ii) fee in the nature of grant of exclusive privilege of the State e.g. the excise licences; and (iii) those in which element of quid pro quo is necessary. Admittedly, the present cases fall in the third category and imposition of market fee can be sustained only if it is shown that there is quid pro quo by way of services to the payer of the fee. The petitioners have obtained licences as dealers and they do not dispute taking of such licences as a regulatory measure in the public interest. In fact, in K. K. Puri's case such licences were held justified. What the petitioners dispute is that only because they have obtained licences is no reason why market fee

should be levied on them. The real challenge of the petitioners, therefore, is to the levy of market fee as distinguished from licence fee.11. From the side of the petitioners, the main arguments were addressed by Shri H. L. Sibal. Sr. Advocate, representing the petitioners in one set of writ petitions. These were adopted by the other learned Counsel with very little addition.12. It will be convenient to summarise the contentions of Shri Sibal as follows:--(i)Under the Actand the Rules a dealer's licence is required only lor carrying on business in the principal market yard or sub-market yard and not outside in the rest of the notified market area for these reasons;(a) The whole of the notified market area is too big an area for any effective control and supervision by a particular Market Committee;(b)Section 6(3)read withSection 10of the Act requires a licence by a dealer for doing business in the principal market yard or sub-market yard;(c) Only sale or purchase of agricultural produce by way of auction taking place in the principal market yard or sub-market yard are within the purview of the Rules for purposes of market fee. Transactions of sale or purchase effected without resorting to auction i.e. by retail or wholesale is, therefore, not sought to be Covered by the Act and the Rules;(d) The various Forms prescribed indicated that market fee was leviable only in case of sale by open auction.(ii) Since fee is regarded as a sort of return or consideration for service rendered, it is necessary that the lavy of fee should, on the face of the legislative provision, be correlated to the expenses incurred by the levying agency in rendering the services.(iii) Broadly speaking, it must be shown that quite a substantial portion of the amount of fee realised is spent for the special benefit of the prayer thereof.(iv) The payer of the fee is not the person on whom the burden of fee ultimately falls, but the licencee who is primarily responsible for accounting and payment of market fee.(v) Almost the entire area of the States of Punjab and Haryana is covered by different notified market areas and large, as it is, a notified market area can in no sense be equated with or considered to be principal market yard or sub-market yard, nor has it been so declared.(vi)The Actand the Rules framed thereunder envisage services only in the principal market yard or sub-market yard and not in the entire notified market area. No services contemplated under the Act can be or are being rendered to the licencees working in the notified market area but outside the principal market yard and sub-market yard. In other words, the Committee is primarily concerned with providing facilities in the -regulated market videSection 13(1)(a)of the Act.(vii) Expenditure on ordinary municipal services or governmental functions could not be considered as being for the special benefitt of the Rule 31(9) of the Rules regarding imposition of penalty is ultra vires the provisions of the Act, in that, the said Rule has not been framed under any power given under the Act. In any case, Rule 31(9) suffers from excessive delegation as no guidelines have been laid down therein for determining the extent of penalty which can be imposed by the Market Committee.(ix)Sections 6(3)and23of the Act and Rules 29(1) and 31(9) of the Rules are ultra vires.13. The contention mentioned as point
No. (i) above is, if we may say so, based on a
misreading of the provisions of the Act and
the Rules.14. A bare reading ofSection 6(3)of the Act shows that unless a person falls in any of the exempted categories he can carry on the business in question anywhere in the notified market area only under a licence. Under the

proviso toSection 6(3)ibid the exemption is in favour of a producer and a person who purchases for his private use. Rule 18 read withSection 6(3)give some more exempted categories. For the present purposes the exempted categories include petty retail shopkeepers! According to the Explanation to clause (c) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 18 read with the definition of 'retail sale' given inSection 2(q), a person whose turnover of sales and purchases of agricultural produce does not exceed one lakh rupees during a year, is treated as a petty retail shop-keeper. A further proviso to the Explanation shows that a dealer importing agricultural produce from outside the State of Punjab shall not be treated as a petty retail shop-keeper. On both the counts, namely, the limit of turnover as well as the admitted case of Gur, Sakkar and Khandsari being imported by the petitioner from the State of Uttar Pradesh and other States i.e. outside the State of Punjab, the petitioner is not a retail seller. It may be added that under the analogous provision in force in Haryana the limit for purposes of a retail dealer is Rs. 60,000/- per year or Rs. 5,000/-during any month. In fact, the proviso to sub-section (1) ofSection 10relating to dealer's licence reiterates that the licence is required for any person carrying on business specified in sub-section (3) ofSection 6in a notified market area. Form 'B' of the licence in question mentions the name of the notified market area and column (6) is meant for specifying the place of business. At the foot of the licence, the conditions are mentioned. Condition. No. 4-A is that the licencee shall carry on his business in the principal market yard or sub-market yard or at his place of business specified in the licence. The requirement of the Rules, therefore, is that a licence is required to be issued for a specified place in the notified market area. In fact, sub-rule (5) of Rule 17 expressly requires that a separate licence shall be required by a person for more than one places being used for his business in the same notified market area. Unless a place is specified in the licence, there can be ho effective supervision by the Market Committee. It is in the sense explained above that the following observations occurring in paragraph 25 of K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra) and relied upon by the learned counsel, were made and are to be understood :--"..... There will be no sense in specifying the place of business in the licence if the licensee is to be permitted to establish his place  of business anywhere in a notified market area which is too big and extensive for the control and supervision of a particular market committee. .....After all the whole object of the Act is the supervision and control of the transactions of purchase by the traders from the agriculturists in order to prevent exploitation of the latter by the former. The supervision and control can be effective only in specified localities and places and not throughout the extensive market area."These observations thus referred to a specified place or places in the notified market area and not to a place in the principal market yard or sub-market yard.15. With regard to point noted at (i)(c) above, a reading of Rule 24 of the Rules is enough to show that auction sale are confined to the agricultural produce brought into the market i.e. principal market yard or sub-market yard. There is no provision, which debars sales either in retail or wholesale i.e. sales other than by open auction outside the principal market yard or sub-market 'yard. This very question arose inPrem Chand Ram Lal v. The Punjab State1970 Pun LJ 432, Dismissing the LPA against the judgment of a learned single Judge, a Division Bench of this Court observed that Rule 24 has no application to the sale transaction within the market area. The Rule deals with agricultural produce that is brought into the principal market yard or sub-market yard where it is sold by open auction. It was further observed that Rule 29 deals with all other buying and sellings than those covered by open auction in Rule 24 (vide paragraph 6 at page 437). We are in respectful agreement with the above observations.16. Forms H, H H, I and J have expressly been made with regard to sale by auction under

Rule 24. The material form for the present purposes is Form 'M' i.e. return of daily purchasers and sales which, inter alia, all licensed dealers in tbe notified market area are required to submit to the Market Committee. It is significant that there is nothing in Form 'M' which may restrict the transactions of buying or selling to sale by auction only.17. Mr. Sibal contended that the chargingSection 23of the Act itself laid down that the levy of market fee was subject to the rules made by the State Government. According to the learned Counsel, a reading together ofSection 23and Rule 24 indicated that what was intended to be covered was sale/purchase by open auction. We find no merit in this contention. The mandate of the legislature to a Market Committee for levying the fee on agricultural produce bought or sold by a licencee in the notified market area, at a rate not exceeding the maximum, is clearly given in the section. The said mandate is to be carried out subject to any special provision made in the Rules. It is well known that such provisions in various statutes are made to briiig about a certain flexibility, so that according to exigencies of situation the Government can bring about necessary amendments in the Rules and thereby ensure a smooth working of the enactment.It is well known that the procedure of amending the Rules is far simpler and quicker compared with amendment of a statute. There is no warrant for the proposition that the 'rules' referred inSection 23was confined to Rule 24 only. It does as well refer to rules for exempting persons from paying market fee and more importantly regarding procedure for the imposition and collection of the fee. Rule 29(7) which was the concerned rule inBritish India Corporation Limited v. Market Committee Dhariwal, AIR 1983 SC 162, defines what is 'brought or sold' within the meaning of Rule 29 as alsoSection 23of the i Act. This is apart from saying that Rult 24 itself deals with and is confined to agricultural produce brought into the principal market yard or sub-market yard and does not apply to buying or selling etc. outside thereof in the remaining notified market area. It is, therefore, not open to the petitioners to contend

that the sales within the purview of the Act are only sales taking place within the principal market yard or sub-market yard or that only by open auction.18. Contentions at points (ii) to (vii) and (ix) are based on various observations in K.K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) which is the sheet-anchor of Shri H. L. Sibal's arguments, Learned counsel also submitted that the decision in K. K. Puri was rendered by a Constitution Bench of five Hon'ble Judges and it was reiterated in two later Constitution Benches.These decisions areRam Chander Kailash Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1980 SC i 124. in which K. K. Puri's case was described as a 'settler' and Shri Swamiji of Shri Admar Mutt etc. v. The Commissioner Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Dept., AIR 1980 SC 1.The law laid down in K. K. Puri's case, according to the learned counsel, held the field. Learned counsel argued that the respondents had not even attempted to establish any correlation-ship between the market fee realised from the petitioner and other licensed dealers of his class and the services rendered for their special benefit in the market area in respect of the transactions of sale or purchase of agricultural produce. The levy of market fee could not, therefore, be sustained and the provisions for levying of market fee were thus without the authority of law and the demand raised by the Market Committee was illegal.19. Shri Sibal contended that the decision on if K. k, Puri's case (AIR 1930 SC 1008) (supra) was binding on this Court in preference to the later smaller Bench decisions. For this contention, he relied on The State of U, P. v. Ram Chandra Trivedi, AIR 1976 SC 2547. In paragraph 22 it was laid down as under:".....Where a High Court finds any conflict between the views expressed by larger and smaller benches of this Court, it cannot disregard of or skirt the views expressed by the larger benches The power course for a High Court in such 0 case, as observed by this Court in Union of India v.K. S. Subramanian (Civil Appeal No. 212 of 1975 decided on

July 30, 1976) (reported in AIR 1976 SC 2433) to which one of us was a party, is to try to find out and follow the opinion expressed by larger benches of this Court in preference to those expressed by smaller benches of the Court which practice hardened as it has into a rule of law is followed by this Court itself."Reference is also made toGanpati Sitaram Belvakar v. Waman Shripad Mage,AIR 1981 SC 1956, and State of Orissa v. Titaghur Paper Mills Company Limited, 1985 Supp SCC 280: (AIR 1985 SC 1293). It will be seen that none of the cases relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioners dealt with a case where the latter Benches may have analysed and explained the earlier judgment of the larger Bench of the Supreme Court. The abstract proposition that where there is a conflict between the law declared by a larger Bench and a small Bench, the former will prevail, does not help in resolving the present problem. In the present case, the smaller Benches analysed and explained the earlier judgment of the Constitution Bench.This very question was examined by a Full Bench of our Court in M/s.Daulat Ram Trilok Nath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1976 Punj & Har 304. It was held that construction which the Supreme Court itself places on an earlier precedent is obviously binding and authoritative.To the same effect is another decision of a Full Benqh of this court in theState of Punjab v. Teja Singh, 1976 Cri LJ 1648. It was observed:".....When an earlier judgment of the Supreme Court is analysed and considered by a later Bench of that Court then the view taken by the latter as to the true ratio of the earlier case is authoritative. In any case, that view is binding on the High Courts."A Full Bench of the Gujarat High Court inNizamuddin Suleman v. New Shorrock Spg. & Mfg. Mills Co. Ltd., Nadiad(1979) 20 Guj LR 290; (AIR 1980 NOC 112), after quoting fromUnion of India v. K. S. Subramaniam, AIR 1976 SC 2433, concluded the legal position in the following words:"Of course, if the views expressed earlier by a larger Bench of the Supreme Court have

been explained even by a smaller Bench in a subsequent decision, the explanation by the smaller bench of the Supreme Court would be required to be followed by High Courts before whom the earlier decision of the larger Bench and the subsequent explanation of the same judgment by the smaller bench are cited. Otherwise, as indicated by Beg, J. inUnion of India v. K. S. Subramanian(supra) the High Court is bound to follow the decision of the larger Bench of the Supreme Court."Having considered the matter carefully, we are of the view that the later decisions, even though by smaller Benches, have analysed and explained the observations of the Constitution Bench in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra) and the law as explained in those later decisions is binding on us.20. This brings us to a consideration of those later decisions.21.InSreenivasa General Traders' case (AIR 1983 SC 1246) (supra) inter alia, the challenge was to the levy of market fee on transactions taking place in the notified market area but outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard under a similar enactment known asAndhra Pradesh (Agricultural Produce and Livestock) Markets Act, 1966. Reliance was placed on certain observations in K. K. Puri (AIR 1980 SC 1008). The Court said that the observations relied upon were not to be read as Euclid's theorems, nor as provisions of a statute. It was emphasised that the observations must be read in the context in which they appeared.With regard to the binding effect of the observations in K. K. Puri's case it was observed that the said decision did not lay down any legal principle of general applicability. It was further observed that the decision in K. K. Puri was distinguishable on facts. In that case there was sufficient material showing that the income from the market-fee in the State of Punjab had become a source of revenue and, therefore, the increase in the rate of market fee from Rs. 2/- per 100 rupees to Rs. 3/- was quashed. The other material facts which were undisputed in the case of K. K.

Puri were set out in some detail to show that the case was distinguishable on facts (vide para 28 of the report). The Court said that every judgment must be read as applicable to the particular facts proved or assumed to be proved since the generality of the expressions which may be found there were not intended to be expositions of the whole law but governed or clarified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions were to be found. It was pointed out that there were certain observations to be found in the judgment in K. K. Puri's case, which were really not necessary for purposes of the decision and were beyond the occasion and, therefore, they had no binding authority though they might have merely persuasive value. The Court proceeded to observe that the traditional view that there must be actual quid pro quo for a fee had undergone a sea change in the subsequent decisions. In determining whether a levy is a fee, the true test must be whether its primary and essential purpose is to render specific services to a specified area or class; it may be of no consequence that the State may ultimately and indirectly be bene-fitted by it. The power of any Legislature to levy a fee is conditioned by the fact that there must be "by and large" a quid pro quo tor the services rendered. The co-relationship between the levy and the services rendered expected is one of general character and not of mathematical exactitude. All that is necessary is that there should be a reasonable relationship between the levy of the fee and the services rendered. It was clarified that the expression "payer of the fee" used in various authorities, including K. K. Puri's case, represented collectively the class of persons to whom the benefit was directly intended by the establishment of a regulated market in notified agricultural produce, livestock or products of livestock and not the actual individual who belonged to that class i.e. the trader. It was further observed that though the traders initially paid the market-fee but there was passing on of liabilily by them to the consumer as part of the price. It was, therefore, held that observation in K. K. Puri's case (supra) as to the service to the payer of fee must be understood as meaning service to the user of the market. The services are rendered

to the users of the market i.e. the growers of agricultural produce, livestock or products of livestock and persons engaged in the business of purchase and sale of the same. The argument that since the services are rendered by the Market Committee within the market proper, there is no liability to pay market fee on purchase or sale taking place in the notified market area but outside the market, was rejected as fallacious. It was said that the contention did not take note of the fact that establishment of a regulated market for the purchase or sale of notified agricultural produce etc. was itself a service rendered to persons engaged in the business of purchase or sale of such commodities. The levy of market fee on traders operating in the notified market area but outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard, ws upheld.22. Learned counsel for the petitioner tried to distinguish the above authority by pointing out that under section 7(6) of the Andhra Pradesh Act, there was a ban on carrying on of the business of purchase or sale of notified agricultural produce etc. in the notified market area outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard. There is no such ban in the Punjab Act as applicable in the State of Punjab or the State of Haryana. In our view, this is a distinction without a difference because notwithstanding the said ban it was recognised as a fact in paragraph 22-A of the report that several traders who challenged the levy of market-fee were, in fact, carrying on their business in the notified market area outside the regulated markets.23.InSouthern Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals, Trichur v. State of Kerala, AIR 1981 SC 1863, the petitioner placed reliance on certain observations in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra) with regard to the nature and extent of service to be rendered by way of quid pro quo for levying of fee. The Supreme Court observed that what was required was a broad correlationship between the fee collected and the cost of services rendered. In paragraph 25 of the report, it was observed:".....It is also increasingly realised that the

element of quid pro quo stricto senso is not always a sine quo non of a fee."InMunicipal Corporation of Delhi v. Mohd Yasin, AIR 1983 SC 617 their Lordships said that words and phrases have not only a meaning but also a content, a living content which breathes, and so, expands and contracts. The philosophy and language of law, it was observed, were no exceptions. The concept under reference was of quid pro quo.Regarding observations in K. K. Puri's case, a number of authorities were reviewed and the conclusion was stated in para 9 in the following words:"Though a fee must have relation to the services rendered, or the advantages conferred, such relation need not be direct,  mere casual relation may be enough. Further, neither the incidence of the fee nor the service rendered need be uniform. That others besides those paying the fees are also benefit-ted does not detract from the character of the fee. In fact the special benefit or advantage to the payers of the fees may ever be secondary as compared with the primary motive of regulation in the public interest. Nor is the Court to assume the role of a cost accountant. It is neither necessary nor expedient to weigh too meticulously the cost of the services rendered etc. against the amount of fees collected so as to evenly balance the two. A broad correlationship is all that is necessary. Quid pro quo in the strict sense is not the one and only true index of a fee; nor is it necessarily absent in a tax?"24. Again inAmar Nath Om Prakash v. State of Punjab, AIR 1985 SC 218, their Lordships said with regard to observations in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) that the Court did not purport to lay down any new principles and could not have intended to depart from the series of earlier cases of the Supreme Court.It was pointed out that the general observations made in K. K. Puri's case had been so misunderstood and misinterpreted as to lead to some confusion and public mischief.Their Lordships explained the observations made in K. K. Puri's case and Heavily relied on the analysis and

exposition undertaken by the Court in the earlier decision inSreenivasa General Traders' case (AIR 1983 SC 1246) (supra) dealt with above. It was reiterated that a broad and general correlationship is all that is necessary. Quid pro quo in the strict sense is not the one and only true index of fee whereas it is not necessarily absent in a tax.25. It is significant to note that CWP No. 1421 of 1980 (M/s.Borakia Dal Mills v. State of Haryana) and a number of connected writ petitions, which were directed against the vires of the Punjab Agricultural Produce Market (Haryana Second Amendment and Validation) Act, 1980, were dismissed by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court by order dated December 3, 1985.In doing so, their Lordships observed that the challenge to an analogous Act, namely, thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets (Punjab Amendment) Act, 1980, had been negatived in M/s.Amar Nath Om Prakash's case (AIR 1985 SC 218) (supra).Their Lordships expressed agreement with what had been decided in M s. Amar Nath Om Parkash's case. The point of significance is that the law laid down by their Lordships in M/s. Amar Nath Om Parkash's case was expressly approved by the Constitution Bench. What is, therefore, laid down in M/s. Amar Nath Om Parkash's case, dealt with in the preceding paragraph above, stands approved by a Constitution Bench and, therefore, for various reasons which have been discussed above or are to be discussed hereinafter, the Court has to choose between the pronouncement of two Constitution Benches of the Supreme Court. We have undertaken this exercise and we are of the view that the observations in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) must be read in the light of the analysis and exposition made by the later Benches of the Supreme Court itself.The next authority to be referred isThe City Corporation of Calicut v. Thachambalath Sadasivan, AIR 1985 SC 756, after reviewing a number of authorities, the conclusion was stated in paragraph 7 in the following words:"7. It is thus well settled by numerous recent decisions of this Court that the traditional concept in a fee of quid pro quo is undergoing

a transformation and that though the fee must have relation to the services rendered, or the advantages conferred, such relation need not be direct, a mere casual relation may be enough. It is not necessary to establish that those who pay the fee must receive direct benefit of the services rendered for which the fee is being paid. If one who is liable to pay receives general benefit from the authority levying the fee the element of service required for collecting fee is satisfied. It is not necessary that the person liable to pay must receive some special benefit or advantage for payment of the fee."26. In a recent decision in P. M. Ashwathanarayana Setty v. State of Karna-taka, AIR 1989 SC 100, their Lordships of the Supreme Court considered it unnecessary to review the earlier pronouncements of the Court on the conceptual distinction between fee and tax. However, the legal position was stated in these words (at p. 110 of AIR) :".....the essential character of the impost is that some special service is intended or envisaged as a quid pro quo to the class of citizens which is intended to be benefited by the service and there is a broad and general correlation between the amount so raised and the expenses involved in providing the services, the impost would partake the character of a 'fee' notwithstanding the circumstance that the identity of the amount so raised is not always kept distinguished but is merged in the general revenues of the State and notwithstanding the fact that such special services, for which the amount is raised, are, as they very often do, incidentally or indirectly benefit the general public also. The test is the primary object of the levy and the essential purpose it is intended to achieve. The correlationship between the amount raised through the 'fee' and the expenses involved in providing the services need not be examined with a view to ascertaining any accurate arithmetical equivalence or precision in the correlation: but it would be sufficient that there is a broad and, general correlation.....27.InRam Chandra Kailash Kumar & Co. v. State of U. P., AIR 1980 SC 1124, the

contentions raised were listed as points Nos. 1 to 24. Point No. 1 formulated was:"(1) Big areas consisting of towns and villages have been notified as Market Areas without rendering any service. This is contrary to the whole object of the Act and the concept of fee."Points Nos. 1 to 4 were dealt with together and the contention relating to point No. 1 was repelled. The judgment of the Constitution Bench was delivered by Untwalia, J. (as his Lordship then was), who spoke for the Constitution Bench in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra).Quite some discussion took place at the Bar as to the precise connotation of the expression "payer of the fee". Shri Sibal referred to para 8 of the decision in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008), where the argument raised on behalf of the Haryana Marketing Board was that the services rendered were to be correlated to those on whom the ultimate burden of the fee falls. It was pointed out by Shri Sibal that the above contention was expressly rejected, as 'neither logical nor sound' and it was held that, in fact, the licensed trader was "payer of the fee". This acquires significance in the context of services being provided to the 'payer of the fee' by way of quid pro quo.It was pointed out inSreenivasa General Traders' case (AIR 1983 SC 1246) (supra) that in the later decision inRam Chander Kailash Kumar's case (AIR 1980 SC 1124) (supra) Untwalia, J. (as his Lordship then was) speaking for the Court, had considerably narrowed down his observation in K. K. Puri's case at page 1129 of the report saying:"The fee realised from the payer of the fee
has by and large, to be spent for a special
benefit and for the benefit of other persons
connected with the transactions of purchase
and sale in the various Mandis. (vide para 32
of the report).29. The conclusion reached inSreenivasa General Traders" case (supra) was that the expression "payer of the fee" used by the Supreme Court in various authorities represented collectively the class of persons to whom the benefit is directly intended by the establishment of a regulated market in the notified agricultural produce, livestock or products of livestock and not the actual individual who belongs to that class i.e. the trader. More importantly, it was further observed that no doubt the petitioners, who were tradersin that case, initially paid the market fee, there was passing on of liability by them to the consumer as part of the price.It was, therefore, pointed out that the observation in K. K. Puri's case regarding services to the payer of the fee must, therefore, be understood as meaning services to the users of the market. The services are rendered to the users of the market i.e. the growers of agricultural produce, livestock or products of livestock and persons engaged in the business of purchase or sale of the same, (vide para 37 of the report).30. Apart from the usual economic tendency to pass on the burden to the next person, there is an express provision in Rule 29(2) of the Rules for the seller to pass on the burden of the market fee to the buyer. Since the burden of the market fee is passed on to the buyer, the incidence of the market fee is borne by the consumer who ultimately buys the agricultural produce. In other words, the burden is not borne by the trader. There will be thus no warrant for focussing attention on services rendered by the Market Committee to the traders in respect of the transactions effected by them. The services rendered by the Market Committee in the whole of the notified market area have to be viewed from a broader angle of persons who use the market area whether as producer or traders or] consumers. The observations in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) have to be understood accordingly as explained inSreenivasa General Traders' case (AIR 1983 SC 1246).31. Shri Anand Swaroop, Sr. Advocate, arguing for the Marketing Board, Haryana. put forward yet another reason for preferring the view as to the connotation of payer of the fee aslaid down inSreenivasa General Traders' case (supra), He referred to four

decisions of Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, in which a distinction had been made between the payer of the fee and the machinery for its collection. It was laid down that the real character of the impost was determined by the actual payer of the tax and not the instrumentality devised by the government for collection of the tax. The authorities cited in this behalf are:1) State of Bombay v. R.M.D. Chamar-baugwala, AIR 1957 SC 699 (para 23);2) R. C. Jail Parsi v. The Amalgamated Coalfields Ltd., AIR 1962 SC 1281 (paras 7 and 8):3) Rai Ramkrishna v. State of Bihar, AIR 1963 SC 1667 (para 13);4) Khverbari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam. AIR 1964 SC 925 (paras 20 to 23) Shri Sibal did not, as in fact he could not, dispute the principlelaid down inthe aforesaid cases. We have, therefore, no difficulty in holding that there is no reason to construe the expression "payer of the fee" in narrow terms so as to confine the same to traders alone to the exclusion of other users of the market including those on whom burden of the fee ultimately rests. It follows that there is no substance in the contentions mentioned at, points (iii) and fiv) formulated above.32. Even though this may amount to some son of repetition, it deserves to be highlighted that eventually the levy of market fee at the rate of Rs. 2/- per 100 rupees under the Acl was expressly upheld in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) in the following words:"But taking a reasonable and practical view of the matter and on appreciation of the true picture of justifiable and legal expenditure in relation to the market fee income, even though it had to be done on the basis of some reasonable guess work, we are not inclined to disturb the raising of an imposition of the rate of market fee up to Rs. 2/- per hundred rupees by the various Market Committees and the Boards both in the State of Punjab and Haryana. After all, considerable

development work seems to have been done by many Market Committees in their respective markets. The charging of fee @ Rs. 2/-, therefore, is justified and fit to be sustained. We accordingly do it." (vide para 54 of the report).In other words, what was upheld was the chargingS. 23of the Act. The said section expressly empowers the Market Committee to levy market fee on the agricultural produce bought or sold by a licencee in the notified market area. To the same effect is the provision in R. 29 of the Rules. There is no reason to substitute the words 'principal market yard' or 'sub-market yard' for the words 'notified market area' in the context of licensed dealers inS. 23or R.29, The only conclusion is that market fee is leviable throughout the notified market area.33. Precisely the same contention i.e. services to the traders in the notified market area outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard was considered and rejected by a Full Bench of this Court inMs. Harnam Dass Lakhi Ram v. State of Punjab, AIR 1978 Punj & Har 53 (vide para 31 of the report).Civil Appeal No. 2361 of 1979 (Harnam Dass Lakhi Ram v. State of Punjab) was dismissed by the Supreme Court by a short order dated December 1, 1983, to the effect that the SLP and the writ petitions listed therewith were dismissed in view of the order passed in K.K. Puri' case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra). The petitioners thereafter moved an application for review, which was subsequently dismissed as withdrawn. In other words, the aforesaid Full Bench decision was not set aside by their Lordships of the Supreme Court on the point of licensed traders in the notified market area outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard being liable to pay the market fee under the Act.34. Shri Sibal pointed out that no licences underS. 10were insisted upon, nor any market fee levied on dealers working in the notified market area outside the principal market yard or sub-market yard during the period 1978 to 1985. It was only thereafter

that the Market Committee had spread its net wide enough to include the petitioners and other dealer falling in that class. This was disputed by learned counsel appearing for the opposite side. We were shown a number of cash memos and vouchers relating to the year 1980 showing various dealers outside the principal market yard or the sub-market yard to have charged market fee on transactions relating to agricultural produce. The contention of Shri Sibal cannot be accepted; firstly for the reason that no such clear cut case was pleaded in the petition and the petitioners must be held bound by their pleadings, and, secondly, there can be no estoppel against the statute. If the levy has been imposed and if it is found as a result of the present exercise that the levy is valid, the petitioners cannot succeed even if it is assumed that until 1985 the Committee did not in fact insist upon the petitioners obtaining the licences or paying the market fee. This is, however, subject to law of limitation and in appropriate cases if the petitioners take the plea of limitation in regard to assessment for a particular period, it would be the duty of the assessing authority to consider the question and decide the same according to law.35. UnderS. 13(1)(a)of the Act, relating to duties and powers of the Market Committee, the duties include the enforcement of the provisions of the Act and the Rules and Bye-laws made thereunder in the notified market area. In other words, the enforcement of the provisions of is not confined to the principal market yard and sub-market yard.InImmidisetti Ramakrishnaiah and Sons, Anakapalli v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1976 Andh Pra 193, it was contended that the facilities provided were confined to the market proper and did not extend throughout the notified area. Repelling the contention, a Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court observed (at p. 195 of AIR):"The establishment, maintenance and improvement of the market is one of the purposes for which the market committee fund might be expended underS. 15of the Act. The other services such as the provision and maintenance of standard weights and

measures, the collection and dissemination of information regarding all matters relating to crop statistics and marketing in respect of notified agricultural produce, livestock and products of livestock, schemes for the extension or cultural improvement of notified agricultural produce including the grant of financial'aid to schemes for such extension of improvement within such area undertaken by other bodies or individuals, propaganda for the improvement of agricultural produce, livestock and products of livestock and thrift, the promotion of grading services, measures for the preservation of the foodgrains, etc., are not services which are confined to the market area only. They are services which are required to be performed by the market committee and which may be rendered throughout the notified market area without being confined to the market."The same conclusion was reached by another Division Bench of Andhra Pradesh High Court inSri Vijaya Cotton Traders v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1981 Andh Pra 203. The Punjab Act is substantially similar to the Andhra Pradesh Act and a reading of the various provisions of the Act under consideration and the Rules and Bye-laws made thereunder, inter alia, reveals the rendering of the following services:(1) A common place is provided for seller and buyer to meet and facilities are offered by way of space, buildings and storage accommodation.(2) Market practices are regularised and market charges clearly defined and unwar-ranted ones prohibited.(3) Correct weighment is ensured by licensed weighmen and all weights are checked and stamped.(4) Payment on hand is ensured.(5) Provision is made for settlement of disputes.(6) Daily prevailing prices are made available to the grower and reliable market information provided regarding arrivals, stocks, prices, etc.

 

(7) Quality standards are fixed when necessary and contract forms standardized for purchase and sale.36. The amount realised as market fee underS.23of the Act is credited to the Market Committee Fund constituted underS. 27of the Act. A percentage of the amount realised is required to be given by the Committee to the Marketing Board to be credited to the Marketing Development Fund established underS. 25of the Act. These amounts can be spent only for purposes detailed in Ss. 8 and 26 respectively. These purposes came in for a close scrutiny in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra) some of the purposes were not approved by their Lordships. We were informed.at the hearing of the present petitions that no amount was being spent for purposes which were not approved by their Lordships in K. K. Puri's case since the date of that decision. In other words, the amount is spent only for purposes laid down in the Act and approved by the apex Court and for no other purpose. Thus, the amount of market fee is earmarked only for approved purposes which is to render services throughout the notified market area. That amount is not available nor in fact is being spent for any governmental functions.37. Arguing for some of the petitioners, Mr. B. S. Malik sought to add two points to what Shri Sibal had argued. These are :(1) Retail sales are outside the purview of the Act; and
 

(2) Unless a separate market yard is established for timber, no market fee can be charged in regard to sale or purchase of timber.In support of point No. (I), learned counsel relies onJan Mohd. v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1966 SC 385. This was a case under theGujarat Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1964. On the basis of the provisions of theGujarat Actand the Rules framed thereunder, it was conceded by the Solicitor General appearing for the State of Gujarat that the Act read with the Rules did not purport to place any restriction upon the

retail transactions in agricultural produce (towards the end of paragraph 12 at page.392 of the report). Apart from the concession, we find that the provisions of theGujarat Actwere materially different from the provisions of the Punjab Act, under consideration. "Retail seller" is determined under the Act by readingS.2(q)with R. 18(l)(c), Reference to these provisions has already been made and there is no need to repeat them here. There is no other provision which would justify the conclusion that retail sales are outside the purview of the Act for purposes of levy of market fee. In fact, the existence of R. 18(I)(c) defining "retail sale" for the purposes of exemption from taking a licence underS. 6(3)read withS. 10of the Act indicates by necessary implication that retail sales as such are not exempted and what is exempted is only retail sales to the extent mentioned in the said rule. With regard to the other submission, there are two aspects of the question. The first aspect is whether it is a condition precedent as a matter of law for the levy of market fee that there should be a separate market yard for a particular agricultural produce. The second aspect is whether in fact separate market yard has been established or is being established.S. 7of the Act lays down in no uncertain terms that there shall be one principal market yard and one or more sub-market yards as may be necessary for each notified market area. Undisputedly there is one principal market yard established in the notified area of the Committees concerned and several sub-market yards as have been considered necessary by the authorities administering the Act. There is no provision in the Act for the establishment of a separate market yard for each item of agricultural produce brought within the purview of the Act. The establishment of a separate market yard cannot, therefore, be a condition precedent for the levy of the market fee.38. However, on a point of fact, detailed plans were produced before us, showing that an area of 2.87 acres had been earmarked in the market for the purposes of timber in the area relating to Market Committee Sangrur. Earmarking had also been done in case of Market Committee Ludhiana.CIVIL WRIT PETITION No. 6328 OF 198739. With regard to C.W.P. No. 6328 of 1987 relating to some dealers of Kaithal in the State of Haryana. it may first be pointed out that the categorical stand of the Market Committee was that all the petitioners were carrying on their business under a licence obtained under the Act in a sub-market yard declared under the Act. Their case is, therefore, distinguishable from those of the Punjab dealers referred to in the foregoing part of this judgment.40. The additional ground of challenge raised by the petitioners in the above noted writ petition is thatS. 38of the Act was ultra vires as it contained in guidelines for the State Government for amending theSchedule to the Act. By notification Annexure P-! dated September 1, 1987, the State Government amended the Schedule in respect of items Nos. 8 to 11 relating to various pulses by making it clear that the puises referred to therein would include the whole as well as their split or what is called Dal. Items 16, 22 and 38 were also amended and items 100 and 105 were added. Mere addition to the Schedule underS. 38does not empower the Market Committee to levy market fee. In order to attract the provisions relating to levy of market fee, it is further necessary for the Government to issue a notification underS. 5, consider the objections or suggestions received within the time specified in this behalf and declare underS. 6notified market area for the purposes of the Act in respect of the agricultural produce notified underS. 5. At the time of hearing, learned counsel sought to argue that the requisite notification under Ss. 5 and 6( 1) of the Act had not been issued. We were shown the notifications issued underS. 5as well asS. 6(1)of the Act. This is apart from the fact that no such plea of absence of notification under Ss.5 and 6(1) had been taken in the petition. The relevant ground assailing the vires ofS. 38is mentioned in paragraph 9 and ground No. (xiv) of the petition. In brief, the plea is that underSection 38the State Government could add to the Schedule an item which was not even remotely connected with agricultural produce. To say the least, this is a funny plea.It is not the case of the petitioners that any produce added as a result of notification Annexure P-1 is, in fact, not an agricultural produce. It is idle to say that underS. 38it was open to the State Government to add to the Schedule some produce which was not an agricultural produce. The expression 'agricultural produce' has been defined in clause (a) ofS. 2of the Act to mean all produce, whether processed or not, of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry or forest as specified in theSchedule to the Act. Nothing is thus left vague as to what is produce of agriculture.S. 38of the Act has also been assailed on the ground that it suffers from excessive delegation. The contention is that in the absence of any guidelines, it was open to the State Government to add any agricultural produce or to omit any agricultural produce already mentioned in the Schedule at its sweet will and pleasure and the provision thus suffered from excessive delegation. Reliance was placed by the learned counsel onMohd. Hussain v. State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 97. This was a case under the Bombay Agricultural Produce Act, 1939, and the vires of the section challenged was S. 29, which was analogous toS. 38of the Act. The Supreme Court, on a consideration of the legislative policy discernible from the various provisions of the Act, held that necessary guidance was writ large in the various provisions of the Act itself and, therefore, the challenge to S. 29 was ill-founded. The authority relied on by the learned counsel does not, therefore, support him.S. 38is not to be read in isolation. It is to be read along with Ss. 5 and 6 of the Act. Mere addition to the Schedule by a notifica-tion underS. 38does not effectively bring the item of agricultural produce within the purview of the Act. The process is completed by the State Government issuing a notification underS. 5, declaring its intention of exercising control over the purchase, sales, storage and processing of such agricultural produce and in such area as may be specified in the notification. The section further requires the State Government to consider any objection or suggestion received within a period of not less than 30 days, to be specified in such notification, and it is only as a result of such consideration that a final notification is

required to be made underS. 6(1)of the Act. It is only thereafter that such item of agricultural produce stands duly added so as to attract the provisions regarding levy of market fee etc.InJan Mohd's case (AIR 1966 SC 385) (supra), in which a similar provision under theGujarat Agricultural Produce Markets Actwas under challenge, the Supreme Court referred to the provisions for inviting objections or suggestions of persons interested before notifying any agricultural produce for the purposes of the said Act. It was held in paragraph 10 of the report that the provision was valid and did not suffer from the vice of excessive delegation. The reason given was that according to the machinery provided in the Act, the Director had to satisfy himself that inclusion of a particular agricultural produce was in the interest of the producer and the general public. It is settled law that where the Legislature has declared the legislative policy, it is permissible for it to empower the administrative authority to add to or modify or cancel any of the items in theSchedule to the Act, so as to carry out the policy of the Act and to apply it to different objects having regard to local conditions, or the like. The two Supreme Court decisions, referred to above, on this point support the above proposition. The additional point sought to be raised need not, therefore, detain us any further.41. Imposition of penalty has been challenged on the ground that there was no provision of the Act under which the rule relating to imposition of penalty, namely, Rule3l(9) of the Rules could have been framed. The said rule, according to the learned counsel for the petitioners, was thus ultra vires the provisions of S .43, which confers rule making power on the State Government. This very question arose in Ram Sarup and Bros. v. Punjab State, ILR (1969) 1 Punj 756. The question was examined in necessary detail and the learned Judges of the Division Bench held that R. 31(9) was not ultra viresS.43. The main reasons given by the learned Judges of the Division Bench were that the words used inS. 43. namely, rules for carrying out the purposes of the Act could not be construed

narrowly and a provision for the imposition of penalty as a mode of recovery was necessary for carry ing out the purposes of the Act. Reliance was also placed by the learned Judges on a Division Bench decision of the Calcutta High Court in Abdul Rouff v. State, AIR 1960 Cal 436, where it was observed that it was one of the canons of interpretation of statutes that an Act which authorises the making of bye-laws impliedly authorised the annexation of reasonable pecuniary penalty for their infringement recoverable by action or distress. Nothing was argued before us against the view expressed in the above decision of this Court. With regard to the extent of penalty, all that was said was that in the event of the petitioners being relegated to their remedy by way of statutory appeal, they would try to seek necessary relief.42. iT bears repetition that the chargingS. 23of the Act imposes market-fee subject to the rules. Rule 29(7), which was the relevant rule, inBritish India Corporation Ltd's case (AIR 1983 SC 162) (supra) defines what is bought or sold of agricultural produce within the notified market area for purposes of levy of market fee. It cannot be disputed that Gur, Shakkar, Khandsari etc. brought by the petitioners from Uttar Pradesh and other States falls in one or the other clauses of sub-rule (7) of Rue 29. The contention of the learned counsel has thus no merit.43. For the foregoing reasons, we may state on the authority of the Supreme Court itself that the observations in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) have to be read in the context in which they were made and not as words of a statute. The said observations are distinguishable on the facts of that case. The correct statement of law is that the view of quid pro quo has undergone a transforma-tion. The true test for a valid fee is whether the primary and essential purpose is to render; specific services to a sepcified area or class, it being of no consequence that the State may ultimately and indirectly benefit by it. Quid pro quo is not always a sine quo non of a valid fee and what is required to be show n is that by and large there is quid pro quo. The correla-tionship between services expected is of a

general character and a broad, reasonable and casual relationship is enough to satisfy the requirement of law. The payer of the fee I represents collectively the class of persons i.e. users of the market, including growers and those engaged in business to whom the benefit is directly intended by the establishment of a regulated market and not the actual individual i.e. the trader. If there is quid pro quo in the sense explained above for such a class of persons, the test of valid fee is satisfied.44. It may be mentioned that during arguments it was urged on behalf of the respondents that the petitioners can transact business of sale and purchase of agricultural produce at their place of business in the market area, principal market yard or sub-market yard established in the market area of the Market Committee. The licensed dealer can utilise all the facilities provided in the principal market yard, Sub-market yard and the market area by the Market Committee. At our instance, the affidavit of Shri Ramesh Inder Singh, IAS, Secretary to the Punjab State Agricultural Marketing Board, Chandigarh, dated January 4, 1989, was produced. To this affidavit, no counter affidavit was filed by the petitioners. Therefore all the services available in the principal market yard or sub-market yard and market area are also available to the petitioners.45. a half-hearted attempt was made to contend that Gur, Shakkar, Khandsari etc., in which most of the petitioners dealt, was brought by them from outside that State of Punjab and such agricultural produce was outside the purview of the Act. It may be pointed out at once that this very question was raised in M/s. Prem Chand Ram Lal v. State of Punjab, 1970 Pun LJ 432, and it was held by a Division Bench of this Court that agricultural produce bought or sold by licensee in notified market area was liable to the levy of market-fee irrespective of the fact where it was produced and who produced it.46. Applying the above tests, our conclusion is that there is necessary quid pro quo between the imposition of market-fee on the petitioners and the services envisaged under

the Act. The petitions must therefore, fail and
the same are dismissed with costs.PART II,47. In Civil Writ Petition No. 2551 of 1988 the petitioner seeks a writ of mandamus against the respondents directing them not to levy market fee on the retail sales of timber and fuel wood sold from his saw mill which, according to the petitioner, is situate outside the principal market yard and the sub-market yard at Sangrur in the State of Punjab. According to the petitioner, he imports wood by purchasing the same from the Punjab Forest Corporation from its various depots situated outside the notified market area of the Market Committee and other places outside the jurisdiction of the notified market area. He makes them into planks and the remaining is disposed of as fire-wood which is sold to the customer on retail basis by private negotiations. According to him, Market Committee, Sangrur, nowhere comes into the picture and renders him no service. The Market Committee, according to the petitioner, does not exercise any supervision control on purchases and sale made by him nor had the Market Committee established any market-yard or sub-market yard for the sale of timber and fire wood. By notification Annexure P1, dated 8-3-1988, the Marketing Board imposed market fee at the rate of Rupee one for every hundred rupees of sale. The petitioner has challenged the said imposition broadly on the same grounds as taken by the petitioners dealt with in Part 1 of this judgment.In the return filed by Shri Ramesh Inder Singh, Secretary, Punjab Mandi Board, Chandigarh, respondent No. 2, it was stated that forestation has been recognised as a national necessity. In the State of Punjab gradual effort has been made to increase the area under the forests during the last few decades. It rose from 1872 Square K. Ms. in 1965-66 to 2823 Square K. Ms. in 1985-86. The increase was several times higher. One of the principal reasons why Punjab could not match the national average was that the farmer was not able to get a remunerative

price for his effort. Various Kisan Organisations represented to the government as also to the Board from time to time against the prevalent malpractices in the wood trade. To identify the malpractices the Board conducted a survey. This survey revealed that the traders were resorting to malpractices in weighment and payment to farmer/ producers. The farmer had absolutely no say in the settlement of rate. In particular the malpractices revealed were the following:--(i) Cash discount.The traders were resorting to arbitrary cash discount. After settlement of sale price, traders impose a cut on the payments, ranging from 1 to 2%. In some cities farmer were not paid the amount exceeding a round figure. Thus if the value of the commodity came to Rs. 120/- the farmer was paid only Rs. 100/-.(ii) Discounted weighment.The survey revealed a system of discounted weighment, varying from 5% to 10%. Thus, if a lot of wood weighed 100 Kgs., the producer was paid for only 95 Kgs. or 90 Kgs. In the trade parlance this system is known as 'Batala1 (40 Kgs. for 42 Kgs.), 'Tartala' (40 Kgs. for 44 Kgs.).(iii) Rate of Commission.The rate of commission charged by the traders varied from 3 to 6 1/4% on the value of the sale price. At Patiala, Amritsar, Jalan-dhar and Bhatinda the rate of commission is 5% at Khanna 3%, at Ludhiana 4% and at Gurdaspur 6 1/4%. In addition, at some places, the traders charged commission up to 3% from buyers. Thus, both the producer and the purchaser were subject to payment of commission,(iv) Brokerage
 

In some markets brokerage charges varying from Rs. 10 to Rs. 15 per cart or trolley were deducted from the seller.(v) Weighment charges
 

Weighment charges of Rs. 2 to 8 per cent per cart or tractor-trolley were paid by seller.(vi) Transportation  and    unloading charges:The traders subject the farmers to varying rates according to their wish. The charges for unloading range from Rs. 20 to Rs. 50 per truck/trolley load. In addition, the farmers are expected to carry wood to the premises of the purchaser, after finalisation of sale transactions in the market.The survey made out a strong case for regulating the marketing of wood in general and eucaplytus in particular to check the exploitation of growers.48. The Board also conducted a seminar on marketing of wood in which producers, traders, forest department officers, Forest Development Corporation and experts from the Punjab Agricultural University participated. The participants were unanimous regarding the need for regulating the trade in wood. It will be recalled that the expression 'agricultural produce' defined in clause (a) ofsection 2of the Act expressly includes produce of forests as specified in theSchedule to the Act. The State Government issued notification dated September 16, 1987 including timber and firewood in theSchedule to the Act. This was followed by another notification undersection 5of the Act dated September 28, 1987 inviting objections/suggestions. After considering the objections, notification dated February 29, 1988 An-nexure R-2/2, undersection 6(1)was issued. It was categorically asserted that the saw mill of the petitioner was situated within the market area of Sangrur Market Committee. Various services provided by the Market Committee were spelled out in paragraph 11 of the return. These are services provided in the principal market yard and the sub market yard and other facilities like provision of roads, water, electricity, staff to implement the Act and the rules framed thereunder; separate area for wood marketing had been earmarked in the principal market yard, Sangrur.49. On the same lines is the return filed by the Market Committee, Sangrur and the State government. During arguments a question was raised whether some facilities are available in the market yards for timber

trade. Affidavit dated 10-1-1989 of shri Kamesh Inder Singh, Secretary, Marketing Board has been produced. In this affidavit it is stated that timber and firewood are sold in the vehicles as such, without being unloaded, except at Patiala and partly at Amritsar. After auction was held, the vehicles go to the premises of the purchaser for unloading the weighmem is generally done on the weighbridge. It is also specifically mentioned that infrastructure required for sale of timber and firewood has been provided in the market yards or sub-market wards for placing or parking of vehicles, weigh-bridges for weigh-ment, space for staying of sellers or buyers and to keep timber or firewood which remains unsold, etc. This space for wood and timber has been specified and exclusively earmarked in the markets for trading in wood. Three maps, one relating to Ludhiana, the second relating to Sangrur and the third relating to Ferozepur city have been produced along with the affidavit. We have looked into these maps. We find that the averments made in the affidavit are supported by these three maps, showing a particular space earmarked for wood marketing, apart from other facilities available in the market yard. In the facts and circumstances of this case, the conclusions arrived at in Part I aptly apply and we do not find any merit in, this writ petition. It is accordingly dismissed with costs.PART III C.W.P. No. 121 of 198850. 167 licensed dealers in the State of Haryana have challenged the vires of theHaryana Rural Development Act, 1986(Haryana Act No. 6 of 1986) (hereinafter referred to as '1986 Act').51. It will be recalled that earlier the Haryana Legislature enacted theHaryana Rural Development Fund Act, 1983(Haryana Act No. 12 of 1983). A large number of traders including some of the present petitioners challenged the said Act of
1983. Their writ petitions were allowed by a learned single Judge of this Court on 13-10- 1984. The judgment is reported asOm Parkash v. Giri Raj Kishore, AIR 1985 Punj & Har 52. Letters Patent Appeal against the

judgment was allowed by a Division Bench.The decision of the appellate Bench is reported asState of Haryana v. Om PrakashAIR 1985 Punj & Har 317. A further appeal to the Supreme Court by Special Leave was again allowed and the aforesaid Act of 1983 was struck down by the Supreme Court.The decision is reported asOm Parkash Aggarwal v. Giri Raj Kishore, AIR 1986 SC 726.52. The Haryana Legislature reenacted the Act purporting to remove the infirmities found in the earlier Act by the Supreme Court. 1986 Act and the Haryana Rural Development Rules, 1987 framed thereunder have been challenged through the present writ petition broadly on the ground that the legislature was not competent to reenact the law so as to overrule the decision of the Supreme Court in Om Parkash AggarwaPs case (supra). Further case of the petitioners is that the 1986 Act suffers from the same infirmities as the previous Act in that (a) the so called fee is, in fact, a tax and the State Legislature was incompetent to impose the same; (b) the impost cannot be justified as a fee for want of quid pro quo with respect to the dealers. In particular,section 11of the Act relating to power of the State Government to retain the cess levied under the previous Act was challenged as unconstitutional being (i) without legislative competence; (ii) violative ofArticle 14for treating those who had passed on the burden to others at par with those who had not done so; and (iii) the Act continues to suffer from the same defects. If the impost was not valid under the present Act, it could not be valid retrospectively. The imposition of fee was also assailed on the ground that it had been levied for carrying out purely governmental functions which was against the concept of fee and, therefore, invalid. It was also stated that the objects of the Act were substantially the same as the objects under thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961, and the Supreme Court had struck down the increase in the market fee from Rs. 2/- per hundred rupees to Rs.3/- in K. K. Puri's case (AIR 1980 SC 1008) (supra). According to the petitioners, the same result could not be achieved by enacting the present Act under a different
nomenciature. What cannot be done directly, cannot be done indirectly.53. It may be mentioned at this stage that an Act similar to the 1986 Act was enacted by the Legislature of the State of Punjab called thePunjab Rural Development Act, 1987. Some dealers in the State of Punjab filed Civil Writ Petitions Nos. 6364 and 7572 of 1987 in this Court, challenging the vires of the said Punjab Act. A Division Bench of this Court dismissed the writ petitions in limine by relying on the decision inShiv Dayal Singh v. The State of Haryana, AIR 1989 Punj and Har 87 in which challenge to the vires of theHaryana Rural Development Act, 1986, had been repelled by the learned Judges of the Division Bench. The writ petitioners filed SLP (Civil Appeals Nos. 12231-32 of 1987), which were dismissed by their Lordships of the Supreme Court on November 3, 1987, by order Annexure R. 1 filed with the return of respondent No. 1. Their Lordships observed that they were not impressed by the submissions of the learned counsel for the petitioners assailing the view taken by the High Court on the grounds raised before it in the writ petitions out of which the Special Leave Petitions arose. Learned counsel for the petitioners prayed for permission to withdraw the petitions. The Special Leave Petitions were thus dismissed as withdrawn.In other words, the view taken inShiv Dayal Singh's case (supra) was approved by the Supreme Court. Necessary facts in this petition were pleaded in the preliminary objection in the written statement. With regard to the impugned impost, the stand of the respondents was that in fact it was a fee for services rendered to the persons paying the same, the services being rendered directly as well as indirectly.It was highlighted that the dealers did not bear the burden of paying the fee and they were under a statutory obligation to add the amount of the fee in the purchase price recoverable from the next purchaser of the agricultural produce or the goods processed or manufactured out of it. The various infirmities found by the Supreme Court in the previous Act of 1983 inOm Parkash Aggarwal's case (AIR 1986 SC 726) (supra) had been removed and the Legislature was competent to reenact the same and

validate the levy of fee levied and collected under the previous Act. The mere fact that some of the objects of the impugnedAct and the Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets Actwere overlapping was no reason to render the later Act to be ultra vires. The Haryana Rural Development Fund Administration Board had been created as a body corporate and the amount of the fee vested in the said Board as distinguished from the government. The provisions ofsection 11empowering the government to retain the fee collected under the previous Act was sought to be justified on the analogy ofsection 23-Ainserted by amendment of thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961, to retain market fee already collected prior to the amendment.54. Learned counsel for the petitioners assailed the view taken inShiv Dayal Singh's case (AIR 1989 Punj & Har 87) (supra) before a D. B. of this Court. The learned Judges doubted the correctness of that decision and further observed that the services envisaged under the impugned Act were already provided for under thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961, and expressed its doubt if under a separate Act a fee could again be imposed when funds with the Market Committees were more than enough to render the services specified in the earlier Act of 1961. On these two counts, therefore, the learned Judges referred the case for decision by a larger Bench.This is how the writ petition has been placed before us.55. Under our Constitution, the Legislature is competent to pass a validating Act with regard to a law which has been held to be ultra vires by the Court. Such a validating Act can be given retrospective effect. This question was examined in Rai Ramkrishna v.| State of Bihar, AIR 1963 SC 1667, by a Constitution Bench, and it was held that the; legislative power conferred on the Legislature includes the subsidiary or the auxiliary power to validate laws which have been found to be invalid. If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another, it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as

to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.56. The validity of a validating Act is to be judged by examining whether the Legislature enacting the validating Act had competence over the matter and whether by validation the Legislature had removed the defects which the Court had found in the previous law. The stand of the petitioners is that in fact what was described as 'cess' undersection 3of the 1983 Act and was held to be a tax continued to be a tax despite its changed nomenclature of 'fee' in the 1986 Act. The stand of the respondents, on the other hand, is that what has been imposed in the 1986 Act is a fee and the reasons for which the Supreme Court held that impost to be a tax under the 1983 Act did not hold good in the 1986 Act and the said Act was, therefore, intra vires and valid.57.The Haryana Rural Development Act. 1986, was enacted to provide for the establishment of the Haryana Rural Development Fund Administration Board and for augmenting agricultural production and improving its marketing and sale. The expressions "agricultural produce" and "dealer" as also the other words and expressions used in 1986 Act had the same meaning as under theAgricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961. "Rural area" was defined to mean an area other than the area of a municipality administered under theHaryana Municipal Act. 1973. Undersection 3, a Board called the Haryana Rural Development Fund Administration Board was constituted. It was to be a 

body corporate. Necessary provisions for its membership, functioning and powers, and duties were made.Section 4related to officers and servants of the Board. Undersection 5it was laid down that with effect from a daw appointed by the State Government by a notification, a fee shall be levied on the dealers on ad valorem basis at the rate of 1 per centum of the sale proceeds of agricultural produce bought or sold or brought for processing in the notified market area. A fee was leviable in respect of only such transactions in which the actual delivery of agricultural produce had been made. The dealer was under a statutory obligation  to add the amount of the fee in the purchase price recoverable by him. Arrears of fee were made recoverable as arrears of land, revenue.Section 6created the Haryana Rural Development Fund, which vested in the Board. To the said Fund was to be credited all collection of fees undersection 5and grants from the State Government and local authorities. Sub-section (5) ofsection 5laid down the purposes for which the amount could be spent from the said Fund.Section 11provided for retention of cess/fee levied and collected under the provisions of the previous Act, namely, theHaryana Rural Development Fund Act, 1983, during the period September 30, 1983 to the date of the notification undersection 5(1)of the 1986 Act.58. Even at the risk of repetition, it is necessary to juxtapose the material provisions of the 1983 Act and the 1986 Act to bring out the salient points of difference :--1983 ACT   
 
Preamble  
   
  1986 ACT 
 

  Preamble1.An Actto provide for the establishment of the
  Haryana Rural Development Fund
  
   
   

1 .An Actto provide for the establishment of the
  Haryana Rural Development Fund. Administration Board for augmenting
  agricultural production and improving its marketing and sale.2. 2(h) "rural area" means an area the
  population of which does not exceed twenty thousand persons.2. 2(e) "rural area" means area other than
  the area of a municipality administered under theHaryana Municipal Act, 1973;3, 3(3) The dealer in turn shall be entitled5. (3) Since the burden of fee imposed by
  
 

  
   
   

to pass on the burden of the
  cess paid by him to the next purchaser of the agricultural produce from him and
  may, there-fore, add the same in the cost of agricultural produce or the
  goods processed or manufactured out of it.sub-section (1) is not
  intended to be put on the dealer, the dealer shall be  under a statutory
  obligation to add the amount of fee in the purchase price recoverable by him from
  the next purchaser of agricultural produce or the goods processed or
  manufactured out of it.4. 4. Constitution of fund4. 6. Constitution of fund -(I) There will be constituted a
  fund called the Haryana Rural Development Fund and it shall vest
  in the State Government.(1) There shall be constituted
  a fund called the Haryana Rural Development Fund which shall vest
  in the Board.xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx5. (5) The Fund shall be applied by the State Government to meet the
  expenditure incurred, in the rural areas, in connection with the development
  of roads hospitals, means of communication, water supply, sanitation
  facilities and for the welfare of agricultural labour or for any other scheme
  approved by the State Government for the development of rural areas. The fund
  may also be utilised to meet the cost of administering the fund.xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx6. (5) The fund shall be applied by the Board to meet the
  expenditure incurred in the rural areas in connection with the development of
  roads, establishment of dispensaries, making arrangements for water supply,
  sanitation and other public facilities, welfare of agricultural labour,
  conversion of the notified areas by utilising technical know-how thereto and
  bringing about other necessary improvements therein, construction of godowns
  and other places
  of storage, for the agricultural produce brought in the market area for sale/
  purchase and the construction of rest houses equipped with all modern
  amenities, to make the stay of visitors (both sellers and purchasers) in the
  market area comfortable and for any other pur-pose which may be
  considered by the Board to be in the interest of and for the benefit of the
  person paying the fee. The Fund may also be utilised by the Board to meet the
  cost of administering it.Section 3relating
  to establishment of the Board,section 4regarding officers and servants of the Board, andsection 11regarding retention of cess fee were new provisions
  made under this Act.59. It will be convenient to analyseOm Prakash Aggarwal's case (AIR 1986 SC 726) (supra) at this stage. To recapitulate, a number of dealers of Haryana challenged the constitutional validity of theHaryana Rural Development Fund Act, 1983, mainly on the


ground that in fact the so-called 'cess' was a 'tax'; that the State Legislature was not competent to levy a tax of the present type, and that the impost could not be justified as a fee as there was no quid pro quo. The Supreme Court held:(1) The cess in question could not be brought under any of the Entries 45 to 63 of List II, which are the only provisions under which the State Legislature could impose a tax.(2) The State Legislature was competent to impose a fee on any of the matters specified in the State List read with Entry 66 thereof. The Legislature was competent to impose the impugned fee under Entry 28 (markets and fairs) read with Entry 66, provided the other conditions with regard to valid levy of fee were fulfilled.(3) The only question which remained was whether the impost was a fee or a tax as those terms are understood as a result of series of decisions of the apex Court.(4) The three cases, namely, Sreenivasa General Traders (AIR 1983 SC 1246); Mohd. Yasin (AIR 1983 SC 617) and Southern Pharmaceutical and Chemicals (AIR 981 SC 1863) (supra) were distinguished as the levy under examination in those cases satisfied the tests of a fee.(5) No service, directly or indirectly, was required to be rendered to the persons from whom the cess was collected.(6) The Fund vested in the State Government and could be spent virtually on any object which the State Government considered to be development of rural areas.(7) The definition of the expression "rural area" was vague.(8) There was no specification in the Act that the amount or substantial part thereof will be spent on any public purpose within the market area or where the dealer was carrying on business.(9) The purposes were those on which collection of tax could be spent. There was nothing especially for the benefit of the dealer.(10) There existed no correlation between the amount paid as cess and the services rendered to the persons from whom it was collected.(11) The impost was in fact a tax for which

legislative competence was lacking.Accordingly the charging section was found to be ultra vires and as the remaining provisions were only a machinery provided in the Act, the whole of the 1983 Act was struck down.60. The defects found by the Supreme Court in the 1983 Act have been rectified in the 1986 Act. The points of difference in the two Acts have been brought out in the table in the earlier part of this judgment. We may say a few words about the defects noted above as (1) to (11) above in the context of 1986 Act.61. Regarding 'points No. 1 and 2' it cannot be disputed that the State Legislature is competent to impose fee of the present type under entry 28 read with entry 66 of List II of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. With regard to points 3, 4 and 5, we find that the fee levied under the 1986 Act satisfies the tests laid down by the apex Court with regard to a valid fee. This aspect of the case has already been dealt with in necessary detail in Part 1 of this judgment. With regard to point No. 6, the 1986 Act expressly laid down that the amount collected as fee vests in the Board which is a distinct legal entity as compared to the State Government. It has further been provided in the impugned Act that the amount can be spent only for the purposes envisaged under the Act. It is no longer open to the State Government to spend the amount for 'any object which the State Government considered for the development of rural areas'. Sub-sec. (5) ofS. 6of the Act consists of three main parts: One, development works and facilities in rural areas. Two, facilities of stay of visitors and storage of produce etc. in the market area. Three, for services for the benefit of persons paying the fee to Shri Sibal, learned counsel for the petitioners, laid great emphasis on the fact that while a large majority of the dealers paying the fee were located in the areas covered by the municipalities, the amount of fee collacted was to be spent in 'rural area' which as defined meant area outside the municipal limits. According to the learned counsel, therefore, there was no question of any correlation between the fee

collected from and the services rendered to those who paid the fee. We have given our earnest consideration to the above argument and we are clearly of the view that there is no merit in the same. There is no factual foundation for the supposition that the whole or a substantial part of the amount is being spent on items relating to the part one ofS. 6(5)to the exclusion of parts two and three thereof. We have, therefore, no reason to assume that the expenditure is being incurred in rural area at the expense of rest of the market area and the regulated markets with regard to the expenditure on items under part one. We are informed by the learned counsel for the respondents that depending upon the season and arrivals of various agricultural produce for sale a large number of purchase centres are set up under the Act as sub market yards so that the producers are not compelled to carry their produce over long distances. A large number of dealers who normally work in the principal market yard or sub-market yard or elsewhere in the notified market area shift to such purchase centres for transacting their business of purchase and sale. In other words, the dealers are not fixed to one place and the services rendered in the rural area and market area are thus for their special benefit. It is not disputed that the whole of the State of Haryana is divided into various market areas. The market area would, therefore, necessarily include the rural area except the areas within municipal limits. Any service rendered in the rural area would, therefore, be service provided in the notified market area though outside the municipal limits. This is apart from saying that the expenditure incurred in the market area is for the general benefit of the users of the market, especially the dealers working therein. Services for the benefit of the area as well those to the class, therefore, satisfies the test of quid pro quo.62. It was next contended that the Act made a provision for services which had already been envisaged under Ss. 26 and 28 of thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961. To that extent there was duplicity and overlapping. It cannot be denied that there is a certain amount of overlapping in the objects sought to be achieved under the two

Acts except that under thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Actthe area of operation of services is the notified market area, under the impugned Act it is additionally and more particularly the rural area. Such an overlapping is unavoidable as both the Acts have for their object better regulations of sale, purchase etc. of agricultural produce Merely because there is overlapping, in our view, is no reason to hold the latter Act to be ultra vires.63. With utmost respect to the learned Judges of the referring Bench, we are unable to share the view that the purposes under thePunjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961, had been achieved, the market committees were suffering from over affluence and excess of money and there was no need to do anything further in the field of better marketing conditions. The stark reality is that India continues to be amongst the poorest countries in the world. The conditions in our markets, especially those situated in semi urban or rural areas continue to be primitive and woefully inadequate. The level of development in the area of marketing leaves much to be desired. Coupled with this is an ever rising trend in cost of services, may be the salary bill of the employees or the cost of acquiring land or construction of building or roads.64. Similarly, we find that in the nature of things overlapping to some extent is unavoidable in the objects of the impugned Act and governmental functions. In a welfare State in whose Consitution the founding father took care to provide Directive Principles of State Policy, the line of demarcation where the purposes of the Acts in question end and the governmental functions begin is extremely thin and difficult to discern. What is crucial and determinative of whether the expenditure for a certain purpose is justified or not is to consider the primary, main or dominant purpose. If the dominant purpose is to fulfil the aims and object of the Act, the fee will not be rendered a tax because the resultant expenditure was incidentally what could or should have been spent by the Government for discharging its governmental functions.65. The learned Judges of the Division Bench inShiv Dayal Singh's case (AIR 1989 Punj & Har 87) (supra) reached the same conclusion though it was said in much fewer words.We find ourselves in agreement with the reasoning as well as the conclusion inShiv Dayal Singh's case (supra).66. With regard to the vires ofS. 11of the impugned Act, we may point out that the question was gone into in detail inShiv Dayal Singh's case (supra). It cannot be disputed that broadly the circumstances leading to the enactment ofS. 23Ain the Act and the enactment ofS. 11of the impugned Act were identical.S. 23Aof the Act was upheld in M/s.Amar Nath Om Prakash's case (AIR 1985 SC 218) (supra). As pointed out earlier, the fee, in question, has, by and large, been in fact charged. There is no question of unjust enrichment of the dealers being countenanced. The provisions ofS. 11of the impugned Act cannot be considered violative ofArt. 14for the simple reason that the presumption referred to therein is a rebuttable presumption and it is open to the dealers concerned to produce appropriate material to show to the assessing authority that in particular transaction he had not, in fact, charged the fee in question.67.The Punjab Rural Development Act, 1987, is broadly analogous to the aforesaidHaryana Rural Development Act, 1986. The challenge to its vires must be repelled for reasons which have been discussed while dealing with the Haryana Act.68. For the foregoing reasons, both the above writ petitions are dismissal with costs.69. Each set of the petitioners i.e. petitioners each writ petition in Parts I to III will pay Rs. 5000/- as costs.70. Petition dismissed.