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Berlinmurens fald < Socialistisk Bibliotek
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Te Danish Labour Movement and Marxism 1885-1920
PFLP – “Mod imperialisme, zionisme og arabiske reaktionære”
Fireburn – Har vi glemt Danmarks største arbejderopstand?
H.C. Andersen – i en progressiv vinkel
Linkbox om Berlinmurens historie, dens fald i november 1989 og stalinismens sammenbrud i Østeuropa. Om aftenen 9. november 1989 faldt muren i Berlin, da befolkningen fik lov til udrejse. Selve Berlinmuren blev først fjernet senere. Her er samlet links om Berlinmurens historie og især – på engelsk – om den politiske og historiske betydning af murens fald.
Bjarne A. Frandsen, november 2009.
Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek
Murens fald + Berlinmuren (Denstoredanske.dk)
Monday demonstrations in East Germany (Wikipedia.org)
Te Berlin wall in 1961. From: Vasabladet, 12 August 2011. Author: Unknown. Public domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Timeline: 1989 (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
Timeline: how te wall was stopped (International Socialism, Issue 124, Autumn 2009)
1989: Timeline of revolution (Socialist Worker, Issue 2176, 7 November 2009)
A division through time (Te New York Times, November 9, 2009). Med fotogalleri om Berlinmuren før og nu.
Muren: historien om et politisk bygningsværk. Af Jan Bo Hansen (Gyldendal, 2009, 326 sider). Anmeldelse på af Simon Ankjærgaard på Historie-online.dk.
Frigjøring og annektering. Af Pierre Rimbert og Rachel Knaebel (Le Monde Diplomatique, november 2019/Kritisk Debat, december 2019). “For østtyskerne er Berlinmurens fall en fortelling om politisk frihet og frigjøring fra et forhatt regime, men også en fortelling om et land og et folk som ble avviklet og økonomisk ruinert.”
Berlinmurens historie er stadig relevant i dag 30 år efter dens fald. Af Andrew Bonnell (Videnskab.dk, 9. november 2019)
“Berlinmurens fald markerede starten på en ny verdenhistorisk epoke. Muren kaster stadig sine lange skygger ind i nutiden.”
Berlinmurens fald. Af Alan Woods (Revolution, 9. november 2014)
“Denne artikel blev skrevet i 2009 i anledning af 20året for murens fald: For tyve år siden, da Berlinmuren styrtede sammen, var borgerskabet i Vesten euforisk, og jublede over ‘kommunismens fald’. Tyve år senere, hvor kapitalismen er gået ind i den mest alvorlige krise siden 1929, ser tingene meget anderledes ud.”
Hvem var den basisdemokratiske opposition i DDR? + De vilde år omkring DDRs sammenbrud (Autonom Infoservice, 28. august + 12. september 2014)
“Interview med en autonom aktivist der som ganske ung oplevede en progressiv opposition mod det østtyske bureaukratregime og som deltog i den autonome bz- bevægelse i Østberlin før og efter murens fald.”
Berlinmuren skabte balance i Europa (Information.dk, 12. august 2011)
“Vesten havde om ikke ønsket Muren, så dog affundet sig med den som en mulig løsning på den konstante konflikt om Berlin, skriver Per Øhrgaard i en personlig beretning i anledning af 50-års-dagen for opførelsen af ‘den antifascistiske beskyttelsesvold’.”
When te wall came tumbling down (Socialist Worker, Issue 2679, 5 November 2019). “Tomáš Tengely-Evans revisits 1989 when te Berlin Wall was felled by mass protests and argues that so-called socialist regimes in eastern Europe were nothing of te kind.”
June 17, 1953. By Gareth Dale (Jacobin: Reason in Revolt, 17 June 2016).
“On this day in 1953, a strike in Berlin turned into a nationwide rebellion for workers’ power in East Germany.”
How te Wall fell. By Bernd Gehrke (Jacobin: Reason in Revolt, December 27, 2015)
“Te Berlin Wall’s fall sparked dreams of a radically democratic East Germany. Unemployment and privatization followed instead.”
What reunification wrought. By Gareth Dale (Jacobin: Reason in Revolt, October 3, 2015)
“East and West Germany reunified 25 years ago today. But for most workers, te hopes of that day were dashed.”
Berlin: te wall that came down and te walls that went up (Counterfire, November 8, 2014)
“John Rees was reporting from Berlin 25 years ago as te demonstrations which brought down te Stalinist dictatorship reached their peak. Here he reflects on te consequences of te fall of te Berlin Wall.”
East Germany, 1989: When power was in te street. By Olaf Klenke (RS21: Revolutionary Socialism in te 21st Century, November 7, 2014)
“Within a few weeks in te autumn of 1989 a regime fell which had seemed invulnerable for decades. While Reagan and Thatcher seek to take credit for these momentous events, te truth is that millions of East German people took their destiny into their own hands.”
Twenty five years since te fall of te Berlin Wall: A balance sheet. By Peter Schwarz (World Socialist Web Site, 8 November 2014)
“Te attempt to recast te end of te GDR as a liberal revolution and summon up te euphoric atmosphere that marked te fall of te Berlin Wall has one goal: to prevent te drawing of a sober balance sheet on German reunification and consideration of what really happened in te autumn of 1989.”
Eyewitness to revolution. By Dennis Kosuth (International Socialist Review, Issue 71, May–June 2010). Review of Michael Meyer, Te Year that Changed te World: Te Untold Story Behind te Fall of te Berlin Wall (Scribner, 2009)
“Meyer does paint a vivid picture of what took place day by day on te ground and in te offices of te leadership.”
Te revolutions of 1989: bringing down te Wall (Socialist Worker, Issue 2176, 7 November 2009). Med links til fem kortere artikler.
“Gabi Engelhardt was a leading member of te underground left in East Germany when te Berlin Wall came down in November 1989. She spoke to Yuri Prasad about her experiences, and te unfinished business of te revolution that she and her comrades helped to initiate.”
Theme: 1989: Te fall of te Wall (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
Med links til fem artikler om DDR, Polen og USSR.
Te fall of te Berlin Wall: 20 years later. By Alan Woods (In Defence of Marxism, 9 November 2009)
“Twenty years ago as te Berlin Wall came tumbling down te bourgeoisie in te west was euphoric, rejoicing at te ‘fall of communism’. Twenty years later things look very different as capitalism has entered its most severe crisis since 1929. Now a majority in former East Germany votes for te left and harks back to what was positive about te planned economy.”
A short autumn of utopia: Te East German revolution of 1989. By Gareth Dale (International Socialism, Issue 124, Autumn 2009, p.39-69)
“November marks te 20th anniversary of te fall of te Berlin Wall, Which symbolised te collapse of te Eastern European regimes that many people viewed as socialist. Gareth Dale , who was in East Germany at te time, presents a different picture: that of a popular uprising against a variant of state capitalism.”
Stronger than te wall. By Mike Haynes (International Socialism, Issue 114, Spring 2007, p.191-194)
“Three books in as many years are an achievement by anybody’s standards. What Gareth Dale has done here is more – through his discussion of te rise and fall of East Germany (te GDR) he has staked out a claim as a major influence on our interpretation of events in te second half of te 20th century in Europe.”
Class struggles in te 1989 revolution (RS21: Revolutionary Socialism in te 21st Century, 8 November 2019)
“Here we publish a translation of an article by Volkhard Mosler, originally published in 1994, which analyses te class composition of te East German regime and te opposition movement to it. He dismantles te notion that te East German regime had anything to do with what we would mean by ‘socialism from below’, and simultaneously challenges some of te myths about te role played by te self-styled leaders of te opposition.”
Making revolution: Te rebirth of East German socialism. By Ernest Mandel (Te Village Voice, November 21, 1989; online at Marxists Interner Archive)
“A combination of May ’68 in France and te Prague Spring, multiplied by two: That’s how you can summarize what is occurring at present in te German democratic revolution. It’s te beginning of a genuine revolution, a struggle to build a democratic, popular alternative to both communist oppression and free-market despotism.”
Hul i Berlinmuren. Billede af Michael Kauer fra Pixabay
Revolutions of 1989 (Wikipedia.org)
1989 som historisk chance?: arbejderbevægelsen i den tyske omstillingsproces på baggrund af den historiske udvikling fra 1945 til 1990 (pdf). Af Karl Christian Lammers (Årbog for arbejderbevægelsens historie, nr. 21, 1991, side 189-199).
Åter till 1989 års revolutioner (pdf). Av Catherine Samary (Tidsignal, nr.11, 2010, 25 s.; online på Marxistarkiv.se). “Tillbakablick till året då Berlinmuren föll och ‘realsocialismen’ började bryta ihop i Östeuropa, en utveckling som kulminerade med Sovjetunionens upplösning 1991.”
Stalinism’s long shadow. By Tomáš Tengely-Evans (International Socialism, Issue 173, Winter 2022)
“Some 30 years ago, te red flag was lowered over te Kremlin for te last time as te Soviet Union collapsed on 25 December 1991. Yet, although that Stalinist regime is dead, Stalinism continues to cast a long shadow on te left.”
Central and Eastern Europe 30 years on. By John Cunningham (Solidarity & Workers’ Liberty, Issue 529, 18 December 2019)
“… te crucial issue facing te people of Central and Eastern Europe: their failure to develop a democratic-socialist alternative to te economic and political neoliberalism that was foisted on them by te USA and te EU post-1989, and many enthusiastically embraced.”
Reflections on te meaning of Stalinism (pdf). By Paul Le Blanc (Crisis and Critique, Vol.3, No.2, March 2016, p.81-106)
“In what follows, I will begin by indicating my own personal/political connection to Stalinism, traveling from that to reflections on its origins, then an analysis of its development and of how it can be defined.”
Stalinism and historical responsibility. By James Heartfield (Te Project: A Socialist Journal, May 2015)
“With te collapse of te eastern bloc over te years from 1985-1993 Stalinism ceased to be a factor in world politics … looking back at te period between 1923 and 1993, how we understand te question of leadership in te working class movement is an important historical question. This essay is an attempt to look at te balance sheet.”
Revolutions of 1989: how te old regime was torn down (Socialist Worker, Issue 2428, 4 November 2014)
“Revolt swept across Eastern Europe 25 years ago, toppling te Berlin Wall and te Stalinists who built it. Te real socialists were cheering, argues Tomás Tengely-Evans.”
Revolutions of 1989: ‘there was lots of shock and not much therapy’ (Socialist Worker, Issue 2428, 4 November 2014)
“Socialist Worker spoke to Jane Hardy, a socialist activist and writer specialising in global political economy. Her book, Polen’s New Capitalism (2009) was translated into Polish and has been read by te new left there.”
1989: te fall of Stalinism. Part 103 in Neil Faulkner: A Marxist History of te World (Counterfire, 2 December 2012)
“Te revolutions of 1989 represent great victories for mass action, but they were limited in effect.”
Confronting te Stalinist legacy. By Corey Oakley (Marxist Left Review, No.2, Autumn 2011)
“Stalinism infected almost every aspect of left wing politics, well beyond te official bearers of “socialist truth” in what were once monolithic communist parties. Stalinism transformed te way te left viewed revolution, leadership, states and classes, and their role in social struggle. It grotesquely distorted Marxism …”
Te revolutions of 1989. By Alan Maass (SocialistWorker.org, November 12, 2009)
“Te fall of te Berlin Wall 20 years ago was one crest in a wave of revolt that overturned governments across half of Europe at te end of 1989.”
1989-2009: celebrations muted by te disappointments of te present. By Mike Haynes (Socialist Review, Issue 341, November 2009)
“What happened to te illusions that free market capitalism would bring democracy, social justice and equality to te societies of Eastern Europe?”
Stalinism and after. By Peter Taaffe (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
“Te collapse of Stalinism was used in a global ideological offensive against socialism, which was unjustly equated with that dictatorial, bureaucratic system, to drive through brutal, neo-liberal capitalist policies worldwide.”
Revolts behind te ‘iron curtain’ (SocialistWorker.org, November 6, 2009)
“Dennis Kosuth recounts te history of resistance that plagued te rulers of te Eastern bloc from te moment they established te regimes they falsely claimed were socialist.”
Socialism, Stalinism and Eastern Europe (SocialistWorker.org, November 3, 2009)
“Phil Gasper contrasts te so-called socialist regimes of Eastern Europe 20 years ago with te principles at te heart of te socialism movement historically.”
Te fall of Stalinism in Eastern Europe (Workers’ Liberty, 3/25, 2009)
“Te articles in this pamphlet issue document te attempts to understand those epoch-defining events, including te role and attitudes of te working class in te Stalinist states.”
1989 and why we got it wrong (pdf). By Michael Cox (London School of Economics and Political Science/Working paper, 1/2000, 14 p.)
“This essay seeks to explain why ‘we’ got it wrong by focusing in te main on how ‘we’ in te West understood te Soviet system … In conclusion I offer reflections on how te generally flawed understanding of te Soviet Union precluded te anticipation of Soviet collapse.”
Te anti-Stalinist revolutions in Eastern Europe, 1989-90 (Workers Liberty, 26 April 2007)
“A collection of articles on solidarity with workers in Eastern Europe before te revolutions of 1989, and on those revolutions and te prospects they opened up.”
Theories of revolution in te light of 1989 in Eastern Europe: Marxism and te 1989 Revolution (pdf). By Colin Barker and Colin Mooers (Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 9, No.1, 1997, p.17-43)
“This paper explores several issues in te light of te events of 1989. What does ‘revolution’ mean? What did and did not happen in 1989? What categories make sense of these events, and in what theoretical light should we read them?”
Te fall of Stalinism: ten years on. By Anthony Arnove (International Socialist Review, Issue 10, Winter 2000, p.43-52)
“By te end of 1991, Stalinist regimes that had seemed unshakable for decades were overthrown … This was a tremendous victory for genuine socialism. But almost universally te opposite conclusion was drawn. Whether on te left or on te right, commentators treated 1989 and then 1991 as te ‘triumph of capitalism’ and te ‘death of Marxism’.”
Te Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: Te roots of te crisis. By Robert Brenner (Against te Current, Issue 30, January-February 1991) + Part 2: Nature of transition (Issue 31, March-April 1991)
“In te first part of te article Brenner describes te nature of te Eastern bloc’s economic system, te failure of te market reforms of te 1970s, te exacerbation of te Eastern bloc’s productivity crisis via te arms race with te United States … Te second part provides a prescient analysis of te likely outcome of te political and economic crisis in Eastern Europe and te Soviet Union.”
Te storm breaks: Te crisis in te eastern bloc. By Chris Harman (International Socialism, Issue 46, Spring 1990, p.3-93)
“Those left wingers who believed that Russia and te Eastern European regimes were socialist societies are now demoralised … Chris Harman argues against this pessimism, and shows that what we are seeing is not te destruction af socialism but te crisis of state capitalism.”
Te struggle goes on. By Chris Harman (Socialist Worker Review, No.126, December 1989)
“Old governments have fallen like dominoes in Eastern Europe. From Warsaw to Prague, members of te old regimes have been forced to reassess their positions.”
Et vagttårn ved Berlinmuren. Billede af Achim Scholty fra Pixabay
Bureaucratic collectivism + Degenerated workers’ state + State capitalism (Wikipedia.org)
“Texter som diskuterar Sovjetunionens karaktär (‘statskapitalism’, ‘degenererad arbetarstat’, etc).”
Critiques of Stalinism (Marxists Internet Archive; Stalinism Subject Archive)
Trotskyists (Leon Trotsky, Tony Cliff, Ernest Mandel) – Left Communists (Paul Mattick, Otto Rühle) – Marxist Humanists  (Raya Dunayevskaya, C.L.R. James) – Additional Critiques.
Diskurs. Hvad var Sovjetunionen for et samfund? Hvad gik der galt og hvorfor? Del 1 +
Del 2 (Autonom Infoservice, 9. august + 28. august 2017)
“Hvad var Sovjetunionen for en samfundsmæssig størrelse: kapitalistisk?, statskapitalistisk?, degenereret arbejderstat?, bureaukratisk kollektivistisk?, statssocialistisk? eller …?”
Te place of te Soviet Union in history. By Jack Conrad (Weekly Worker, Issue 1216, 17 August 2018)
“Te USSR was neither a new type of capitalism, nor a ‘degenerate’ socialism, but a freakish new social system.”
Actually existing ‘socialism’: a critique of Stalinism. By Charlie Post (New Socialist, February 16, 2018)
“Today, an identification with te bureaucratic regimes masquerading as socialism undermines te rebuilding of an anti-capitalist left.”
Stalinism and historical responsibility. By James Heartfield (Te Project: A Socialist Journal, May 2015; online at Internet Archive)
“… looking back at te period between 1923 and 1993, how we understand te question of leadership in te working class movement is an important historical question. This essay is an attempt to look at te balance sheet.”
Western Marxism and te Soviet Union: A Survey of Critical Theories and Debates Since 1917 (pdf). By Marcel van der Linden (Brill, 2007, 380 p.; online at Libcom.org)
“Te ‘Russian Question’ was an absolutely central problem for Marxism in te twentieth century.” Se uddrag på svensk: Västerländsk marxism och Sovjetunionen (pdf)(Marxistarkiv.se, 25. marts 2020, 61 s.).
Returning to te Russian question. By Chris Harman (International Socialism, Issue 118, Spring 2008).
Kritiska teorier om Sovjetunionen (pdf). Av Paul Flewers (Marxistarkiv.se). Översatt från
tidskriften Revolutionary History (Vol.10, No.1, 2009).
Theories of Stalinism. By Paul Le Blanc (Against te Current, Issue 143, November-December 2009). Svensk udgave: Teorier om stalinismen (pdf) (Marxistarkiv.se, 25. februar 2019, 10 s.).
Te puzzle of te 20th century. By Martin Thomas (Solidarity, Issue 419, 12 October 2016) + longer review: Te mistakes of Mandel and Cliff on te Russian question (Workers’ Liberty, 26 September 2009).
Debate Chris Harman and Ernest Mandel (International Socialism, 1969-1990):
Chris Harman: Te inconsistencies of Ernest Mandel (Issue 41, December 1969/January 1970, p.36-41). Review of Ernest Mandel’s pamphlet Te inconsistencies of state capitalism.
Chris Harman: From Trotsky to state capitalism (Issue 47, Sommer 1990, p.137-156). Review of Ernest Mandel’s book Beyond Perestroika.
Ernest Mandel: A theory which has not withstood te test of facts (Issue 49, Winter 1990, p.43-64). Reply.
Chris Harman: Criticism which does not withstand te test of logic (Issue 49, Winter 1990, p.65-88). Reply.
Russia: A Marxist Analysis (1964). By Tony Cliff (Marxists Internet Archive). “This text is an extended version of Stalinist Russia: A Marxist Analysis, which was originally published in 1955.”
Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:
Tidslinjen 19. august 1991 om Sovjetunionens opløsning.
Emnelisten Den Russiske Revolution 100 år
Emnelisten Den Russiske Revolution, fra februar – oktober 1917
Broderkysset. Grafitti ved Berlinmuren. Billede af HeidiL fra Pixabay
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