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1906 - Australia assumes administration of British holdings in New Guinea.
1906 - Britain and France establish joint rule over Vanuatu, then called the New Hebrides.
1908–10 - The German Südsee Expedition from Hamburg makes the first substantial collections of art from the Sepik River region in New Guinea as well as objects from New Britain and Manus.
1909–13 - Led by American anthropologist Albert B. Lewis, the Joseph N. Field South Pacific Expedition from Chicago travels widely in Melanesia, acquiring extensive collections from New Guinea, New Britain, Manus, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, as well as parts of Polynesia.
Swiss anthropologist Felix Speiser (1880–1949) undertakes extensive field research on the arts and cultures of Vanuatu, acquiring important collections of works from Pentecost, Ambrym, Malekula, the Banks Islands, and other areas.
1911–12 - Swiss naturalist and ethnologist Fritz Sarasin (1859–1942) makes two trips to New Caledonia, compiling substantial collections of objects and later writing important works on Kanak art and material culture.
1912–13 - The German Kaiserin-Augusta-Fluss Expedition explores and maps the art-rich Sepik River and its tributaries in New Guinea.
1914–51 - British anthropologist John Layard (1891–1974) undertakes extensive research on the art and culture of Malekula and its associated islands in Vanuatu.
1915–18: Polish-born anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) studies the culture and exchange system of the Trobriand Islands in New Guinea. His resulting books, includingArgonauts of the Western Pacific (1922), remain among the classic studies of anthropology.
1915–55: Swiss traveler Paul Wirz (1892–1955) is active in New Guinea. Wirz assembles important collections of works from the Sepik River, the Papuan Gulf, and other regions.
1920s–30s: Oceanic art, and particularly Melanesian sculpture, becomes an important influence on the Surrealists.
1921: As a result of the German defeat in World War I, Australia’s authority is extended to encompass Germany’s territorial possessions in New Guinea and adjacent islands.
1923–37: Anthropologist F. E. Williams (1893–1943) makes pioneering studies of art and ritual in the Papuan Gulf region of New Guinea.
1930s: Western explorers and prospectors first reach the Highlands of New Guinea.
1937: In their attempt to fly around the world, American aviator Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan take off from Lae in northern New Guinea.
1942–45: World War II in Melanesia. Japanese forces occupy New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, and Manus. Allied forces establish military installations in New Caledonia and Vanuatu. A number of major battles take place on Melanesian islands, including Guadalcanal and Bougainville in the Solomon Islands, as well as in New Britain and New Guinea. In 1943, the U.S. torpedo boat PT-109, commanded by future U.S. president John F. Kennedy, is sunk by a Japanese destroyer in the Solomon Islands.
1946: The exhibition Arts of the South Seas, including numerous Melanesian works, is presented at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
1952: exhibition Human Forms in the Art of Melanesia is held at the Auckland Museum in New Zealand.
1954: The exhibition Kunstwerke vom Sepik takes place in Basel, Switzerland, and the exhibitionMélanésie is held in Brussels, Belgium.
1955–59: Swiss anthropologist Alfred Bühler (1900–1981) makes two major collecting expeditions to the Sepik River in New Guinea and begins to define its major stylistic regions.
1959: The exhibition The Art of Lake Sentani, featuring works from one of western New Guinea’s most distinctive artistic traditions, is held at the Museum of Primitive Art in New York.
1960s: The ancient wood sculptures kept in the caves of the upper Karawari River region in New Guinea are discovered and acquired by Western traders.
1961: The exhibition Art Styles of the Papuan Gulf, featuring works from one of New Guinea’s most distinctive artistic traditions, takes place at the Museum of Primitive Art in New York.
1961: Anthropologist Adrian Gerbrands (1917–1997) does research among the Asmat people of New Guinea to document the distinctive styles of eight master wood carvers. Gerbrands’ study is among the first to recognize and acknowledge individual Melanesian artists by name.
1962: The western half of New Guinea becomes a province of Indonesia. Its political status is later affirmed by a highly controversial referendum held in the territory in 1969, in which the vast majority of the indigenous Melanesian population is not permitted to directly participate.
1962: The exhibition Die Kunst Neu-Guineas is held in Basel, Switzerland, and the exhibition The Art of the Asmat, New Guinea opens at the Museum of Primitive Art in New York.
1975: The eastern half of New Guinea achieves independence, together with New Britain, New Ireland, Manus, and the north Solomon Islands, as the nation of Papua New Guinea.
1978: The Solomon Islands achieve independence.
1979: The exhibition The Art of the Pacific Islands, incorporating numerous works from Melanesia, is held at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C.
1980: Vanuatu achieves independence.
1988: Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu establish the Melanesian Spearhead Group, a regional organization that addresses shared political, economic, and cultural issues.
1989: Rebels on Bougainville, an island in the northern Solomon Islands that is politically part of Papua New Guinea, begin an armed struggle for independence. Fighting continues until a formal ceasefire is declared in 1998.
1990: De jade et de nacre: Patrimoine artistique Kanak, the first major exhibition devoted to New Caledonia’s indigenous artistic traditions, opens in Nouméa and travels to Paris the following year.
1994: Contemporary master carvers from the Sepik River in New Guinea create a series of carved poles for the New Guinea Sculpture Garden at Stanford University in California.
1996: Vanuatu Océanie: Arts des îles de cendre et de corail, the first major exhibition of Vanuatu’s indigenous arts, opens in Basel, Switzerland, and travels to Paris, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia.
1998: The Tjibaou Cultural Center, showcasing works by contemporary artists from throughout the Pacific, opens in New Caledonia.
Colonialism in Melanesia (4), History of Melanesia, Western Colonialism (3)
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