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Áhrif loftslagsbreytinga, veikleikar og aðlögun
Urban, Land and Soil systems (ULS)
Waste and Materials in a Green Economy (WMGE)
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Page Síðast breytt 31 Jan 2017
Jarðvegur er undirstaða 90 % allrar framleiðslu á matvælum, fóðri, trefjum og eldsneytis og sér fyrir hráefni fyrir allt frá garðyrkju til byggingariðnaðarins. Jarðvegur er lífsnauðsynlegur fyrir heilbrigði vistkerfisins: hann hreinsar og hefur stjórn á vatni, hann er vélin fyrir hringrásir næringarefna og forðabúr fyrir gen og tegundir og styður þannig við líffræðilegan fjölbreytileika. Hann er alþjóðlegur geymslustaður fyrir kolefni og leikur þannig mikilvægt hlutverk við að hægja hugsanlega á loftslagsbreytingum og áhrifum þeirra. Auk þess er hann mikilvægur þáttur í menningararfleifð okkar með því að geyma minjar um fortíð okkar.
En jarðvegur hefur orðið fyrir stöðugri, oft stríðandi eftirspurn, frá samfélagi manna. Geta jarðvegsins til að standa undir þjónustu við vistkerfið — hvað varðar matvælaframleiðslu, sem uppspretta líffræðilegs fjölbreytileika og sem stýriþáttur gastegunda, vatns og næringarefna — er því undir þrýstingi. Hlutfall landhleðslu, landeyðingar, hnignunar lífrænna efna og mengun dregur úr viðkomugetu eða getu jarðvegarins til að laga sig að þeim breytingum sem hann verður fyrir.
Á einnig mannsævi getur jarðvegur því fallið í þann flokk að vera óendurnýjanleg auðlind. Við sem samfélag þurfum að tryggja sjálfbærni hans til að njóta þess sem hann hefur upp á að bjóða. Þrátt fyrir fjölbreytta starfsemi sem byggir að lokum á jarðvegi er engri ESB löggjöf um jarðveg til að dreifa. Fram að þessu, ólíkt vatni og andrúmslofti, er fjallað um jarðveg með óbeinum hætti eða í stefnum fyrir mismunandi atvinnugreinar: landbúnaður og skógrækt, orkumál, vatn, loftslagsbreytingar, náttúruvernd, úrgangur og íðefni. Skorturinn á samfelldri jarðvegsstefnu á vettvangi Evrópusambandsins birtist einnig í skortinum á samræmdum upplýsingum um jarðveg.
Þrátt fyrir það hefur árangur náðst á undanförnum tíu árum þegar kemur að stefnumótun og samræmdri öflun upplýsinga. Stefna framkvæmdastjórnar Evrópusambandsins um jarðvegsmál frá árinu 2006 undirstrikar þörfina á því að vernda virkni jarðvegsins vegna mikilvægis hans í sjálfbærri þróun. Á alþjóðlegum vettvangi er fjallað um jarðvegsmál undir hinu víðfeðma hugtaki landhnignun (sem fram að þessu takmarkast við þurrlendissvæði) í samningi Sameinuðu þjóðanna gegn eyðimerkurmyndun (UNCCE). Nýlega var hugmyndin um að vernda jarðvegsvirkni felld inn í hugtakið um hlutleysi jarðvegshnignunar í sjálfbæru þróunarmarkmiðunum (e. Sustainable Development Goals, SDG) sem allsherjarþing Sameinuðu þjóðanna samþykkti árið 2015. SDG innihalda einnig markmið um jarðvegsgæði, jarðvegsmengun, stjórnun íðefna og úrgangs. Framkvæmd SDG kann að reynast mikilvægur þáttur í evrópskum aðgerðum til verndar jarðveginum. Tilraunir til að samræma og staðla jarðvegsupplýsingar fyrir almenning hafa gengið ágætlega bæði alþjóðlega og í Evrópu.
EEA framkvæmir möt á grundvelli vísbendinga um ýmiss konar landnotkun og jarðvegsmál í þemaklasanum fyrir landnotkun og jarðvegsvísum (LSI sett). LSI settið samanstendur af vísum um  landtöku, vatnsheldni, stjórnun mengunarstaða, jarðvegsraka, landeyðingu og lífrænt kolefni í jarðvegi. Ráðgert er að búa til vísa um uppbrot og landendurvinnslu. Copernicus landvöktunarþjónustan auðveldar reglulega uppfærslu á mörgum af þessum vísum. EEA gefur einnig út sérstakar matsgerðir um ákveðin jarðvegstengd málefni, eins og nýtingu jarðvegsauðlinda í þéttbýli eða næringarefni í jarðvegi og málmálag á umhverfið.
EEA á í samstarfi við samstarfsaðila frá framkvæmdastjórn Evrópusambandsins (einkum sameiginlegu rannsóknarmiðstöðina (JRC) og stjórnarsvið umhverfismála), Eionet fulltrúa frá innlendu viðmiðunarmiðstöðinni fyrir jarðvegs- og landnotkun og landnotkunarskipulag og önnur samstarfsnet og sérfræðinga í Evrópu. Alþjóðlegir samstarfsaðilar eru: skrifstofa UNCCD, Global Soil Partnership, Global Land Indicator Initiative (í gegnum búsetunefnd Sameinuðu þjóðanna) og Umhverfisstofnun Sameinuðu þjóðanna.
Starf EEA á þessu málefnasviði hefur verið stutt af viðeigandi Evrópskum málefnamiðstöðvum (ETC) frá árinu 1996; ETC um þéttbýlis- land- og jarðvegskerfi (ETC/ULS), hefur starfað frá árinu 2014 og styður við starf EEA á sviði jarðvegsmála. Árið 2007 var starfsemi á sviði jarðvegsupplýsinga flutt yfir til Evrópsku upplýsingamiðstöðvarinnar um jarðvegsmál hjá JRC.
Raða eftir: Útgáfudagur Heiti
Imperviousness and imperviousness change Between 2006 and 2009, soil sealing, or imperviousness, increased in all EEA-39 countries by a total of 4 364 k m 2 . This corresponds to an annual average increase of 1 454 k m 2 , or 0.027 % of the total EEA-39 area. During this period, the rate of increase in soil sealing relative to country area varied from 0.001 % to 0.48 %. In 2009, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.15 % to 15.23 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities. The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high.
Soil moisture Soil moisture content is already being affected by rising temperatures and changes in precipitation amounts, both of which are evidence of changes in climate. Since 1951, modelled soil moisture content significantly increased in parts of northern Europe and decreased in the Mediterranean region. Projections for 2021–2050 show a general change in summer soil moisture content over most of Europe, including significant decreases in the Mediterranean region and increases in the northeastern part of Europe. Maintaining water-retention capacity and porosity are important to reduce the impacts of intense rainfall and droughts, which are projected to become more frequent and severe. The modelled results are based on natural factors and disregard artificial drainage and irrigation practices.
Progress in management of contaminated sites Local soil contamination in 2011 was estimated at 2.5 million potentially contaminated sites in the EEA-39, of which about 45 % have been identified to date. About one third of an estimated total of 342 000 contaminated sites in the EEA-39 have already been identified and about 15 % of these 342 000 sites have been remediated. However, there are substantial differences in the underlying site definitions and interpretations that are used in different countries.   Four management steps are defined for the management and control of local soil contamination, namely site identification (or preliminary studies), preliminary investigations, main site investigations, and implementation of risk reduction measures. Progress with each of these steps provides evidence that countries are identifying potentially contaminated sites, verifying if these sites are actually contaminated and implementing remediation measures where these are required. Some countries have defined targets for the different steps.   Thirty of the 39 countries surveyed maintain comprehensive inventories for contaminated sites: 24 countries have central national data inventories, while six countries, namely Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden, manage their inventories at the regional level. Almost all of the inventories include information on polluting activities, potentially contaminated sites and contaminated sites.   Contaminated soil continues to be commonly managed using “traditional” techniques, e.g. excavation and off-site disposal, which accounts for about one third of management practices. In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques for contaminated soil are applied more or less equally.   Overall, the production sectors contribute more to local soil contamination than the service sectors, while mining activities are important sources of soil contamination in some countries. In the production sector, metal industries are reported as most polluting whereas the textile, leather, wood and paper industries are minor contributors to local soil contamination. Gasoline stations are the most frequently reported sources of contamination for the service sector.   The relative importance of different contaminants is similar for both liquid and solid matrices. The most frequent contaminants are mineral oils and heavy metals. Generally, phenols and cyanides make a negligible overall contribution to total contamination.   On average, 42 % of the total expenditure on the management of contaminated sites comes from public budgets. Annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites are on average about EUR 10.7 per capita. This corresponds to an average of 0.041 % of the national GDP. Around 81 % of the annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites is spent on remediation measures, while only 15 % is spent on site investigations. It should be noted that all results derive from data provided by 27 (out of 39) countries that returned the questionnaire, and not all countries answered all questions.
Land take Land take by the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of urban land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. The annual land take in European countries assessed by 2006 Corine land cover project (EEA39 except Greece) was approximately 108 000 ha/year in 2000-2006. In 21 countries covered by both periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2006) the annual land take decreased by 9 % in the later period. The composition of land taken areas changed, too. More arable land and permanent crops and less pastures and mosaic farmland were taken by artificial development then in 1990-2000. Identified trends are expected to change little when next assessment for 2006-2012 becomes available in 2014.
Soil erosion 105 million ha., or 16 % of Europe’s total land area (excluding Russia) were estimated to be affected by water erosion in the 1990s. Some 42 million ha. of land were estimated to be affected by wind erosion, of which around 1 million ha. were categorised as being severely affected. A recent new model of soil erosion by water has estimated the surface area affected in the EU‐27 at 130 million ha. Almost 20 % is subjected to soil loss in excess of 10 tonnes/ha./year. Increased variations in rainfallpattern and intensity will make soils moresusceptible to water erosion, with off-site effects of soil erosion increasing. Increased aridity will make finer-textured soils more vulnerable to wind erosion, especially if accompanied by a decrease in soil organic matter levels. Reliable quantitative projections for soil erosion are not available.
Soil organic carbon Soil carbon stocks in the EU-27 are around 75 billion tonnes of carbon; around 50 % of which is located in Ireland, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (because of the large area of peatlands in these countries). The largest emissions of CO 2 from soils are due to conversion (drainage) of organic soils, and amount to 20–40 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare per year. The most effective option to manage soil carbon in order to mitigate climate change is to preserve existing stocks in soils, and especially the large stocks in peat and other soils with a high content of organic carbon. On average, soils in Europe are most likely to be accumulating carbon. Soils under grassland and forests are a carbon sink (estimated up to 80 million tonnes of carbon per year) whereas soils under arable land are a smaller carbon source (estimated from 10–40 million tonnes of carbon per year). The effects of climate change on soil organic carbon and soil respiration are complex, and depend on distinct climatic and biotic drivers. However, they lack rigorous supporting datasets. Climate change is expected to have an impact on soil carbon in the long term, but changes in the short term will more likely be driven by land management practices and land use change
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Albania , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Kazakhstan , Kosovo (UNSCR 1244/99) , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Moldova , Monaco , Montenegro , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , San Marino , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , United Kingdom , Uzbekistan
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/is/themes/soil/intro or scan the QR code.
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