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An Asian Tour Operator: Culture
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ဘာလီ ယဥ္ေက်းမွု႕ ႏွင့္႕ ဓေလ့ထုံးတမ္း အစဥ္ အလာမ်ား မိတ္ဆက္
အင္ဒိုနီးရွား ႏိုင္ငံ ဟာ ကၽြန္းေပါင္း ၁၇၅၀၈ ကၽြန္း နဲ႕ ဖြဲ႔စည္း ထားၿပီး လူဦးေရ သန္း ၂၀၀ ေက်ာ္ မွီတင္းေနထိုင္ပါတယ္။ ကၽြန္းေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး နဲ႕ ဖြဲ႕ စည္းထားတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ သလို ယဥ္ေက်းမွ႕ုဓေလ့ထုံးစံ ေတြလဲ မတူညီၾကပါဘူး။ တခ်ိန္က ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ထြန္းကားခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ႀကီးမားထင္ရွားတဲ့ သက္ေသ အေထာက္ အထား မ်ားစြာ က်န္ခဲ့ သလို ဟိႏၵဴဘာသာ ထြန္းကားခဲ့ ေၾကာင္းလဲ အေထာက္ အထား ေျမာက္မ်ားစြာ က်န္ရွိပါတယ္။ လက္ရွိ အခ်ိန္မွာ ေတာ့ အစၥလာမ္ အယူ ၀ါဓ ကို ႏိုင္ငံ အ၀ွမ္း က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႕ျပန္႕ သက္၀င္ယုံၾကည္ၾကပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံ အႏွံ႕ ဂ်ာဗားယဥ္ေက်းမွူု႕ ႀကီးစိုးေပေသာ ျငား ကၽြန္းအသီးသီး မွာ ၄င္းတို႕ ရဲ႕ ရိုးရာ ဓေလ့ေတြကို တစိုက္မတ္မတ္ ထိမ္းသိမ္း ၾကပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ကမာၻ႕ ခရီးသြား ေျမပုံေပၚက နာမည္ေက်ာ္ ဘာလီကၽြန္း ဟာ ထိပ္ဆုံး ကပါ။ ဘာလီကၽြန္း ကို ဥေရာပတိုက္ သားေတြဟာ အီတလီ ႏိုင္ငံ ေရာမၿမိဳ႕ တြင္းက ပုပ္ရဟန္းမင္းႀကီး အေျခစိုက္ ရာ ဗာတီကန္ႏိုင္ငံ နဲ႕ ႏိုွင္းယွဥ္ေလ့ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ တကယ္လဲ ဘာလီကၽြန္းရဲ႕ ယဥ္ေက်းမွု႕ နဲ႕ ကိုးကြယ္ရာ ဘာသာ ဟာ အင္ဒိုနီးရွားရဲ႕ တျခား ကၽြန္းေတြနဲ႕ မတူပဲ ဟိႏၵဴ အယူ၀ါဓျဖစ္ေန ပါတယ္။
ဘာလီ မွာေနထိုင္ စဥ္ ကာလ အတြင္း ဘာလီလူမ်ိဳး တို႕ ရဲ႕ ယဥ္ေက်းမွု ဓေလ့ထုံးစံ ေတြ ကိုေသခ်ာ ေလ့လာ မယ္လို႕ စဥ္းစားမိပါတယ္။ လူမ်ိဳး တစ္မ်ိဳးရဲ႕ အေၾကာင္း ကိုေလ့လာမယ္ ဆိုရင္ စနစ္တက် ေလ့လာ မွသာ အလုံးစုံ ပုံေပၚ ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အေသးစိတ္ သုေတသန စာတမ္း ျပဳစု ရန္မဟုတ္ သိတိုင္ အေၾကာင္းအရာ စုံ ေထာင့္ေစ့ ေအာင္ အားထုတ္ထားပါတယ္။ ေလ့လာတဲ့ ေနရာ မွာ မႏုႆ ေဗဒပညာရွင္ တို႕ လူမ်ိဳး တစ္မ်ိဳး အေၾကာင္းကို ခ်ဥ္းကပ္ေလ့ လာတဲ့ ပုံစံ ကို အတုယူပါတယ္။ ဆရာ မႏုႆ ေက်ာ္၀င္း ေဟာေျပာခဲ့ တဲ့ အခ်က္ ေတြ ကို ျပန္စဥ္းစား ပုံေဖာ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ၿပီး ဖတ္ဖူးခဲ့တဲ့ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီ ထုတ္ ျပည္ေထာင္ စု ျမန္မာ ႏိုင္ငံ ေတာ္ ရွိ တိုင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳး မ်ား ၏ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံ မ်ား စာအုပ္မ်ား မွ နည္းနာနိသ် ကို အတုခိုးပါတယ္။ ယဥ္ေက်းမွု႕ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံ ဆိုတဲ့ အေလ်ာက္ ကိုးကြယ္ရာ ဘာသာကိုေတာ့ ခ်န္လွပ္ခဲ့မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သို႕ေပမင့္ ဘာလီ လူမ်ိဳး တို႕ရဲ႕ ယဥ္ေက်းမွု႕ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံ မ်ား အားလုံး ပါ၀င္ၿပီးျပည့္စုံ တဲ့ စာတမ္း တစ္ခု မဟုတ္ေၾကာင္း ကိုေတာ့ ၀န္ခံ ပါရေစ။
ဘာလီကၽြန္းသူကၽြန္းသား ေတြရဲ႕ ဘ၀ ကို ဘာသာေရးနဲ႕ ဆက္စပ္တဲ့ အခမ္းအနား ေတြ ရိုးရာ ဓေလ့ေတြနဲ႕ အမွတ္အသားျပဳပါတယ္။ အဲဒါကို မႏုႆ ယၾတာ (Manusa Yadnya) လုိ႕ေခၚၿပီး ေငြေၾကး တတ္ႏိုင္ရင္ တတ္ႏိုင္သလို၊ ဆင္းရဲရင္ ဆင္းရဲသလို က်င္းပေဆာင္ရြက္ၾက ပါတယ္။
ဘာလီ လူမ်ိဳးေတြရဲ႕ ပထမဆုံး အခမ္းအနား ဟာ အမွန္တကယ္ေတာ့ မ ေမြးဖြားခင္ ကတည္းက က်င္းပခဲ့ ၿပီး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေမြးဖြားၿပီး တဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ က်င္းပတဲ့ ပြဲက ေတာ့ အခ်င္းျမဳပ္တဲ့ ပြဲပါ။ အခ်င္းကို အုန္းသီးစိမ္း တစ္လုံး ကို ထိပ္၀ ဖြင့္ၿပီး သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ၀တၳဳပစၥည္း မ်ားနဲ႕ မိမိအိမ္မွာ ပဲျမွဳပ္ႏွံပါတယ္။ ေနာင္ ဒီကေလး ႀကီးလာၿပီး က်န္းမာေရး၊ လူမွုဳေရး အစရွိသျဖင့္ ကိစၥရပ္ေတြကို္ သူ႕ အခ်င္းျမွဳပ္ႏွံရာ ေနရာမွာ ဆုေတာင္းျခင္း၊ ယၾတာ ေခ်ျခင္း မ်ားျပဳလုပ္ၾကပါတယ္။ ေဆးရုံေတြမွာ လဲ ကေလးမီးဖြား ၿပီးတာတဲ့ ကေလးနဲ႕ အတူ အခ်င္းကို ေျမအိုးေလး တစ္လုံးနဲ႕ ထည့္ၿပီး ေပးပါတယ္။ အဲဒါကို ဖခင္ျဖစ္သူက အခ်င္းအိုးကို ယူၿပီး အိမ္ကို ျပန္ကာ ရုိးရာ အတိုင္း စီရင္ ျမွုပ္ ႏွံရပါတယ္။ ကေလးမီးဖြား ၿပီး ပထမဆုံး အႀကီးအက်ယ္ လုပ္တဲ့ အခန္းအနား ကို ေတာ့ ဘာလီ ျပကၡဒိန္ ရဲ႕ ရက္ေပါင္း ၂၁၀ ျပည့္တဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ လုပ္ရတာပါ။
(အေၾကာင္းဆုံလို႕က်ေနာ့္ သမီးေလး ေမြးတုန္းက အေၾကာင္းကို ေျပာျပခ်င္ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ့္ သမီး ေလး ေမြးတုန္းက ကေလး လာပို႕ရင္းနဲ႕ ပလတ္စတစ္ အိပ္တလုံးနဲ႕ ထည့္ထားတဲ့ ေျမအိုးေလး တစ္လုံး ကို ပါေပးလာပါတယ္။ ေမးၾကည့္ေတာ့ အခ်င္းလို႕ ေျပာပါတယ္။ ဒီမွာ က ကိုယ့္ရပ္ရြာလဲ မဟုတ္၊ ဒီလုိ အေရးတယူ ေပးလာတဲ့ ေနာက္ေတာ့ အမိွုက္ပစ္ သလိုလဲ မပစ္ရက္၊ မပစ္ခ်င္ နဲ႕ စိတ္ရွုပ္ၿပီး ေဆးရုံကဆင္းလာတဲ့ အခါမွာ အိမ္ကို ယူလာခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္မွ ရုံးက လုပ္ေဖာ္ ကိုင္ဖက္ တစ္ေယာက္ က ပင္လယ္မွာ ေမွ်ာဖို႕ အႀကံေပးလို႕ က်ေနာ့္ အိမ္နားက ကမ္းစပ္ မွာ ကိုယ္တုိင္ပဲ ေရနက္ပိုင္း အထိကူးၿပီး ျမွုပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သမီးေလးႀကီးလာရင္ ေတာ့ သူ႕ အခ်င္းကို ဘာလီကၽြန္း က ဂ်င္ဘာရမ္ ပင္လယ္ေအာ္ထဲ မွာ ျမွုပ္ခဲ့တယ္ ေျပာရမွာပဲ။)
ထူျခားတာက ဘာလီ လူမ်ိဳးေတြ မွာ ေရွ႕နာမည္ (first name) ၄ ခုပဲ ရွိပါတယ္။ ပထမဆုံး ကေလးဆို ရင္ ေ၀ယံ (Wayan) ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ပုတု (Putu) လို႕ ေပးေလ့ရွိၿပီး၊ ဒုတိယ ကေလးကို မာေဒး (Made) ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ကားဒက္ (Kadek) လို႕ ေပးပါတယ္။ တတိယ ကေလးကို ေတာ့ ညိဳမန္ (Nyoman) ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ကိုမန္း (Komang) လုိ႕ ေပးရၿပီး ေလးေယာက္ေျမာက္ ကို ေတာ့ ကတြတ္ (Ketut) လို႕ ေပးၾကပါတယ္။ ငါးေယာက္ေျမာက္ ကစၿပီး ေမြးလာတဲ့ ကေလးကို ေတာ့ တစ္ပတ္လည္ ၿပီး ေ၀ယံ၊ ပုတု အစရွိသျဖင့္ ျပန္မွည့္ ရပါေတာ့တယ္။
ပိုၿပီး ရွင္းေအာင္ ေအာက္မွာ ဇယား နဲ႕ ထပ္ရွင္းထားပါတယ္။
ဘာလီလူမ်ိဳး ေတြရဲ႕နမူနာ နာမည္ ေတာ္ေတာမ်ားမ်ား ဟာ ဗုဒၶ ဘာသာနဲ႕ ဆက္စပ္ သေယာင္ ရွိပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ။ ကတြတ္ ဓမၼရာဇာ (Mr. Ketut Dhamayasa) မာေဒး ဓမၼရံသီ (Ms. Made Dhamayanti) အစရွိသျဖင့္ေပါ့။
ဘာလီ လူမ်ိဳးေတြ ဟာ ကေလးခ်စ္ ၿပီး ရသေလာက္ ယူၾကပါတယ္။ မိသားစု ႀကီးေတြမွာ ကေလး အငယ္ ကို ကေလး အႀကီး က ထိမ္း စနစ္ နဲ႕ ပဲ ႀကီးျပင္းလာၾကပါတယ္။ ကေလးဘ၀ မွာ ေမြးေန႕ အခမ္း အနား ေတြက လဲ အေရးပါပါတယ္။ အဓိကက်တဲ့ အခမ္းအနား ကေတာ့ လူပ်ိဳေဖာ္၊ အပ်ိဳ ေဖာ္၀င္စ မွာ က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ သြားပြတ္တိုက္ တဲ့ပြဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာလီ ဟိႏၵဴအယူ၀ါဒ အရ လူတိုင္းမွာ မေကာင္းတဲ့ ေလာဘ၊ ေဒါသ၊ အက်ိိဳးမဲ့ စကားမ်ား ေျပာျခင္း၊ ဘ၀င္ ျမင့္ျခင္း အစရွိသည္ တို႕ ကို ခ်ိဳးႏွိမ္ ေစဖို႕ သြားပြတ္တိုက္ ျခင္း ျပဳလုပ္ရတယ္ လို႕ ယုံၾကည္ၾကပါတယ္။ အခန္းအနားမွာ ဟိႏၵဴ ျဗဟၼ ဆရာ က သြားကို တံစဥ္း နဲ႕ပြတ္တိုက္ တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
သြားပြတ္တိုက္ျခင္း အခမ္းအနား (photo: from here)
ဘာလီ က အရြယ္ေရာက္တဲ့ သူတိုင္း အိမ္ေထာင္ က်တဲ့ အခါမွာ မိသားစု ႀကီးတစ္ခု ထူေထာင္မယ္ဆိုတဲ့ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ မ်ိဳး ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ အနည္းဆုံး ေတာ့ ကေလး ၃ ေယာက္ ယူမယ္ ဆိုတဲ့ ငယ္ရြယ္သူ စုံတြဲ မ်ားစြာ ေတြ႕ ဘူးပါတယ္။ တျခား အာရွ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားလို ပဲ အေျခခံ အားျဖင့္ လက္ထပ္တဲ့ နည္းလမ္း ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။ မပၸဒဒ္ (Mapadik) ေခၚဆိုတဲ့ လက္ထပ္နည္း မွာ ၾကင္သူ ႏွစ္ဦး ေမတၱာမွ် ွွ၍ လက္ထပ္ ရန္ ဆုံးျဖတ္ ကာ သတို႕ သား ျဖစ္သူ ဟာ မိဘေတြကို ေခၚၿပီး ေတာင္းရမ္း လက္ထပ္ယူတဲ့ နည္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ တနည္း ကေတာ့ ငိုေရာဂ္ (Ngorod) လို႕နာမည္ ရၿပီး အတိုခ်ဳပ္ရ ရင္ ခိုးေျပးတဲ့ နည္းပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လူတန္းစား မတူ တဲ့ သတို႕ သား နဲ႕ သတို႕ သမီး ေလာင္းတို႕ ဟာ ႏွစ္ဘက္ မိဘ သေဘာမတူ မွာ ေသခ်ာ လို႕ ခိုးေျပး ၾကတာပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
မတူေသာလူတန္းစား မ်ား (Caste System in Bali)
ဘာလီကၽြန္းဟာ အႏိၵယ ႏိုင္ငံ မွ မိုင္ေပါင္း ေထာင္ခ်ီ ေ၀ကြာ ေပမယ့္ ဟိႏၵဴ အယူ၀ါဒ ႏွင့္ အတူ လူတန္းစား ခြဲ တဲ့ အေလ့အထ ပါ ထြန္းကား က်င့္သုံးပါတယ္။ သို႕ေပမယ့္ အိႏၵိယ မွာကဲ့သို႕ အလြန္ အမင္း အယူသည္း ကာ က်ဥ္းေျမာင္း ေသာ အေတြး အေခၚ မရွိၾကပဲ ရိုးရာ အျဖစ္သာ ထိမ္း သိမ္းၾက တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာလီမွာ ရွိတဲ့ မတူတဲ့ လူတန္းစား မ်ား ကို အိႏၵိယ အေခၚအေ၀ၚ (ဟင္ဒီ သို႕ မဟုတ္ သသၤကၠရိုက္ ဘာသာ) မ်ား နဲ႕ အစဥ္လိုက္ ယွဥ္တြဲ ေဖာ္ ျပထားပါတယ္။
(*) အမွတ္အသားျပဳထား သည္မွာ မေသခ်ာပါ။ အတိအက် သိသူမ်ား ျပင္ဆင္ေပးဖို႕ ေမတၱာရပ္ခံပါတယ္။
(**) ဘုန္းဘုန္း ေတာက္ပၾကယ္စင္ မွ်ေ၀ တဲ့ အတိုင္းထပ္မံ ျဖည့္စြက္ထားပါတယ္။ ေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္ ဘုရား။
- Balinese Traditional Arhcitecture in Process by Jakuya Kagami
- ကိုယ္တိုင္ သုေတသနျပဳ ေမးျမန္းခ်က္မ်ား မွတ္စု
Tigers, Big Predators of Myanmar
Myanmar Tiger on Trap Camera by Wildlife Conversation Society - WCS
Tiger is an animal with full of mystical background stories in Myanmar since for hundreds years ago. Like werewolves in America and Europe, weretigers in Mynmar is one of the most thrilling characters among folklore of Burmese and various ethnic groups. Furthermore it is a part of religious value for animistic beliefs both tribal people and urban communities. Until now, it is remained as one of the major themes in traditionally told bedtime tales.
From the far northern snow-capped mountains to down south Mergui Archipelagos, Myanmar is a shelter for a wide range of biodiversity and wildlife. Various parts of the country itself is a home for mix of species from north Asia, south Asia and southeast Asia. In fact, Myanmar is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia or Indochina Peninsular.
In general, tigers habitat in Myanmar is the Indochinese Tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and also known as Corbett's Tiger which are even found in China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Records show a number of Bengal tigers also found in Myanmar. They habitat in the deep jungle especially in mountainous or hilly regions. In fact they are very similar to Bengal tigers but practically darker and smaller in appearance. However it is said to be more intelligent and hazardous in the desperate situations. Now all those tigers in estimated population between 1200 to 1800 are only several hundred left in wild and nature due to various reasons such as decreasing of primary prey species which are medium and large size animals (ie. deer, wild pigs, serows etc.), poaching and inbreeding. Furthermore, traditional hunting as basis need for ornaments or costumes by some tribal ethnic groups might be another strong reasons. The illicit demand from China for traditional medicine would be another major reason for the unrelenting poaching pressure on tigers. The traders and brokers for tigers remains are always roaming in tiger habitat areas.
"Myanmar (Burma): Chinese pharmacy, Mandalay, 11. XII . 1987 ; special offer: tiger (Panthera tigris), Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), civet cat (Viverra zibetha), Bengal and domestic cat (Felis bengalensis, Felis libycus forma catus), etc."
"The Wildlife Conservation Society and the Panthera Foundation announced plans to establish a 5,000 mile-long "genetic corridor" from Bhutan to Burma that would allow tiger populations to roam freely across landscapes. The corridor, first announced at the United Nations on January 30th, would span eight countries and represent the largest block of tiger habitat left on earth."
As an ambitious project, "World Largest Tiger Reserve" has been created in Myanmar. It was in year 2001, the total area of more than triples size of the 2500- square-miles (6500 -square-kilometer) Hukaung Vally Wildlife Sanctuary was established. In fact, Myanmar had been identified since 1995 as a high priority tiger conservation area as WCS Myanmar assume Myanmar has large areas of potential habitat existed for tigers. Followed by this statement, WCS approached with National Tiger Action Plan to Forest Department in 1998 when preliminary surveys and training programs began.
Tours are now possible to arrange for off-the-beaten-trek Htmanti Wildlife Sanctuary in Sagain Division, the Hukaung Vally Wildlife Sanctuary in Kachin State and the Htaung Pru Reserved Forest and Pe Chaung catchment in Taninthary Division consider where global hotspots for Myanmar tigers and biodiversity.
- WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society)
- Aung Kyaw Tha - Myanma Alin
- Research Institute and Natural History Museum - Senckenberg (Germany)
- Research Institute and Natural History Museum - Senckenberg (Germany)
- Ledo Road
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 11/24/2009 04:16:00 PM 5 comments
Labels: Culture, English Posts, Myanmar, Nature, Personal, Tourism
Saturday, October 24, 2009
Sarawak - on the Island of Borneo
Sarawak exists on Borneo, the third largest in the world after Greenland and New Guinea. Malaysian belongs two states on Borneo are separated in Sarawak with a size of 123520 square kilometer and Sabah with 75230 square kilometer. The sultanate Brunei wedged in between these two Malaysian states and the southern two third of Borneo is belong to Indonesia and called Kalimantan.
Sarawak is well famous for its richness in plants and animal species, in a way Borneo is a center of biodiversity in tropical Asia. There are 10 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Sarawak and which are home to quite a number of endangered animal species such as Proposcis Monkeys, Orang Utans, Sumatran Rhinoceros, Clouded Leopard, Asian Elephants et cetera.
Archaeological encounters at Santubong Peninsula serve that the Chinese came to trade during Tang, Yuan and Sung dynasties from 618 AD to 1368 AD. And it was under the control of the Sultan of Brunei once in the past, at some point, there is no written records of the "middle age". In fact, Sarawak's history is like an exciting story from a novel played by enthralling characters of various performers. It was full of mysterious and alluring time while James Brooke landed his first step to the inside of Sarawak from the Sarawak River. He become first White Raja in Sarawak.
"My intention is first to visit Sarawak - a river whence they get antimony ore, as yet unknown and unmarked on teh charts. At Sarawak, I hope to get hold of the Rajah of Borneo proper and go up to the capital with him and, if possible, make an excursion up the river. I feel confident something is to be done"
James Brooke (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868)
The Chronicles of the Brooke ruled in an era by three generations of an English family whose first foray into Sarawak. James Brooke arrived in Kuching in 1839 to deliver a letter to the governor of Sarawak, Raja Muda Hashim. Sarawak was ruled by Brunei Sultanate at the time he arrived. The Brunei Sultanate and rebellion from the Malays and Bidayuh who had been forced into hard labor by the Governor. Rajah Muda Hashim was not able to control teh uprising and requested to James Brooke to compromise and bring a peaceful settlement with the natives. Brooke succeeded the operations and become White Raja of Sarawak in 1842 as a reward. Not before expanding his territory, in 1842 Rajah Brooke died.
His nephew Charles Brook took over him. Charles Brooke was well organized and capable person who set a proper system of government and extension of Sarawak Border. From 1941 - 1945, during the Japanese occupation, Charles and his family fled to Australia. No difference like other places during Japanese occupation, all economic and administrative structures are collapsed and the people of Sarawak were suffered. Before the return of Sir Charles Vyner Brooke, Sarawak was already took over by Austrilian Military Administration. Sarawak's colonization by British on 1 July 1946 and hundreds of government officers resigned from government service. In 1949, the second British Governor was assasinated by Rosli Dhobi. Despite Malaysia independent on 31 August 1957 (Merdeka Day), Sarawak did not achieve full independence until 16 September 1963 due to opposition from Indonesia and Philippines.
There are 28 ethnic groups inhabitant in Sarawak with their own distinct language, culture and lifestyle. Urban ares are populated by Malay, Chinese, Melanaus and small percentage of Ibans and Bidayuh who are relocated from their village for various reasons such as work or education. There are only a small community of Indians living in Sarawak. It is a harmony amongst the population of over 2 million in 28 indigenous ethnic groups who speak 45 different languages. Furthermore Sarawak is a place of the cluster of various traditions, pratices and religions.
"But who is the civilised Malay or, as he is also termed, the Deurero-Malay or Coastal Malay, of Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate, Timor, Sumba, and other islands? This broad-headed individual with more or less Mongoloid features, olive skin, lank black hair and thin beard is the Proto-Malay plus many foreign strains derived from inter-marrage with Chinese from teh Chou period onwards, with Indians from Bengal and the Deccan, with Arabs and Siamese." Sir Richard Winstedt, The Malays: A Cultural History
Twenty one percentage of the population in Sarawak, Malays are traditionally fishing, wood carving, silver and brass crafting as well as traditional Malay textile weaving. They are in fact originally migrated from Sumatra and they speak different dialect from the Malays of Peninsular Malaysia. Mostly they live traditionally along the coast.
The Chinese
They came to Sarawak as traders in early 6th century, Chinese now the 29 % of the population of Sarawak and practically built up strong community in social and business fields since 19th century then. Sarawakian Chinese are comprising Hokkien, Foochow, Hakka, Cantonese, Teochew and Henghua. They maintain their tradition and celebrate almost all of major cultural and religious activities.
They are the largest portion of the total population which is 30 % of entire Sarawak, Iban are reputed as "headhunters of Borneo". Ibans dwell in their renowned longhouses and famous for their weaving, silver crafting, wood carvings and beads. The Ibans traditionally settle in the river valleys of Batang Ai, the Skrang River, Saribas, and the Rajang River by building up their longhouses. These longhouses may have somewhere between six to nearly a hundred units! Longhouses generally located in newly opened areas are typically made of bamboo and tree bark, but more established and prosperous longhouses can be made of precious and long-lasting hardwoods from the nearby forest. They practice their own democracy in a communal group. They keep the elderly as important rote to make major decisions. The headman who is elected by the people of the entire community of each longhouse. Nowadays, Ibans are well known for their hospitality and friendliness.
The Orang Ulu
The Orang Ulu means upriver people and it had used to mention numerous tribes who live in upriver of inside Sarawak. In fact these groups make up approximately 5.5% of Sarawak's total population. Those tribal groups include also major Kenyah and Kyan tribes as well as the minority groups of Kajang, Kejaman, Punan, Ukit and Penang. The word Orang Ulu nowadays more widely called also to down-river tribes of Lun Bawang, Lun Deyeh, Murut and Berwan as well as the hill tribal Kelabits.
***Note: I sincerely tried to write about Sarawak at a glance and I doubt my post would be covered all about Sarawak.
- Wikipedia
- Sarawak by Robert Hoebel
- Sarawak Tourism Board
- Wan (Kuching)
- Courtesy of Sarawak Tourism Board
- Sir Francis Grant from file Wikipedia
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 10/24/2009 10:11:00 AM 8 comments
Labels: Archaeology, Culture, English Posts, History, Malaysia, Nature, Tourism
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Naga, the Warriors of the Hills
The Naga Warriors at their New Year Festival
The legendary people, Nagas have being dwelt since hundreds years in Myanmar geographically the northwestern hilly region and along the India border. In fact, they live in both Myanmar and the Nagaland of India sides. According to the statistical records, there are more than 150,000 Nagas in Myanmar a composition of 49 more major tribal groups and many sub-tribes in estimation. The well known tribal groups are made up of more than twenty different peoples, amongst which are the Angamis, the Aos, the Konyaks, the Semas and others. Since recent years, many Nagas have moved to Chindwin River Vally (Patkoi and Seramayri Mountain Ranges) around the Sagaing Division and Chin State.
In fact, the term originally "Naga" is disputed as the Nagas did not describe themselves for many years. Some anthropologists said it derives from Sanskrit meaning "naked people" or "mountain men". Apparently the name was given by the people of the plains and later by the British colonials.
The Culture
Like many hundred years ago, there are not many changes in their daily lifestyles and community as practically sharing in hunting, agricultural and animal husbandry lifestyles although each and every tribe has developed in individual costumes, weaving, headgear, bodies and facial tattoos and many other individualized ornaments and weapons. Their tradition, beliefs and customary are strongly related to the other tribal people of Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan - Indonesia) and Philippines.
It is difficult to give a very specific view of Naga culture, as there are differences and similarities between the groups belonging to it, as well as aspects shared with other cultures in nearby regions. The researcher Von Fürer-Haimendorf wrote, "In a world of rapidly improving communications and the resulting leveling of local differences, there is no room for archaic, isolated societies. Their once vigorous and widely varying cultures must gradually disappear before the impact of one of the great modern civilizations" in his research in the beginning of 1960s. Although there were being increased the trading with the plains, missionaries, colonialists and the impact of new technologies, the Naga still retain a lot of their traditional characteristic features. Until now, some of them are genuine in cultural aspect.
Nagas are derived from Tibeto-Burman and many of their languages are belong to Tibeto-Burman languages. Their music and dances are spectacular especially their martial and war dances. All dances are together with the songs and war yelling by the dances themselves. Their instruments are various kind of drums, bamboo flutes, bamboo mouth organs and cup violins.
Headhunting Practice
In the past of their exiting history including, their Headhunting practice especially among enemies make the Naga people legendary in a way however notorious i.e good example is an existence of such people in Myanmar-China border, Wa (Wa were still practicing headhunting until 1970s however unlike Nagas).
"The people around the world know that the forefathers of the present Naga people were head hunters. Head hunting meant that man killed his enemy, cut off his victim’s head, and carried home the head as a victor’s trophy."
Nagas keep the skulls in a skull house and each of Naga man has to contribute for the collection. These kind of spiritual houses are easily can be found in most of Naga villages. There is nothing more glorious for an adult Naga than victory in battle by bringing home the head of his victim. Nowadays they abandon the tradition due to the missionaries and supports of central government however it is believed to have been known some Nagas of the isolated Myanmar still practicing headhunting.
The Festival
Annually, in January, many different kinds of Naga tribes come together to celebrate Kaing Bi (Naga New Year) after harvesting their crops as welcoming for the next season. In this festival, traditionally to make discussion among them sharing their experiences of previous years and the ways to overcome the difficulties. Ancient times, the festival was held different groups and villages by villages but nowadays the central committee of Naga Tribal Culture choose one celebration site each other and to be held on January 15 (i.e Layshee and Laha alternately which are major Naga towns in Sagaing Division). Another reason of the festival is reunion of friends and relatives. Formerly it was a private celebration; it is now open to the public.
It could widely be said that Nagas are brave, straight forward, hardworking, honest and with a high standard of integrity. Every of an adult male Naga is practically a warrior. The Nagas have very strong sense of self respect. However they are also well noticed for their striking characteristic of hospitality and cheerfulness.
- Wiki Encyclopedia
- the Encyclopedia Britannica
- Myanmar Explore
- Absolutestronomy
- Unescocat
- Everyculture
- Ancient Naga Headhunters by T.Penzu
- Personal notes
- Credit goes to AFP
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 9/24/2009 03:57:00 PM 3 comments
Labels: Culture, Destination, English Posts, Myanmar, Nature
Monday, August 10, 2009
The Best of Southeast Asia by UNESCO - 4
The fascinating country, Malaysia is well know for her diversity of culture and tropical rainforests. I have wrote and post from my beginning of this blog (click here).
Gunung Mulu National Park
Sarawak's largest, Gunun Mulu National Park is covered 52,865 hectares out of other 11 national parks. It is extremely rich in palm species with over 100 species in 20 genera so far identified. The park is dominated for 2377 meter high sandstone pinnacle and world's largest and longest limestone caves after recently discovered in Vietnam (At 262-by-262 feet (80-by-80 meters) in most places, the Son Doong cave beats out the previous world-record holder, Deer Cave in the Malaysia section of the island of Borneo). However the park is home to 295 kilometers of explored limestone caves which are resident for million of cave dwellers such as bats, swiftlets, spiders, cave toads, cave snakes and so on. The Sarawak Chamber which is 415 meters wide, 80 meters high and 600 meters long and bacome one of the largest cave chamber in the world due to the Clearwater cave system fosters world's longest cave passage at 51.5 kilometers in length.
Gunung Mulu National Park is important for its high biodiversity and its flora and fauna, which has been listed for 17 vegetation zones with 3,500 species of vascular plants mainly 2,000 are flowering plants. There are 67 mammal species, more than 260 species of birds, over 20,000 species of invertebrates including 25 snake species, 75 amphibian species, 23 lizard species and over 320 fish species. Malayan honey bear, Sumatran rhinoceros, famous Orang Utan and the world's smalesst mammal pangolin (Manis javanica), swuirrels and pygmy shrew.
Gunung Mulu National Park was first constituted in 1974, opened to the public in 1985 and dsignated as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.
How to get there
Mulu is gateway and accessible by air from Miri, Limbang or Marudi. There are a numbers of Malaysia Airlines flights from Kuala Lumpur or Kuching to Mulu or Miri.
"It is perhaps the largest and most magnificent flower in the world... it measured across from the extrmity of the petals rather more than a yard, the nectarium was nine inches wide and as deep, estimated to contain a gallon and a half of water..."
SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES, published 1835
Kinabalu National Park
Located in Sabah on the northern part of the Island of Borneo, Kinabalu Nat ional Park covers an area of 754 square kilometers surrounding Mt. Kinabalu, which at 4,095.2 meters, is the highest mountain on the island of Borneo. The park is featured by six major topographs - the park, peaks, plateaus, gullies, rivers, streams and waterfalls, hot springs, caves and granite slabs. It is said to exist more than fifty persentage of flowering all around the world in the park. According to the recent survey, there are 6,000 species of flora comprising over 200 families and 1,000 genera. The world's largest flower, Rafflesia is found here in three different species rafflesia keithii, rafflesia pricei and rafflesia tengu-adlini (named after SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES).
Sumatran rhinoceros, Borneo wild cattle and most of the mammals habitat in the lowlands around Kinabalu Park. The Borneo pygmy elephant is said to exist in this park but many other large mammals such as the Orang Utan ("Forest Men or Men of the Jungle" in Bahasa Melayu & Indonesia) have been spotted up to 1,400 meters. The other primates like langurs, monkey, gibbons, tarsiers and slow loris are to be seen within the park.
How to get there
It is just 2 hours driving distance from Kota Kinabalu to reach Kinabalu National Park. Kota Kinabalu is state capital and hosts as international gateway.
A Famosa (original Portuguese fortress built in 1586 AD)
Melaka (also spelled as Malacca) is located at the edge of west coast of Peninsular Malaysia on the famous Strait of Melaka. It is 147 kilometers driving distance from Kuala Lumpur. Historical evidences said Melaka was found in 1390 AD which is last 600 years ago. After Sultanates, Melaka was ruled by Portuguese, Dutch and Britishs for centuries. St. Paul Church (once Portuguese Catholic religious place and then turned over to a burial ground of the nobel deads; where St. Francis Xavier's remain was burried there 1553 before moved to Goa, India), A Fomosa (original Portuguese Fortress built in 1586), the 1950-built-Dutch-Government-Residence, the Christ Church (built in 1753 and Dutch architectural structures are able to study), Kampung Keling Mosque and Bukit China are also major historic place in Malacca. Melaka became promenent UNESCO World's Heritage Site in 7 July 2008.
How to get there
Approximately 2 hours driving distance from Kuala Lumpur and about 3 hours driving distance from Singapore.
Khoo Kongsi Clan Temple, Penang
Located in northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia and by the famous Strait of Malacca, Penang is an island now also called as "Peal of the Orient". Originally, Penang was under Malay Sultanate of Kedah but in 1786 Captain Francis Light from British East India Company disembark Penang and renamed it as "Prince of Wales Island". He married with the daughter of Sultan of Kedah and promised the Sultan military protection from Siamese (Thais / Chakri Dynasty) and Burmese (Konbaung Dynasty). Captain Francis Light is now honored as the founder of Penang. Trading and cultural exchanges have being developed over 500 years between East and West in the Straits of Malacca settlement along with Malacca and Singapore. George Town is the historic town of Penang and listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site jointly with Malacca in July 2008.
How to get there
There is an international airport in Penang serving numerous flights. It is also reachable by overland from Kuala Lumpur is about 369 kilometers.
- Tourism Malaysia
- Sarawak Tourism
- Tourism Penang
- National Geographic http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- "You'll love Malacca Guide & Information" by Wee Hock Chye
- Credits go to Sarawak Tourism Board (all rights reserved)
- uk.encarta.msn.com
- Khoo Kongsi Clan Temple http://imleavingnow.blogspot.com/2007/10/georgetown-kuala-lumpur-malaysia.html
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 8/10/2009 02:20:00 PM 5 comments
Labels: Culture, Destination, English Posts, Malaysia, Nature, Tourism
Wednesday, July 15, 2009
The Best of Southeast Asia by UNESCO - 3
A home of over 220 million people, Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world, composing over 17,500 islands stretched between Australia and Asian continental mainlands. Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua are main islands of the country with 33 provinces, Indonesia's capital city is Jakarta.
Located in central Java, this magnificent temple was completed in the early eight century and hiding in the forest for over 100 years and later after buried under volcanic rubble and enveloped by the tropical rain forest for some 1,000 years. A British colonial agent Sir Stamford Raffles rediscovered the temple in 1814. After all, it was restored under UNESCO guidance in the 1970s. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO. It is said to be world's largest Buddhist temple and remained as spiritual significant of Indonesia and listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1991.
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (6 July 1781 – 5 July 1826)
How to get there
Borobudu is an hour driving distance from Yogyakarta, at the edge of a tiny Borobudur Village, where the inhabitants are mainly farmers and souvenir vendors. There are a number of flights operating to Yogyakarta including the national flag carrier Garuda Airlines.
Komodo National Park
Komodo National Park was established in 1980 in order to conserve the unique creatures of Komodo dragon (Varanus Komodonesis) and its habitat. It is located between the Sumbawa and Flores islands which is right in the center of Indonesian Archipelago. Actually, the Komodo National Park is comprising three main islands - Komodo, Rinca and Parda but includes as well as small islands nearby with a total land surface of 2,321 square kilometers.
How to get there
The gateway cities are (mainly) from Denpasar (Bali) and Labuan Bajo in the west of Flores or Bima in eastern Sumbawa by air. Or a long ride of ferry from the nearest city Labuan Bajo to reach Komodo National Park.
Prambanan Temple Compounds
Prambanan temple is located in central Java, constructed in the tenth century during the reigns of two kings namely Rakai Pikatan and Rakai Balitung. The plinths of the temple show the triump of Hindu architectural structure. It is known to be as world largest Hindu enshrine in Southeast Asia and become UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.
How to get there
It is just about 18 Kilometers east of Yogyakarta.
Ujung Kulon National Park
In the south western of the island of Java and equatorial waters of the Sunda Straits merge, is Ujung Kulon National Park. It is rich in wildlife and eco-diversity and known as home for endangered Java Rhinoceros. The park is 120, 551 hectares are compositions of 78, 214 hectares of land and 44, 337 hectares of surrounding reefs and sea. Ujung Kulon National Park became UNESCO's World Heritage Site in 1991. In addition to its natural beauty and geological interest – particularly for the study of inland volcanoes – it contains the largest remaining area of lowland rainforests in the Java plain. Several species of endangered plants and animals can be found there, the Javan rhinoceros being the most seriously under threat.
How to get there
From Jarkartar to Labuan or Tamanjaya to take permission and proceed to Handeuleum or Peucang.
Sangiran Early Man Site
In 1934, an anthropologist Professor Dr. Gustave Heinrich Ralph von Koeigswald started examine the site, Sangiran located in central Java. After a few years of excavations, fossils of some of the first known human ancestors, Pithecanthropus erectus ("Java Man", now reclassified as part of the species Homo erectus), were found there. The total area is 48 square kilometers and 15 kilometers north of Surakarta in the Solo River valley. In 1996 it was listed as World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.
How to get there
It is a village located 17 Km north of Solo, on the road to Purwodadi.
Lorentz National Park
The park is located within Irian Jaya (central Papua) Province and stretched over 150 kilometers from the central cordillera mountains in the north of Arafura Sea in the south. It lies on the half of the island of New Guinea. The park is largest protected area in Southeast Asia Region a total area of 2.5 million hectares. It become UNESCO's World Heritage Site in 1999.
How to get there
It is accessible by air from Jayapura to Wamena and Timika.
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
The total area of this serial site is 2, 595, 124 hectares comprising Gynung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Sablat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan national Park. The park is a home for one of the key mammals of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage Parks is the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae in addition, some other 174 mammels and 380 birds. It become World Heritage Site in 2004 as Natural Sites list.
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- Wikipedia
- Indonesia Tourism
- Komodo National Park Officials
- Virtual Tourist
- Yahoo Travel
- Ujung Kulon Travel
- Central Java Tourism
- Indopecific Tourism
- the Encyclopedia of Earth
- Indoneisa Expedition
- Travelblog
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 7/15/2009 03:38:00 PM 4 comments
Labels: Culture, English Posts, Indonesia, Nature, Tourism
Sunday, June 21, 2009
The Best of Southeast Asia by UNESCO - 2
Angkor, located in Siem Reap Province is one of the most important archaeological sites in South-East Asia. Covering over 400 square kilometer, including forested area. The Angkor Archaeological Park consists of famous Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Bayon Temple and Taprohn. These are standing as huge remains of the various capitals of Khmer Empire from the 8th to the 15th centuries.
Angkor Wat & An Indian travel lover
These are not only the temples and religious sites of Angkor Wat, Bayon, Taprohm, the giant trees rooted into the ancient buildings but also the splendor of the Khmer civilization and its people who have shown their friendliness everywhere in the country.
King Suryavarman II
Faces of Cambodia
Faces of Cambodia
Coconut Juice is available in Angkor Archaeological Park
Cambodia provides the requirements of tourism from both individual and corporations.
Balloon ride is a nice idea to feel the panoramic view of Angkor Archaeological Park
Faces of Cambodia (Cambodian Tour Operators & AATO)
How to get there
Siem Reap is operated an increasing number of international flights from neighboring countries (Thailand, Laos and Vietnam). The most convenience gateway to Cambodia is Bangkok (Thailand) from traveling outside from the region. It is also possible to travel overland crossing border from Thailand, Laos and Vietnam with prior visa approvals.
- Tourism Cambodia
- My dearest friend Sumit
To be continued...
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 6/21/2009 09:09:00 PM 3 comments
Labels: Cambodia, Culture, Destination, English Posts, Nature, Tourism
Monday, June 15, 2009
The Best of Southeast Asia by UNESCO - 1
The United Nations' Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) objected to secure the world natural and cultural and natural sites (World's Heritage Sites) since a decade ago. This great idea was to develop a major framework with international participation for the protection of the world's most greatest cultural, natural and mixed (a particular site combination of cultural and natural) sites.. It is finally transformed into a must see list for tourists and a must do list for tour operators / destination countries.
Southeast Asia as One Destination
Since it has been listed by UNESCO, the list for Southeast Asia Region become a list of "places to be visited" and "the best of the region". These are :-
Angkorwat (become world heritage site in 1992) (Cultural Site)
Temple of Preah Vihear (become world heritage site in 2008) (Cultural Site)
Borodudur Temple Compounds (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
Komodo National Park (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
Prambanan Temple Compounds (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
Ujung Kulon National Park (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
Sangiran Early Man Site (become world heritage site in 1996) (Cultural Site)
Lorentz National Park (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (become world heritage site in 2004) (Natural Site)
Mulu National Park (become world heritage site in 2000) (Natural Site)
Kinabalu National Park (become world heritage site in 2000) (Natural Site)
Melaka & Georgetown - Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca (become world heritage site in 2008) (Cultural Site)
Note: Myanmar is not in the list ??? I am planning to mention in my future posts..
Philippines
Baroque Churches of Philippines (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
Tubbatah Reef Marine Park (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
Rice Terraces of Philippine Cordilleras (become world heritage site in 1995) (Natural Site)
Historic Town of Vigan (become world heritage site in 1999) (Cultural Site)
Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)
City of Ayutthaya (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
Sukhothai (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
Ban Chiang Archaeological Site (become world heritage site in 1992) (Cultural Site)
Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (become world heritage site in 2005) (Natural Site)
Hue Monuments (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
Ha Long Bay (become world heritage site in 1994) (Natural Site)
Hoi An Ancient Town (become world heritage site in 1999) (Cultural Site)
My Son Sanctuary (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (become world heritage site in 2003) (Natural Site)
To be continued...
- UNESCO official site
- UNESCO bkk
- Wikipedia (the free online encyclopedia)
- David Bowden (Travel Author / Journalist)
- Personal notes
*Photo - Logo of UNESCO World Heritage Sites
ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...
ျပန္သိမ္းေပးခဲ႔မယ္....
Posted by An Asian Tour Operator at 6/15/2009 09:26:00 PM 1 comments
Labels: Archaeology, Culture, Destination, English Posts, Nature, Tourism
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An Asian Tour Operator
Location: Roaming Asia
Current Location: Bali, Indonesia
Email: thomasjrlatt@gmail.com
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