en en en en en en ceb en en en en en en en en en en en en kn en en en en fa en ceb es en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en fa en en en en en en en en zh en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en
The SPE (Statistical Profiling Extension) feature provides accurate attribution of latencies and events down to individual instructions. Rather than being interrupt-driven, it picks an instruction to sample and then captures data for it during execution. Data includes execution time in cycles. For loads and stores it also includes data address, cache miss events, and data origin.
The sampling has 5 stages:
2. Collect data about the operation
3. Optionally discard the record based on a filter
4. Write the record to memory
5. Interrupt when the buffer is full
This is chosen from a sample population, for SPE this is an IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED choice of all architectural instructions or all micro-ops. Sampling happens at a programmable interval. The architecture provides a mechanism for the SPE driver to infer the minimum interval at which it should sample. This minimum interval is used by the driver if no interval is specified. A pseudo-random perturbation is also added to the sampling interval by default.
Collect data about the operation
Program counter, PMU events, timings and data addresses related to the operation are recorded. Sampling ensures there is only one sampled operation is in flight.
Optionally discard the record based on a filter
Based on programmable criteria, choose whether to keep the record or discard it. If the record is discarded then the flow stops here for this sample.
Write the record to memory
The record is appended to a memory buffer
Interrupt when the buffer is full
When the buffer fills, an interrupt is sent and the driver signals Perf to collect the records. Perf saves the raw data in the perf.data file.
Up until this point no decoding of the SPE data was done by either the kernel or Perf. Only when the recorded file is opened with perf report or perf script does the decoding happen. When decoding the data, Perf generates "synthetic samples" as if these were generated at the time of the recording. These samples are the same as if normal sampling was done by Perf without using SPE, although they may have more attributes associated with them. For example a normal sample may have just the instruction pointer, but an SPE sample can have data addresses and latency attributes.
· Sampling, rather than tracing, cuts down the profiling problem to something more manageable for hardware. Only one sampled operation is in flight at a time.
· Allows precise attribution data, including: Full PC of instruction, data virtual and physical addresses.
· Allows correlation between an instruction and events, such as TLB and cache miss. (Data source indicates which particular cache was hit, but the meaning is implementation defined because different implementations can have different cache configurations.)
However, SPE does not provide any call-graph information, and relies on statistical methods.
When an operation is sampled while a previous sampled operation has not finished, a collision occurs. The new sample is dropped. Collisions affect the integrity of the data, so the sample rate should be set to avoid collisions.
The sample_collision PMU event can be used to determine the number of lost samples. Although this count is based on collisions before filtering occurs. Therefore this can not be used as an exact number for samples dropped that would have made it through the filter, but can be a rough guide.
THE EFFECT OF MICROARCHITECTURAL SAMPLING
If an implementation samples micro-operations instead of instructions, the results of sampling must be weighted accordingly.
For example, if a given instruction A is always converted into two micro-operations, A0 and A1, it becomes twice as likely to appear in the sample population.
The coarse effect of conversions, and, if applicable, sampling of speculative operations, can be estimated from the sample_pop and inst_retired PMU events.
The ARM_SPE_PMU config must be set to build as either a module or statically.
Depending on CPU model, the kernel may need to be booted with page table isolation disabled (kpti=off). If KPTI needs to be disabled, this will fail with a console message "profiling buffer inaccessible. Try passing kpti=off on the kernel command line".
CAPTURING SPE WITH PERF COMMAND-LINE TOOLS
You can record a session with SPE samples:
perf record -e arm_spe// -- ./mybench
The sample period is set from the -c option, and because the minimum interval is used by default it’s recommended to set this to a higher value. The value is written to PMSIRR.INTERVAL.
These are placed between the // in the event and comma separated. For example -e arm_spe/load_filter=1,min_latency=10/
branch_filter=1 - collect branches only (PMSFCR.B) event_filter=  - filter on specific events (PMSEVFR) - see bitfield description below jitter=1 - use jitter to avoid resonance when sampling (PMSIRR.RND) load_filter=1 - collect loads only (PMSFCR.LD) min_latency=  - collect only samples with this latency or higher* (PMSLATFR) pa_enable=1 - collect physical address (as well as VA) of loads/stores (PMSCR.PA) - requires privilege pct_enable=1 - collect physical timestamp instead of virtual timestamp (PMSCR.PCT) - requires privilege store_filter=1 - collect stores only (PMSFCR.ST) ts_enable=1 - enable timestamping with value of generic timer (PMSCR.TS)
Latency is the total latency from the point at which sampling started on that instruction, rather than only the execution latency.
Only some events can be filtered on; these include:
bit 1 - instruction retired (i.e. omit speculative instructions) bit 3 - L1D refill bit 5 - TLB refill bit 7 - mispredict bit 11 - misaligned access
So to sample just retired instructions:
perf record -e arm_spe/event_filter=2/ -- ./mybench
or just mispredicted branches:
perf record -e arm_spe/event_filter=0x80/ -- ./mybench
By default perf report and perf script will assign samples to separate groups depending on the attributes/events of the SPE record. Because instructions can have multiple events associated with them, the samples in these groups are not necessarily unique. For example perf report shows these groups:
Available samples 0 arm_spe// 0 dummy:u 21 l1d-miss 897 l1d-access 5 llc-miss 7 llc-access 2 tlb-miss 1K tlb-access 36 branch-miss 0 remote-access 900 memory
The arm_spe// and dummy:u events are implementation details and are expected to be empty.
To get a full list of unique samples that are not sorted into groups, set the itrace option to generate instruction samples. The period option is also taken into account, so set it to 1 instruction unless you want to further downsample the already sampled SPE data:
Memory access details are also stored on the samples and this can be viewed with:
· "Cannot find PMU ‘arm_spe’. Missing kernel support?"
Module not built or loaded, KPTI not disabled (see above), or running on a VM
· "Arm SPE CONTEXT packets not found in the traces."
Root privilege is required to collect context packets. But these only increase the accuracy of assigning PIDs to kernel samples. For userspace sampling this can be ignored.