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Irish bardic poetry - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (July 2012)
Bardic Poetry refers to the writings of poets trained in the Bardic Schools of Ireland and the Gaelic parts of Scotland, as they existed down to about the middle of the 17th century, or, in Scotland, the early 18th century. Most of the texts preserved are in Middle Irish or in early Modern Irish, however, even though the manuscripts were very plentiful very few were printed. It was considered a period of great literary stability due to the formalised literary language that changed very little.[1] This allowed Bardic poets to travel over parts of Ireland and Gaelic Scotland with little difficulty.
2 Role in Irish and Scottish Society
See also: Chief Ollam of Ireland
According to the Uraicecht Becc, 'bards' and 'fili' were distinct groups: fili involved themselves with law, language, lore and court poetry, whereas bards were verifiers.[2] However, in time, these terms came to be used interchangeably.[3] These groups likely originated from Druidism, which morphed into a 'Bardic Order' that co-existed with Christianity.[4] They learned and kept the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as the technical requirements of a verse technique known as Dán Díreach that was syllabic and used assonance, half rhyme and alliteration.
Much of their work would not strike the modern reader as being poetry at all, consisting as it does of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors: the Irish bard was not necessarily an inspired poet, but rather a professor of literature and a man of letters, highly trained in the use of a polished literary medium, belonging to a hereditary caste of high prestige in an aristocratic society (very conservative and based on prestige), holding an official position therein by virtue of his training, his learning, his knowledge of the history and traditions of his country and his clan.[5]
As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles, such as chroniclers and satirists. Effectively, their job was to praise their employers and curse those who crossed them. Their approach to official duties was very traditional and drawn from precedent. However, even though many Bardic poets were traditional in their approach, there were also some who added personal feelings into their poems and also had the ability to adapt with changing situations although conservative.[6]
The following is an example of a Bardic poem from the translations of Osborn Bergin:
Filled with sharp dart-like pens
Limber tipped and firm, newly trimmed
Paper cushioned under my hand
Percolating upon the smooth slope
The leaf a fine and uniform script
A book of verse in ennobling Goidelic.
I learnt the roots of each tale, branch
Of valour and the fair knowledge,
That I may recite in learned lays
Of clear kindred stock and each person's
Family tree, exploits of wonder
Soft voiced, sweet and slumberous
A lullaby to the heart.
Grant me the gladsome gyre, loud
Rushing in swift frenzy, like a blue edged
In a sheath tightly corded;
The cause itself worthy to contain.
An example of a Bardic Poet can also be seen in the novel The Year of the French (1979) by Thomas Flanagan. In this book, a character by the name of Owen MacCarthy is bard known for his training with the native language as well as English. He is turned to write specific, important letters by a group named the "Whiteboys". They are in need of someone skilled with writing letters, such as a bard like MacCarthy.
Royal Irish Academy MS 24 P 33
The Book of the White Earl
Dunaire Mheig Shamhradháin (Book of Maguran)
Mael Ísu Ó Brolcháin (d. 1086)
Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh (fl. 1586)
Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside (fl. 1147)
Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin (1550–1600)
Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (c.1210-c.1272)
Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (d. 1387)
Flann mac Lonáin (d. 896)
Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh (d. 1244)
Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. ca. 1610)
Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh (ca. 1540 – ca. 1630)
Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin (fl. 1585)
Cormac Mac Con Midhe (d. 1627)
Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail (fl. c. 1500–1550)
Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh (c.1540–c.1630)
Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte (fl. 16th century)
Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte (fl. c.1601)
Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa (1567–1617)
Proinsias Ó Doibhlin (d. c. 1724)
Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill (fl. early 18th century.)
Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde (fl. 1072)
Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn (c. 1550-c.1591)
Niníne Éces (fl. 700)
Colmán mac Lénéni (530–606)
Cináed Ua Hartacáin (d. 975)
Muireadhach Albanach (fl. early 13th century.)
Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (d. 1387)
Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. 1630)
Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire (d. 1266)
Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird (fl. 1670)
Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (fl. 1624–1664)
Dallán Forgaill (ca. 530–598)
Óengus Céile Dé (d. 824)
Sedulius Scottus (fl. 840–860)
Saint Dungal (fl. 811–828)
Philip Ó Duibhgeannain (d. 1340)
Amra Choluim Chille Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...
Is trúag in ces i mbiam Sen dollotar Ulaid ... Sorrow is the worst thing in life ...
An Díbirt go Connachta A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn Foraire Uladh ar Aodh
A theachtaire tig ón Róimh An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean
Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol Pangur Bán Liamuin Buile Shuibhne
The Prophecy of Berchán Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig
↑ Welch, Robert (1996). The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature (1st ed.). New York: Clarendon Press. p. 33. ISBN 0198661584.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Welch, Robert. "bardic poetry". The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
↑ Bergin, Osborn. Irish Bardic Poetry. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
↑ Carney, James (1967). Medieval Irish Lyrics. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4.
↑ Bergin, Osborn. Irish Bardic Poetry. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
↑ Welch, Robert (1996). The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature (1st ed.). New York: Clarendon Press. p. 33. ISBN 0198661584.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Osborn Bergin, 'Bardic Poetry: a lecture delivered in 1912', in Irish Bardic Poetry, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (1970).[1]
Michelle O'Riordan, Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality, Cork University Press [2] (2007)
The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature by Robert Welch, Bruce Stewart
Techniques used in early medieval Irish poetry
Chief Ollam of Ireland
Contention of the bards
Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin
Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside
Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin
Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe
Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh
Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh
Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh
Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh
Cormac Mac Con Midhe
Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail
Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte
Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte
Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill
Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde
Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn
Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh
Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh
Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire
Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird
Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh
Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn
Máire Mhac an tSaoi
Faber Book of Irish Verse
The Wanderings of Oisin
Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig
Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean
Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...
Is trúag in ces i mbiam
Sen dollotar Ulaid ...
Sorrow is the worst thing in life ...
An Díbirt go Connachta
Foraire Uladh ar Aodh
A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn
A theachtaire tig ón Róimh
An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?
Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean
Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol
The Prophecy of Berchán
Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide
Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha
The Wind That Shakes the Barley
Love Songs of Connacht
High King of Ireland
Flight of the Earls
Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
Gaelic literature (Early Irish, Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic & Manx)
Major tribes or clans
Connachta (incl. Uí Néill, Clan Colla, Clan Donald, Uí Maine, etc)
Dál gCais (incl. Déisi)
Érainn (incl. Dál Riata, Corcu Loígde, Clan Conla, Dál Fiatach, etc)
Ulaid (incl. Dál nAraidi, Conmhaícne, Ciarraige, etc)
R-M222 (Connachta & Uí Néill)
Association of Highland Clans and Societies
Norse–Gaels (incl. Uí Ímair & Clan MacLeod)
Kingdom of the Isles
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