fr fr en fr fr fr it fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr en en en en fr en en en es es en en en en en en en en de en fi en en en fr en bg en hbs_lat da nl el de et fi fr de hu is it lv lt en nb pl pt ro sv sl es sv tr es en en en en en kn en en en fr fr fr fr en en en fr en fr fr fr fr en fr fr en fr fr ca en en en de fr en en it en en de en sv en en en en en en en en en tr en en en en ro da en en en fr fr ga ga ga ga ga ga ga fr fr fr en en en en en en fr en en en en en en es en en fr fr es fr fr en en en fr ca id ca fr fr en en en fr fr fr en en en en en fr nn en en fr fr fr en fr fr fr en en en
An Ithir — Agence européenne pour l'environnement
Faites quelque chose pour notre planète, imprimez cette page que si nécessaire. Même un petit geste peut faire une énorme différence quand des millions de gens le font!
Réseau des chefs d'agences pour la protection de l'environnement (réseau EPA)
Système de partage d'informations sur l'environnement (SEIS)
Partenaires de l'UE   Coopération internationale
Pollution de l'air et atténuation du changement climatique (ACM)
Impacts des changements climatiques, la vulnérabilité et l'adaptation (CCA)
Les eaux intérieures, côtières et marines (ICM)
Urban, Land and Soil systems (ULS)
Waste and Materials in a Green Economy (WMGE)
EEA homepage in your language
Sign up to receive our reports (print and/or electronic) and quarterly e-newsletter.
For media and journalists:
Contact the web team
Phone: (+45) 33 36 71 00
Fax: (+45) 33 36 71 99
Cookies are not enabled. You must enable cookies before you can log in.
The EEA Web CMS works best with following browsers:
Internet Explorer is not recommended for the CMS area.
If you have forgotten your password, we can send you a new one.
Passer au contenu | Passer à la navigation
Sound and independent information
Search the catalogue A-Z Glossaire
À propos de l'AEE
The EEA is an agency of the European Union
Vous êtes ici :
Ce site a des fonctionnalités limitées avec Javascript non activé. S'il vous plaît assurez-vous que Javascript est activé dans votre navigateur.
Document Dernière modification 31/01/2017
Tá an ithir mar bhonn is mar thaca le 90% de tháirgeadh bia, beathú agus breosla, agus cuireann sé amhábhar ar fáil do ghníomhaíochtaí éagsúla, idir ghairneoireacht agus an earnáil tógála. Tá an ithir ríthábhachtach chun sláinte an éiceachórais a chinntiú: íonaíonn agus rialaíonn sí an t-uisce, agus feidhmíonn sí mar inneall do thimthriallta cothaithigh agus is taisce do ghéinte agus speicis í. Is linn dé-ocsaíd charbóin dhomhanda í, agus tá ról tábhachtach aici chun moill a chur ar an athrú aeráide agus a n-iarmhairtí. Ina theannta sin, fágtar iarsmaí den am atá thart ann inti, agus dá bhrí sin is cuid thábhachtach dár n-oidhreacht chultúrtha í.
Ach bíonn an tsochaí i gcónaí ag tarraingt as an ithir agus is minic a bhíonn na héilimh éagsúla i gcoimhlint lena chéile. Tá brú mór ar chumas na hithreach chun seirbhísí éiceachórais a chur ar fáil — ó thaobh táirgeacht bia, mar linn bhithéagsúlachta agus rialaitheoir gáis, uisce agus cothaitheach. Déanann na rátaí breathnaithe ar shéalú ithreach, creimeadh, laghdú ar ábhar orgánach san ithir agus éilliú dochar do theacht aniar na hithreach agus an cumas atá aici dul in oiriúint do na hathruithe.
I gcomhthéacs fad saoil an duine, is acmhainn neamh-inathnuaite í an ithir. Mar shochaí, caithfimid an ithir a bhainistiú ar bhonn inbhuanaithe chun leas a bhaint as a buntáistí. D’ainneoin réimse na ngníomhaíochtaí atá ag brath ar an ithir ar deireadh, níl aon reachtaíocht shonrach ag an AE maidir le hithir. Go dtí seo, murab ionann is an t-uisce agus an t-aer, bítear ag plé leis an ithir go hindíreach nó mar chuid de pholasaithe earnála: talmhaíocht agus foraoiseacht, fuinneamh, uisce, an t-athrú aeráide, cosaint an nádúir, dramhaíl agus ceimiceáin. Tá an easpa beartais chomhleanúnaigh san AE maidir le hithir le feiceáil chomh maith sa ghanntanas sonraí comhchuibhithe faoin ithir.
Ach le deich mbliana anuas, tá dul chun cinn déanta ar fhorbairt beartais agus iarrachtaí chun sonraí a chomhordú. Léiríonn Straitéis Théamach an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh maidir leis an Ithir ó 2006 an gá le feidhmiú na hithreach a chosaint mar ghné thábhachtach den fhorbairt inbhuanaithe. Ar an leibhéal domhanda, táthar ag déileáil le ceist na hithreach mar chuid de choincheap níos forleithne an díghrádaithe talún (teoranta do limistéir talaimh thirime faoi láthair) faoi Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe chun Gaineamhlú a Chomhrac (UNCCD). Níos deireanaí, mar chuid den choincheap chun neodracht i ndíghrádú talún a chinntiú a leagadh síos sna Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe (SDGanna), a d’aontaigh Comhthionól Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe in 2015, tugadh isteach an coincheap d’fheidhmeanna na hithreach a chaomhnú. Áirítear sna SDGanna sin cuspóirí maidir le caighdeán na hithreach, éilliú na hithreach, agus bainistíocht ceimiceán agus dramhaíola. Is uirlis thábhachtach iad na SDGanna chun bearta a chur i bhfeidhm chun an ithir a chosaint san Eoraip. Táthar i mbun iarrachtaí chun faisnéis ithreach don phobal a chomhchuibhiú agus a chaighdeánú ar an leibhéal domhanda agus Eorpach.
Déanann EEA measúnuithe bunaithe ar tháscairí maidir le réimse topaicí úsáide talún agus ithreach faoin gcnuasach téamach de tháscairí úsáide talún agus ithreach (Tacair LSI). Cuimsíonn an LSI táscairí maidir le tógáil talún, neamh-thréscaoilteacht, bainistíocht suíomhanna éillithe, taise na hithreach, creimeadh ithreach agus carbón orgánach san ithir. Tá táscairí  beartaithe maidir le bloghadh agus athchúrsáil talún. Cuireann Seirbhísí faireacháin talún Copernicus nuashonruithe rialta ar fáil maidir le cuid de na táscairí sin. Foilsíonn EEA meastacháin ad hoc maidir le hábhair shonracha a bhaineann leis an ithir, ar nós éifeachtúlacht acmhainní i gceantair uirbeacha, nó ualú cothaithigh nó miotail sa timpeallacht.
Ag brath ar an ábhar, rachaidh an EEA i gcomhar le comhghleacaithe ón gCoimisiún Eorpach (go háirithe leis an Airmheán Comhpháirteach Taighde agus an Ard-Stiúrthóireacht Chomhshaoil), ionadaithe Eionet ón Ionad Tagartha Náisiúnta d’Úsáid Ithreach agus Talún, agus Pleanáil Spásúlachta, agus líonraí agus saineolaithe eile Eorpacha. Áirítear i measc na gcomhpháirtithe domhanda: Ard-Rúnaíocht UNCCD, an Chompháirtíocht Dhomhanda don Ithir, an Tionscnamh Domhanda Táscairí Talún (arna éascú ag UN-Habitat) agus Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe.
Tá na Lárionaid Théamacha Eorpacha ábhartha ag tacú le hobair an EEA sa réimse téamach seo ó 1996; tacaíonn an Lárionad Téamach Eorpach maidir le Córais Uirbeacha, Talún agus Ithreach (ETC/ULS), atá gníomhach ó 2014 i leith, le hobair an EEA ar ithreacha. In 2007, aistríodh gníomhaíochtaí sonraí ithreacha chuig an Lárionad Sonraí Eorpacha don Ithir san Airmheán Comhpháirteach Taighde
Trier par: Date de publication Titre
Imperviousness and imperviousness change Between 2006 and 2009, soil sealing, or imperviousness, increased in all EEA-39 countries by a total of 4 364 k m 2 . This corresponds to an annual average increase of 1 454 k m 2 , or 0.027 % of the total EEA-39 area. During this period, the rate of increase in soil sealing relative to country area varied from 0.001 % to 0.48 %. In 2009, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.15 % to 15.23 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities. The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high.
Soil moisture Soil moisture content is already being affected by rising temperatures and changes in precipitation amounts, both of which are evidence of changes in climate. Since 1951, modelled soil moisture content significantly increased in parts of northern Europe and decreased in the Mediterranean region. Projections for 2021–2050 show a general change in summer soil moisture content over most of Europe, including significant decreases in the Mediterranean region and increases in the northeastern part of Europe. Maintaining water-retention capacity and porosity are important to reduce the impacts of intense rainfall and droughts, which are projected to become more frequent and severe. The modelled results are based on natural factors and disregard artificial drainage and irrigation practices.
Progress in management of contaminated sites Local soil contamination in 2011 was estimated at 2.5 million potentially contaminated sites in the EEA-39, of which about 45 % have been identified to date. About one third of an estimated total of 342 000 contaminated sites in the EEA-39 have already been identified and about 15 % of these 342 000 sites have been remediated. However, there are substantial differences in the underlying site definitions and interpretations that are used in different countries.   Four management steps are defined for the management and control of local soil contamination, namely site identification (or preliminary studies), preliminary investigations, main site investigations, and implementation of risk reduction measures. Progress with each of these steps provides evidence that countries are identifying potentially contaminated sites, verifying if these sites are actually contaminated and implementing remediation measures where these are required. Some countries have defined targets for the different steps.   Thirty of the 39 countries surveyed maintain comprehensive inventories for contaminated sites: 24 countries have central national data inventories, while six countries, namely Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden, manage their inventories at the regional level. Almost all of the inventories include information on polluting activities, potentially contaminated sites and contaminated sites.   Contaminated soil continues to be commonly managed using “traditional” techniques, e.g. excavation and off-site disposal, which accounts for about one third of management practices. In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques for contaminated soil are applied more or less equally.   Overall, the production sectors contribute more to local soil contamination than the service sectors, while mining activities are important sources of soil contamination in some countries. In the production sector, metal industries are reported as most polluting whereas the textile, leather, wood and paper industries are minor contributors to local soil contamination. Gasoline stations are the most frequently reported sources of contamination for the service sector.   The relative importance of different contaminants is similar for both liquid and solid matrices. The most frequent contaminants are mineral oils and heavy metals. Generally, phenols and cyanides make a negligible overall contribution to total contamination.   On average, 42 % of the total expenditure on the management of contaminated sites comes from public budgets. Annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites are on average about EUR 10.7 per capita. This corresponds to an average of 0.041 % of the national GDP. Around 81 % of the annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites is spent on remediation measures, while only 15 % is spent on site investigations. It should be noted that all results derive from data provided by 27 (out of 39) countries that returned the questionnaire, and not all countries answered all questions.
Land take Land take by the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of urban land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. The annual land take in European countries assessed by 2006 Corine land cover project (EEA39 except Greece) was approximately 108 000 ha/year in 2000-2006. In 21 countries covered by both periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2006) the annual land take decreased by 9 % in the later period. The composition of land taken areas changed, too. More arable land and permanent crops and less pastures and mosaic farmland were taken by artificial development then in 1990-2000. Identified trends are expected to change little when next assessment for 2006-2012 becomes available in 2014.
Soil erosion 105 million ha., or 16 % of Europe’s total land area (excluding Russia) were estimated to be affected by water erosion in the 1990s. Some 42 million ha. of land were estimated to be affected by wind erosion, of which around 1 million ha. were categorised as being severely affected. A recent new model of soil erosion by water has estimated the surface area affected in the EU‐27 at 130 million ha. Almost 20 % is subjected to soil loss in excess of 10 tonnes/ha./year. Increased variations in rainfallpattern and intensity will make soils moresusceptible to water erosion, with off-site effects of soil erosion increasing. Increased aridity will make finer-textured soils more vulnerable to wind erosion, especially if accompanied by a decrease in soil organic matter levels. Reliable quantitative projections for soil erosion are not available.
Soil organic carbon Soil carbon stocks in the EU-27 are around 75 billion tonnes of carbon; around 50 % of which is located in Ireland, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (because of the large area of peatlands in these countries). The largest emissions of CO 2 from soils are due to conversion (drainage) of organic soils, and amount to 20–40 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare per year. The most effective option to manage soil carbon in order to mitigate climate change is to preserve existing stocks in soils, and especially the large stocks in peat and other soils with a high content of organic carbon. On average, soils in Europe are most likely to be accumulating carbon. Soils under grassland and forests are a carbon sink (estimated up to 80 million tonnes of carbon per year) whereas soils under arable land are a smaller carbon source (estimated from 10–40 million tonnes of carbon per year). The effects of climate change on soil organic carbon and soil respiration are complex, and depend on distinct climatic and biotic drivers. However, they lack rigorous supporting datasets. Climate change is expected to have an impact on soil carbon in the long term, but changes in the short term will more likely be driven by land management practices and land use change
Permalink to this version
Permalink to latest version
Albania , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czechia , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Kazakhstan , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macedonia , Malta , Moldova , Monaco , Montenegro , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , San Marino , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , United Kingdom , Uzbekistan
Partager avec les autres
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/fr/themes/soil/an-ithir or scan the QR code.
PDF generated on 16/09/2017 04:22
Mots-clés associés : soil
Inscrivez-vous pour recevoir nos rapports (imprimés et/ou électroniques) et nos bulletins trimestriels.
Agence européenne pour l'environnement (AEE)
Téléphone: +45 3336 7100
L'Agence européenne pour l'environnement (AEE) est un organisme de l'Union européenne.
L'équipe Web de l'AEE
Connectez-vous Historique des mises à jour Section développeurs Rafraîchir la page
This site uses cookies
We use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site. Cookies do not contain any personal information about you. If you wish, see how to delete/disable cookies in your web browser but then our site may not work correctly. See also our privacy policy.