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Yn golygu Figaniaeth - Wicipedia
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Mae'r erthygl hon yn sôn am ddeiet nad yw'n cynnwys unrhyw gynnyrch gan anifeiliaid, ac nid [[llysieuaeth]]. {{infobox | above = Bwyd y llyswr | abovestyle = background-color: <!--#71BC78-->#98FB98 | image1 =<div style="white-space:nowrap;">[[Delwedd:Tofu scr.jpg|x100px|alt=photograph|Tofu]][[Delwedd:Cafe Viva vegan pizza.jpg|x100px|alt=photograph|Pitsa llysol (gyda selsig llysol)]]<br>[[Delwedd:Lecker veganes Sushi.jpg|x129px|alt=photograph|Reis a swshi afocado mewn cylch o amgylch saws]][[Delwedd:Cupcakewiki.jpg|x129px|alt=photograph|Cacenau di-fenyn gyda cheirios]] | caption1 = Clocwedd o'r top chwith: toffw, pitsa,<br/> cacenau di-fenyn a ''makizushi'' | headerstyle = background-color: #98FB98 | label2 = Diffiniad cyffredinol | data2 = Peidio a defnyddio cynnyrch anifeiliaid | label3 = Blaenarwyd y tir gan | data3= [[Roger Crab]] (1621–1680)<ref>''Records of Buckinghamshire'', Cyfrol 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, tud. 68.</ref><br/>[[James Pierrepont Greaves]] (1777–1842)<br/>Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)<br/>Sylvester Graham (1794–1851)<ref>Rynn Berry, "A History of the Raw-Food Movement in the United States," in Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina (eds.), ''Becoming Raw: The Essential Guide to Raw Vegan Diets'', Book Publishing Company, 2010, tud. 9ff.</ref><br/>Amos Bronson Alcott (1799–1888)<br/>Donald Watson (1910–2005)<br/>H. Jay Dinshah (1933–2000) | label4 = Bathiad Saesneg (''vegan'') | data4 = Tachwedd 1944, gan y ''British Vegan Society'' | header5 = Llyswyr enwog | label6 = | data6= [[:en:w:List of vegans|Rhestr o lyswyr ar Wici Saesneg]] }} '''Figaniaeth''' yw'r ymarfer o fwyta [[llysiau|lysiau]] a [[ffrwyth]]au'n unig, heb unrhyw gynnyrch gan anifeiliaid (Saesneg: ''Veganism''). Mae figaniaeth yn ffordd o fyw sydd wedi'i ddilyn ers canrifoedd ond mae'r term yn perthyn i'r 1940au. Gellir ei ddiffinio (mewn modd negyddol) drwy ddweud fod y llyswr yn ymwrthod rhag bwyta cig neu ecsbloitio anifail mewn unrhyw fodd drwy beidio a defnyddio llaeth, wyau, caws, gwlân na mêl. Bathwyd y gair Saesneg ''vegan'' yn 1944 gan Donald Watson (sef cydsefydlydd ''the Vegan Society''), drwy gywasgu'r gair ''vegetarian'' h.y. ''veg'' + ''an''. Mae sawl rheswm dros bod yn figan (sef person sy'n ymarfer figaniaeth), gan gynnwys rhesymau amgylcheddol, moesol, meddygol, neu ddietegol. Roedd syniadau gwreiddiol Watson yn 1944 yn ymwneud a llysieuwr nad oedd ychwaith yn defnyddio cynnyrch llaeth, ac o fewn ychydig roedd wedi ehangu'r diffiniad i gynnwys wfftio'r ymarfer o ecsbloitio a defnyddio anifeiliaid mewn unrhyw fodd.<ref>Donald Watson, [http://ukveggie.com/vegan_news/vegan_news_1.pdf ''Vegan News''], Rhif. 1, Tachwedd 1944; [http://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html ''"Interview with Donald Watson"], ''Vegetarians in Paradise'''', 11 Awst 2004; Leslie Cross, [http://www.ivu.org/history/world-forum/1951vegan.html "Veganism Defined"], ''The Vegetarian World Forum'', 5(1), Gwanwyn 1951.</ref> Cynyddodd y diddordeb mewn llysiaeth yn y 2000au pan ddaeth bwydydd amrywiol, wedi'u prosesu'n arbennig ar gyfer deiet figanaidd i'r farchnad. Mynegodd nifer o [[athleteg|athletwyr]] eu bônt yn figans, yn enwedig yn y Triathlon ''Ironman''a'r ''ultrmarathon.<ref>Rynn Berry, "Veganism," ''The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink'', Oxford University Press, 2007, tud. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PA604 604–605]; [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/05/health/main7216497.shtml "Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream"], Associated Press, 5 Ionawr 2011; Nijjar, Raman. [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/05/27/f-vegan-power.html "From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet"], CBC News, 4 Mehefin 2011.</ref> [[Delwedd:Save The World Awards 2009 show06 - Carl Lewis.jpg|bawd|chwith|190|Yr athletwr Carl Lewis, figan]] Datgelodd gwaith ymchwil y [[maethegydd]] Winston Craig yn 2009 fod deiet figanaidd yn cynnwys lefelau uchel o: [[ffibr]], [[magnesiwm]], [[asid ffolig]], [[fitamin C]], [[fitamin E]], [[haearn]] ac yn isel mewn [[calori]]au, [[braster dirlawn]], [[asid brasterog|asidau brasterog]], [[colestorol]], [[fitamin D]], [[calsiwm]], [[zinc]] a [[fitamin B12]].<ref>Winston J. Craig, [http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/5/1627S.long "Health effects of vegan diets"], ''The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'', 89(5), Mai 2009, tud. 1627S–1633S: ''"Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."''</ref> Ymddengys fod deiet y figan yn cynnig amddiffynfa rhag rhai afiechydon e.e. afiechyd y galon,<ref name=disease>Sylwer fod sawl ffynhonnell yn defnyddio'r gair ''figan'' i gyfeirio at ddeiet o blanhigion yn unig:<p> [[:de:Claus Leitzmann|Claus Leitzmann]], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702597 "Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages?"], ''Forum of Nutrition'', 57, 2005, pp.&nbsp;147–156: "A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that wholesome vegetarian diets offer distinct advantages compared to diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin. The benefits arise from lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein as well as higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals. ... In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis."<p> Winston J. Craig, [http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/5/1627S.long "Health effects of vegan diets"], ''The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'', 89(5), Mai 2009, pp. 1627S–1633S (review): "Vegans tend to be thinner, have lower serum cholesterol, and lower blood pressure, reducing their risk of heart disease ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."<p> J. Sabaté, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936940 "The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift?"], ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'', 78(3 Suppl), Medi 2003, pp. 502S–507S: "Diets largely based on plant foods, such as well-balanced vegetarian diets, could best prevent nutrient deficiencies as well as diet-related chronic diseases."<p> M. Nestle, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10466159 "Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?"], ''Proceedings of the Nutrition Society'', 58(2), Mai 1999, pp. 211–218 (review): "This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. ... Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations."<p> Timothy J. Key, Paul N. Appleby, and M. S. Rosell, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441942 "Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets"], ''Proceedings of the Nutrition Society'', 65(1), Chwefror 2006, tud. 35–41 (review).<p> A. Ströhle et al, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136332 "Vegetarian nutrition: Preventive potential and possible risks. Part 1: Plant foods"], ''Wien Klin Wochenschr'', 118(19–20), October 2006, pp. 580–593 (review).<p> L. Van Horn et al, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237578 "The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease"], ''Journal of the American Dietetic Association'', 108(2), Chwefror 2008, tud. 287–331.<p> [http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/publications/dietaryguidelines/2010/policydoc/execsumm.pdf "Building healthy eating patterns"], ''Dietary Guidelines for Americans'', United States Department of Agriculture, 2010, p.&nbsp;45: "In prospective studies of adults, compared to non-vegetarian eating patterns, vegetarian-style eating patterns have been associated with improved health outcomes – lower levels of obesity, a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and lower total mortality. Several clinical trials have documented that vegetarian eating patterns lower blood pressure.<p> "On average, vegetarians consume a lower proportion of calories from fat (in particular, saturated fatty acids); fewer overall calories; and more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C than do non-vegetarians. In general, vegetarians have a lower body mass index. These characteristics and other lifestyle factors associated with a vegetarian diet may contribute to the positive health outcomes that have been identified among vegetarians."</ref> ac yn addas ar gyfer pob oedran a hynny gan sawl corff safonol<ref>''American Dietetic Association'', ''the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council'' a'r ''Dietitians of Canada''.</ref> Un o'r ychydig fwynau / fitaminau nad yw ar gael mewn planhigion yw B12 (sy'n cael ei greu gan [[Organeb byw|feicro-organebau]] megis [[bacteria]]), yna dylai figans gymeryd ychwanegion B12 ar ffurf tabledi.<ref name=B12extra>R. Pawlak, et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23356638 "How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among vegetarians?"], ''Nutrition Reviews'', 71(2), Chwefror 2013, tud. 110–117: "The main finding of this review is that vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet. Vegetarians should thus take preventive measures to ensure adequate intake of this vitamin, including regular consumption of supplements containing B12." *Mangels, Messina, and Messina, 2011, tud. [http://books.google.com/books?id=eJ10HoYQ2woC&pg=PA181 181–192]; [http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/ "Vitamin B12"], Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, accessed 17 Rhagfyr 2012.<p> Reed Mangels, [http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/b12.htm "Vitamin B12 in the Vegan Diet"], Vegetarian Resource Group, accessed 17 Rhagfyr 2012: ''"Vitamin B12 is needed for cell division and blood formation. Neither plants nor animals make vitamin B12. Bacteria are responsible for producing vitamin B12. Animals get their vitamin B12 from eating foods contaminated with vitamin B12 and then the animal becomes a source of vitamin B12. Plant foods do not contain vitamin B12 except when they are contaminated by microorganisms or have vitamin B12 added to them. Thus, vegans need to look to fortified foods or supplements to get vitamin B12 in their diet."''<p> Jack Norris, [http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/vitaminb12 "Vitamin B12: Are you getting it?"], Vegan Outreach, 26 Gorffennaf 2006: ''"Contrary to the many rumors, there are no reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B12 ... [There is an] overwhelming consensus in the mainstream nutrition community, as well as among vegan health professionals, that vitamin B12 fortified foods or supplements are necessary for the optimal health of vegans, and even vegetarians in many cases. Luckily, vitamin B12 is made by bacteria such that it does not need to be obtained from animal products."''<p> [[Victor Herbert (hematologist)|Victor Herbert]]. [http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/48/3/852.full.pdf "Vitamin B12: plant sources, requirements and assay"], ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'', 48(3), Medi 1988, tud. 852–858.</ref> Dywedir hefyd fod figan, ar y cyfan, yn deneuach, gyda cholestorol a [[pwysau gwaed|phwysau gwaed]] is. Credir hefyd fod ffactorau megis ymwrthod rhag cig, bwyta ffrwyth a figans a [[indecs màs y corff]] (BMI) isel yn ffactorau sy'n amddiffyn y corff rhag [[cansar]].<ref name=Craig>[http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/5/1627S.long Craig 2009] (review).</ref> ==Hanes== Mae [[llysieuaeth]] yn ymarfer hŷn na figaniaeth, a gellir ei olrhain yn ôl i [[India]] a [[Gwlad Groeg|Groeg]]. Yn y 19eg y daw'r gair ''vegetarian'' i fodolaeth. Defnyddiwyd y gair 'llysieuwr/aig' yn y 15-6g, ond ei ystyr oedd 'person sy'n defnyddio llysiau a pherlysiau i bwrpas meddygol.<ref>[http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru]; Dafydd Trefor; adalwyd 27 Medi 2014</ref> Roedd 'Geiriadur Saesneg Rhydychen yn wreiddiol yn y 19g yn nodi mai'r actores [[Fanny Kemble]] (1809–1893), yn Georgia yn 1839 a sgwennodd y gair am y tro cyntaf.<ref name=Kemble>Fanny Kemble, ''Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839'', Harper and Brothers, New York, 1839, tud. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WaFiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA197 197–198]: "The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me, and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian, probably, indeed, return entirely to my green and salad days."<p> Also see John Davis, [http://www.ivu.org/history/kemble.html "The earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'"], and [http://www.ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html "Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'"], International Vegetarian Union, accessed 17 December 2012.<p> Rod Preece, ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought'', University of British Columbia Press, 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjACpg=PA12 pp. 12–13]: Another early use of ''vegetarian'' is the April 1842 edition of ''The Healthian'', a journal published by [[Alcott House]]: "Tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial to the wants of his nature."</ref> Y bryd hynny ''total vegetarians'' oedd y term a ddefnyddiwyd am y figan.<ref>"Under Examination," ''The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger'', Vol XI, 1884, p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gwQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237 237]: "There are two kinds of Vegetarians – an extreme sect, who eat no animal food whatever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish ... The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the more moderate division."</ref> ==Gweler hefyd== * [[Cymdeithas y Llysieuwyr]] (Llysiaeuaeth, nid llysaeth, sylwer) ==Cyfeiriadau== {{cyfeiriadau}} [[Categori:Llysieuaeth]] [[Categori:Bwydlysyddiaeth]] [[Categori:Diet]] [[Categori:Hawliau anifeiliaid]]
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