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Charpy Impact Steel Testing: Part One :: Total Materia Article
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Charpy Impact Steel Testing: Part One
Te Charpy V- notch test is a standardized test which measures te impact energy of materials during fracture which is carried out by pendulum.
Impact testing is important for a number of applications but some key examples are in te construction of pressure vessels and even bridges to understand how storms will affect te materials used in te project.
Te Charpy V-notch-CVN impact test also known as te Charpy V- notch test, is a standard test used to measure te impact energy (also referred to as notch toughness) absorbed by a material during fracture. Te notch provides a point of stress concentration within te specimen and improves te reproducibility of te results. Te absorbed energy is computed by working out te potential energy lost by a pendulum through breaking a specimen. Results from tests performed at different temperatures are used to determine te ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of materials. Although te test is governed by a standard test procedure, several variables influence te test result repeatability. In fact, through convention, te test is performed on three specimens at te same temperature and te results are averaged. However, te test is still susceptible to a number of uncertainties as outlined in Lont (2000) and Splett et al. (2008), giving rise to erratically distributed data. Te sources of disturbance can be grouped as follows:
Specimen (e.g. notch geometry, inhomogeneous distribution of atoms during te early stages of nucleation, duplex grain structures including both coarse and fine grains lead to inconsistent energy distribution, chemical composition).
System (e.g. machine stiffness and friction, calibration settings).
Environment (e.g. ambient and specimen temperatures).
Procedure (e.g. human error). When combined with a highly sparse data distribution, this suggests that modelling Charpy impact test data is a challenging task.
Today, te Charpy impact test is used in a number of ways. It is used in many industries for testing materials, for example te construction of pressure vessels and bridges to determine how storms will affect te material used.
Te current British Standard for Charpy testing is BS EN ISO 148-1:2009 and te American Standard is ASTM E23. Te standards differ only in te details of te strikers used. Te standard Charpy-V specimen, illustrated in Figure 1. is 55 mm long, 10mm square and has a 2 mm deep notch with a tip radius of 0.25 mm machined on one face.
Figure 1: Standard Charpy-V notch specimen
To carry out te test te standard specimen is supported at its two ends on an anvil and struck on te opposite face to te notch by a pendulum as shown in Figure 2. Te specimen is fractured and te pendulum swings through, te height of te swing being a measure of te amount of energy absorbed in fracturing te specimen. Conventionally three specimens are tested at any one temperature, see Figure 3, and te results averaged.
Figure 2: Te Charpy testing machine
A characteristic of carbon and low alloy steels is that they exhibit a change in fracture behaviour as te temperature falls with te failure mode changing from ductile to brittle.
If impact testing is carried out over a range of temperatures te results of energy absorbed versus temperature can be plotted to give te 'S' curve illustrated in Figure 3.
This shows that te fracture of these types of steels changes from being ductile on te upper shelf to brittle on te lower shelf as te temperature falls, passing through a transition region where te fracture will be mixed.
Figure 3: Schematic Charpy-V energy and % age crystallinity curves
1. Predicting Charpy Impact Energy for Heat-Treated Steel using a Quantum-Membership-Function-based Fuzzy Model, Accessed FEB 2019;
2. What is Charpy V-notch Test (CVN Impact test), HYSP, Accessed FEB 2019;
3. Mechanical testing - Notched bar or Impact testing, TWI, Accessed FEB 2019.
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