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Index of Iceland-related articles - WikiVisually
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a list by topic, see Outline of Iceland.
Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Iceland include:
- 1. deild karla - 2. deild karla - 3. deild karla - 4. deild karla - 101 Reykjavík - 12 Tónar - 1949 anti-NATO riot in Iceland - 24 stundir - 365 (media corporation) - 66°NORTH
- A Little Trip to Heaven - A Man Like Me - Abortion in Iceland - Actavis - Administrative divisions of Iceland - Age of the Sturlungs - Agnar Helgason - Agreed Minute - Air Atlanta Icelandic - Air Iceland - Akranes - Akranesvöllur - Akureyrarvöllur - Akureyri Airport - Akureyri Junior College - Akureyri - Albert Guðmundsson - Albert Kristjansson - Aldeyjarfoss - Alfred Jolson - Alfreð Gíslason - All Out of Luck - Allt í drasli - Allt Sem Ég Á - Althing - Alþingishúsið - AM 738 4to - AM 748 I 4to - Amiina - Ampop - Andri Snær Magnason - Angel (Two Tricky song) - Angels of the Universe - Animamina - Apavatn - Apparat Organ Quartet - Architecture of Iceland - Arctic fox - Argja Bóltfelag - Ari Freyr Skúlason - Ari Guðmundsson - Ari Trausti Guðmundsson - Ari Þorgilsson - Army of Me: Remixes and Covers - Arnaldur Indriðason - Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection - Arnar Grétarsson - Arnar Gunnlaugsson - Arnar Jónsson (actor) - Arnar Jónsson (basketball) - Arnar Viðarsson - Arnavatnsheiði - Arngrímur Jónsson - Arnór Guðjohnsen - Arnórr jarlaskáld - Aron Gunnarsson - As Above... - Askja (building) - Askja - Asmund and Signy - Atlantic Cup (Europe) - Atlantic puffin - Atli Eðvaldsson - Atli Heimir Sveinsson - Attention (GusGus album) - Aud the Deep-Minded - Auðun Helgason - Auðunn Blöndal - Auður Jónsdóttir - August & Telma - Austur-Húnavatnssýsla - Austur-Skaftafellssýsla
- Á Móti Sól - Ágúst Guðmundsson - Ágúst Gylfason - Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson - Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir - Ágætis byrjun - Áki Ásgeirsson - Álafoss - Álfrún Gunnlaugsdóttir - Álftanes - Áramótaskaupið - Árborg - Árbæjarsafn - Árbær - Ármann Smári Björnsson - Árnagarður - Árneshreppur - Árnessýsla - Árni beiskur - Árni Bergmann - Árni Gautur Arason - Árni Helgason - Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies - Árni Magnússon - Árni Mathiesen - Árni Sigfússon - Árni Þorláksson - Árni Þórarinsson - Ásbirningar family clan - Ásbyrgi - Ásgeir Ásgeirsson - Ásgeir Helgason - Ásgeir Sigurvinsson - Ásgrímur Jónsson - Áskell Örn Kárason - Ásmundur Sveinsson - ÁTVR
- Ba Ba Ti Ki Di Do - Bad Taste (record label) - Bakkafjörður - Bakkavör - Baldur Bett - Baldur Möller - Baldur Ragnarsson - Baldur Sigurðsson - Baldur, Manitoba - Baldwin Baldwinson - Baltasar Kormákur - Banana production in Iceland - Bandalag íslenskra skáta - Bandamanna saga - Bang Gang - Barðastrandarsýsla - Barðaströnd - Barði Jóhannsson - Barðsneshorn - Barnafossar - Basque–Icelandic pidgin - Battle of Haugsnes - Battle of Sauðafell - Battle of the Gulf - Battle of Víðines - Battle of Örlygsstaðir - Baugur Group - Baula - Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss - Bárðarbunga - Bellatrix (band) - Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal - Beowulf & Grendel - Berglind Ásgeirsdóttir - Bergsbók - Bergur Sigurbjörnsson - Bergþórshvoll - Bernard Bernard - Bersi Skáldtorfuson - Bessastadahreppur - Bessastaðir - Bifröst (town) - Bifröst University - Bill Sveinson - Bing Bang (Time to Dance) - Birgir Sigurðsson (writer) - Birgitta Haukdal - Birkir Bjarnason - Birkir Ívar Guðmundsson - Birkir Kristinsson - Bishop of Iceland - Bishop of Reykjavík (Catholic) - Bíldudalur - Bitið fast í vitið - Bjargtangar - Bjarki Gunnlaugsson - Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa - Bjarni Ármannsson - Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908) - Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970) - Bjarni Bjarnason - Bjarni Friðriksson - Bjarni Guðjónsson - Bjarni Herjólfsson - Bjarni Jónsson (artist) - Bjarni Jónsson - Bjarni Thorarensen - Bjarni Tryggvason - Bjarni Viðarsson - Björgólfur Guðmundsson - Björgólfur Hideaki Takefusa - Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson - Björgvin Halldórsson - Björk (album) - Björk Guðmundsdóttir & tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar - Björk - Björn Bjarnason - Björn Gunnlaugsson - Björn Hjörtur Guðmundsson - Björn Jónsson - Björn Th. Björnsson - Björn Thorfinnsson - Björn Þórðarson - Blanda - Bláhnjúkur - Blái hnötturinn - Bláskógabyggð - Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa) - Bluebird Cargo - Blöndulón - Blönduós - Bobby Fischer - Bolli Bollason - Bolli Þorleiksson - Bolungarvík - Borgarbyggð - Borgarfjarðarsýsla - Borgarfjörður - Borgarnes - Borgartún - Borgarvirki - Borko - Boss Johnson - Botnleðja - Bólu-Hjálmar - Bónus - Bragi Ólafsson - Breiðablik UBK - Breiðafjörður - Breiðárlón - Breiðdalsvík - Breiðholt - Brennisteinsalda - Brennisteinsfjöll - Brennivín - Bríet Bjarnhéðinsdóttir - Broddi Kristjansson - Brú - Brúará - Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir - Brynjar Gunnarsson - Brynjólfur Sveinsson - Bubbi Morthens - Buddhism in Iceland - Búðardalur - Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur - Böðvar Guðmundsson
- Cabinet of Iceland - Calum Bett - Capital punishment in Iceland - Capital Region (Iceland) - CCP Games - Celebrating Life - Center for Icelandic Art - Central Bank of Iceland - Changer - Charles Thorson - Chester Thordarson - Children (2006 film) - Children of Nature - Christian Halldorson - Christianisation of Iceland - Christopher of Bavaria - Church of Iceland - Cinema of Iceland - Citizens' Party (Iceland) - Climate of Iceland - Coat of arms of Iceland - Cod Music - Cod Wars - Codex Regius - Cold Fever - Communist League (Iceland) - Communist Party of Iceland (Marxist–Leninist) - Communist Party of Iceland - Confederation of State and Municipal Employees of Iceland - Congratulations (Silvía Night song) - Constituencies of Iceland - Constitution of Iceland - Counties of Iceland - Culture of Iceland - Curver
- Daði Lárusson - Dagsbrún - Dagskrá – Reykjavík - Dagur Arngrímsson - Dagur Bergþóruson Eggertsson - Dagur Kári - Dalabyggð - Dalasýsla - Dalvík - Dancer in the Dark - Danish Royal Library, MS NKS 1867 4° - Daníel Ágúst Haraldsson - Dark Horse (2005 film) - Davíð Viðarsson - Davíð Oddsson - Davíð Stefánsson - Daysleeper (band) - Debut (Björk album) - DeCODE genetics - Deildabikar - Deildartunguhver - Demographics of Iceland - Denmark Strait - Denmark–Norway - Dense Time - Dettifoss - Devil's Island (1996 film) - Diddú - Die Another Day - Dikta - Dimmuborgir - Djúpavík - Djúpivogur - Dohop - Dorrit Moussaieff - Dóra Þórhallsdóttir - Drangajökull - Drangey - Draugr - Draumur um Nínu - Drawing Restraint 9 (album) - Droplaugarsona saga - Drög að Upprisu - DV (newspaper) - Dynjandi - Dyrhólaey
- Eagle Air (Iceland) - Eastern Region (Iceland) - Economic history of Iceland - Economy of Iceland - Education in Iceland - Eggert Jónsson - Eggert Magnússon - Eggert Ólafsson - Egill Skallagrímsson Brewery - Egill Skallagrímsson - Egil's Saga - Egilshöll - Egilsstaðir Airport - Egilsstaðir - Eiðar longwave transmitter - Eiður Guðjohnsen - Eilífr Goðrúnarson - Eilífr kúlnasveinn - Eimskipafélag Íslands - Einar Arnórsson - Einar Benediktsson - Einar Hákonarson - Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran - Einar Jónsson - Einar Kárason - Einar Már Guðmundsson - Einar Pálsson - Einar Vilhjálmsson - Einar Örn Benediktsson - Einarr Helgason - Einarr Skúlason - Einherji - Eiríksjökull - Eiríkur Hauksson - Eitt lag enn - Eldey - Eldfell - Eldgjá - Elections in Iceland - Eleven Men Out - Elín Ebba Gunnarsdóttir - Elín Hirst - Elísabet Jökulsdóttir - Elliðaár - Elliðavatn - Embassy of Iceland, Ottawa - Emil Hallfreðsson - Emil Jónsson - Emilíana Torrini - Engel Lund - Erik the Red - Erlendur Haraldsson - Erró - Esjufjöll - Eskifjörður - Eth - Eurobandið - Exista - Extreme points of Iceland - Eyjafjallajökull - Eyjafjarðarsveit - Eyjafjörður - Eyjólfur Héðinsson - Eyjólfur Sverrisson - Eyrarbakki - Eyrbyggja saga - Eysteinn Ásgrímsson - Eysteinn Valdason - Eyvindur P. Eiríksson - Eyþór Guðjónsson
- Fagrskinna - Falcons (film) - Family Tree (Björk album) - Far... Þinn Veg - Farthings of Iceland - Faxaflói - Faxi - Fálkar (soundtrack) - Fálkinn - Fiann Paul - Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar - Finally We Are No One - Finnboga saga ramma - Finnur Jónsson - Finnur Jónsson (bishop) - Finnur Magnússon - First Day of Summer - First Grammatical Treatise - Fíaskó - Fjallabyggð - Fjalla-Eyvindur - Fjallsárlón - Fjarðabyggð - Flag of Iceland - Flatey, Breiðafjörður - Flatey, Skjálfandi - Flateyjarbók - Flateyjardalur - Flateyri - Fljótsdalshérað - Fljótsdalur - Fljótsdæla saga - Flóahreppur - Flóamanna saga - Flugfélag Vestmannaeyja - Flúðir - FM 957 - Football Association of Iceland - Football in Iceland - Foreign relations of Iceland - Forever (GusGus album) - Fóstbrœðra saga - Framhaldsskólinn í Vestmannaeyjum - Freydís Eiríksdóttir - Fréttablaðið - Fréttir - Friðrik Klemenz Sophusson - Friðrik Ólafsson - Friðrik Þór Friðriksson - FRISK Software International - Frjáls þjóð - Frostastaðavatn - Fræbbblarnir - Fylkir - Fylkisvöllur
- Gabríela Friðriksdóttir - Gamli gnævaðarskáld - Gardar Svavarsson - Garðabær - Garðar Thór Cortes - Garður - Geir H. Haarde - Geir Haarde - Geir Hallgrímsson - Geirfuglasker - Geirlug The King's Daughter - Geography of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - Georg Hólm - Georgia Björnsson - Geothermal (geology) - Geothermal power in Iceland - Gerður Kristný - Geysir - GIF Sundsvall - Gisli Gudjonsson - Gisli - Gissur Einarsson - Gissur Ísleifsson - Gissur Þorvaldsson - Gísla saga - Gísli Pálsson - Gjáin - Glaciers of Iceland - Gleðibankinn - Glerá - Glima - Gling-Gló - Glitnir (bank) - Glitnir banki - Gljúfrasteinn - Glósóli - Glúmr Geirason - Glymur - Go Go Smear the Poison Ivy - Goðafoss - Golden Circle (Iceland) - Government of Iceland - Grafarvogur - Gramm (record label) - Greatest Hits (Björk album) - Greenland - Grettir Ásmundarson - Grettis saga - Grétar Hjartarson - Grétar Steinsson - Grindavík - Grindavíkurvöllur - Grímsey Airport - Grímsey - Grímsnes- og Grafningshreppur - Grímsnes - Grímsvötn - Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin - Grímur Thomsen - Grœnlendinga saga - Grundarfjörður - Grundarhverfi - Grænalón - Gudmundur Fjelsted - Guðbergur Bergsson - Guðbrandsbiblía - Guðbrandur Vigfússon - Guðbrandur Þorláksson - Guðjón Arnar Kristjánsson - Guðjón Már Guðjónsson - Guðjón Samúelsson - Guðjón Þórðarson - Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson - Guðmundur Andri Thorsson - Guðmundur Arason - Guðmundur Finnbogason - Guðmundur G. Hagalín - Guðmundur Guðmundsson (handball) - Guðmundur Guðmundsson (Mormon) - Guðmundur Gunnarsson - Guðmundur Jónsson - Guðmundur Kamban - Guðmundur Torfason - Guðni Ágústsson - Guðni Bergsson - Guðni Ólafur Guðnason - Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir - Guðríður Símonardóttir - Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir - Guðrún Bjarnadóttir - Guðrún Eva Mínervudóttir - Guðrún Helgadóttir - Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir - Guðrún - Guerilla Disco - Gullfoss - Gull-Þóris saga - Gunnar Birgisson - Gunnar Gíslason (businessman) - Gunnar Gíslason - Gunnar Gunnarsson - Gunnar Hansen - Gunnar Hámundarson - Gunnar Heiðar Þorvaldsson - Gunnar Kvaran - Gunnar Pétursson - Gunnar Thor Gunnarsson - Gunnar Thoroddsen - Gunnar Thorvaldson - Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls - Gunnfríður Jónsdóttir - Gunnlaugr Leifsson - Gunnlaugr Ormstunga - Gunnlaugs saga - Gunnlaugur Jónsson - Gunnsteinn Ólafsson - Gus Gus vs. T-World - GusGus - Gylfi Einarsson - Gylfi Þ. Gíslason - Gyrðir Elíasson
- IATA airport code - ICAO airport code - Icebank - Icejet - Iceland (film) - Iceland Academy of the Arts - Iceland Air Defence System - Iceland at the Olympics - Iceland Davis Cup team - Iceland Defense Force - Iceland Express Destinations - Iceland Express - Iceland Fed Cup team - Iceland gull - Iceland hotspot - Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest - Iceland International (badminton) - Iceland national basketball team - Iceland national football team - Iceland national handball team - Iceland national ice hockey team - Iceland Ombudsman - Iceland plume - Iceland Review - Iceland spar - Iceland Stock Exchange - Iceland topics - Iceland University of Education - Iceland women's national football team - Iceland - Icelandair Group - Icelandair - Icelanders - Icelandic Airlines Flight LL 001 - Icelandic alphabet - Icelandic American - Icelandic Americans - Icelandic beer - Icelandic Canadian - Icelandic cattle - Icelandic Chess Championship - Icelandic Coast Guard - Icelandic Commonwealth - Icelandic cow - Icelandic Crisis Response Unit - Icelandic diplomatic missions - Icelandic Elf School - Icelandic Evangelical Lutheran Synod of America - Icelandic exonyms - Icelandic Federation of Labour - Icelandic folk music - Icelandic football league system - Icelandic funeral - Icelandic Geographic - Icelandic grammar - Icelandic heraldry - Icelandic hip hop - Icelandic horse - Icelandic hydroelectric power stations - Icelandic króna - Icelandic króna - Icelandic Language Day - Icelandic Language Institute - Icelandic language - Icelandic language - Icelandic Literary Prize - Icelandic Literary Society - Icelandic literature - Icelandic Low - Icelandic magical staves - Icelandic Manuscript, SÁM 66 - Icelandic Movement - Living Land - Icelandic name - Icelandic National Badminton Championships - Icelandic National Day - Icelandic national ice hockey team - Icelandic nationalism - Icelandic nationality law - Icelandic New Energy - Icelandic orthography - Icelandic passport - Icelandic Phallological Museum - Icelandic phonology - Icelandic Police - Icelandic presidential elections - Icelandic referendum, 1944 - Icelandic rock - Icelandic sheep - Icelandic Sheepdog - Icelandic Sign Language - Icelandic Society for American Football - Icelandic Student Loan Fund - Icelandic Symphony Orchestra - Icelandic tail-cap - Icelandic turf houses - Icelandic vocabulary - Icelandic weddings - Icelandic Wikipedia - Iceland's Bell - Iceland-United States relations - Icesave dispute - ICEX 15 - ICGV Óðinn - ICGV Týr - ICGV Ægir - Idol stjörnuleit - If I Had Your Love - Imagine Peace Tower - Incisor - Independence Party (Iceland) - Independence Party (Iceland, historical) - Independent People - Indigo bunting - Indriði G. Þorsteinsson - Indriði Indriðason - Indriði Sigurðsson - Industria (company) - Ingibjörg Haraldsdóttir - Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir - Ingimar Ingaldson - Ingólfur Arnarson - Innari Dalur - Internet in Iceland - Invasion of Iceland - Islam in Iceland
- Í skugga hrafnsins - Ísafjarðarbær - Ísafjarðardjúp - Ísafjörður Airport - Ísafjörður - Ísafold - Ísak Harðarson - Ísbjarnarblús - Íslandspóstur - Ísleifur Gissurarson - Íslendinga saga - Íslendingabók - Íslenska Ásatrúarfélagið - Íslenski draumurinn - Íslenzk Fornrit - Ívar Ingimarsson - Ívar Stefánsson - Íþróttabandalag Akraness - Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja - Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur
- Jack snipe - Jakob Jóhann Sveinsson - Jakob Sigurðarson - Jakobínarína - James Robinson (footballer born 1982) - Jan Janszoon - Janet Parshall - Janis Johnson - Jar City (film) - Jar City - Jean-Baptiste Baudoin - Jermaine Palmer - JetX Airlines - Jim Bett - Jinx (Quarashi album) - JIPPO - Joannes Gijsen - Johánnes Gunnarsson - John H. Edmison - John Ingebrigtson - John K. Samson - Jon Gustafsson - Jòn Rögnvalsson - Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner - Joseph Donaldson - Jóhann Guðmundsson - Jóhann Hafstein - Jóhann Hjartarson - Jóhann Jóhannsson - Jóhann Sigurjónsson - Jóhanna Vala Jónsdóttir - Jóhannes Ásbjörnsson - Jóhannes Eðvaldsson - Jóhannes Harðarson - Jóhannes Helgason - Jóhannes Jónsson - Jóhannes Karl Guðjónsson - Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval - Jóhannes úr Kötlum - Jólabókaflóð - Jólnir - Jón Arason - Jón Arnar Magnússon - Jón Arnór Stefánsson - Jón Árnason (author) - Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson - Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson - Jón Gnarr - Jón Halldórsson (bishop) - Jón Helgason (disambiguation) - Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson - Jón Hreggviðsson - Jón Jósep Snæbjörnsson - Jón Kalman Stefánsson - Jón korpur Hrafnsson - Jón Kristjánsson - Jón Leifs - Jón Loftsson - Jón Magnússon (author) - Jón Magnússon (politician) - Jón Ólafsson (journalist) - Jón Páll Sigmarsson - Jón Sigurðsson - Jón Sveinsson - Jón Thoroddsen elder - Jón Thoroddsen junior - Jón Thoroddsen junior - Jón Trausti Sigurðarson - Jón Þorláksson - Jón Þór Birgisson - Jón Ögmundsson - Jón - Jónas Hallgrímsson - Jónas Kristjánsson - Judaism in Iceland - Judith Ingolfsson - Julian Johnsson - June Gudmundsdottir - Júlíana Sveinsdóttir - Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi - Jökulsá á Fjöllum - Jökulsárgljúfur National Park - Jökulsárlón - Jönköpings Södra IF - Jöns Gerekesson - Jørgen Jørgensen
- Laddi - Lady of the mountain - Lagarfljót - Laki (volcano) - Laki - Landakotskirkja - Landakotsskóli - Landmannalaugar - Landnámabók - Landsbanki - Landsflug - Landspítali Háskólasjúkrahús - Landsvirkjun - Landvarnarflokkurinn - Landvættir - Langanesbyggð - Langisjór - Langjökull - Langspil - Languages of Iceland - Laniidae - Lapland longspur - Laufabrauð - Laugardalshöll - Laugardalsvöllur - Laugardælir - Laugarvatn - Laugaskóli - Laugavegur (Reykjavík) - Laugavegur - Laughing gull - Law enforcement in Iceland - Law of Iceland - Laxdœla saga - Lay Low - LazyTown - The New Album - LazyTown (soundtrack) - LazyTown DVDs - LazyTown - Lárus Halldór Grímsson - Lárus List - Lárus Sigurðsson - Látrabjarg - Leach's storm-petrel - Leaves (Icelandic band) - Led Zeppelin Tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany, Summer 1970 - Left-Green Movement - Leiðarhólmsskrá - Leif Ericson - Leif - Leiftur Ólafsfjörður - Leiknir Reykjavík - Leirvík ÍF - Leyndardómar Reykjavíkur 2000 - LGBT rights in Iceland - Liberal Party (Iceland) - Liberalism and centrism in Iceland - Libertarian Society of Iceland - Linda Pétursdóttir - Linda Thorson - Linda Vilhjálmsdóttir - Linguistic purism in Icelandic - List of airports in Iceland - List of Bad Taste artists - List of bands from Iceland - List of banks in Iceland - List of birds of Iceland - List of companies listed on the Iceland Stock Exchange - List of diplomatic missions in Iceland - List of fish on stamps of Iceland - List of flags of Iceland - List of football clubs in Iceland - List of Hólar bishops - List of Icelanders - List of Icelandic artists - List of Icelandic films - List of Icelandic language poets - List of Icelandic submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film - List of Icelandic writers - List of islands off Iceland - List of lakes in Iceland - List of LazyTown episodes - List of mammals in Iceland - List of Mayors of Reykjavik - List of museums in Iceland - List of national parks of Iceland - List of newspapers in Iceland - List of political parties in Iceland - List of rulers of Iceland - List of schools in Iceland - List of settlements in Iceland - List of shopping malls in Iceland - List of Skálholt bishops - List of tallest buildings in Iceland - List of tallest structures in Iceland - List of universities in Iceland - List of valleys of Iceland - List of volcanoes in Iceland - Litla-Hraun - Litli-Jón - Ljósufjöll - Ljósvetninga saga - Lofsöngur - Loftleiðir - Loftmynd - Loftur Sæmundsson - Loksins erum við engin - Longwave radio mast Hellissandur - Lopapeysa - Louisa Matthíasdóttir - Lónsöræfi - Lundey - Lögberg
- Magni Ásgeirsson - Magnolia warbler - Magnus Eliason - Magnus III of Norway - Magnus Magnusson - Magnús Einarsson - Magnús Eiríksson - Magnús Gissurarson - Magnús Guðmundsson (politician) - Magnús Jónsson - Magnús Scheving - Magnús Ver Magnússon - Magnús Þorsteinsson - Magnús Þór Hafsteinsson - Mallard - Marc Goodfellow - Marel Baldvinsson - Margaret I of Denmark - Margrét Hermanns Auðardóttir - Margrét Vilhjálmsdóttir - Mariebergs IK - María Ellingsen - Mark McNally (footballer) - Mark Ward (footballer born 1962) - Markarfljót - Markús Örn Antonsson - Marsh warbler - Marteinn Geirsson - Matthías Jochumsson - Matthías Kristjánsson - Matthías Vilhjálmsson - Maus (band) - Mayor of Kópavogur - MB Miðvágur - Meadow pipit - Media in Iceland - Media of Iceland - Medúlla - Megas (album) - Megas 1972-2002 - Megas - Melodious warbler - Memoir of Halldór Laxness - Menningarnótt - Menntaskóli - Menntaskólinn Hraðbraut - Menntaskólinn í Kópavogi - Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík - Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð - Menntaskólinn við Sund - Mezzoforte (band) - Michael Pärt Músík ehf. - Miðfjörður - Military of Iceland - Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland - Minister for Iceland - Minister of Finance of Iceland - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iceland - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland) - Minn hinsti dans - Miranda (Tappi Tíkarrass album) - Miss Iceland - Miss World - Mínus - Mjóifjörður - Mjötviður Mær - Mjötviður til Fóta - Morgunblaðið - Mosfellsbær - Móðuharðindin - Muggur - Mugison - Municipalities of Iceland - Munkaþverá - Music of Iceland - Múm - My Summer As A Salvation Soldier (þórir) - Mysticeti - Mýrasýsla - Mýrdalshreppur - Mýrdalsjökull - Mývatn - Möðruvallabók
- Naddoddr - National and University Library of Iceland - National anthem of Iceland - National Assembly of 1851 - National Bank of Iceland - National Church of Iceland - National Gallery of Iceland - National Museum of Iceland - National Theatre of Iceland - Nationalist Party (Iceland) - Natural arch - Nauthólsvík - Naval Air Station Keflavik - Náttfari - Nei eða já - Nesjavellir - Neskaupstaður - New Force (Iceland) - New Iceland Heritage Museum - New mammal species - NFS (news service) - Niceland (Population. 1.000.002) - Niels Finsen - Nína Tryggvadóttir - Njáll Þorgeirsson - Njáls saga - Norðfjörður - Norðurá (Borgarfjörður) - Norður-Ísafjarðarsýsla - Norðurljós - Norður-Múlasýsla - Norðurmýri - Norðurturninn - Norðurþing - Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla - Norsemen - Northeastern Region (Iceland) - Northwestern Region (Iceland) - Nóttin Langa - N-rule - NSÍ Runavík - Núna - Nyköpings BIS - Nylon (band) - Nyrðra-Vatnalautavatn - Ný batterí - Nýtt líf - Nætur
- Oddaverjar family clan - Oddi - Oddr Snorrason - Oddur Pétursson - Odin's Raven Magic - OECD - Olaf de Fleur - Olafur Eliasson - Old Covenant (Iceland) - Old Norse poetry - OMX Iceland 15 - OMX - On Top (film) - Open Your Heart (Eurovision song) - Operation Ikarus - Order of the Falcon - Orkuveita Reykjavíkur - Orri Páll Dýrason - Orri Vigfússon
- Ófærufoss - Ólafsfjörður - Ólafsvík - Ólafur Darri Ólafsson - Ólafur Egilsson - Ólafur F. Magnússon - Ólafur Gottskálksson - Ólafur Haukur Símonarson - Ólafur Ingi Skúlason - Ólafur Jóhann Ólafsson - Ólafur Jóhann Sigurðsson - Ólafur Jóhannesson (coach) - Ólafur Jóhannesson - Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson - Ólafur Stefánsson - Ólafur Thors - Ólafur Þórðarson (footballer) - Ólafur Örn Bjarnason - Ólafur - Óláfr Þórðarson - Ólöf Arnalds - Ómar Ragnarsson - Ópera - Óskar Halldórsson - Óttarr svarti
- Parliament of Iceland - Passion Hymns - Patreksfjörður Airport - Patreksfjörður - Paul Oscar - Paul Thorlakson - Páll Guðmundsson - Páll Jónsson - Páll Magnússon - Páll Melsteð (amtmann) - Páll Melsteð (historian) - Páll Skúlason - People's Alliance (Iceland) - People's Unity Party – Socialist Party - Perlan - Peter Bjornson - Peter Phelps - Peter Ronson - Peter Steele - Pétur Blöndal - Pétur Guðmundsson (disambiguation) - Pétur Gunnarsson - Pétur Marteinsson - Pétur Pétursson - Pétur Þorsteinsson - Plateau - Please Smile My Noise Bleed - Poetic Edda - Politics of Iceland - Post (Björk album) - Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland - PP-70 - President of Iceland - Prestahnúkur - Prime Minister of Iceland - Prince Rajcomar - Prince Ring - Procellariidae - Progressive Party (Iceland) - Prose Edda - Prostitution in Iceland - Prunellidae - Public holidays in Iceland - Public transport in Iceland
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- Table of historical exchange rates - Table of voting systems by nation - Takk... - Tales from the Gimli Hospital - Taxation in Iceland - Teddy Bjarnason - Teitur Thordarson - Telecommunications in Iceland - Telegram (album) - Telephone numbers in Iceland - Television in Iceland - Tell Me! - Temperate climate - Tennis and Badminton Club of Reykjavik - Teris - Thayer's gull - The Amazing Truth About Queen Raquela - The Arctic Fox Center - The Atom Station - The Best Mixes from the Album Debut for All the People Who Don't Buy White Labels - The Boss of It All - The Botany of Iceland - The Commercial College of Iceland - The Cottager and his Cat - The Dance (1998 film) - The Draining Lake - The Elgar Sisters - The Eye (KUKL album) - The Fish Can Sing - The Flugumýri Arson - The Hamrahlid Choir - The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder - The Icelandic Dream - The Icelandic New Business Venture Fund - The Importance of Being Icelandic - The Juniper Tree (film) - The Peel Session (Múm EP) - The Reykjavík Grapevine - The Sea (2002 film) - The Story of Iceland - The Sugarcubes - The Turkish abductions - The Witch in the Stone Boat - The X Factor (Iceland) - Theosophy in Scandinavia - Thicker than Water (2006 film) - This Is My Life (Eurobandið song) - This Is Normal - Thomas Herman Johnson - Thor Vilhjálmsson - Thorbergur Thorvaldson - Thorfinn Karlsefni - Thorfinnur Omarsson - Thormodus Torfæus - Thorn (letter) - Thorolf Kveldulfsson - Thorolfsfell - Thor's Hammer (band) - Thorshofn Airport - Thorsteinn M. Jonsson - Thorvald Eriksson - Thorvin Eriksson - Timeline of Icelandic history - Timeline of liberal and centrist parties in Iceland - Tindfjallajökull - Tindr Hallkelsson - Tinna Gunnlaugsdóttir - Tjörnin - Tommy Rutter - Torfajökull - Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir - Tourism in Iceland - Tómas Guðmundsson - Tómas Lemarquis - Tónlistarskólinn á Akureyri - TP-47 - Trabant (band) - Transport in Iceland - Transportation in Iceland - Trausti Valsson - Tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar - True North (production company) - Trúbrot - Tryggvi Guðmundsson - Tryggvi Þórhallsson - Trölladyngja - Tröllaskagi - Tungnaá - Tungnafellsjökull - Tunnels in Iceland - Tvíhöfði
- Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur - Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir - Union of Liberals and Leftists - United Nations member states - United States Ambassador to Iceland - University of Akureyri - University of Iceland Main Building - University of Iceland VR - University of Iceland - Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir - Unnur Steinsson - Untitled 1 (a.k.a. Vaka) - Untitled 8 - Urriðafoss - UT 512L OPV
- Úlfljótsvatn Scout Center - Úlfr Uggason - Úrvalsdeild
- Vala Flosadóttir - Valdís Óskarsdóttir - Valentine Lost - Valgerður Sverrisdóttir - Valla-Ljóts saga - Varmahlíð - Vatnafjöll - Vatnajökull - Vatnsdæla saga - Vatnsfirðingar family clan - Vatnsfjörður - Vatnsleysufoss - Vatnsnes - Vápnfirðinga saga - Vefja - Vehicle registration plates of Iceland - Veigar Páll Gunnarsson - Velvet scoter - Verzlunarskóli Íslands - Vespertine - Vestmannaeyjar Airport - Vestmannaeyjar - Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla - Vesturbyggð - Vesturbær - Vestur-Húnavatnssýsla - Vestur-Ísafjarðarsýsla - Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla - Vetrliði Sumarliðason - Vésteinn Hafsteinsson - VG-62 - Videy - Viðey - Viðrar vel til loftárása - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir - Vigdís Grímsdóttir - Vigfúss Víga-Glúmsson - Viktor Arnar Ingólfsson - Viktor Bjarki Arnarsson - Viktor Jensen - Vikurfrettir - Vilbaldr DufÞakrsson - Vilborg Dagbjartsdóttir - Vilborg Davíðsdóttir - Vilhjalmur Stefansson - Vilhjálmur Árnason - Vilhjálmur Einarsson - Vilhjálmur Þ. Vilhjálmsson - Vilmundur Gylfason - Vinland sagas - Vinland - Vireonidae - VISA-bikar - Víðgelmir - Vífilfell - Víga-Glúms saga - Víglundar saga - Vík í Mýrdal - Víkin - Víkingasveitin - Vínbúð - Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu - Vladimir Ashkenazy - Voces Thules - Vogar - Voices (Arnaldur Indriðason novel) - Volcanic activity - Volcanism in Iceland - Volta (album) - Volume - Von (album) - Von brigði - Vonlenska - Vopnafjarðarhreppur - Vopnafjörður Airport - Vopnafjörður - Völu-Steinn
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1. A Little Trip to Heaven – A Little Trip to Heaven is an Icelandic-American noir-inspired drama and thriller film from 2005, directed by Icelandic director of The Sea, Baltasar Kormákur. The film is set in the U. S. in 1985, Icelandic musician Mugison composed and performed the soundtrack, except for the song A Little Trip to Heaven, which is originally by Tom Waits. Mugison performs the Waits song on the soundtrack, the very beginning of the film, before the opening credits, shows a new widow sitting in a life insurance office. Abe Holt looks on as his co-worker convinces the widow that shes lucky to leave with a fraction of the award she was expecting. The film centers around three vehicle crashes, which are first introduced to the one after another at the very beginning of the movie. The first shows a young couple flying through the roof of their convertible. They swim to shore, where the hits the leg of her fellow passenger with a pipe. The second involves a city bus and insurance adjustor Abe Holt, the third crash involves an unnamed young man who is stranded at the side of the road on a rainy night, after stopping in the local bar. He accepts a ride from the man who has drained his gas tank, the anonymous man is dragged to the front seat and buckled in before the gas is poured over the car and set ablaze. Isold’s husband, the cheerful and vaguely threatening Fred McBride. The most convincing evidence are photos of Kelvin, from his record and high school. Holt eventually determines that the body pulled from the car wreck is not Kelvins. A flashback reveals that the couple from the convertible seen at the opening of the movie was Isold and Kelvin, Isold leaves angrily, when Holt tells her shes lucky he hasnt exposed her as an accessory to murder, she tells him that her brother has taken Thor. Moved and concerned, Holt puts a hold on her check. The next day Isold cashes her check and opens a safety deposit box, in which she puts a childhood picture of her and her brother. She returns to the motel where Kelvin is staying with Thor, Kelvin doesnt buy it, and gets in his car with Thor—only to find hes held at gunpoint by Holt, in the backseat. Holt tells Isold to leave with the boy and Fred speeds off, Kelvin crashes the car, killing both men, and Isold is awarded the full benefits of the tampered life insurance policy
A Little Trip to Heaven – A Little Trip to Heaven Promotional Movie Poster
2. Air Atlanta Icelandic – Air Atlanta Icelandic is a charter and ACMI airline based in Kópavogur, Iceland. It specialises in leasing aircraft on an ACMI and wet lease basis to airlines worldwide needing extra passenger, the company operates in different countries and has bases worldwide. The airline was established on 10 February 1986 by Captain Arngrimur Johannsson and his wife and its first contract came when Caribbean Airways wet-leased a Boeing 707-320 from them for its London to Barbados flights. In 1988, the airline leased planes for Air Afrique to be used during the Hajj pilgrimage trips and this would become an important part of the structure of Air Atlanta Icelandic later on. It was in 1991 that Air Atlanta Icelandic was able to take passengers to the sky with its own airline operation and its first flight was with a Lockheed L-1011-500 plane. Later in 1992, Air Atlanta Icelandic participated in the United Nations peacekeepers airlifting, flying the UN representatives from former Yugoslavia to Nigeria and France. In 1993, the Boeing 747 arrived, and Saudia became one of the first airlines to lease that plane from Air Atlanta Icelandic, after signing a contract with Samvinn Travel, Air Atlanta Icelandic began operating domestic charter flights as well. Later in 1993, a flight from Phnom Penh to Bangkok was launched using a Boeing 737-200, about that time, it began to offer flights within Europe and began service to Portugal. In 1996, a couple rented an Air Atlanta Icelandic Lockheed L-1011-500 to have a sky-wedding, the couple and its wedding guests were treated to a flight over the Arctic Circle, while the wedding was performed inside of the jet. That year also saw the arrival of the airlines first Boeing 747SP plane, which would later be utilized by government officials, sports teams, The Rolling Stones, in 1998, Air Atlanta Icelandic leased planes for British Airways. In 1999, Magnus G. Thorstenn was named the companys new CEO, the airline became a fully wide bodied airplane airline in 1999 when it sold the last of its Boeing 737s. In 2000, Air India joined the growing list of airlines that have leased airplanes from Air Atlanta Icelandic airlines, in March 2004, the company acquired a 40. 5% stake in the UK charter airline Excel Airways. That stake later increased to 76. 9%, in January 2005, the Avion Group was formed, and Air Atlanta Icelandic and Islandsflug merged under the Air Atlanta Icelandic brand name. In 2005, the Avion Group acquired Eimskip, a leading Icelandic sea transportation company, and Travel City Direct, a UK holiday company. In 2006, the Avion Group announced the purchase of the issued share capital of French charter airline Star Airlines. Star Airlines operated charter flights mainly to destinations in Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean, in addition to services to the Libanon, Male. In June 2006, Air Atlanta Icelandic wet-leased one Boeing 747-200 to Yangtze River Express to operate freight between Shanghai - Anchorage - Los Angeles. In October 2006, the Avion Group changed its name to HF Eimskipafélag Íslands, a decision was also made to merge both Excel Airways and Air Atlanta Europe into one airline
Air Atlanta Icelandic – An Air Atlanta Icelandic Boeing 737-200.
Air Atlanta Icelandic – Air Atlanta Cargo Boeing 747-200F on takeoff roll from Munich Airport.
Air Atlanta Icelandic – Boeing 747-200F of Air Atlanta Icelandic.
3. Althing – The Alþingi is the national parliament of Iceland. It is one of the oldest extant parliamentary institutions in the world, the Althing was founded in 930 at Þingvellir, the assembly fields or Parliament fields, situated approximately 45 kilometres east of what later became the countrys capital, Reykjavík. This event marked the beginning of the Icelandic Commonwealth, even after Icelands union with Norway in 1262, the Althing still held its sessions at Þingvellir until 1799, when it was discontinued for 45 years. It was restored in 1844 and moved to Reykjavík, where it has resided ever since, the present parliament building, the Alþingishús, was built in 1881, of hewn Icelandic stone. The constitution of Iceland provides for six electoral constituencies with the possibility of an increase to seven, the constituency boundaries are fixed by legislation. A party must have won at least five per cent of the vote in order to be eligible for these proportionally distributed seats. Political participation in Iceland is very high, usually over 80 per cent of the electorate casts a ballot, the current president of the Althing is Unnur Brá Konráðsdóttir. The Althingi is one of the oldest extant parliamentary institutions in the world and its establishment, as an outdoor assembly or thing held on the plains of Þingvellir from about the year 930 AD, laid the foundation for an independent national existence in Iceland. To begin with, the Althing was an assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth. Those attending the assembly dwelt in temporary camps during the session, the centre of the gathering was the Lögberg, or Law Rock, a rocky outcrop on which the Lawspeaker took his seat as the presiding official of the assembly. His responsibilities included reciting aloud the laws in effect at the time and it was his duty to proclaim the procedural law of Althing to those attending the assembly each year. Public addresses on matters of importance were delivered at the Law Rock and there the assembly was called to order, the Lögrétta, the legislative section of the assembly, was its most powerful institution. It comprised the 39 district goðar plus nine additional members and the Lawspeaker, as the legislative section of Althing, the Lögrétta took a stand on legal conflicts, adopted new laws and granted exemptions to existing laws. Althing of old also performed a function and heard legal disputes in addition to the spring assemblies held in each district. After the country had divided into four quarters around 965 AD. Another court was established early in the 11th century and it served as a supreme court of sorts, and assumed the function of hearing cases left unsettled by the other courts. It comprised 48 judges appointed by the goðar of Lögrétta, when the Icelanders submitted to the authority of the Norwegian king by the terms of the Old Covenant in 1262, the function of Althing changed. The organization of the came to an end and the rule of the country by goðar disappeared
Althing – Icelandic Parliament Alþingi Íslendinga
Althing – 19th-century rendering of the Law Rock in Þingvellir.
Althing – Parliament House, at Austurvöllur in Reykjavík, built 1880–1881.
4. Apparat Organ Quartet – Hailing from Reykjavík, Iceland and founded in 1999, Apparat Organ Quartet is a band that originally included the musicians Hörður Bragason, Músikvatur, Úlfur Eldjárn and Jóhann Jóhannsson. They were soon joined by drummer Þorvaldur Gröndal, replaced in 2001 by Arnar Geir Ómarsson, lacking the time to dedicate himself to the group because of his solo projects, Jóhann Jóhannsson left the band in 2012. They have been compared to such different acts as Kraftwerk, Wagner, Goblin, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Sigur Rós, the Glitter Band, Stereolab and Trans Am. Apparat Organ Quartets members and their extra curricular activities include, Arnar Geir Ómarsson, Hörður Bragason, a former church organist. Jóhann Jóhannsson, who has had a career as a genre-crossing composer. Músikvatur, who has collaborated with múm and has released solo singles. Úlfur Eldjárn, who has composed a lot of music for theatre, Apparat Organ Quartet Pólýfónía Nart Nibbles — Contributed Nafnlaust uppklapp Motorlab #2 — Contributed three songs featuring TF3IRA, Charlie Tango no. com Includes a brief biography of the band
Apparat Organ Quartet – Apparat Organ Quartet at Iceland Airwaves 2006
5. Buddhism in Iceland – Buddhism in Iceland has existed since the 1990s after immigration from countries with Buddhist populations, mainly Thailand. As of 2008, there are three Buddhist organizations in Iceland officially recognized as religious organizations by the Icelandic government, the oldest and largest is the Buddhist Association of Iceland, a Theravada group, which was recognized in 1996 and had 880 members in 2010. Another group, Zen in Iceland – Night Pasture, a Zen group, was recognized in 1999 and had 75 members in 2010, the most recent group is, SGI in Iceland, a Soka Gakkai group, which was recognized in 2008 with 135 members. Together, these three organizations represent approximately 0. 3% of the population of Iceland and this is more than the Islamic groups but less than the pagan groups. Religious organisations - Statistics Iceland Thai Buddhist Temple in Iceland วัดไทยไอซ์แลนด์ Zen á Íslandi SGI á Íslandi
Buddhism in Iceland – Membership in registered non-Christian religious organizations in Iceland. The red line represents the Bahá'í faith, the green line represents contemporary paganism, the dark blue line represents Buddhism, and the light blue line represents Islam.
6. CCP Games – CCP hf or CCP Games is an Icelandic video game developer and publisher, majority owned by the companys staff and founders, Novator Partners and the American investment fund General Catalyst Partners. CCP is best known for producing Eve Online, CCP was founded in June 1997 by Reynir Harðarson, Þórólfur Beck and Ívar Kristjánsson for the purpose of making MMORPGs. In order to finance the development of Eve Online, CCP developed and published a board game in Iceland called Hættuspil. The game sold more than 10,000 copies to Icelands 80,000 households and he was with the company from 1999 to 2002 during which time the company raised 2 rounds of financing and secured a contract with Simon and Schuster interactive games. Approximately half of the initial 21 staff were drawn from the Icelandic dot-com company OZ Interactive, in late 2011 CCP released an announcement to its community admitting that they had made a mistake by releasing the Incarna expansion in its current development stage. The restructuring resulted in the lay-offs of 20% of CCPs staff worldwide, the majority of these lay-offs affected the Atlanta, United States, office, but also affected were several positions in CCPs head office in Reykjavík. Even though after considerable downsizing, CCP claims that EVE Online and its development is stronger than ever, CCP confirmed that they had moved away from the Incarna/Ambulation project to focus on the core game mechanics and that Incarna may be revisited further down the line. In March 2015, CCP withdrew all public bonds which it had issued in July 2012. As a result, its current and past financial data that had previously been publicly available was removed from CCPs website. CCP currently manages three video game products, with two more in development, the Sci-Fi MMORPG Eve Online, the Sci-Fi MMOFPS Dust 514, EVE Online is CCPs first video game, originally published by Simon & Schuster, Inc. in May 2003. Later CCP re-acquired the rights to publish Eve Online and continues to manage it to this day, the core gameplay around Eve Online revolves around player choice and decision, and features a wide variety of activities, such as mining, exploration, industry, factional warfare and piracy. A major design choice is the freedom to do what would be illegal activities, on 18 August 2009, Hilmar Veigar Pétursson announced Dust 514, a new ground-based FPS with RTS and MMO elements being developed by CCPs Shanghai office. Dust 514 was released for the PlayStation 3 on 14 May 2013 and it features a core first person shooter experience, with a high level of customization. The game was shut down by CCP on 30 May 2016, Eve, Valkyrie is a first-person space combat simulator for the Oculus Rift on 28 March 2016 and on PlayStation VR on 13 October 2016. It was made available for the HTC Vive on 17 November 2016, as of this time, Eve, Valkyrie cannot be played without a virtual reality headset. Gunjack is a virtual-reality arcade shooter released for the Samsung Gear VR on 20 November 2015, the Oculus Rift on 28 March 2016, a PlayStation VR version is planned for release in 2016. Players take the role of a turret operator defending a mining operation and it gathered positive critical reviews on release. Gunjack 2, End of Shift is a virtual-reality arcade shooter released for Google Daydream on December 8th,2016, players take the role of a turret operator defending a mining operation, set in the EVE Online universe
7. Demographics of Iceland – 93% of Iceland residents are Icelandic. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norwegian settlers and Gaels from Ireland and Scotland who were brought over as slaves during the age of settlement. Recent DNA analysis suggests that around 66 percent of the male population was of Norse ancestry. Iceland remained remarkably homogenous from Settlement until the 20th century, around 1% of the population of Iceland in 1900 was of Danish heritage. Due to a shortage of labor, immigration to Iceland will most likely increase in the future, estimates show that the number of immigrants could be as high as 15% of the total population by 2030. According to Icelandic government statistics, 99% of the inhabitants live in urban areas. Of the North Germanic languages, the Icelandic language is closest to the Old Norse language and has remained unchanged since the 12th century. Because of its size and relative homogeneity, Iceland holds all the characteristics of a very close-knit society. About 84% of the population belong to the church, or other Lutheran Churches. However, Iceland has complete religious liberty, and other Protestant and Roman Catholic congregations are present, the most notable new religious community in Iceland, and in 2003 the fastest-growing one, is the Ásatrúarfélagið, a legally recognized revival of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland. Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the fathers first given name, for example, Magnús and Anna, children of a man named Pétur Jónsson, would have the full name Magnús Pétursson and Anna Pétursdóttir, respectively. Magnúss daughter Sigríður Ásta would be Sigríður Ásta Magnúsdóttir, and would remain so for the rest of her regardless of marriage. Thus it has little in common with traditional surnames except for its position after the given name and it is legally possible in Iceland to rework the patronymic into a matronymic, replacing the fathers name with the mothers. Use of the system is required by law, except for the descendants of those who had acquired family names before 1913. One notable Icelander who has a family name is football star Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen. Large numbers of Icelanders began to emigrate from Iceland in the 1850s and it has been estimated that around 17,000 Icelanders emigrated to North America in the period 1870-1914, with some 2,000 people returning to Iceland. A total of around 15,000 individuals amount to roughly 20% of the Icelandic population in 1887. According to historian Gunnar Karlsson, migration from Iceland is unique in that most went to Canada, all living Icelanders, as well as all foreign citizens with permanent residence in Iceland, have a personal identification number identifying them in the National Registry
8. Denmark Strait – The Denmark Strait or Greenland Strait is an oceanic strait between Iceland and Greenland. The Norwegian island of Jan Mayen lies northeast of the strait and it connects the Greenland Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the Irminger Sea, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The official International Hydrographic Organization delineation between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans runs from Straumnes to Cape Nansen,132 km southwest of Cape Tunipier, from Straumnes to Cape Nansen the distance is 336 km. The narrow depth, where the Greenland-Iceland Rise runs along the bottom of the sea, is 625 feet, the cold East Greenland Current passes through the strait and carries icebergs south into the North Atlantic. The worlds largest known underwater waterfall, known as the Denmark Strait cataract, during World War II, the Battle of the Denmark Strait took place on 24 May 1941. The German battleship Bismarck sank the British battlecruiser HMS Hood, which exploded with the loss of all, Bismarck entered the Atlantic through the Strait, but damage sustained in the battle—combined with British aircraft search-and-destroy missions—led to its sinking three days later
Denmark Strait – Pack ice in the Denmark Strait
Denmark Strait – Not to be confused with Danish straits, Danish Strait, or Denmark Street.
9. Dorrit Moussaieff – Dorrit Moussaieff is a Israeli jewellery designer, editor, and businesswoman who was the First Lady of Iceland 2003-2016. She married President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson on his 60th birthday in 2003, born in Israel, she was raised in the United Kingdom from the age of 13. Dorrit Moussaieff was born in Jerusalem and her father, Shlomo Moussaieff, was from a wealthy Bukharian Jewish family from Bukhara, Uzbekistan, part of a long dynasty of jewellers. Dorrit is the granddaughter of Rabbi Shlomo Moussaieff. Ancestors of hers are said to have woven the robe of Genghis Khan and her great grandmother, Esther Gaonoff, was a descendant of Yosef Maimon. Her mother, Aliza is an Austrian Jew of Ashkenazi heritage, Moussaieff was born and raised in the Bukharan Quarter of Jerusalem. At thirteen, she moved with her family to London and she suffered from dyslexia and was home-schooled. In addition to English and Hebrew, she also speaks German, French and her first marriage to Neil Zarach, a designer, ended in divorce. In 2003, she married the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, on his birthday, May 14, Moussaieff describes herself as religious in the soul, and continues to observe Jewish rituals, such as lighting Hanukkah candles. As a child, Moussaieff spent a lot of time in her familys jewellery store on Hilton Park Lane in London, other business ventures in which she has been involved are the construction of an office building at Canary Wharf, London and a tourism project in Northern Cyprus. Moussaieff is an editor to the British society magazine Tatler. In 2003, Moussaieff married President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson on his 60th birthday and she has helped present Icelandic culture abroad, promoted Icelandic artists and identified foreign markets for Icelandic products. She is also active in raising money for disabled children, the media related the confrontation as a diplomatic incident. A local magazine in Reykjavík chose her as one of the women in Iceland. Moussaieff was also named Woman of 2006 by the popular Icelandic glossy magazine Nýtt Líf, Dorrit Moussaieff at the Fashion Model Directory
Dorrit Moussaieff – Moussaieff in 2012
10. Drangey – Drangey or Drang Isle, with its steep sea cliffs, towers majestically in the midst of Skagafjörður fjord in Iceland. The island is the remnant of a 700, 000‑year‑old volcano, mostly made of volcanic tuff and it was first mentioned in the Icelandic classic Grettis saga as being the refuge of the outlaw Grettir, who spent his last years there with his brother Illugi and his slave Glaumur. He fled there with his two companions when enemies were seeking his life because of its high, impervious cliffs and it is described as having a flock of 80 sheep, and many birds nesting on the cliffs. In late autumn of 1031, Grettir was assassinated where he lay dying in his shed on the island. Þorbjörn Öngull and his men were the perpetrators, an old legend says that two night-prowling giants, a man and a woman, were traversing the fjord with their cow when they were surprised by the bright rays of daybreak. As a result of exposure to daylight, all three were turned into stone, Drangey represents the cow and Kerling is to the south of it. Karl was to the north of the island, but he disappeared long ago, the bird life in Drangey is varied and lively, but the most common are diving birds, the guillemot, auk and puffin. The guillemot nests in the cliffs, while the auk mostly prefers deep cracks underneath the cliffs, the puffin, on the other hand, digs holes in the edge of the cliffs. In addition to species, the black-legged kittiwake and fulmar nest in the cliffs. Drangey has for ages been a harbinger of spring for the local residents, every spring, they visited the island to collect both eggs and birds. They used ropes to climb down the cliffs for the eggs. These rafts were covered with bird snares made of horsehair, the bird catchers mostly found shelter in sheds on the beach on the southernmost tip of the island. From this point, they used to go fishing in their boats. At peak seasonal periods, there were as many as 200 men engaged in fowling, the use of snares was discontinued in 1966. Plot of Stormland movie includes Drangey
11. Drawing Restraint 9 (album) – The Music from Matthew Barneys Drawing Restraint 9 is a soundtrack created by Björk in collaboration with her then-partner Matthew Barney for his film of the same title. For this project Björk traveled to Japan to study ancient Japanese music, several tracks are made with the sound of the shō, a Japanese instrument which contains 16 various reeds, the shō performances are from Mayumi Miyata, one of the worlds greatest shō players. She also appears in the film, playing her instrument, the song Holographic Entrypoint features a Noh score and vocal performance by Shiro Nomura. Björk brought Nameless back from her 2003 tour, and, with the help of Leila Arab, alternative folk singer Will Oldham is featured on the first track, Gratitude, singing a letter from a Japanese fisherman to General Douglas MacArthur set to a melody by Matthew Barney. Björks vocals feature only on the tracks Bath, Storm, Gratitude, Shimenawa and Cetacea feature harp player Zeena Parkins, who previously collaborated with Björk on her 2001 album Vespertine. Hunter Vessel was later re-used on her album Volta for the tracks Vertebræ by Vertebræ, the album was re-released in 2006 as a DualDisc including new DTS 96/245. 1-channel surround sound mixes on the DVD-audio side, plus the extra track Petrolatum. The DualDisc also formed part of the Surrounded box set, all tracks written by Björk, except where noted. The following is a list of the score used in the film ordered from when they chronologically appear. Many of the tracks are instrumental or variations of the main themes so were not included on the official soundtrack, Drawing Restraint 9 mini-website Drawing Restraint 9 lyrics on official website Drawing Restraint 9 at the Internet Movie Database Drawing Restraint 9 at Metacritic
Drawing Restraint 9 (album) – Drawing Restraint 9
12. Education in Iceland – The system of education in Iceland is divided in four levels, playschool, compulsory, upper secondary and higher, and is similar to that of other Nordic countries. Education is mandatory for children aged 6–16, most institutions are funded by the state, there are very few private schools in the country. Iceland is a country with gymnasia, the first national education law was the 1907 education law, and the first national curriculum was published in 1926. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, The Ministry of Education, Science, traditionally, education in Iceland has been run in the public sector, there is a small, although growing, number of private education institutions in the country. Over the years, the system has been decentralised, and responsibility for primary. The state runs upper secondary schools and higher education institutions, the Ministry issues the National Curriculum Guidelines. The National Centre for Educational Materials publishes educational materials for education institutions, the Educational Testing Institute is the country’s sole examination board, responsible for issuing and grading national assessments. There are 192 institutions catering for compulsory education,42 schools for secondary education and 9 higher education institutions. The oldest gymnasiums in the country are Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík and Menntaskólinn á Akureyri, Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík traces its origin to 1056, when a school was established in Skálholt. The school was moved to Reykjavík in 1786, but poor housing conditions forced it to again in 1805 to Bessastaðir near Reykjavík. In 1846 the school was moved to its current location, the university originally had only faculties for these three fields, in addition to a faculty of humanities. The first rector of the university was Björn M. Ólsen, the Icelandic education system comprises four levels, playschool, compulsory, upper secondary and higher. Playschool or leikskóli, is education for those under the age of six. The current legislation concerning playschools was passed in 2007, the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture is responsible for the policies and methods that playschools must use, and they issue the National Curriculum Guidelines. They are also responsible for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable so as to make the transition into compulsory education as easy as possible. However, the Ministry does not implement the regulations and guidelines, instead this is the responsibility of the local authority, in addition, the local authority employs representatives who supervise the playschools’ operation. Parents must pay for their children to attend playschools, around 30% of the costs of running the institutions are covered by these fees. Private playschools’ fees can be around 10–20% higher than those of public institutions, almost all private schools receive some municipal funding
Education in Iceland – The main building of Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík.
Education in Iceland – A classroom in the Hraðbraut gymnasium.
13. Einarr Helgason – Einarr Helgason or Einarr skálaglamm was a 10th-century Icelandic skald. He was a poet of Lord Hákon to whom he dedicated his magnum opus. Einarrs added name skálaglamm means Bowl tinkle and refers to a set of balances and weights with divinatory powers, the part of Einarrs poetry that has come down to us is preserved in the Kings sagas, the Prose Edda, Egils saga and Jómsvíkinga saga. According to Egils saga, Einarr was a friend of Egill Skalla-Grímsson, Egill was greatly displeased since tradition compelled him to compose a drápa on the shield. According to Landnámabók and other sources, Einarr drowned in Breiðafjörður
Einarr Helgason – Viking Age scales
Einarr Helgason – Skalds
14. Eldfell – Eldfell is a composite volcanic cone just over 200 metres high on the Icelandic island of Heimaey. It formed in an eruption which began on the eastern side of Heimaey in the Westman Islands on 23 January 1973. This came without any sign of warning, the name of Eldfell means Mountain of Fire in Icelandic. The eruption caused a crisis for the island and nearly led to its permanent evacuation. Volcanic ash fell over most of the island, destroying around 400 homes, and a lava flow threatened to close off the harbour, the islands main income source via its fishing fleet. An operation was mounted to cool the lava flow by pumping sea water onto it. After the eruption, the islanders used heat from the lava flows to provide hot water. They also used some of the extensive tephra, fall-out of airborne material, to extend the runway at the islands small airport. It is estimated that a third of all the lava erupted in the world in recorded history has been produced by Icelandic eruptions. The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago lies off the south coast of Iceland, and consists of small islands. Heimaey, the largest island in the group and the only inhabited one, the most prominent feature on Heimaey before 1973 was Helgafell, a 200 meters high volcanic cone formed in an eruption about 5,000 years ago. The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago was settled in about 874 AD, originally by escaped Irish slaves belonging to Norse settlers on the mainland and these settlers gave the islands their name, Ireland being west of mainland Scandinavia. However, offshore eruptions may have taken place in 1637 and 1896, scientists have speculated that volcanic activity in the archipelago may be increasing due to the southward propagation of the rift zone that crosses Iceland. At about 20,00 on 21 January 1973, a series of tremors began to occur around Heimaey. The tremors continued at a reduced rate until 11,00 that day, from 23,00 until 01,34 on 23 January, seven tremors were detected that grew shallower and more intense, while the epicenter moved closer to the town of Vestmannaeyjar. The largest tremor measured 2.7 on the Richter scale, small tremors are very common at plate boundaries, and nothing here indicated that they heralded a major eruption. The onset of the eruption was therefore almost entirely unexpected, the fissure rapidly extended from 300 metres to a length of 2 kilometres, crossing the island from one shore to the other. Submarine activity also occurred just offshore at the northern and southern ends of the fissure. 8-kilometre north of the old volcanic cone of Helgafell, the name initially given to the new volcano was Kirkjufell, owing to its proximity to Kirkjubær
Eldfell – Eldfell, August 2014
Eldfell – Lava from Eldfell eruption
Eldfell – Houses buried by ash
15. Exista – Exista hf. is an Icelandic financial services group formerly listed on the Iceland Stock Exchange. Its activities are based primarily on insurance underwriting and other financial services, the group’s primary market is the Nordic countries. The Luxembourg-registered Exista S. A. has changed its name several times and it was originally Compagnie Financiere Scandinave. Both companies owned a stake in the Luxembourg-registered corporation Compagnie Financiere Scandinave, a month after incorporation it was renamed the Scandinavian Holding and later Meidur. Both companies owned a stake in the Luxembourg-registered corporation Alrosa Finance, another shareholder was Russian state-owned diamond company ALROSA. Shapburg Limited owned a stake in the Luxembourg-registered corporation Alfa Finance Holdings, another shareholder was Alfa-Bank of Russia. According to a report, Luxembourg-registered Compagnie Financiere Scandinave was renamed the Scandinavian Holding a month after incorporation, later it was renamed Meidur S. A. Meidur changed its name to Exista. Exista was founded in 2001 by a consortium of Icelandic savings banks as a vehicle to hold shares in Kaupthing Bank, a controlling shareholding in Exista was sold to a holding company of Bakkavör founders Ágúst and Lýdur Gudmundsson in 2002. In September 2006 the firm was floated on the Iceland Stock Exchange in a €2.6 billion initial public offering, the Gudmundsson brothers continue however to hold a near-45% stake in the business. The company was delisted from the exchange in December 2008 following a share buyback, by 9 October 2008, Kaupthing Bank HF was forced into government receivership. On 29 July 2009 Wikileaks exposed a confidential 210 page document listing Kaupthings exposure to loans ranging from €45 million–1.25 billion. The leaked presentation revealed the bank had loaned billions of euros to its shareholders, including a total of €1.43 billion to Exista. Exista owns the Icelandic non-life insurance company Vátryggingarfélag Íslands, which holds around one-third of the domestic market, Exista acquired control of VÍS from Kaupthing Bank in 2006. The firm also owns VÍSs sister company, the life cover provider Lífís, existas third consolidated subsidiary is Lýsing, which is a provider of asset financing. Prior to the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, Exista held a number of significant stakes in publicly traded companies. It opted to divest many of these, including 20% of Sampo Group,8. 7% of Storebrand and 39. 6% of Bakkavör and it was also the largest single shareholder of Kaupthing Bank before its de facto nationalisation by the Icelandic government
Exista – Exista hf.
16. Geography of Iceland – Iceland has extensive volcanic and geothermal activity. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which marks the division between the Eurasian Plate and North American tectonic plates, runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast and this geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park, where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheatre. The site was the home of Icelands parliament, the Alþing and it is a common misconception that Þingvellir are at the juncture between the North American and Eurasian continental plates. However, they are in fact at the juncture of the North American continental plate, about half of Icelands land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainous lava desert and other wasteland. Around 10.2 per cent of the land area is covered by glaciers. Twenty per cent of the land is used for grazing, while only 1 per cent is cultivated, Iceland has lost most of the woodland that previously covered large areas of the country, but an ambitious reforestation programme is currently underway. Today, however, there are small patches of the original birch forests left. The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest, while the highlands are all. Because of the Gulf Streams moderating influence, the climate is characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild, reykjavík has an average temperature of 12 °C in July and 1 °C in January. The closest are the Balleny Islands off Antarctica, claimed by New Zealand, the antipodes of the northernmost of these, Young Island, lie between Flatey and Grímsey Islands off the north central Icelandic coast, about 10 km from either. A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it, the island is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however, has a variety of types, many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with approx, media related to Geography of Iceland at Wikimedia Commons
Geography of Iceland – Dettifoss, located in northeast Iceland. It is the largest waterfall in Europe in terms of volume discharge, with an average water flow of 200 m 3 /second.
Geography of Iceland – Satellite image of Iceland
Geography of Iceland – A geyser in Iceland
Geography of Iceland – True colour satellite image of Iceland in winter
17. Golden Circle (Iceland) – The Golden Circle is a popular tourist route in southern Iceland, covering about 300 kilometres looping from Reykjavík into the southern uplands of Iceland and back. It is the area contains most tours and travel-related activities in Iceland. The name Golden Circle is a term that has no roots in Icelandic history. The three primary stops on the route are the Þingvellir National Park, the Gullfoss waterfall, and the area in Haukadalur. Though Geysir has been dormant for many years, Strokkur continues to erupt every 5–10 minutes. Other stops include the Kerið volcanic crater, the town of Hveragerði, Skálholt cathedral, and the Nesjavellir and Hellisheiðarvirkjun geothermal power plants
Golden Circle (Iceland) – Strokkur
Golden Circle (Iceland) – Gullfoss waterfall
Golden Circle (Iceland) – Hellisheidavirkjun turbine and generator
Golden Circle (Iceland) – Geysir Hot Spring Area
18. Gunnar Hansen – Gunnar Milton Hansen was an Icelandic-born American actor and author best known for playing the mentally impaired cannibal Leatherface in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Hansen was born in Reykjavík, Iceland, and moved to the United States when he was five years old. He lived in Maine until age eleven, when his family moved to Austin, Texas and he majored in English and mathematics as an undergraduate and then went to graduate school in Scandinavian Studies and English. His first job out of school was as a computer operator before he began theater work during college. He was also a player during high school and for a while a bar bouncer. In 1973, just after finishing school, Hansen heard that The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was being filmed in Austin. He got the part of Leatherface, the killer in the movie. Hansen apparently visited and studied children with special needs to determine mannerisms for Leatherface, after the success of the movie, Hansen co-starred in Demon Lover, but after the experience he decided not to continue acting, instead pursuing a writing career. In 1975, after one year of graduate school, Hansen moved back to Maine. During this time he rejected a part he was offered in the horror film The Hills Have Eyes. After writing for magazines and writing books, Hansen returned to acting in 1988, appearing in the horror spoof Hollywood Chainsaw Hookers and he considered his later acting as a side project and continued to write books. He also wrote scripts and wrote and directed documentary films. Hansen was also an author, his travel memoir, Islands at the Edge of Time. In 2013 he wrote the nonfiction book Chain Saw Confidential, which focuses on the making, in addition, he taught college as an adjunct instructor. His agent stated Hansen died at his home in Northeast Harbor, Maine from pancreatic cancer on November 7,2015 at the age of 68
Gunnar Hansen – Hansen at Days of the Dead in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2012
19. Harald Fairhair – Harald Fairhair is remembered by medieval historians as the first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, most of his life remains uncertain, since the extant accounts of his life in the sagas were set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. A few remnants of skaldic praise poems attributed to court poets exist which seem to refer to Haralds victories against opponents in Norway. Two of his sons, Eric Bloodaxe and Haakon the Good, the only early sources mentioning him are the two skaldic poems Haraldskvæði and Glymdrápa, which have been attributed to Þorbjörn Hornklofi or alternatively to Þjóðólfr of Hvinir. The first poem has only been preserved in fragments in 13th century Kings sagas and it describes life at Haralds court, mentions that he took a Danish wife, and that he won a battle at Hafrsfjord. The second relates a series of battles Harald won and his life is described in several of the Kings sagas, none of them older than 12th century. His protector-regent was his mothers brother Guthorm, the unification of Norway is something of a love story. It begins with a proposal that resulted in rejection and scorn from Gyda. She said she refused to marry Harald before he was king over all of Norway, in 872, after a great victory at Hafrsfjord near Stavanger, Harald found himself king over the whole country. However, his opponents leaving was not entirely voluntary, many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald, therefore, they were subjected to much harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands, the earliest narrative source which mentions Harald, the 12th century Íslendingabók notes that Iceland was settled during his lifetime. Harald is thus depicted as the cause of the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. Iceland was settled by malcontents from Norway, who resented Haralds claim of rights of taxation over lands, there are several accounts of large feasting mead halls constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. The older Swedish king, on the hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed Áki, according to the saga sources, the latter part of Haralds reign was disturbed by the strife of his many sons. The number of sons he left varies in the different saga accounts, twelve of his sons are named as kings, two of them over the whole country. When he grew old, Harald handed over the power to his favourite son Eirik Bloodaxe. Eirik I ruled side-by-side with his father when Harald was 80 years old, Harald died three years later due to age in approximately 933
Harald Fairhair – Harald Fairhair, in an illustration from the 14th century Flateyjarbók.
Harald Fairhair – Haraldshaugen
Harald Fairhair – Harald Haarfager later in his life
20. Hellissandur – Hellissandur is a village and part of the Snæfellsbær municipality at the northwestern tip of Snæfellsnes peninsula in western Iceland. Once an important fishing post, the village has experienced growth in tourism. The maritime museum has examples of the roof houses once common across Iceland, as well as marine engines. According to the 2011 census, Hellissandur and nearby Rif have 544 inhabitants, Hellissandur is one of the first and oldest fishing villages in Iceland and is traced back to the 16th century. One of the points of interest near Hellissandur is the Snæfellsjökull glacier, just outside the village, there is the northern entrance to the Snæfellsjökull National Park, which surrounds the western and southern sides of the glacier. Nearby is the 412 metre tall Gufuskálar radio mast, the tallest structure in Western Europe, more information and photos about Hellissandur on Hit Iceland
Hellissandur – Old fishing houses in Hellissandur
Hellissandur – Location of the Municipality of Snæfellsbær
21. Hostel (2005 film) – Hostel is a 2005 American horror film written and directed by Eli Roth. It stars Jay Hernandez and was produced by Mike Fleiss, Eli Roth, and Chris Briggs, Boaz Yakin, Scott Spiegel and it is the first installment of the Hostel trilogy, followed by Hostel, Part II and Hostel, Part III. The film tells the story of two college students traveling across Europe, who find themselves preyed upon by a group that tortures. College students Paxton and Josh are traveling across Europe with their Icelandic friend Óli, in Amsterdam, the three meet a man named Alexei, who convinces them to visit a hostel in Slovakia filled with beautiful women. The three board a train to Slovakia, where they encounter a strange Dutch businessman, when they arrive at the hostel, they are greeted by Natalya and Svetlana. That night, Paxton and Josh sleep with Natalya and Svetlana, the next morning, they are surprised to see that Óli hasnt returned, and are unable to contact him. They are later approached by a Japanese girl named Kana, who shows them a photo of Óli and her friend Yuki, although Josh is anxious to leave, Paxton convinces him to stay one more night. That night, Josh and Paxton are slipped tranquilizers, Josh wakes up and is approached by a man who drills holes into his chest and legs. The man reveals himself as the Dutch businessman, and tells Josh about his dream of becoming a surgeon. The businessman ultimately slices his throat, killing Josh, Paxton wakes up the next morning and returns to the hostel. He is greeted by two women in a similar manner to Natalya and Svetlana. He finds Natalya and Svetlana at a pub and asks if they know where Josh is. Natalya tells him that Josh and Óli are visiting an art exhibit, Paxton is ambushed by thugs and dragged down a hallway, passing by rooms where people are being brutally tortured to death. He is then brought into a cell, where he is restrained and joined by a German client named Johann, after severing two of Paxtons fingers with a chainsaw, Johann charges at him but slips and severs his own leg. Paxton reaches for a gun and shoots Johann in the head and he escapes the cell and hides in the bottom of a cart filled with corpses. A butcher takes the corpses to be incinerated, and Paxton bludgeons him with a sledge hammer and he then enters the dressing room, where he changes into business clothes and meets an American client, who mistakes him for another customer. Paxton escapes the factory but returns after hearing cries for help and he discovers Kana being tortured by the American client. After killing the American client, Paxton and Kana flee in a stolen car, while driving, Paxton sees Natalya, Svetlana, and Alexei, and runs them all over
Hostel (2005 film) – Theatrical release poster
22. Iceland at the Olympics – Athletes from Iceland first participated at the Olympic Games in 1908. The National Olympic Committee was created in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935, after 1936, Iceland has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since. Iceland has also participated in all but one edition of the Winter Olympic Games since 1948, icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals, two in athletics, one in judo and one in handball
Iceland at the Olympics
23. Icelandic Americans – Icelandic Americans are Americans of Icelandic descent or Iceland-born people who reside in the United States. Icelandic immigrants came to the United States primarily in the period 1873-1905, there are more than 40,000 Icelandic Americans according to the 2000 U. S. census, and most live in the Upper Midwest. The United States is home to the second largest Icelandic diaspora community in the world after Canada and it is generally accepted that the Norse settlers in Greenland founded the settlement of LAnse aux Meadows in Vinland, their name for what is now Newfoundland, Canada. In any case, the settlements were abandoned after a short time, after the Vikings, the next Icelandic settlers arrived in Utah in 1855 seeking religious freedom to follow Mormonism. Eleven Mormon converts left Iceland for North America between 1854 and 1857, a few years later nine Icelanders settled in the town of Spanish Fork, Utah, along with other Scandinavians. For the next 20 years, small groups of Icelanders joined the settlement from time to time, the United States suffered an economic depression in the mid-1870s, and jobs were scarce. For newly arrived Icelanders who knew little, if any English, the secondary education most Icelanders had received in their homeland did little to help them find jobs in their new country. Many Icelandic men took laboring jobs as unskilled workers and woodcutters. Working to build capital and to learn farming techniques suitable for their new land so that they could start farms of their own, drawing from their backgrounds in farming, the new immigrants maintained their ties to their Icelandic heritage. The last three decades of the century saw the largest wave of Icelandic immigration. Between 1870 and 1900, about 15,000 of Icelands population of 75,000 resettled in North America, evidence suggests that around 17,000 emigrated but that roughly 2,000 returned to Iceland. The majority of emigrants settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Those coming to the United States settled primarily in the upper Midwest, especially Wisconsin, Minnesota, a sizable Icelandic immigrant community was established in Utah. William Wickmann, a Danish emigrant who had worked for a time in Eyrarbakki on the southern coast of Iceland before coming to Milwaukee in 1856 and his descriptions of the plentiful life in Wisconsin were circulated among his Icelandic friends. In particular, Wickmanns accounts of the abundance of coffee, of which Icelanders were especially fond, however, Icelandic emigration to the United States did not happen in any significant numbers until 1873 when the first emigration agency, the Allan Line, set up shop in Iceland. In 1870, four Icelanders left for Milwaukee, eventually settling on Washington Island in Lake Michigan,12 left in 1871, and 23 in 1872. In 1874 a group of Icelandic immigrants proposed a settlement in Alaska and they managed to interest the United States government enough to assist them in visiting the proposed Alaskan site. Although the Icelanders wanted to follow through with the plan, the United States apparently lost interest in the project, some of these found employment easier to get on Puget Sound in the state of Washington where they worked in the fishing and boatbuilding trades
Icelandic Americans – J. Ólafsson · G. Hansen · E. Christensen
24. Icelandic beer – Beer in Iceland likely dates back to the islands settlement by Norsemen. In more modern history beer was banned in Iceland for most of the 20th century. Since that ban was lifted in 1989, Icelands consumption of beer has increased markedly, Icelands early settlers came from cultures where drinking beer and mead was commonplace. Poems such as the Hávamál reference the drinking of ale, the climate of Iceland may have made beer production difficult as it became impossible to produce barley domestically. By the early 20th century, Icelandic attitudes toward beer and alcohol had shifted, a temperance movement similar to that in other countries pushed for a ban on moral grounds. In a 1908 referendum,60. 1% of voters approved a ban on alcohol set to take effect on January 1,1915. Public support for the ban eventually began to fade and. Despite the referendum lifting prohibition, beer was still prohibited from containing more than 2. 25% alcohol by volume, some full-strength beer was smuggled into the country or produced by homebrewers. In 1979 an Icelandic businessman, David Scheving Thorsteinsson, attempted to bring beer into the country after a business trip. His beer was confiscated but he refused to pay the fine, arguing he should have the right to purchase beer from a duty-free shop that airline personnel. While he lost his case the resulting press and attention provoked a new law which permitted Icelanders to bring 6 litres of beer into the country. In May 1988, the Althing passed legislation legalizing beer above 2. 25% ABV, the restrictions were lifted on March 1,1989. The lifting of restrictions on beer is celebrated as Beer Day on March 1, after the prohibition on beer was lifted, Icelandic drinking habits shifted away from hard alcohol to beer and wine. Between 1989 and 2007, per capita liquor sales decreased by half while per capita beer sales more than doubled. Sales in 2007 were 19.4 million litres, a 2014 World Health Organization report showed that 62% of the alcohol consumed by Icelanders came from beer. The two largest domestic brewers in Iceland are Egill Skallagrímsson Brewery and Vífilfell, beginning in the late 2000s more small craft brewers have emerged which produce a wider variety of styles and have even won international awards for their beers. The terms brugghús and ölgerð are the most commonly encountered term for brewery, off-premises alcohol sales in Iceland are only available through the state-owned State Alcohol and Tobacco Company of Iceland. They operate a chain of 46 stores called Vínbúð, a bill was proposed in 2015 to end the states monopoly on alcohol sales
Icelandic beer – Africa
Icelandic beer – An illumination of two intoxicated 15th century Icelanders
25. Icelandic cow – Icelandic cattle are a breed of cattle native to Iceland. Cattle were first brought to the island during the Settlement of Iceland a thousand years ago, Icelandic cows are an especially colorful breed with a wide variety of colours and markings. Icelandic cattle have been isolated for centuries, but are most closely related to breeds in Norway called Blacksided Trender. No cattle are permitted to be imported into Iceland, so they have been protected by strict disease-prevention measures, the Icelandic cow is a dairy breed with a small body-size. About 95% are naturally polled, but the rest are horned, an average cow can produce about 6,000 kg of milk per year, with the best animals producing 11,000 kg. They are housed for about eight months of the year and fed largely on hay and they are grazed outside in the summer, and to prolong the growing season, cabbage, turnips, barley, and oats are grown for forage. Fewer than 30,000 cows are on the island and their milk is used to create a mild, however, some have argued that Icelandic cattle are part of Icelands cultural heritage and should not be replaced. Guðni Ágústsson, former Icelandic minister of agriculture, once kissed an Icelandic cow, the milk from Icelandic cows is used to make skyr. CS1 maint, Uses authors parameter Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Harris DP, variation in consumption of cow milk proteins and lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland vs the other 4 Nordic countries
Icelandic cow – An Icelandic cow, in a pasture with Icelandic sheep
26. Icelandic football league system – The Icelandic football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in Iceland. As of 2013 a fifth level was added to the format of four levels. As of 2017 there are 79 participating teams in the football league, below shows how the current system, as of 2017, works. For each division, its English name, official name or sponsorship name, each division promotes to the division that lie directly above them and relegates to the division that lie directly below them. Only two teams are promoted from 4, the top two teams from each group play in a knock-out competition with the final being one match determining the Division 4 champions. Both finalists are promoted to 3, the two teams relegated from 3. Deild, in one of four groups, the groups can change from year to year based on the number of teams. KSÍ attempts to distribute the teams evenly between groups, clubs at all five levels are eligible for cup competitions. Bikarkeppni KSÍ Deildabikar Icelandic FA League321. com - Icelandic football league tables, records & statistics database
Icelandic football league system – Association football
27. Icelandic name – Icelandic names differ from most current Western family name systems by being patronymic or occasionally matronymic, they indicate the father of the child and not the historic family lineage. Iceland shares a cultural heritage with the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden. Icelanders, however, unlike other Scandinavians, have continued to use their traditional name system, the Icelandic system is thus not based on family names. Generally, a persons last name indicates the first name of their father or in some cases mother, some family names do exist in Iceland, most commonly adaptations from last name patronyms Icelanders took up when living abroad, usually Denmark. Since 1925, one cannot adopt a name unless one explicitly has a legal right to do so through inheritance. First names not previously used in Iceland must be approved by the Icelandic Naming Committee before being used, the criterion for acceptance of names is whether or not they can be easily incorporated into the Icelandic language. A man named Jón Einarsson has a son named Ólafur, Ólafur’s last name will not be Einarsson like his father’s, it will become Jónsson, literally indicating that Ólafur is the son of Jón. The same practice is used for daughters, Jón Einarssons daughter Sigríður’s last name would not be Einarsson but Jónsdóttir. Again, the name literally means Jón’s daughter, in some cases, an individual’s surname is derived from a parents middle name instead of the first name. For example, if Jón is the son of Hjálmar Arnar Vilhjálmsson he may either be named Jón Hjálmarsson or Jón Arnarsson, the reason for this may be that the parent prefers to be called by the middle name instead of the first name, this is fairly common. It may also be that the middle name seems to fit the child’s first name better. This practice has now become common, but features conspicuously in the Icelandic sagas. The vast majority of Icelandic last names carry the name of the father, some women use it as a social statement while others simply choose it as a matter of style. In all of these cases, the convention is the same, Ólafur, one well-known Icelander with a matronymic name is football player Heiðar Helguson, another is novelist Guðrún Eva Mínervudóttir. One medieval example is the poet Eilífr Goðrúnarson, in the Icelandic film Bjarnfreðarson the title characters name is the subject of some mockery for his having a womans name – as Bjarnfreðurs son – not his fathers. In the film this is connected to her radical feminism and shame over his paternity, some people have both a matronymic and a patronymic, for example, Dagur Bergþóruson Eggertsson, the current mayor of Reykjavík. Another example is the girl Blær mentioned above, her name is Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir. In Iceland, listings such as the directory are alphabetised by first name rather than surname
Icelandic name – Features
Icelandic name – A simple family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system
28. Icelandic nationalism – Þjóðernishyggja is the Icelandic term for nationalism, nationmindedness is a rough translation of the term. Its use was instrumental in the Icelandic movement for independence from Denmark, Þjóðernishyggja is now commonly used for patriotism in Icelandic interchangeable with another word, Föðurlandsást, i. e. Love of ones country or patriotism, there is little difference between the two in Icelandic and they are considered to be the same by most. Extreme nationalism in the English sense would be called Þjóðernissósíalismi, literally National Socialism, which political following in Iceland has faded since the war
Icelandic nationalism – Flag of Iceland
29. Icelandic phonology – Unlike many languages, Icelandic has only very minor dialectal differences in sounds, due to the relatively small number of speakers and the concentration of these speakers in mostly one area. The language has both monophthongs and diphthongs, and many consonants can be voiced or unvoiced, Icelandic has an aspiration contrast between plosives, rather than a voicing contrast. Preaspirated voiceless stops are also common, however fricative and sonorant consonant phonemes exhibit regular contrasts in voice, including in nasals. Additionally, length is contrastive for consonants, but not vowels, in Icelandic, the main stress is always on the first syllable. The number and nature of the consonant phonemes in modern Icelandic is subject to broad disagreement, even the number of major allophones is subject to some dispute, although less than for phonemes. The following is a chart of potentially contrastive phones, according to one analysis, /n̥, n, l̥, l/ are alveolar, whereas /tʰ, /s/ is an apical alveolar sibilant fricative, whereas /θ, ð/ are alveolar non-sibilant fricatives. The former is laminal, while the latter is usually apical, note that the alveolar non-sibilant fricatives are not contrastive in any language and so have no dedicated IPA symbols. They are broadly transcribed with /θ, ð/, which nominally denote dental fricatives. Voiceless continuants /f, s, θ, ç, x, h/ are always constrictive, the rhotic consonants may either be trills or taps, depending on the speaker. Scholten includes three extra phones, namely the stop, voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant and its voiced counterpart. A large number of competing analyses have been proposed for Icelandic phonemes, the problems stem from complex but regular alternations and mergers among the above phones in various positions. These latter sequences are sometimes said to be unitary pre-aspirated stops, the voiceless velar fricative occurs only between a vowel and or, and initially as a variant of before. Because it does not contrast with in either position, it can be seen as an allophone of, there are two sets of palatal sounds. Alternating palatals alternate with the velars, while non-alternating palatals do not, note that appears twice here, these two s behave differently, occur in different distributions, and are denoted by different letters. This suggests that they may belong to different phonemes, and that is indeed a common analysis, in general, the alternating palatals are restricted to appearing before vowels. Velars ( are restricted to appearing everywhere except before front vowels, in other words, Before back vowels and front rounded vowels, both palatals and velars can appear, before front unrounded vowels only palatals can appear, before consonants only velars can appear. For the non-alternating palatals, Both can appear at the beginning of a word, elsewhere, only one can occur, which must occur after a non-velar, non-palatal consonant. Occurs before a vowel, and occurs in a few words at the end of a word following, the velars and alternating palatals are distributed as follows, Initially or at beginning of syllable, Only the four stops can appear
Icelandic phonology – Features
30. Icelandic Society for American Football – The Icelandic Society for American Football was an icelandic American football league that played from 1988 to 1991. The ISAF formed when the first three appeared on the Icelandic sports scene in 1988. In Icelandic, ISAF was known as Íslensk Samtök um Amerískan Fótbolta, as in most other European countries, the teams appeared after a new TV station started to show NFL football games. Due to the teams´ emergence within the college system in Iceland. When it became necessary to accommodate interested players outside of the school-system, ISAF was then slated to be under the umbrella of Icelands athletic association, but did not survive long enough to be officially registered as such. However, the local athletics associations served their role notably well by accommodating these experimental teams within their organizations, ISAF was an informal association jointly run by the leaders of the three teams that formed the league. ISAF organized the first year and half of scrimmages between the teams and this included the recruitment of local Americans and other knowledgeable individuals for participation, training, and team support. ISAF organized one Icelandic championship tournament in the summer of 1990 at Valbjarnarvöllur in Reykjavik where each team played the two other teams, while the matches were well balanced, the results were in line with each teams experience so far. Garðabærs Stjarnan won both its games, Grafarvogurs Fjölnir came in second, and Kópavogurs Breiðablik came in third, the tournament was officiated by American soldiers stationed at the former US Naval base in Keflavík. Sometime in 1990, the TV station Stöð2 stopped showing NFL games and this caused interest to dwindle and ISAF teams found it difficult to attract players, support personnel, and obtain financial sponsorship. During 1991, ISAF stopped organizing 11-on-11 full-contact games, in effect, the departure of NFL broadcasting in Iceland was ISAFs undoing in 1991. This was in stark contrast with the rest of Europe that had continued TV exposure to NFL, from 2003 onwards, NFL games have again been viewable in Iceland and interest in playing the sport is emerging again
Icelandic Society for American Football – Breiðablik´s American Football team.
Icelandic Society for American Football – Stjarnan´s American Football team.
Icelandic Society for American Football – Fjölnir´s American Football team.
31. Icelandic tail-cap – The Icelandic tail-cap or skotthúfa is a typical part of the Icelandic national costume. Originally it was worn by men, but starting in the 18th century women started to wear it along with the peysa. Later it was adopted for the bodice-dress, the mens version is usually striped, while the womens is almost always black. While the mens version was knitted from coarse wool the womens version used a small string with a tassel made of fine wool. In the beginning of the 19th century, the tail-cap was rather deep, the tassel and cap are connected with a tassel-cylinder made of silver or gold. The cap is pinned in the hair by means of a black knitting-pin but if the woman wears plaits, the end of them are fastened under the cap in the neck with a typical cap-pin
Icelandic tail-cap – 19th century Icelandic woman wearing a deep tail cap
32. Icelandic turf houses – 30% of Iceland was forested when it was settled, mostly with birch. Oak was the timber for building Norse halls in Scandinavia. However, Iceland did have an amount of turf that was suitable for construction. Some structures in Norway had turf roofs, so the notion of using this as a material was not alien to many settlers. The common Icelandic turf house would have a foundation made of flat stones. The turf would then be fitted around the frame in blocks often with a second layer, the only external wood would be the doorway which would often be decorative, the doorway would lead in to the hall which would commonly have a great fire. Another interesting aspect of the Icelandic turf house was the introduction of attached toilets, which were communal, the floor of a turf house could be covered with wood, stone or earth depending on the purpose of the building. They also contain grass on their roofs, Icelandic architecture changed in many ways in the more than 1,000 years the turf houses were being constructed. The first evolutionary step happened in the 14th century, when the Viking style longhouses were gradually abandoned and replaced with many small, then in the late 18th century a new style started to gain momentum, the burstabær, with its wooden ends or gaflar. This is the most commonly depicted version of the Icelandic turf houses and this style was then slowly replaced with the urban building style of wooden house clothed in corrugated iron, which in turn was replaced with the earthquake resistant reinforced concrete building
Icelandic turf houses – Turf houses of the burstabær style in Glaumbær
Icelandic turf houses – Interior of a reconstructed turf house in Fljótshlíð
Icelandic turf houses – Turf roof of a house in Glaumbær, Iceland
Icelandic turf houses – Peat wall, Glaumbaer, Iceland
33. ICEX 15 – The OMX Iceland 15 is a defunct stock market index which consisted of a maximum of 15 companies listed on the OMX Iceland Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization. At the final review of the index effective in January 2009,12 companies made up the index. Calculated daily since 1998 and starting at 1,000 points, it was a market value-weighted index, the index was discontinued in July 2009 and replaced by the OMX Iceland 6 as the exchanges benchmark stock index, which had run concurrently for the previous six months. OMX Iceland 15 suffered a loss during the financial crisis in 2008. Trading in the market was suspended for three successive trading days, October 9, October 10, and October 13. Trading was resumed on October 14,2008, and OMX Iceland 15 closed at 678.4 and this reflected the fact that the value of the three big banks which formed 73.2 percent of the value of the OMX Iceland 15, had been set to zero. The index consisted of the companies at the final index reshuffle effective on 2 January 2009. Both Straumur and SPRON were delisted from the exchange before the indexs retirement six months later
ICEX 15 – Index performance from 15 January 1998 – 6 May 2009
34. Kaldidalur – The Kaldidalsvegur is the shortest of the highland tracks traversing the Highlands of Iceland, therefore the nickname highlands for beginners. Its name derives from the valley it crosses, kaldidalur means cold dale/valley, sometimes the Kaldidalsvegur is referred to as simply the Kaldidalur. The route begins a bit to the north of Þingvellir and to the west of the volcano Skjaldbreiður, the track continues between the glaciers Þórisjökull and Ok and leads up to the north. To the east of Reykholt it comes near the Reykholtsdalur to Húsafell, then it continues up to Hvammstangi at the Miðfjörður. Signed as route 550, the track is 40 kilometers long, the other well known highland routes are Kjölur and Sprengisandur
Kaldidalur – Kaldidalur Highland road
35. Kingdom of Iceland – The Kingdom of Iceland was a constitutional monarchy that existed through the Act of Union with Denmark signed on 1 December 1918. It lasted until 17 June 1944 when a referendum established the Republic of Iceland in its place. Iceland had been under the control of the Crown of Denmark since 1380, in 1874, one thousand years after the first acknowledged settlement, Denmark granted Iceland home rule. The constitution, written the year, was revised in 1903. A minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavík, was responsible to the Althing. On 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, the Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached, the German occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940 severed communications between Iceland and Denmark. A year later, on 15 May 1941 the Althing adopted a law creating the position of regent for Sveinn Björnsson in order to represent the monarchy. During the first year of World War II, Iceland strictly enforced a position of neutrality, on 10 May 1940, Operation Fork was launched by the United Kingdom when military forces sailed into Reykjavík harbour and began an invasion of Iceland. The government of Iceland issued a protest against what it called a flagrant violation of Icelandic neutrality, on the day of the invasion, Prime Minister Hermann Jónasson read a radio announcement instructing Icelanders to treat the British troops as guests. The Allied occupation of Iceland would last throughout the war, at its peak, Britain had approximately 25,000 troops stationed in Iceland, all but eliminating unemployment in Reykjavík and other strategically important places. In July 1941, it coerced the Althing into accepting an American–Icelandic defence agreement, as many as 40,000 American soldiers were then stationed on the island, outnumbering the native population of adult men. Following a constitutional referendum in May 1944, Iceland formally became an independent republic on 17 June 1944, many Danes felt offended at its timing, as Denmark was still occupied by Germany. The deposed king in Copenhagen, Christian X, nonetheless sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people, nobility in Iceland Icelandic independence movement Danish realm Constitution of Denmark Greenlandic independence Faroese independence Iceland, Home Rule and Sovereignty at Encyclopædia Britannica
Kingdom of Iceland – Flag
36. Laki (volcano) – Laki or Lakagígar is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland, not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Lakagígar is the name, as Laki mountain itself did not erupt. Lakagígar is part of a system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn. It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction and this led to a famine which then killed approximately 25% of the islands human population. The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages The Laki eruption and its caused a drop in global temperatures. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa, on 8 June 1783, a 25 km long fissure with 130 craters opened with phreatomagmatic explosions because of the groundwater interacting with the rising basalt magma. Over a few days the eruptions became less explosive, Strombolian, the eruption, also known as the Skaftáreldar or Síðueldur, produced an estimated 14 km3 of basalt lava, and the total volume of tephra emitted was 0.91 km3. Lava fountains were estimated to have reached heights of 800 to 1,400 m, the gases were carried by the convective eruption column to altitudes of about 15 km. The eruption continued until 7 February 1784, but most of the lava was ejected in the first five months, Grímsvötn volcano, from which the Laki fissure extends, was also erupting at the time, from 1783 until 1785. The consequences for Iceland, known as the Móðuharðindin Mist Hardships, were disastrous, an estimated 20–25% of the population died in the famine and fluoride poisoning after the fissure eruptions ensued. Around 80% of sheep, 50% of cattle and 50% of horses died because of dental fluorosis, the parish priest and dean of Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla, Jón Steingrímsson, grew famous because of the eldmessa that he delivered on 20 July 1783. This past week, and the two prior to it, more poison fell from the sky than words can describe, ash, volcanic hairs, rain full of sulfur and saltpeter, all of it mixed with sand. The snouts, nostrils, and feet of livestock grazing or walking on the grass turned bright yellow, all water went tepid and light blue in color and gravel slides turned gray. All the earths plants burned, withered and turned gray, one after another, the resulting famine that afflicted Egypt in 1784 cost it roughly one-sixth of its population. The eruption was also found to have affected the southern Arabian Peninsula, the summer of 1783 was the hottest on record and a rare high-pressure zone over Iceland caused the winds to blow to the south-east. The fog was so thick that boats stayed in port, unable to navigate, inhaling sulphur dioxide gas causes victims to choke as their internal soft tissue swells – the gas reacts with the moisture in lungs and produces sulfurous acid. The local death rate in Chartres was up by 5% during August and September and it has been estimated that 23,000 British people died from the poisoning. The weather became very hot, causing severe thunderstorms with large hailstones that were reported to have killed cattle, the winter of 1783–1784 was very severe, the naturalist Gilbert White in Selborne, Hampshire, reported 28 days of continuous frost
Laki (volcano) – Laki
37. Landsflug – Landsflug was an airline based in Reykjavík, Iceland. It operated domestic services out of its base at Reykjavik Airport. The airline was established in 2004 and started operations on 1 October 2004, in 2008, the company was disestablished. Landsflug operated scheduled services to the destinations, Vestmannaeyjar, Höfn. Landsflug was also contracted by the Icelandic government to operate medical emergency flights, as of March 2007 the Landsflug fleet included,1 Dornier 328JET2 Dornier 228-2123 Dornier 328-100 Landsflug
Landsflug – A Landsflug Dornier Do 228 at Reykjavík Airport
38. Lapland longspur – The Lapland longspur, also known as the Lapland bunting, is a passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae, a group separated by most modern authors from the Fringillidae. The English name refers to the hind claws. The genus name Calcarius is from Latin calcaria, spurs, the Lapland longspur is a robust bird, with a thick yellow seed-eaters bill. The summer male has a head and throat, white eyestripe, chestnut nape, white underparts. Other plumages have a plainer orange-brown head, a back and chestnut nape. It breeds across Arctic Europe and Asia and in Canada and the northernmost United States and it is migratory, wintering in the Russian steppes, the southern United States, Northern Scandinavian arctic areas and down to coastal Southern Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. This is the only Eurasian species of the longspur buntings, and while it probably did not evolve there, the most common flight call is a hard prrrrt usually preceded by a more nasal teeww. When breeding, it makes a softer duyyeee followed by a pause. It breeds in wet areas with birch or willow, and or bare mountains, the bird is often seen close to the tree line, and likes to feed in mixed-species flocks in winter. Its natural food consists of insects when feeding young, and otherwise seeds, the nest is on the ground. The food habits of the Lapland longspur are quite simple, mostly seeds in winter and arthropods in the summer, during the winter, the longspur feeds on seeds. They pick them on the ground, rarely feeding directly on plants and they will forage around the same area for a period varying between a few minutes and an hour, then fly away looking for a new foraging area. Their seed diet is composed mainly of seeds from grass, foxtail, cultivated millet, crabgrass, during the breeding season, the birds migrate to the north, where their diet switches to arthropods. Nestlings are only fed arthropods, which constitute the diet of the parents at that time of the year. The birds often catch insects in mid-air, but do forage through vegetation when climatic conditions prevent the insects from flying, longspurs can consume between 3000 and 10,000 prey items per day, depending on their energy needs. Dipteran larvae and adults form the part of their insectivorous diet. Lapland Longspur Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology Lapland Longspur - Calcarius lapponicus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Lapland Longspur media
Lapland longspur – Lapland longspur
Lapland longspur – Calcarius lapponicus - MHNT
Lapland longspur – Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
39. Laugavegur – The Laugavegur is a trekking route in South-West Iceland from the hot springs area of Landmannalaugar to the glacial valley of Þórsmörk. It is noted for the variety of landscapes on its 55 km path. The route is completed over 2–4 days with potential stops at the mountain huts at Hrafntinnusker, Álftavatn, Hvanngil. An ultramarathon is held on the route each July and it is possible to combine the trek with the Fimmvörðuháls route which goes over the pass from Þórsmörk to Skógar for an additional one or two days or an additional 25 km. Landmannalaugar, Þórsmörk, and Skógar are all reachable by bus during the summer, a bus from Hella connects with Álftavatn once a day during the summer
Laugavegur – Landmannalaugar on the Laugarvegur
Laugavegur – Landscape as seen from the trail
40. Law enforcement in Iceland – The Icelandic Police is responsible for law enforcement throughout the country, except in Icelandic territorial waters which fall under the jurisdiction of the Icelandic Coast Guard. Police affairs in Iceland are the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior and are administered by the Office of the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police on behalf of the ministry. The organisation is divided into 9 districts, the largest being the Reykjavik Metropolitan Police, the Icelandic Police can trace its origins to 1778 when the first traces of industry started to appear. Up until that time, the law had been enforced first by individuals permitted to do so by the Althing and then by sýslumenn, in 1803, the first proper policemen were commissioned in Reykjavík as it became a free town or kaupstaður. The first police chief was Rasmus Frydensberg, the town mayor and it was not until shortly after 1891 that policemen were hired in most of the other areas of Iceland. In 1933 Alþingi passed the Police Act which provided state participation in financing of police forces, the act also authorized the Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs to call out reserves in critical situations. In 1972 the state took over command of law enforcement in Iceland, creating the National Police, the State Investigation Police took over investigations of criminal activities that previously were under the control of the Reykjavík Criminal Court and police commissioners in the Capital Region. National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police was formed in 1997 and State Criminal Investigation Police was decommissioned, on December 2,2013, a person died due to an armed police operation for the first time in Icelands modern history. Police had responded to reports of fire in an apartment in Árbær. Initially tear gas was used in an attempt to subdue the gunman, a 59-year-old man, when an armed police team entered the apartment in question, two officers were injured by shotgun fire. One officer was holding a shield which got hit. The other officer got hit in the head, but was wearing a ballistic helmet and this led to other officers returning fire. The gunman was taken to the hospital, where he died, an investigation into this incident was launched, and the guns involved on all sides were seized. Counseling was offered to the officers involved, until now the police academy has been its own institution under the Ministry of Interior. The police academy has always been a non-university education, but now it is a university education and this decision was quite controversial as it went straight against a committee set to see which school would be most suitable. The committee was from Central Public Procurement who recommended the University of Iceland, the Icelandic police wears black uniforms marked with traditional black and white checked markings and the Icelandic police star. The working uniform varies from a service uniform to tactical overalls. The old traditional Icelandic service uniform is now used as a dress uniform, the trousers patrol officers use are made from a fire-resistant material
Law enforcement in Iceland – Official insignia
Law enforcement in Iceland – Volvo S80 D5 police car
41. Linguistic purism in Icelandic – In Iceland, linguistic purism is archaising, trying to resuscitate the language of a golden age of Icelandic literature. It is widely upheld in Iceland and it is the dominant language ideology and it was, in a way, an attempt to give the young Icelandic people a language of their own. Also significant was the Icelandic historiography, which started at a date with Ari Þorgilssons Íslendingabók. In particular, the prose of the sagas of the Icelanders, by the 16th century, the language was so differentiated from the languages spoken in Scandinavia that Icelanders coined the term íslenska to denote their native tongue. The first real instigator of Icelandic linguistic purism was Eggert Ólafsson, between 1752 and 1757 he accompanied his friend Bjarni Pálsson on an expedition through Iceland. In his report, he described the situation of the Icelandic language as lamentable and this inspired him to write the poem Sótt og dauði íslenskunnar, in which he personifies his mother tongue as a woman, who has fallen mortally ill through an infection with too many foreign words. She sends her children to look for good and pure Icelandic that can cure her, but uncontaminated language is nowhere to be found, Eggert Ólafsson was very well-read in Old Icelandic literature and this was noticeable in his writings. This interest in the old language brought him contact with other Icelandic students in Copenhagen. This was the beginning of the use of Old Icelandic as a key feature in the Icelandic national awakening, Eggert wrote the first orthographical dictionary in which he proposed orthographic and phonetic rules. Eleven years after Eggerts death, the Íslenska lærdómslistafélag was founded in Copenhagen with Jón Eiríksson, administrative director at the Danish Ministry of Finance and this brought along a flood of new Icelandic terminology, generated from purely Icelandic lexical stock. In Denmark, the rise of Romanticism brought with it a greater interest in Norse mythology and this opened the eyes of Icelanders with regard to their cultural importance and increased their self-confidence. The Danish linguist Rasmus Rask learnt Icelandic in his youth and it became his favorite language and he compiled the first real Icelandic grammar, which was a huge step forward in comparison with earlier attempts. He refused to accept the differences between Old and Modern Icelandic and was afraid that a too great difference between the two would decrease the interest in the land and its culture, on Rasks initiative the Icelandic Literary Society, Hið íslenska bókmenntafélagið, was founded. Its goal was to preserve the Icelandic language and literature and therewith the culture, an important publication was Almenn jarðarfræða og landaskipun eður geographia, which contains much new genuine Icelandic terminology. It was an opportunity to demonstrate the validity of Rasmus Rasks vision that the Icelandic language had, more than most languages, during the 19th century, the linguistic purism movement is inextricably connected with the magazine Fjölnir. The magazine was published in Copenhagen by four young Icelanders, Konráð Gíslason, Jónas Hallgrímsson, Brynjólfur Pétursson, the most important of these four was Jónas Hallgrímsson, who also translated literary work of Heine and Ossian. His translation of a textbook on astronomy became exemplary for later translations of scientific literature, many of the neologisms he coined have become an integral part of present-day Icelandic terminology, aðdráttarafl – gravity, hitabelti - tropics, sjónauki – telescope, samhliða - parallel. Konráð Gíslason, professor in Old Scandinavian languages at the University of Copenhagen, when sovereignty was achieved in 1918, government regulation of language matters began
Linguistic purism in Icelandic – A page of Heimskringla.
Linguistic purism in Icelandic – The flag of High Icelandic or Þórsfrónvé is an alternate Icelandic flag with the same division of the three colours but with a stylized " Thor's Hammer " replacing the Nordic cross.
Linguistic purism in Icelandic – Features
42. List of airports in Iceland – This is a list of airports in Iceland, sorted by location. Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and it has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, Airport names shown in bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines. IATA Airline and Airport Code Search, – includes IATA codes Airports in Iceland. – ICAO codes and airport data Airports in Iceland
List of airports in Iceland – The landing strip of Djupivogur Airport.
List of airports in Iceland – Map of Iceland
43. Lundey – Lundey, literally Puffin Island in Icelandic, is a small, uninhabited island off the western coast of Reykjavík, Iceland. It is about 400 metres long and 150 metres wide and its highest point lies about 14 metres above sea level. The island serves as a haven for seabirds, including Atlantic puffins, black guillemots, fulmars, there are two other islands known as Lundey in Iceland, one in Skagafjörður fjörd and the other in Skjálfandi bay, both in north Iceland
Lundey – For other uses, see Lundy (disambiguation).
44. Melodious warbler – The melodious warbler is an Old World warbler in the tree warbler genus Hippolais. It breeds in southwest Europe and northwest Africa and it is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. This small passerine bird is a found in open woodland with bushes. Three to five eggs are laid in a nest in a tree or a bush and this is a common bird in many parts of its wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of least concern. The genus name Hippolais is from Ancient Greek hupolais, as misspelt by Linnaeus and it referred to a small bird mentioned by Aristotle and others and may be onomatopoeic or derived from hupo, under, and laas, stone. The specific polyglotta is from Ancient Greek polus, many, and glossa, tongue and this is a medium-sized warbler,12 to 13 cm in length, and similar to its eastern counterpart, the icterine warbler. The adult has a brown back and wings, and yellowish underparts. Compared to the warbler, the upper parts are rather browner. The bill is strong and pointed and the legs are brown, the sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are paler on the belly. The song is a pleasant babbling, compared to that of the icterine it is more fluent and sustained but much less varied, and it does not include mimicked sounds. Other vocalisations include a rattling trrrr, which resembles a sparrow, a quiet tuk. The melodious warbler is a migratory species and it breeds in Western Europe and North Africa, and overwinters in West Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The breeding range extends from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Germany, in northern Africa it breeds in Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Its typical habitats include woodland, forest edges, thickets, riverside vegetation, orchards. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will take other small food items. Three to five eggs are laid in a nest composed of grasses, stems, soft twigs, flakes of bark. Melodious Warbler videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Avibase
Melodious warbler – Melodious warbler
Melodious warbler – Egg of Hippolais polyglotta MHNT
45. Military of Iceland – Icelands defences consist of the Icelandic Coast Guard, which patrols Icelandic waters and airspace, and other services such as the National Commissioners National Security and Special Forces Units. The Coast Guard consists of three ships and four aircraft and armed with small arms, naval artillery, and Air Defence weaponry, the Coast Guard also maintains the Iceland Air Defence System, formerly part of the disestablished Defence Agency, which conducts ground surveillance of Icelands air space. Units subordinated to the National Commissioner also take part in Icelands defences, additionally there is a Crisis Response Unit, operated by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, which is a small peacekeeping force that has been deployed internationally, since 2008. This unit also has an unarmed component, furthermore, there is a treaty with the United States regarding the defense of Iceland, the former maintained a military base known as Naval Air Station Keflavik before it was disestablished in 2006. There are also agreements about military and other security operations with Norway, Denmark, Iceland holds the annual NATO exercises entitled Northern Viking. The most recent exercises were held in 2011, as well as the EOD exercise Northern Challenge, in 1997 Iceland hosted its first Partnership for Peace exercise, Cooperative Safeguard, which is the only multilateral PfP exercise so far in which Russia has participated. Another major PfP exercise was hosted in 2000, Iceland has also contributed ICRU peacekeepers to SFOR, KFOR and ISAF. The government of Iceland contributes financially to NATOs international overhead costs and recently has taken an active role in NATO deliberations. Iceland hosted the NATO Foreign Ministers Meeting in Reykjavík in June 1987 and these armies were divided into units according to the quality of the warriors and by birth. At the end of this period the number of chieftains had diminished and their power had grown and this resulted in a long and bloody civil war known as Age of the Sturlungs. A typical battle involved fewer than 1000 men, amphibious operations were an important part of warfare in Iceland in this period, especially in the Westfjords, but large naval engagements were rare. The largest such engagement, known as Flóabardagi, involved a few ships in Húnaflói. In 1855, the Icelandic Army was re-established by Andreas August von Kohl, in 1856, the king provided 180 rixdollars to buy guns, and a further 200 rixdollars the following year. The sheriff became the Captain of the new army, which known as Herfylkingin. In 1860 von Kohl died, and Pétur Bjarnasen took over command, nine years later Bjarnasen died without appointing a successor, and the army fell into disarray. In 1918, Iceland regained sovereignty as a kingdom under the Danish king. Iceland established a Coast Guard shortly afterwards, but it was impossible to establish a standing army. The government hoped that a permanent neutrality would shield the country from invasion, but at the onset of Second World War, the government was concerned about a possible invasion, and decided to expand the Icelandic National Police and its reserves into a military unit
Military of Iceland – Icelandic Flagship ICGV Þór, 27.10.2011, Reykjavík
Military of Iceland – State flag of Iceland
Military of Iceland – An Icelandic Coast Guard EOD specialist in Iraq
Military of Iceland – An illustration of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, and Skúli Bárðarson from Flateyjarbók
46. National anthem of Iceland – Lofsöngur, also known as Ó Guð vors lands, is the national anthem of Iceland. The lyrics are by Matthías Jochumsson and the music by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, the anthem contains three stanzas, but only the first one is commonly sung. The melody might be considered difficult to sing, as it requires a range of a minor fourteenth. That the anthem is essentially a hymn has been the subject of controversy in recent times, the Icelandic National Anthem Audio of the national anthem of Iceland, with information and lyrics A simple but accurate MIDI transcription of the official version Video of choir singing Lofsöngur
National anthem of Iceland – A memorial plaque at 15 London Street in Edinburgh, Scotland, in memory of the Icelandic national anthem, Lofsöngur which was partly composed in this house.
47. Nationalist Party (Iceland) – The Nationalist Party was a minor Icelandic political party that espoused a limited form of Fascism before and during the Second World War. The party was formed in March 1934 through a merger between the Icelandic Nationalist Movement and the Icelandic Nationalist Party, the Nationalist Movement was loosely linked to the Independence Party and when the Nationalist Party was established many of its more conservative-minded adherents refused to join the new party. This initial departure of the moderate tendency ensured that the Nationalist Party proved more radical. The party aimed to protect the identity of the Icelanders and believed in the supremacy of the Aryan race. They supported agricultural reform and were sympathetic to corporatism, whilst looking for the government to invest in industrialization and they also sought to abolish the Althing and replace it with a corporate parliament. The party also rejected the left-right dichotomy and presented themselves as an alternative for Icelandic politics. In all, they were influenced by the ideas of Frits Clausen than those of Adolf Hitler. Adopting some of the trappings of fascism, the party organised a number of marching squads which paraded on May 1 carrying both the Icelandic flag and the swastika. Members dressed in grey shirts and wore armbands decorated with a red swastika, the party produced a newspaper Ísland and a periodical Mjölnir, although they did not adopt the führerprinzip associated with Nazism as the movement had four different leaders in its brief life. The Nationalist Party failed to gain representation, except on the University of Iceland Student Council and they did, however, gain attention in 1936 when they obtained a copy of the diary of the Minister of Finance and published details in Ísland. The party offices were raided by police and a number of leading members arrested, in general, however, they did not enjoy widespread support at any point in their existence, despite wide admiration for Nazi Germany in the island. This was reflected in their performances, with the party gaining 0. 7% of the vote in the 1934 election and 0. 2% in 1937. Their best result was 2. 8% in the 1934 municipal elections in Reykjavik, the party, which never had more than 450 members, began to decline after the arrests. 1938 was the last year in which the marching squads appeared, whilst the 1939 Aims of the Nationalist Party was their last major publication, apart from sporadic issues of Island. They organised a club in Reykjavík during the winter of 1939-1940 although it had no impact. Following the invasion of Iceland in 1940 the group was suppressed by the occupying Allies. The party was disbanded in 1944 when German defeat looked inevitable. Asgeir Gudmundsson, Nazism in Iceland, S. U, hagtvet & J. P. Myklebust, Who Were the Fascists, Social Roots of European Fascism, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo,1980
Nationalist Party (Iceland) – Nazi march in Reykjavík, ca. 1930s.
48. Prime Minister of Iceland – The Prime Minister of Iceland is Icelands head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the President and exercises executive authority along with the subject to parliamentary support. The meetings shall be presided over by the Minister called upon by the President of the Republic to do so, the Prime Ministers office is located in Stjórnarráðið, Reykjavik where their secretariat is based and where cabinet meetings are held. The Prime Minister has a residence, Þingvallabær in Þingvellir. The Prime Minister also has a Reception House at Tjarnargata, Reykjavik which was the Prime Ministerial residence until 1943
Prime Minister of Iceland – Incumbent Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson since 23 May 2013
Prime Minister of Iceland – Coat of arms of Iceland
Prime Minister of Iceland – Stjórnarráðið in Reykjavík, the Prime Minister's Office
Prime Minister of Iceland – (8)
49. Public transport in Iceland – The systems of public transport in Iceland are relatively underdeveloped and many areas are poorly served by public transport. Iceland has no rail based public transport services, limited services are provided in the major urban areas, for example Strætó bs operates bus services in Reykjavík, and Strætisvagnar Akureyrar in the northern town of Akureyri. There are nationwide coach and bus services link the major towns. Automobile ownership is also relatively high—the country has one of the highest rates in the world—with 580 cars per 1000 people, a figure similar to the United States. Unusually, this does not cause as much traffic congestion as one might imagine, therefore demand for public transport services is low and has not developed as much as it has in countries with similar levels of economic development. In recent years, however, there have been proposals to construct a railway service between Keflavík Airport and Reykjavík, the airport in Keflavík is Iceland’s main international airport, however it is not situated close to the capital. A light rail network within the capital has also been proposed, the country is served by some sea services. For example, ferries are available from the Faroe Islands and Denmark notable operators include Smyril Line amongst others, ferry services also operate between Þorlákshöfn and the Westman Islands, operated by Eimskip. Transport in Iceland Rail transport in Iceland
Public transport in Iceland – A Strætó bus in Reykjavík.
Public transport in Iceland – A bus stop in Reykjavík.
50. Rail transport in Iceland – Iceland does not have a public railway system. There have been three railways, but none became part of the public transport network. The main reason for the lack of railways is due to the population, competition with automobile traffic. Proposals for railways in Iceland began in the early 1900s, with a line to Selfoss. In the 2000s there were new proposals for both a railway system in the Capital Region and an airport rail link to Keflavík. Probably the most well-known Icelandic rail project, the Reykjavík Harbour Railway, of 900 mm narrow gauge, the railway operated from a quarry outside the city, Öskjuhlíð, from which it ran a short distance to a junction, passing loop, and sidings. This junction was located just south of a field which became the Reykjavík city airport. From here one line ran to the west, around the edge of the city. Here a headshunt allowed trains to reverse along a line, built out onto the outer harbour wall. From here one line ran along the quayside whilst the other ran out along the harbour wall. The railway was operated by two locomotives built by the Jung engine company of Germany, both of which have been preserved. Built in the 1890s in Germany, they worked briefly in Denmark before being imported to Iceland in 1913 for the railway project. A scale model of part of railway, showing one of the locomotives at work, is displayed in the Reykjavík Maritime Museum. Minør was the first to be withdrawn, whilst Pioner continued to operate until the railway closed in 1928, the mainstay vehicle of this railway was the four-wheeled open wagon. A large number of these wagons operated, and they were built with fully opening sides for loading and unloading and it is not thought that any of these vehicles has survived. Icelands first railway accident was on the Reykjavik Harbour Railway, records at the Árbær Museum show that both locomotives of the Reykjavík Harbour Railway were involved in accidents between the two world wars. Pioner was deliberately derailed by vandals who placed a chain across the track and they later claimed that they were testing the locomotives performance as it had already survived their previous experiments of placing coins and planks on the track. Minør was involved in an accident when a section of track gave way beneath the engine
Rail transport in Iceland – Map of Reykjavík Harbour Railway from 1902 by N. P. Kirk
Rail transport in Iceland – Locomotive Pioner as preserved today.
Rail transport in Iceland – Locomotive Minør as preserved today.
51. Reading F.C. – Reading Football Club is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the tier of English football. The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998, in 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium, which is named after the clubs co-chairman Sir John Madejski. Reading then finished eighth in the 2006–07 Premier League, their first ever season as a top flight club, Reading were formed on 25 December 1871, following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham. The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground, and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground, Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground. The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a ground and, to this end. In 1913, Reading had a tour of Italy, prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write without doubt. Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920, Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931, and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II. When League football resumed after the war, Reading quickly came to prominence once again, the sides moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup, beating a number of top flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town. Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot, the appointment of Mark McGhee as player-manager, shortly after the takeover by John Madejski, in 1991 saw Reading move forward. They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994, in 1995, Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final. Quinn and Goodings contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the half of Division One. Their successor, Terry Bullivant, lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998, the year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium, named after Chairman John Madejski. Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew, the club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying for the play-offs, losing 2–3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. Reading returned to Division One for 2002–03 after finishing runners-up in Division Two, the following season, they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play-offs, where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell, Reading won the 2005–06 Championship with a league record 106 points, scoring 99 goals and losing only twice. Reading were promoted to English footballs top division for the first time in their history, the 2006–07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football. Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in place with 55 points
Reading F.C. – The team from the 1926–27 season
Reading F.C. – Reading
Reading F.C. – The last ever competitive match played at Elm Park between Reading and Norwich City in May 1998
Reading F.C. – Elm Park was Reading's stadium for 102 years, pictured in 1981
52. Sagas of Icelanders – They are the best-known specimens of Icelandic literature. They are focused on history, especially genealogical and family history and they reflect the struggle and conflict that arose within the societies of the early generations of Icelandic settlers. Eventually many of Icelandic sagas were recorded, mostly in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the authors, or rather recorders of these sagas are unknown. One saga, Egils saga, is believed by scholars to have been written by Snorri Sturluson, a descendant of the sagas hero. The standard modern edition of Icelandic sagas is known as Íslenzk fornrit, the saga – set in the anthology of sagas known as Möðruvallabók between Njáls saga and Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar – tells of a man named Gaukur Trandilsson who lived in the 10th century. Gaukur is mentioned in chapter 26 of Njáls saga, Icelandic professor and poet Jón Helgason managed to decipher a line that read Let Trandilssons story be written here. I am told that Grim knows it, however, the story was never put to paper. The Grim mentioned in the manuscript is believed to have been Grímur Þorsteinsson, knight, Gaukur is reported to have been an exceptionally brave and gentle man. He was the brother of Ásgrimur. However, it is said that he had an out with his foster brother. Gaukur must have been a figure in Icelandic folklore as he is mentioned in not only Njáls Saga but also the Íslendigadrápa. The south of the land refers to Iceland, Icelanders produced a high volume of literature relative to the size of the population. Leaders from old and established principalities did not produce any Sagas, as they were already cohesive political units, the production of literature was a way for chieftains to create and maintain social differentiation between them and the rest of the population. It has also proposed that the Icelandic settlers were so prolific at writing in order to capture their settler history. Historian Gunnar Karlsson does not find that explanation reasonable though, given that other communities have not been as prolific as the early Icelanders were. It has been argued that a combination of readily available parchment, norse Saga Family saga Örnólfur Thorsson. The Sagas of the Icelanders, a selection, lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press Karlsson, Gunnar. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press Liestol, Knut, the Origin of the Icelandic Family Sagas
Sagas of Icelanders – Egill Skallagrímsson in a 17th-century manuscript of Egils Saga
Sagas of Icelanders – Grettir is ready to fight in this illustration from a 17th-century Icelandic manuscript
Sagas of Icelanders – Detail of a miniature from a 13th-century Icelandic manuscript.
Sagas of Icelanders – Features
53. Selfoss (town) – Selfoss is a town in southern Iceland on the banks of the Ölfusá river. It is a part of, and the seat, of the municipality of Árborg, the Icelandic Ring Road runs through the town on its way between Hveragerði and Hella. The town is a centre of commerce and small industries with a population of 6,934, the town is located about 11 km inland from the southwestern coast of Iceland, and 50 km from Reykjavík. It is the town and the administrative seat of the Southern Region. The closest other towns are Eyrarbakki, Stokkseyri and Hveragerði, although foss means waterfall in Icelandic, there are no waterfalls in the town. In the summer of 1891, due to the lobbying of Tryggvi Gunnarsson, a member of the Alþing and this was a major breakthrough in Icelandic infrastructure. The bridge made the town a centre for services for the surrounding agricultural region. The current bridge was built in 1945 after the structure collapsed. In 1900 the town was home to only 40 inhabitants, in 1931 the dairy firm Mjólkurbú Flóamanna and general store Kaupfélag Árnesinga were established. These two companies were the employers in the area for several decades. During World War II the British stationed troops at Selfoss to guard the strategic bridge and this has also led to many relocating their homes from Reykjavík to the much calmer Selfoss. It enjoys low rates of unemployment and is the home of one of the largest colleges in the country, in early August, the town holds a festival called Sumar á Selfossi, meaning Summer in Selfoss. Local residents decorate their gardens with ribbons, coloured according to neighbourhood, in the evening, the revelry continues with a large bonfire and free fireworks display. Selfoss is the town in which the former World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer is buried, the earthquake was felt across southern Iceland, including in the capital Reykjavík and the airbase at Keflavik. At least 30 people were injured, however, there were no reports of human deaths, a number of sheep in the Selfoss area were killed. The town has a club, UMF Selfoss, which was founded in 1932 and has played in the Icelandic leagues since 1966. The club spent two seasons in the top division Úrvalsdeild, in 2010 and 2012, but were relegated in both seasons, the professional basketball club in Selfoss is FSu, which currently competes in Division 1 but has spent time in the Premier League. Part of the college and the club serve as a development academy for young players that attend the school
Selfoss (town) – Night view in December
Selfoss (town) – Panoramic view of Selfoss
54. Selfoss (waterfall) – Selfoss is a waterfall on the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum in the north of Iceland. The river drops over a number of waterfalls over about 30 km before flowing into Öxarfjörður, the river originates as melt water from the glacier Vatnajökull and therefore the water flow varies depending on the season, the weather and volcanic activity. A few hundred meters downstream of the Selfoss waterfall, the Dettifoss waterfall is situated, the river falls 44 metres over a width of 100 metres. Below the falls, the passes through a gorge which is part of the Jökulsárgljúfur National Park. Waterfalls of Iceland List of waterfalls Media related to Selfoss at Wikimedia Commons Selfoss
Selfoss (waterfall) – Selfoss in 2014
Selfoss (waterfall) – The Waterfall Selfoss