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Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology | Heimkaup.is
Háskóli Íslands, Háskólinn á Akureyri, Háskólinn á Bifröst
Íslenska Hugvísindi og tungumál Tölvu- og stærðfræði Viðskipti og hagfræði Raunvísindi Félagsvísindi Heilsugreinar Verkfræði Aðrar greinar Háskólabækur
Háskóli Íslands Háskólinn á Akureyri Heilbrigðisvísinda-svið Haust 2017 Vor 2017 Hug- og félagsvísindasvið Viðskipta- og raunvísindasvið Háskólinn á Bifröst Háskólinn á Hólum Háskólinn í Reykjavík Landb. háskóli Íslands
Leikjatölvur, Playstation 4, Playstation 3
Íslensk tónlist, Erlend tónlist, Vínylplötur
0-3 ára, 3-5 ára, 6-8 ára
Klassískar bókmenntir, Almenn skáldverk, Ástarsögur og erótík
Ást og Erótík, Grín og gaman, Handavinna
Ray-Ban, Michael Kors, Emilio Pucci
Vítamín og fæðubótarefni, Heilsuvörur, Brúsar
Borðbúnaður, Pottar og pönnur, Eldhúsáhöld
Gjafabréf, Myndir og veggskraut, Kerti og kertastjakar
Caffitaly hylki, Nespresso hylki, Te
Áhöld fyrir bílþvottinn, Bón og hreinsivörur, Efni og vökvar
Útilegu- og útivistarvörur, Útivistarföt, Sjónaukar
Hjálmar og hlífar, Hlaupahjól og bretti, Barnareiðhjól
Lego Bionicle, Lego City, Lego Creator
Kaffivélar, Brauðristar, Heilsu og samlokugrill
Pappírsvörur, Ritföng og aðrar smávörur, Skjalavarsla
Íslensk tónlist, Erlend tónlist, Vínylplötur
Heimkaup Námsbækur Háskólabækur Háskólinn á Akureyri Heilbrigðisvísinda-svið Vor 2017 Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology
Námskeið MEI.0102 Meinafræði. - Útgáfa: 2 - Höfundur: Muralitharan Nair Ian Peate
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Ian Peate1 and Muralitharan Nair2
A note about the terms used
1 Cell and body tissue physiology
Figure 1.1 Simplified structure of a cell.
Figure 1.2 The cell membrane.
Transport across the cell membrane
Figure 1.5 Osmosis and movement of solute.
Figure 1.12 Types of cells.
Table 1.1 Stages of meiosis.
Figure 1.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Figure 1.15 Epithelial cells classified according to shape.
Figure 2.2 Molecular biology model (after King, 2000).
Figure 2.3 Clinical model (after King, 2000).
Figure 2.4 Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis.
Figure 2.5 Diagram of breast showing lobules and ducts.
Figure 2.6 Symptoms of breast cancer.
3 Inflammation, immune response and healing
Figure 3.1 Shapes of bacteria.
Figure 3.2 Bacterial reproduction – simple fission.
Figure 3.4 Typical fungi shapes. (a) Cryptococcus neoformans, (b) Candida albicans, (c) Microsporum canis, (d) Histoplasma capsulatum, (e) Epidermophyton floccosum, (f) Trichophyton mentagrophytes, (g) Aspergillus fumigatus, (h) ringworm infection of the hair.
Organs, cells and proteins of the immune system
Figure 3.5 The lymphatic system.
Figure 3.8 The inflammatory process.
National Resource for Infection Control (NRIC)
The Department of Health (DH)
HIV tutorial (University of Utah)
Department of Health – E. coli outbreak
Table 4.1 Types of shock and common causative factors (Docherty and Hall, 2002).
Table 4.2 A summary of the clinical presentation of different types of shock.
Stage 1: Compensatory (non-progressive) stage of shock
Stage 2: Progressive (decompensated) stage of shock
Stage 3: Irreversible (refractory) stage of shock
Table 4.3 Physiological changes that occur at each stage of shock (adapted from Sole et al., 2008).
Care of the patient in shock
Pharmacological management of shock
Table 4.4 Common drugs used to manage shock (adapted from Sole et al., 2008).
Table 4.5 Additional management of shock according to type.
Fill in the blanks
NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries
Trauma and shock factsheet
Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN)
British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5 The heart and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Location of the heart
Figure 5.1 Location of the heart.
Structures of the heart
Figure 5.2 The cardiac muscle.
Chambers of the heart
Figure 5.3 The chambers and the valves of the heart.
Valves of the heart
Vessels of the heart
Figure 5.4 The vessels of the heart.
Table 5.1 Summary of the vessels and their functions.
Blood flow through the heart
Figure 5.5 Blood flow through the heart. The arrows indicate the direction of blood flow.
Conducting systems of the heart
Figure 5.6 The conducting system of the heart.
Right and left bundle branches
Nerve supply of the heart
Figure 5.7 The cardioregulatory centre.
Diseases of the heart
Figure 5.8 Myocardial infarction.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment
Heart failure/congestive heart failure
Pathophysiology of right heart failure
Signs and symptoms of right heart failure
Pathophysiology of left heart failure
Left heart failure (backward effects)
Left heart failure (forward effects)
Signs and symptoms of left heart failure
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment
Figure 5.9 Vicious cycle of cardiogenic shock.
Figure 5.10 Blockage of the coronary arteries.
Fill in the blanks
Online nutritional information and facts
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
Department of Health – Policy, guidance and publications for NHS and social care professionals
6 The vascular system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 6.1 Blood flow.
Overview of blood vessels
Structure of the blood vessels
Figure 6.2 Structures of an artery and a vein.
Figure 6.3 Elastic recoil of the aorta.
Figure 6.5 Bicuspid valves of a vein.
Factors that can affect blood pressure
Diseases of the blood vessels
Figure 6.6 Atheroma build-up in an artery.
Table 6.1 Effects of atherosclerosis on different sites.
Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis
Pharmacological interventions for atherosclerosis
Figure 6.7 (a) A dissecting aneurysm; (b) a fusiform aneurysm; and (c) a saccular aneurysm.
Figure 6.8 Dacron graft for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Synthetic graft used for surgery. Reproduced with permission from Vascutek.
Table 6.2 Comparison between an arterial and venous insufficiency.
Figure 6.9 Dacron graft for peripheral vascular disease. Synthetic graft used for surgery. Reproduced with permission from Vascutek.
Figure 6.10 Varicose veins.
Figure 6.11 Calf-muscle pump.
Veins affected with varicosity
Figure 6.12 Veins of the leg susceptible to varicosity.
Figure 6.13 (a) Venous ulcer; (b) venous eczema; and (c) lipodermatosclerois.
Figure 6.14 Formation of thrombosis.
Figure 6.15 Formation of a platelet plug.
Figure 6.16 Formation of a clot.
Fill in the blanks
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines (SIGN)
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
Department of Health (DH)
7 The blood and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 7.1 Components of blood.
Figure 7.2 Cells of the blood.
Nutrients and waste products of metabolism
Formed elements of blood
Figure 7.3 Red blood cell.
Figure 7.4 Haemoglobin molecule.
Formation of red blood cells
Figure 7.5 Formation of blood cells.
Transport of respiratory gases
Destruction of red blood cells
Figure 7.6 Haemolysis of red blood cells.
Table 7.1 Blood clotting factors.
Figure 7.7 ABO blood groups.
Table 7.2 Blood groups.
Diseases of the blood
Care and management of macrocytic anaemia
Figure 7.8 Sickled red blood cell.
Figure 7.9 Sickle cell in microcirculation.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
8 The renal system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 8.1 Renal system.
Figure 8.2 External layers of the kidney.
Figure 8.3 Internal structures showing blood vessels.
Figure 8.5 Bowman’s capsule.
Functions of the kidney
Figure 8.6 Nephron with capillaries.
Table 8.1 Summary of the solutes of the kidney.
Figure 8.7 Common iliac vessels and ureter.
Figure 8.8 Layers of the urinary bladder.
Figure 8.9 Location of the female urethra.
Disorders of the renal system
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease
Table 8.2 Summary of aetiology of acute kidney injury.
Figure 8.10 Renal calculi.
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
Department of Health (DH) – Renal dialysis
British Journal of Renal Medicine
Journal of Renal Nursing
Department of Health – National Service Framework
9 The respiratory system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
The upper respiratory tract
Figure 9.1 The main structures of the upper respiratory tract.
The lower respiratory tract
Figure 9.2 Gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract.
Figure 9.3 The bronchial tree.
Figure 9.4 Microscopic anatomy of a lobule.
Figure 9.5 Muscles involved in pulmonary ventilation.
Figure 9.6 Movements of inspiration and expiration.
Figure 9.7 External and internal respiration.
Transport of gases and internal respiration
Figure 9.8 The respiratory centres of the brainstem.
Figure 9.9 Actions of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors.
Table 9.1 Important terminology of breathing.
Disorders of the respiratory system
Lower respiratory tract infections
Table 9.2 The main investigations of pneumonia.
Figure 9.10 Spirometry – a normal forced vital capacity compared to an obstructed forced vital capacity.
Figure 9.11 Cellular structure of the airways.
Figure 9.12 Airway pathophysiology, normal compared to status asthmaticus.
Table 9.3 Features of acute/severe and life-threatening asthma.
Table 9.4 Summary of bronchodilator therapies given in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 9.5 Summary of main corticosteroids used in the treatment of respiratory disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Figure 9.13 Comparison of a normal bronchiole and alveoli to those in an emphysema sufferer.
Figure 9.14 Comparison of a normal bronchiole to that in a chronic bronchitis sufferer.
Care and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Table 9.6 FEV1 as an assessment of airway obstruction.
Figure 9.15 Pleural effusion and a pneumothorax.
Table 9.7 Signs and symptoms of pleural disorders.
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
10 The nervous system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Structure of the nervous system
Figure 10.1 Divisions of the human nervous system.
Figure 10.2 The four main parts of the human brain.
Table 10.1 The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
Table 10.2 Cranial nerves.
Blood supply to the brain
Figure 10.3 The circle of Willis.
Ventricles of the brain
Figure 10.4 The spinal cord and the location of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Table 10.3 Physiological effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Disorders of the nervous system
Care and management of the patient at risk of increased intracranial pressure
Table 10.4 The Glasgow Coma Scale.
Table 10.5 Signs and symptoms of stroke according to side of brain affected.
Parkinson’s disease (paralysis agitans)
Table 10.6 Stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
Figure 10.5 The process of demyelination.
Table 10.7 Classification of seizures.
Care and management of the patient with seizures
Care and management of the patient with status epilepticus
Fill in the blanks
NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries
11 The gastrointestinal system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 11.1 The gastrointestinal tract.
Structure of the gastrointestinal system
Figure 11.2 The oral cavity.
Figure 11.3 The milk teeth.
Figure 11.4 The permanent teeth.
Figure 11.5 The salivary glands.
Figure 11.6 The pharynx.
Figure 11.7 Swallowing action.
Figure 11.8 The stomach.
Figure 11.9 Layers of the stomach.
Figure 11.10 The small intestine.
Figure 11.11 The mesentery of the small intestine.
Figure 11.12 Section of the small intestine showing the villi.
Figure 11.13 The large intestine.
Accessory organs of digestion
Figure 11.14 The liver.
Blood vessels of the liver
Figure 11.15 Production and storage of bile.
Disorders of the digestive system
Figure 11.16 Common sites for peptic ulcer. (Adapted from LeMone et al., 2011.)
Fill in the blanks
National Association for Colitis and Crohn’s Disease (NACC)
The Surviving Sepsis Campaign
NHS Choices. Your health, your choices
The British Dental Foundation
The Ileostomy and Internal Pouch Support Group
12 Nutrition and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 12.1 A lipoprotein.
Table 12.1 Summary of vitamins and their functions.
Table 12.2 Minerals and their functions.
Screening tools for nutritional assessment
Figure 12.2 Food groups and recommended portions.
Figure 12.3 Energy balance.
Figure 12.4 Gastric bypass surgery.
Care and management of the patient with enteral feeding
Fill in the blanks
Department of Health (DH)
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Obesity
World Health Organization (WHO)
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Eating disorders
13 The endocrine system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 13.1 Hormone release and transport.
Figure 13.2 Position of the endocrine glands.
The control of hormone release
Figure 13.3 Control of hormone release by the negative feedback system.
The physiology of the endocrine glands
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Figure 13.4 The pituitary gland.
Table 13.1 The hormones of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland.
Figure 13.5 The negative feedback control of thyroid hormone production. TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; TRH, thyroid-releasing hormone.
Figure 13.6 Anatomy of an adrenal gland.
Figure 13.7 Mechanisms for the control of aldosterone secretion. BP, blood pressure.
Figure 13.8 Response of the endocrine system to stress.
Disorders of the endocrine system
General considerations for caring for patients with an endocrine condition
Figure 13.9 Causes of hypopituitarism and its effects on hormone release. GH, growth hormone; LH, luteinising hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; PRL, prolactin; ADH, antidiuretic hormone.
Table 13.2 Common laboratory test findings in the diagnosis of thyroid disease.
Box 13.1 Endocrine emergency: thyroid storm.
Box 13.2 Endocrine emergency: myxoedemic coma.
Figure 13.10 Cushing’s disease (http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/teaching/icu3/lecture/24/index.htm).
Figure 13.11 (a) Primary adrenal insufficiency and (b) secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Box 13.3 Endocrine emergency: adrenal crisis.
Box 13.4 Endocrine emergency: hyperglycaemia.
Box 13.5 Focus on diabetic foot ulcers.
Fill in the blanks
Addison’s Disease Self-Help Group
14 The reproductive systems and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 14.1 The female pelvis.
The female reproductive tract
Figure 14.2 The female external genitalia (also known as the pudendum or vulva).
Figure 14.3 The uterus and associated structures.
Figure 14.4 The cervix – ectocervix, internal os and external os.
Figure 14.5 The menstrual cycle (ovarian).
Figure 14.6 A cross-sectional of the female breast.
Table 14.1 Primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea – distinctions.
Table 14.2 Drugs that may be used in the treatment of menorrhagia.
Table 14.3 Potential surgical treatments for women with heavy periods.
The male reproductive tract
Figure 14.7 The male reproductive system.
Benign and malignant prostate cancer
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
Women’s Health Forum Royal College of Nursing
15 Pain and pain management
Test your prior knowledge
The physiology of pain
Figure 15.1 Pathway of pain transmission and interpretation.
The ascending pain pathway
Figure 15.2 The ascending pain pathway.
Table 15.1 Size and speed of first-order sensory fibres.
Figure 15.3 Basic structure of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres.
Figure 15.4 Cross-section of the spinal cord. Note that both sides are identical.
Figure 15.5 The spinothalamic tract.
Figure 15.6 The limbic system.
Figure 15.7 Example of a reflex arc working in response to pain.
Transient, acute and chronic pain
Figure 15.8 Location of the thalamus, hypothalamus and reticular formation.
Superficial and deep pain
Gate control theory of pain
Figure 15.9 The gate control theory of pain.
Figure 15.10 The gate control theory and the influence of T (transmission)- and SG (substantia gelatinosa)-cell activity.
Pain pathophysiology and management
Referred and phantom limb pain
Figure 15.11 Examples of referred pain and the origin of the tissue damage.
Table 15.2 The effects of pain and stress on four major body systems.
Table 15.3 Types of cancer pain, their source, causes and descriptions.
Figure 15.12 Four dimensions of the pain experience. (Adapted from Manias et al., 2002.)
Figure 15.13 An example of a verbal rating scale.
Figure 15.14 An example of a numerical rating scale.
Figure 15.15 An example of a visual analogue scale.
Figure 15.16 The McGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack and Torgerson, 1971).
Table 15.4 Actions of opiate receptors.
Table 15.5 Common weak opiates and their routes of delivery.
Box 15.1 Common NSAIDs (trade name).
Figure 15.17 The prostaglandin-enhancing action of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enhancing prostaglandin action.
Table 15.6 Common strong opiates and their routes of delivery.
Figure 15.18 The World Health Organization analgesic ladder (WHO, 1986).
Figure 15.19 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) machine.
Fill in the blanks
16 The musculoskeletal system and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 16.1 The skeleton.
Figure 16.2 Bone production. (Adapted from Davis, 2006.)
Figure 16.3 Bone structure.
Figure 16.4 A synovial joint.
Assessing the patient with a musculoskeletal disorder
Table 16.1 Pain and its possible causes in association with the musculoskeletal system.
Table 16.2 Issues associated with the examination of the musculoskeletal system.
Disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Fractures and bone healing
Figure 16.6 The four types of fractures: (a) simple, (b) incomplete (greenstick), (c) comminuted and (d) compound.
Figure 16.7 A knee joint with osteoarthritis.
Table 16.4 Pharmacological agents that may be used in the treatment for osteoporosis.
Electrical activity in the muscles
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
The Myasthenia Gravis Association
17 Fluid and electrolyte balance and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Figure 17.1 Fluid compartments.
Figure 17.2 Fluid distribution.
Composition of body fluid
Table 17.1 Fluid intake and output.
Figure 17.3 Electrolytes of intracellular and extracellular compartments.
Table 17.2 Principal electrolytes and their functions.
Figure 17.4 Simple diffusion.
Figure 17.5 Carrier protein (facilitated diffusion).
Hormones that regulate fluid and electrolytes
Figure 17.6 Adrenal glands.
Figure 17.7 Cross-section of the adrenal gland.
Disorders associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Maintaining fluid balance charts
Figure 17.8 A fluid balance chart.
Benefits of good hydration
Caring for the patient with oedema
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
Department of Health – Heat Wave Plan
18 The skin and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Table 18.1 Problems that patients with skin conditions may experience.
The anatomy and physiology of the skin
Figure 18.1 The structure of the skin.
Table 18.2 The functions of melanocytes, Langerhans and Merkel cells.
Figure 18.2 The layers of the epidermis.
Figure 18.3 The structure of the dermis.
Figure 18.4 Sweat gland.
Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
Figure 18.5 The pilosebaceous unit.
Figure 18.6 The structure of the nail.
Disorders of the skin
Box 18.1 Some components of the history.
Table 18.3 Some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can predispose a person to skin disease.
Table 18.4 Assessing changes in moles (lesions).
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
Health promotion advice – skin cancer
Table 18.5 Skin types.
Box 18.2 Some points related to sun protection.
Fill in the blanks
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
British Association of Dermatologists
UK National Eczema Society
19 The ear, nose and throat, and eyes, and associated disorders
Test your prior knowledge
Physiology of the ear, nose and throat
Figure 19.1 The ear.
Figure 19.2 The nose.
Figure 19.3 The throat.
Physiology of the eye
Figure 19.4 The eye.
Movement of the eye
Disorders of the ear, nose and throat, and eye
Disorders of the ear, nose and throat
Box 19.1 Care of the patient following ear surgery.
Box 19.2 Care of the patient following nasal surgery.
Figure 19.5 Temporary tracheostomy.
Box 19.3 Cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes.
Disorders of the eye
Fill in the blanks
BMC Ear Nose and Throat Disorders
Northern Ireland Cancer Network. E-learning Care of the Laryngectomee
Royal National Institute of Blind People
The National Association of Laryngectomee Clubs
The Royal College of Ophthalmologists
Appendix A Reference values in venous serum (adults)
Appendix B List of units
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Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
Þú gætir haft áhuga á
Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine
Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary
Ebersole and Hess' Gerontological Nusing and Healt
Umsagnir. Aðeins kaupendur geta gefið umsögn um vöru.
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