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Extractive Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals: Part Two :: Total Materia Article
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Extractive Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals: Part Two
Extractive metallurgy concerns te extracting, purifying and recycling of metals from an ore.
Depending on te specific extraction requirements, there is a wide range of processes and technologies in use including chemical and electrolytic reduction techniques along with mineral processing, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, available as te primary extractive metallurgical technologies.
Extractive metallurgy is te practice of extracting metal from ore, purifying it, and recycling it. Most metals found in te Earth's crust exist as oxide and sulfide minerals. These compounds must be reduced to liberate te desired metal. There are two methods of reduction: electrolytic and chemical.
Chemical reduction can be carried out in a variety of processes, including reductive smelting - te process of heating an ore along with a reducing agent (often, coke or charcoal) and purifying agents to separate te pure molten metal from te waste products. Some other processes for chemical reduction include autoclave hydrogen reduction and converting. Te latter however, does not produce te pure metal, therefore requiring further treatment of its product.
Electrolytic reduction involves passing a large current through a molten metal oxide or an aqueous solution of te metal's salt. For example, aluminum is electrolyzed from bauxite dissolved in molten cryolite via te Hall-Héroult process.
Prior to reduction, it is often necessary to separate metal compounds to exclude co-reduction of different metals and contamination of te product. There is a great variety of separation processes: roasting, oxidative smelting, converting, leaching and many others.
Extractive metallurgical technologies are divided into two areas; mineral processing, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Extractive metallurgical and mineral dressing operations are divided into:
• Ferrous metallurgy, which includes reduction of iron ore into iron, and further refinement and alloying with other metals to make steel. • Non Ferrous metallurgy, which includes all other metals. This can be further broken down into:
Precious metals - Te recovery of gold and silver and te platinum group metals.
Base metals - Te recovery of lead, zinc, copper, and nickel.
Light metals - Te recovery of magnesium, aluminium, tin, and titanium.
Minor elements - Te recovery of arsenic, selenium, bismuth, tellurium, and antimony.
Industrial minerals - Major examples include clays, sands, silicates, and heavy mineral sands.
Coal - Te beneficiation and treatment of coal.
Molybdenum, a major refractory metal, is widely used as an alloying element in steels and superalloys to improve their corrosion resistance, physical properties and mechanical strength, particularly at elevated temperatures. Te current worldwide production and consumption is estimated at about 130,000 tons contained molybdenum per year.
Molybdenum occurs naturally as te molybdenite (MoS2) mineral and is recovered by a flotation process as a primary concentrate at molybdenum mines and as a byproduct concentrate at copper mines. Te concentrate is roasted to a technical-grade molybdic oxide (tech oxide) in multiple-hearth roasters. About 80 percent of te tech oxide is sold, in this state or after conversion to ferromolybdenum, for use as an addition to iron and steel.
Te remainder is further refined to pure oxide and molybdate chemicals that are used in te manufacture of catalysts, specialty chemicals, molybdenum metal and superalloys. This paper discusses te various steps in te extractive metallurgy of molybdenum, from flotation of sulfide concentrate to reduction of pure oxide to molybdenum metal.
Many products flow from te mining and processing of ores containing molybdenite (MoS2), including:
• Chemical Mo products
• Mo metal products
Before being used, concentrate from flotation should be freed of sulfide which is done by roasting:
MoS2 + 3½ = MoO3 + 2SO2
MoS2 + 3O2 = MoO2 + 2SO2
Reaction in roasting occurs with heat evolution, and te process is carried out at 590-620 °C in Multiple heart furnaces.
Figure 2: Production of Molybdenum Products
Figure 3: Production of Molybdenum chemicals
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Extractive Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals: Part One
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