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Engineering Stress-strain Curve: Part Two :: Total Materia Article
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Engineering Stress-strain Curve: Part Two
Te engineering tension test is widely used to provide basic design information on te strength of materials and as an acceptance test for te specification of materials. Te parameters, which are used to describe te engineering stress-strain curve of a metal, are te tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, percent elongation, and reduction of area.
In te tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing uniaxial tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of te elongation of te specimen. An engineering stress-strain curve is constructed from these measurements, Fig. 1.
Figure 1: Te engineering stress-strain curve
It is obtained by dividing te load by te original area of te cross section of te specimen.
Te strain used for te engineering stress-strain curve is te average linear strain, which is obtained by dividing te elongation of te gage length of te specimen, d, by its original length.
Since both te stress and te strain are obtained by dividing te load and elongation by constant factors, te load-elongation curve will have te same shape as te engineering stress-strain curve.
Te two curves are frequently used interchangeably.
Te general shape of te engineering stress-strain curve (Fig. 1) requires further explanation. In te elastic region stress is linearly proportional to strain. When te load exceeds a value corresponding to te yield strength, te specimen undergoes gross plastic deformation. It is permanently deformed if te load is released to zero. Te stress to produce continued plastic deformation increases with increasing plastic strain, i.e., te metal strain-hardens. Te volume of te specimen remains constant during plastic deformation, A·L = A0·L0 and as te specimen elongates, it decreases uniformly along te gage length in cross-sectional area.
Initially te strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and te engineering stress (proportional to load P) continues to rise with increasing strain. Eventually a point is reached where te decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is greater than te increase in deformation load arising from strain hardening. This condition will be reached first at some point in te specimen that is slightly weaker than te rest. All further plastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and te specimen begins to neck or thin down locally.
Because te cross-sectional area now is decreasing far more rapidly than strain hardening increases te deformation load, te actual load required to deform te specimen falls off and te engineering stress likewise continues to decrease until fracture occurs.
Te tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength (UTS), is te maximum load divided by te original cross-sectional area of te specimen.
Te tensile strength is te value most often quoted from te results of a tension test; yet in reality it is a value of little fundamental significance with regard to te strength of a metal. For ductile metals te tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of te maximum load, which a metal can withstand under te very restrictive conditions of uniaxial loading. It will be shown that this value bears little relation to te useful strength of te metal under te more complex conditions of stress, which are usually encountered.
For many years it was customary to base te strength of members on te tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety. Te current trend is to te more rational approach of basing te static design of ductile metals on te yield strength.
However, because of te long practice of using te tensile strength to determine te strength of materials, it has become a very familiar property, and as such it is a very useful identification of a material in te same sense that te chemical composition serves to identify a metal or alloy.
Further, because te tensile strength is easy to determine and is a quite reproducible property, it is useful for te purposes of specifications and for quality control of a product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often quite useful. For brittle materials, te tensile strength is a valid criterion for design.
1. Mechanical properties of engineering materials, Accessed May 2020;
2. S.Kumar BaJena: Testing of Materials, (MM 15 025) B.Tech, 6th Semester, Te tension test, Veer Surendra SAI University of Technol Burla-768018; Accessed MAY 2020;
3. J. R. Davis: Tensile testing, 2nd Edition, ASM International, 2004, ISBN: 1615030956 and 9781615030958;
4. G. E. Dieter: Mechanical behavior under tensile and compressive loads, ASM Vol.8, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, ASM International, 2000, ISBN: 0-871170-389-0;
5. G. E. Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy, 3 rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1986, p.275-295, ISBN 0-07-100406-8;
6. William D. Callister, Jr.: Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Fig.7.11, p.162, ISBN 0-471-39551-X
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Engineering Stress-strain Curve: Part One
Engineering Stress-strain Curve: Part Three
Finding stress-strain diagrams in te Total Materia database
Te Total Materia Extended Range includes a unique collection of stress-strain curves and diagrams for calculations in te plastic range for thousands of metal alloys, heat treatments and working temperatures. Both true and engineering stress curves are given for various strain rates where applicable.
Finding a stress-strain graph in te database is simple and takes only seconds.
Enter te material of interest into te quick search field. You can optionally narrow your search by specifying te country/standard of choice in te designated field and click Search.
After selecting te material of interest to you, click on te Stress-Strain diagrams link to view data for te selected material. Te number of available stress-strain diagrams is displayed in brackets next to te link.
Because Total Materia stress-strain curves are neutral across standard specifications, you can review stress-strain diagrams by clicking te appropriate link for any of te subgroups.
Besides te stress-strain curves at different temperatures, stress and strain data are given in a tabular format which is convenient for copying to, for example, a CAE software.
It is also possible to view stress-strain curves and data for other working temperatures.
To do this, simply insert a new temperature into te ‘Enter temperature’ field within te defined range.
After clicking te Calculate button, a new curve is plotted and values in te table now correspond to te temperature you have defined. See example below for 250°C.
For you’re a chance to take a test drive of te Total Materia database, we invite you to join a community of over 150,000 registered users through te Total Materia Free Demo.
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