en en en en en en en en en es en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en es en en en en en en en en en en ru en en en en en en en fr en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en es en en en en en en en es en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en fr en en fr en en en en en nl en en en en en en en en en en en en en de en sv en en de en en en en en de en en it en en en en en en en en en en en en
How the pope can effectively reform the Church's central bureaucracy in the image and likeness of Vatican Council II.
By John O’Loughlin Kennedy | Vatican City
Pope Francis made it clear recently that unless one accepts the magisterial authority of the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), one is not "with the Church".
He was speaking to the catechists of Italy, but that part of his message was clearly addressed to a wider audience. The media understood this and gave it widespread coverage. The pope said there could be "no concessions" or "selectivity" and that "we must be demanding and strict on this point".
His uncharacteristically stern call for acceptance prompts speculation as to where he has encountered resistance to the Council. It is not among the laity.
The many organizations calling for reform that have sprung up around the Catholic world are characterized by a demand for the full and honest implementation of the Council.
The outstanding need for Francis' exhortation is located much closer to home: in the Roman bureaucracy.
Nowhere have the deliberations of Vatican II encountered more resistance and prejudicial reinterpretation than in the papacy itself. Nowhere has the lack of respect for the authority of the Council been more apparent than in the actions and inactions of the Roman Curia.
Every bureaucracy prioritizes its own power and authority and tries to control or suppress competing power centers. The curia is no exception.
While the infallibility conferred on the pope in 1870 had conditions attached which have limited its use to one occasion since then; the "infallible" title itself has allowed the papacy to present many fallible teachings as if they were infallible.
"You are mistaken, the curia is the pope"
While nobody claims that papal encyclicals and apostolic letters are infallible, key elements extracted from them are routinely treated as infallible. The growth of this practice over the years is known among the clergy as "creeping infallibility".
It is, in fact, pseudo-infallibility and there is now so much of it that its defense is taking top priority, lest confidence in the papacy be imperilled. Defending the indefensible leads to faulty reasoning, deception and even to lies.
The Roman Curia normally manages and controls access to the popes, who tend to be elderly and hopelessly overworked. It outlasts them. It selects the bishops, rules them, and controls their promotion. It controls episcopal conferences through imposed statutes. The curia is thus the effective government of the Church.
The resistance of the curial bureaucracy to the Second Vatican Council was evident from the day Pope John XXIII announced his intention of calling it. They issued a press release which misreported what he had said.
His warm and welcoming invitation to the other Christian Churches was watered down and deliberately chilled. His reference to them as "Christian Churches" was edited to read "separated communities" and his invitation to "a banquet of grace and brotherhood" became a call to "follow Us … in this search for unity and grace".
Thus, John's deliberate openness to ecumenical possibilities between the Churches was replaced with an invitation to reunion —an invitation which had been rejected consistently by Protestants everywhere since the Reformation.
The Roman Curia, which can boast no theological or scriptural grounding beyond being a helper to the Bishop of Rome, was aware that ecumenism would pose a threat to its dominance and power. It could not openly challenge Pope John, of course, but as managers of the meetings and of official communications it continued its resistance piecemeal throughout the entire Council.
One of the most respected of the participating theologians, Fr Yves Congar, decried "the people of the curia, who are felt to be trying to sabotage the Council".
Proposal for collegial governance outmaneuvered
The Council was about reform, but the need to defend exaggerated infallibility demanded that no teaching should change, although some did change. Moreover, the self-perpetuating bureaucracy that runs the church feared the loss of power that would accompany ecumenism or any change in governance.
The idea that the College of Bishops could provide better long-term governance had emerged organically from the Council discussions. It gained a momentum during the third session(1964) that could not be halted.
Instead, in was forestalled.
When the bishops reassembled for the fourth session (1965) expecting to discuss how collegial governance would be implemented they were faced with a fait accompli.
In the opening address and in an apostolic letter promulgated one day later, they learned that in place of the proposed governing body of bishops, Pope Paul VI was establishing an advisory Synod of Bishops. Its structure and statutes had been decided in detail. It would be under the control of the curia.
A new permanent Church institution was being set up. Incredibly, the bishops of the world, already assembled in Ecumenical Council, were not given an opportunity to decide, or debate the matter. Their opinions at that stage could only have been an embarrassment.
The proposal for collegial governance of a more ecumenical church had been outmaneuvered and the hegemony of the curia, safeguarded.
Eighteen years later, the new Code of Canon Law, was prepared by the curial experts. They dutifully recognized the concept of collegiality, only to consign it legally to oblivion. The code legislated that the College of Bishops could only meet to discuss a controlled agenda when summoned by the pope. This put it also under the control of the curia.
Eleven areas where Vatican Council II has not been followed.
Since the Council, the papacy has consistently professed acceptance of its spirit and letter. Many actions, however, belie the protestations.
Eleven of these are touched on briefly here. A more reasoned and nuanced treatment can be found in my recent book, The Curia is the Pope.
The Council had reversed Pope Pius XI's condemnation of ecumenism, declaring instead that it was a "movement, fostered by the grace of the Holy Spirit". After Pope Paul VI died, the papacy put the brakes on ecumenical progress, and it has even defined new obstacles. The "ecumenism spring" that followed the Council suddenly became an Ecumenical Winter that has lasted forty years.
The implementing revisions of canon law were stalled until after the death of Pope Paul VI who was deeply committed to implementing the Council.
Freedom of religion and the primacy of conscience were major decisions of the Council. They have not yet been applied within the Church.
The Council expressed dissatisfaction with Catholic moral theology. Its call for a renewal "more thoroughly nourished by scriptural teaching" has been ignored by the curia, except for persecuting theologians and pastors who dared to make a start on it.
The Council turned away from defining infallibilities, even inadvertently. Yet the curia continues to burden the faithful with pseudo-infallible teachings.
The Council decreed that "a fitting revision of diocesan boundaries be undertaken prudently and as soon as possible". This has not been done.
The Council specifically gave the responsibility for vernacular translations of the liturgy to the bishops in their relevant language groups. The curia reversed this Council decision and took back this work. For the English-speaking world, this has resulted in a liturgy in a Latinized English that certainly is not the vernacular, that nobody wanted and that is very alienating for most people. Moreover, the curia banned the sharing of common texts with other Christian churches and recently opted for an English translation of the Bible that is less scholarly and uses sexist language to create more alienation.
The Council confirmed that the Eucharist is the source and summit of our spiritual life. The papacy has consistently prioritized traditional practices, regulations, prejudices and the prerogatives of the professional priesthood ahead of Christ's Eucharistic mandate,"do this", and his instruction to "make disciples of all the nations".
The Council stressed that "in Catholic teaching there exists an order or 'hierarchy' of truths, since they vary in their relationship with the foundation of the Christian faith". This has been played down by the curia. If taken seriously, it would lead to a seismic reordering of priorities.
In drafting Lumen Gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, the Council very deliberately prioritized its chapter on the People of God ahead of that on the hierarchical structure. This was not what the curia had intended. Wherever possible since then, the curia has avoided using the phrase "People of God" with its inference that Christ's promise to be with us to the end of the age was addressed to his entire Church.
The Council recommended the setting up of episcopal conferences. Although these were potentially competing power centers, the bureaucracy could not be seen to oppose them openly. Instead, it later abused holy obedience to foist statutes on the conferences that had the effect of emasculating them. Their decisions can only be made by unanimous vote. If one bishop is found to disagree, the decision must revert to Rome. And Rome can easily bully an individual bishop. The insistence on absolute unanimity for relatively trivial decisions compares oddly with the ruling in 1870, by Pius IX, that allowed papal infallibility and universal jurisdiction to be imposed on the consciences of Catholics "irrevocably" by a simple majority vote!
A lasting reform of the Roman Curia is still possible
This list proves that Pope Francis' call for loyalty to the Second Vatican Council needs to be heard in the Roman corridors of power.
The book referred to above explains the inability of the bureaucracy to listen to the faithful. Will it be able to listen to the pope? Will it be able to hear a warning that applies to itself?
It is now eight years since Francis asked his advisory Council of Cardinals to help him plan the reform of the Roman Curia.
Evidently, this has encountered significant resistance. For as long as the curia is independent of the People of God and controls its own recruitment and internal promotions, its ethos will not change. It can be expected to outmaneuver any gradual program of reform initiated by a pope, if not in his lifetime, then after his death.
However, a lasting reform of the Roman Curia is still possible.
A pope, using his currently unlimited powers could, by edict, decentralize some of the duties of the curia and give them back to the bishops. He could reconstitute the remnant of the curia as an administration serving an enduring governing body of elected bishops headed by the pope, as envisaged by the Council.
This would have to be set up initially with papal appointees to create a counter force that would resist the push-back of the curia and would survive the reforming pope. It would have to develop its own structures, electoral system, statutes and standing orders, schedule its own meetings and set its own agenda in consultation with the episcopal conferences.
Going forward, it would be composed of the pope and elected bishops, a proportion of whom would retire each year to maintain continuity.
In this way, the reform of the Roman Curia would be fittingly achieved by implementing the great vision of the Second Vatican Council, collegial governance by the bishops with the pope. It would also give the People of God some input into the way their visible Church is run.
So, while Pope Francis did not identify his target directly, there can be little doubt as to who the cap fits and who should be listening when he stresses that "being 'with the Church' demands loyalty to the Council".
And we can only hope and pray that Francis and his reforming cardinals will offer "no concessions" to a curia "that does not agree with the magisterium of the Church".
John O'Loughlin Kennedy is a retired economist and serial social entrepreneur. With his wife, Kay, he founded Concern in Ireland 1968 and guided it for its first ten years. In addition to responding to humanitarian crises, Concern currently employs 3,500 people on agricultural development and educational and medical projects in 24 of the world's poorest countries. His recent book The Curia is the Pope is published by Mount Salus Press
Get the latest from La Croix International. Sign up to receive our daily newsletter.
You may also like
Dozens arrested after Italian missionary bishop shot in South Sudan
Ultra-Orthodox rabbi in Jerusalem accused of being undercover Christian missionary
Cardinal Marx refuses German honor amid protests over Church’s handling of abuse
Tackling spiritual abuse in religious communities
Church agency seeks to build peace in violence-hit Africa
SUPPORT LA CROIX INTERNATIONAL’S COMMUNITY OF READERS
Support La Croix International's unique blend of international Catholic journalism by making it available to people in Asia and Africa who can't afford a subscription and often don't have credit cards to pay for it either.
Synodal virtues: valuing and extending theological education
Recently ordained Congolese bishop is big on synodality
Church leaders should engage social media’s Catholic influencers
The business of simply living a normal social life
Celebrating gay relationships in church is actually quite Catholic
Why Pope Francis did not attend Queen Elizabeth’s funeral
Celebrating gay relationships in church is actually quite Catholic
The elderly pope's patience is put to the test
Elizabeth II, the “last Christian monarch”, has died
A challenge for Europe
Shaking up the economy
Peace, our common good
For 70 years she “was” the United Kingdom
Cooperation rather than competition
The elderly pope's patience is put to the test
Francis continues his push for a humbler, more open Church
The pope and the praying menace
What was the August meeting of cardinals really about?
Is Christian hospitality enough?
"What fraternity does assisted suicide build?"
Live, learn, forget, repeat
When timing is paramount
The pandemic, Christian faith and the perils of kids living in the digital world
"It’s been powerful to watch people enunciate a theology of care for creation"
Laudato si’ guides Indian archdiocese to help fisherfolk
Brazilian bishops stand up for the Yanomami people
The Gaia Man, James Lovelock
Pope calls for a new relationship with God, others and Creation
| Catholic Digest | UCAN | Living in faith | La Croix Africa | La Croix español
About Us | Contact Us| Newsletter Sign-up| Donate| Terms and Conditions| FAQ| La Croix| Confidentiality Policy| Sitemap