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High Boron Cast Iron: Part One :: Total Materia Article
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High Boron Cast Iron: Part One
Boride emerged as a good alloying option for iron based alloys to help improve toughness and specifically help in applications where wear resistance is important.
Te addition of boron causes martensite transformation to a mixed state with austenite and this provides te platform for improved overall toughness in te material.
Among iron-based wear-resistant materials, there has been a lot of research and application for white cast iron alloyed with carbide; however, low toughness limits their application range. In recent years, much attention has been paid to iron-based alloys that include boride in te wear-resistant phases. Compared with carbide, boride is much harder and has better heat stability, so it can be used as a wear-resistant phase.
Boron is interesting as an alloying element in chromium white irons. It is more known as a micro-alloying element of steel, where it is applied in te amounts of several tens to several hundreds of ppm-s. There, its role is to ensure te necessary hardenability of austenite. However, since te application of carbidizing elements has become popular in te investigation practice of improving te properties of chromium white irons properties, it became normal to perform experiments with boron, bearing in mind its properties, especially te structural and electrochemical ones.
Sources of boron contamination, in addition to steel scrap, may include boron pickup from refractory linings and silicon carbide charge materials. Te technical literature relating to te effects of boron on te mechanical properties of ductile iron are somewhat conflicting. Very low levels of boron have been reported to act as carbide stabilizers and promote pearlite while recently others have reported just te opposite effect. Boron levels in te range of 0.0011% to 0.0020% (11 to 20 ppm’s) reduce pearlite levels in pearlitic ductile irons and reduce Brinell hardness levels (BHN). Large quantities of pearlite stabilizing elements such as copper and tin are required to return to normal hardness and microstructures.
Te effect of boron, in te amounts of 0.26, 0.39, and 0.59 wt.%, on te volume fraction and structure of carbides in Cr white irons was examined in te paper S. M. Tomović-Petrović, S.V. Marković, S. Zec. It was demonstrated that te addition of boron can change te microstructural characteristics of white iron containing about 13 wt.% Cr. With increasing boron content, te volume fractions of M3C carbide increase, but te volume fracton of M7C3 carbide remains unchanged. Te addition of boron tends to produce hard borides and/or borocarbides. It also prevents te formation of pearlite, which results in alloys possessing good wear resistance.
Te microstructures of te examined alloys are shown in Figure 1. Detailed analysis confirmed that te structure obtained in this investigation is typical for chromium white cast iron. Te base alloy (No. 1) is characterized by te presence of primary austenitic dendrite and a eutectic that consists of eutectic carbides and eutectic austenite. Te structure of te other alloys also consists of a primary phase and an eutectic, but te following differences can be noticed:
With increasing boron content, te dendritic structure slowly disappears, while te primary phase obtains te form of isolated islands surrounded by te eutectic (Figure 1–c, e, g).
In te presence of boron, te primary phase becomes a mixture of austenite and martensite. Te degree of martensite tranformation increases with increasing boron content. Te development of this transformation can be seen on te SE microphotographs (Fig. 1 – d, f, h).
Figure 1: Microstructure: a), b) – alloy No. 1; c), d) – alloy No. 2; e), f) – alloy No. 3; g), h) – alloy No. 4 (a, c, e, g – optical microphotographs; b, d, f, h – SEM).
1. Z. Liu, Y. Li, X. Chen: Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high boron white cast iron, China Foundry, November 2012, p.313-317;
2. S. M. Tomović-Petrović, S.V.Marković, S.Zec: Te effect of boron on te amount and type of carbides in chromium white irons, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 67, (10), 2002, p. 697–707, UDC 546.27:549.261+546.76;
3. R. L. Naro, J. F. Wallace, Y.Zhu: Elimination and neutralization of boron in ductile irons, Accessed April 2018;
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