Jaku Rusia
{{Infobox language
| name             = Jaku Rusia
| states           = [[Rusia]], other areas of the [[Geographical distribution of Russian speakers|Russian-speaking world]]
| nativename       = {{Lang|ru|русский язык}}{{Efn|On the history of using "русский" ("''russkiy''") and "российский" ("''rossiyskiy''") as the Russian adjectives denoting "Russian", see: [[Oleg Trubachyov]]. 2005. Русский&nbsp;– Российский. История, динамика, идеология двух атрибутов нации (pp. 216–227). В поисках единства. Взгляд филолога на проблему истоков Руси., 2005. {{Cite web|url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm|access-date=25 January 2014|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218214456/http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm|archive-date=18 February 2014|script-title=ru:РУССКИЙ – РОССИЙСКИЙ}}. On the 1830s change in the Russian name of the Russian language and its causes, see: [[Tomasz Kamusella]]. 2012. The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? (pp.&nbsp;73–96). ''Acta Slavica Iaponica''. Vol 32, {{Cite web|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf|title=The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It?|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518165147/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2013}}}}<br/>
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|ru|ˈruskʲɪi̯ jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}
| region           = 
| ethnicity        = 
| speakers         = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{Significant figures|146.9|2}} million
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = e26
| speakers2        = [[L2 speakers|L2]]: {{Significant figures|107.9|2}} million (2020 census)<ref name=e26/>
| familycolor      = Indo-Eropah
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3             = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4             = [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old East Slavic]]
| script           = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Russian alphabet]])<br/>[[Russian Braille]]
| nation           = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language|5 UN member states]]|
|
*{{Flag|Russia}} <small>(state)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{Cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Belarus}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{Cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{Cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev
|url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/>
*{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Tajikistan}} <small>(as inter-ethnic language designated by the constitution)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035434/http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or [[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language#Status in dependencies or regions|as official on regional level]]|
*{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}{{Efn|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{Cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=8 May 2019}}}} <small>(as inter-ethnic language despite having no ''de jure'' status)</small><ref name="AA">{{Cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{Cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{Cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Moldova}}:
** {{Flag|Gagauzia}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>
** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small>
*{{Flag|Ukraine}}:
** {{Flag|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}} <small>(co-official)</small>{{Efn|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[Federal cities of Russia|federal cities]]}}}}

<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language|Partially recognized states]]|

*{{Flag|Abkhazia}}{{Efn|Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]].|name=AbkhaziaSouthOssetia}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref>
*{{Flag|South Ossetia}}{{Efn|name=AbkhaziaSouthOssetia}} <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{Cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of South Ossetia |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Transnistria}} <small>(state)</small><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{Cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}}

<br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organizations|
{{Flag|United Nations}}:
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]
* [[UNESCO]]
* [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
[[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]<br/>
[[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]]<br/>
[[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]]<br/>
[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/>
[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/>
[[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/>
[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}}
| minority         = {{Collapsible list|
{{Flag|Romania}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=19 February 1999 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131170434/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>
{{Flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{Cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/>
{{Flag|Czech Republic}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/>
{{Flag|Slovakia}}<ref name=No148/><br/>
{{Flag|Moldova}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129050215/https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>
{{Flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=21 May 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/>
{{Flag|China}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm|title=少数民族的语言文字有哪些？|language=zh|website=fujian.gov.cn|date=13 September 2022|access-date=28 October 2022|author=Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fujian Provincial Government|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028081421/http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm|url-status=live|quote="我国已正式使用和经国家批准推行的少数民族文字有19种，它们是...俄罗斯文..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html|title=中国语言文字概况（2021年版）|language=zh|website=moe.gov.cn|date=27 August 2021|access-date=18 December 2023|author=[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]]|quote="...属于印欧语系的是属斯拉夫语族的俄语..."|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104031557/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| agency           = [[Russian Language Institute|V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Russian Language Institute |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>
| iso1             = ru
| iso2             = rus
| iso3             = rus
| lingua           = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat)
| image            = 
| map              = Idioma ruso.PNG
| mapsize          = 
| mapcaption       = {{Legend inline|#0080ff|Russian is a majority language}}<br />
{{Legend inline|#88c4ff|Russian is a minority language}}<br />
| notice           = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| glotto           = russ1263
| glottorefname    = Russian
| map2             = 
| mapcaption2      = 
}}

'''Jaku Rusia''' (Русский язык, ''Russkiy yazyk'') nya siti jaku pampang jaku Slavik Timur, ke mayuh dikena ba menua [[Rusia]]. Tu jaku asal bansa Rusia ke disengkaum dalam sebilik [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|jaku Indo-Eropah]]. Iya nya siti ari empat jaku Slavik Timur ti agi idup,{{Efn|Including [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], which is sometimes classified as a [[dialect]] of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Magocsi|first=Paul Robert|title=Language and National Survival|volume=44|number=1|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas|publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]]|pages=83–85|date=1996|jstor=41049661}}</ref>}} lalu sebagi ari jaku Balto-Slavik ti besai agi. Jaku tu jaku resmi ''de facto'' enggau ''de jure''<ref name=":1">Since 1990</ref> Serakup Soviet.<ref name="USSR">[[1977 Soviet Constitution|Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], 1977: Section II, Chapter 6, Article 36</ref> Jaku Rusia mengkang nyadi jaku rasmi di menua ti kala di baruh Serakup Soviet baka Rusia, [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], enggau [[Tajikistan]], lalu agi suah dikena nyadi jaku ti dikena di [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Caucasus]], [[Asia Tengah]], lalu ba tikas ti mit agi di nengeri Baltik enggau [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/109228/russian-language-enjoying-boost-postsoviet-states.aspx|title=Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States|publisher=Gallup |date=1 August 2008|access-date=16 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518073110/http://www.gallup.com/poll/109228/Russian-Language-Enjoying-Boost-PostSoviet-States.aspx|archive-date=18 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="demoscope">{{Cite journal|last=Арефьев|first=Александр|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|journal=Демоскоп Weekly|year=2006|issue=251|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308114703/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Spolsky|Shohamy|1999|p=236}}{{Sfn|Isurin|2011|p=13}}

== Penerang ==

=== Nota ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />

=== Penyanding ===
<references/>
Jaku Rusia (Русский язык, Russkiy yazyk) nya siti jaku pampang jaku Slavik Timur, ke mayuh dikena ba menua Rusia. Tu jaku asal bansa Rusia ke disengkaum dalam sebilik jaku Indo-Eropah. Iya nya siti ari empat jaku Slavik Timur ti agi idup, lalu sebagi ari jaku Balto-Slavik ti besai agi. Jaku tu jaku resmi de facto enggau de jureSince 1990 Serakup Soviet.Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1977: Section II, Chapter 6, Article 36 Jaku Rusia mengkang nyadi jaku rasmi di menua ti kala di baruh Serakup Soviet baka Rusia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, enggau Tajikistan, lalu agi suah dikena nyadi jaku ti dikena di Ukraine, Moldova, Caucasus, Asia Tengah, lalu ba tikas ti mit agi di nengeri Baltik enggau Israel.

 Penerang 

 Nota 

 Penyanding