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Application of Microalloyed HSLA Steel: Part One :: Total Materia Article
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Application of Microalloyed HSLA Steel: Part One
Microalloy (MA) or High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels constitute an important category of steels estimated to be around 12% of total world steel production.
HSLA steel typically contains 0.07 to 0.12% carbon, up to 2% manganese and small additions of niobium, vanadium and titanium (usually max. 0.1%) in various combinations.
Microalloy (MA) or High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels constitute an important category of steels estimated to be around 12% of total world steel production. They are used in every major steel market sector in many parts of te world and their development has played an important role in te expansion of certain key industries such as oil and gas extraction, construction, and transportation. Definitions for alloy, low alloy and microalloy steels are given in Table 1.
Steel containing significant quantities of alloying elements (other than carbon and te commonly accepted amounts of manganese, silicon etc.) to effect changes in te mechanical or physical properties.
Steel containing less than 3.5% of alloying elements e.g. 2.25% Cr 1% Mo.
Steel containing small amounts of vanadium, niobium and/or titanium. Individual elements generally less than 0.10% and total microalloying elemants generally less than 0.15%. Also known as HSLA steels.
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been developed since te 1960s originally for large diameter oil and gas pipelines. Te requirement was high strength as compared to mild carbon steel, combined with improved toughness and good weldability.
HSLA steel typically contains 0.07 to 0.12% carbon, up to 2% manganese and small additions of niobium, vanadium and titanium (usually max. 0.1%) in various combinations. Te material is preferably produced by a thermomechanical rolling process, which maximizes grain refinement as a basis for improved mechanical properties.
Molybdenum has played an important role in te initial development. Te addition of 0.1-0.2% molybdenum produces a fine grain structure of acicular ferrite and substantially enhances te precipitation hardening effects achieved with te other alloying elements.
Consequently, an estimated 2 million tons of Mo containing HSLA steels for pipelines have been produced worldwide during te 1970s, within te following percent range of chemical compositions:
Table 2: Common composition range of HSLA steels, (wt.%)
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels. They are not considered to be alloy steels in te normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition.
In order to realize te full strengthening potential of microalloying additions, it is necessary to use a soaking temperature prior to forging that is high enough to dissolve all vanadium-bearing precipitates. A soaking temperature above 1100°C (2010°F) is preferred. For Nb–Ti microalloyed steel te single step austenite reheating temperature at 1150°C provides better austenite conditioning than te higher reheating temperature at 1240°C.
Complete dissolution of carbonitride precipitates occurs at 1140°C in a temperature interval between 1100 – 1200°C. Illustrations showing dissolution of NbC, TiC and Vn precipitates can be seen in Figure 1 where individual isotherms show dissolubility of precipitates for different carbon content in HSLA steels.
Figure 1: Dissolubility of precipitates NbC, TiC and Vn according to carbon content in HSLA steel
HSLA can be found in these applications:
In Russia for example, very impressive constructions are made from te newly developed construction steels and in total more than 450,000 tonnes of this high strength, high toughness steel have been used for bridges. New bridges have been built over several rivers including; te Ob in te city of Sirgut (Figure 2), te Kama in Perm, te Don in Rostov-on-Don, te Volga in Saratov and Volgograd, te Voronesh in Voronesh, te Oka in Kashira and te Moscow Canal in Dmitrov. Bridge constructions also include road bridges, such as te Third Inner Ring in Moscow, (Figure 3).
Figure 2: Te bridge over te Ob river in Surgut city
Figure 3: Te bridge structures at te Moscow Ring Road
Figure 4: Large diameter pipeline
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Application of Microalloyed HSLA Steel: Part Two
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