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Wat behels Eksterne Selfbeskikking en die struikelblokke op die pad na volle onafhanklikheid | BondStaat.com
BondStaat van Suider Afrikaanse Volkstate
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Me Marieke Roos, ‘n internasionale regsgeleerde, het tydens OASE se simposium gister in Pretoria aan die gehoor verduidelik wat eksterne selfbeskikking alles behels en watter struikelblokke daar op die pad na volle onafhanklikheid bestaan. Sy het na hierdie struikelblokke verwys as “perceived obstacles”.
Me. Roos het ‘n LLB-graad in Internasionale Reg met lof behaal aan die Universiteit van Den Haag, en daarna ‘n LLM-graad (ook met lof) in Internasionale Reg en Internasionale Verhoudinge aan die Universiteit van Kent in Canterbury, Engeland. Haar LLM-verhandeling, waarvoor sy onderskeidingspunte by drie dosente gekry het, gaan juis oor eksterne selfbeskikking en is getiteld:
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE LAW OF EXTERNAL SELF-DETERMINATION AND SECESSION BEYOND DECOLONISATION AND DISSOLUTION.
Marieke Roos is tans ingeskryf vir ‘n doktorsgraad in Internasionale Reg aan die Universiteit van Johannesburg waar sy ook deeltyds Deliktereg doseer.
In haar aanbieding tydens gister se OASE-simposium het me. Roos onder andere klem gelê op die internasionale regsposisie ten opsigte van geskikte grondgebied vir selfbeskikking en uiteindelike onafhanklikheid, of soos dit soms genoem word, eksterne selfbeskikking. Sy het die volgende aanhaling van ‘n gerespekteerde internasionale regsgeleerde, Lea Brilmayer, voorgelees:
„[t]he two supposedly competing principles of people and territory actually work in tandem‟. She continues: „[M]y thesis is that every separatist movement is built upon a claim to territory, usually based on an historical grievance, and that without a normatively sound claim to territory, self-determination arguments do not form a plausible basis for secession‟ (1991).
Tien jaar later bevestig Lea Brilmayer haar standpunte soos volg:
“In evaluating secessionist claims specifically, there are two different aspects of the claim on which one might focus. Traditionally, theorists had focused on the cohesiveness of the group asserting the claim – whether the group in question was a distinct „people‟ in the religious, linguistic, or ethnic sense. There is another issue at stake, however: the objective validity of the claim that the particular group espouses. Thus (as I argued ten years ago) the claim to a particular piece of territory will be more or less convincing depending on the existence (or nonexistence) of a historical claim to land” (2000).
Aan die hand van bogenoemde internasionale regsriglyn het me. Ehlers verduidelik dat Afrikaners se sterkste aanspraak op grondgebied vir selfbeskikking daar is waar hulle kan bewys dat hulle in hul geskiedenis onafhanklikheid geniet het.
Afrikaners het reeds voor Britse kolonisasie volle onafhanklikheid geniet in die voormalige twee Boererepublieke en dit beteken dat hulle aanspraak binne hierdie gebied die sterkste is indien hulle selfbeskikking wil opeis. Afrikaners se onafhanklikheid was internasionaal erken voor Britse kolonisasie van die Boererepublieke in 1902. Dit beteken dat Afrikaners in hulle geskiedenis die hoogste vlak van vryheid geniet het wat daar in internasionale reg vir volke bestaan, naamlik soewereiniteit.
Me. Roos het ook verduidelik dat begrensing van ‘n gebied met die oog op selfbeskikking op so ‘n wyse sal moet geskied dat Afrikaners ‘n meerderheid binne die gebied verteenwoordig, en dat alle minderhede binne die gebied se regte behoorlik in ‘n Grondwet verskans behoort te word anders sal die internasionale gemeenskap nie sulke selfbeskikkingseise steun nie. Sy het gesê dat “recognition” deur die internasionale gemeenskap van ‘n volk se strewe na vryheid een van die belangrikste vereistes in die internasionale reg is vir die verkryging van eksterne selfbeskikking.
Me. Roos het ook die vier kriteria van die Konvensie van Montevideo vir die totstandkoming van ‘n nuwe staat aan simposiumgangers verduidelik. Sy het bygevoeg dat daar sedert 1933 ‘n vyfde kriterium in internasionale reg ontstaan het, naamlik die handhawing van minderhede wat binne die nuwe staat bly se basiese menseregte.
Sy het die kriteria vir die totstandkoming van ‘n nuwe staat soos vervat in die Konvensie van Montevideo voorgelees uit haar LLM-verhandeling:
Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention provides that „[t]he State as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) a government; and (d) the capacity to enter into relations with other states‟.
In sy toespraak het mnr. Cor Ehlers, voorsitter van OASE, verwys na prof. Andre Duvenage van Potchefstroom wat na bewering in die verlede sou gesê het dat die RSA se Grondwet sesessie of afskeiding van grondgebied met die oog op onafhanklikheid verbied. Mnr. Ehlers het gesê hy wonder waar prof. Duvenage hierdie wysheid vandaan haal as hierdie bewering die waarheid is.
In haar toespraak het me. Roos beklemtoon dat, selfs al sou die SA se Grondwet sesessie verbied, dit dan sou indruis teen internasionale regsbeginsels omdat selfbeskikking vir volke lankal reeds jus cogens-krag en erga omnes-status geniet. Sy het ook verduidelik dat, indien die outeurs van ons Grondwet sesessie wou verbied, hulle dit so sou moes geskryf het en dat mense nie so ‘n verbod op afskeiding van grondgebied in die Grondwet mag inlees as dit nie daar staan nie.
Me. Roos het ook verwys na die ratifisering van Artikel 235 van die Grondwet waar die Konstitusionele Hof se regters duidelik meld dat sesessie as ‘n moontlikheid oopgelaat word en hulle dit beskou as ‘n “permissive”, maar nie ‘n “obligatory”-aangeleentheid nie.
Daar bestaan geen beletsel in die Grondwet op sesessie met die oog op onafhanklikheid vir Afrikaners oor grondgebied nie.
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Categories: Bondstaat, Grondwet, OASE, Self Determination
Tags: 235, Grondwet, OASE, volkstaat
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