Sabah
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name                     = Sabah
| official_name      = Sabah<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{Nobold|{{Native name|ms|Negeri Sabah}}}}</div>
| settlement_type          = [[Negeri enggau wilayah persekutuan ba Malaysia|Negeri]]
| image_skyline            =
| imagesize                =
| image_alt                =
| image_caption            =
| image_flag               = Flag of Sabah.svg
| flag_size                =
| flag_alt                 = Flag of Sabah
| image_shield             = Coat of arms of Sabah.svg
| shield_size              = 60px
| shield_alt               = Coat of arms of Sabah
| nickname                 = ''Bumi Di Bawah Bayu''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/About |title=Mengenai Sabah |trans-title=About Sabah |language=ms |publisher=[[Government of Sabah|Sabah State Government]] |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519124851/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/About |archive-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Bumi di Baruh Angin}}<ref name="sbh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en/Home/About |title=About Sabah |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520105020/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en/Home/About |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| motto                    = ''Sabah Maju Jaya''<ref name="crest">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.nbw/dcm/english/engdoc/crest.html |title=The Meaning of the Sabah State Crest |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610031143/http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.nbw/dcm/english/engdoc/crest.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Sabah Mangsang Mujur}}<ref name="crest"/>
| anthem                   = ''[[Sabah Tanah Airku]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/PatrioticSong |title=Lagu-Lagu Patriotik |trans-title=Patriotic Songs |language=ms |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520150035/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/PatrioticSong |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Sabah, Menua Asalku}}{{Center|[[Fail:Lagu Rasmi Sabah - Sabah Tanah Airku.ogg]]}}
| image_map                = Sabah in Malaysia.svg
| mapsize                  =
| map_alt                  =
| map_caption              = {{Centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Sabah''' ba {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''}}
| coordinates              = {{Coord|5|15|N|117|0|E|display=it}}
| subdivision_type         =
| subdivision_name         = Malaysia
| established_title        = Ditumbuhka baruh [[Empayar Brunei]]
| established_date         = Abad ke-15
| established_title1       = [[Kesultanan Sulu]]
| established_date1        = 1658
| established_title2       = [[Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara British]]
| established_date2        = 1882
| established_title3       = [[Penguasa Jipun ba Borneo Utara|Penguasa Jipun]]
| established_date3        = 1942
| established_title4       = [[Koloni Mahkota Borneo Utara|Koloni mahkota British]]
| established_date4        = 15 July 1946
| established_title5       = Bulih pengatur kediri
| established_date5        = 31 Ogos 1963<ref name="Group"/><ref name= "tna"/><ref name= "Porritt1997"/><ref name="SG"/>
| established_title6       = [[Sempekat Malaysia|Begabung nyadi Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf|title=Malaysia Act 1963 (Chapter 35)|work=The National Archives|publisher=[[United Kingdom legislation]]|access-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114081253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_date6        = 16 September 1963<ref name="Agreement relating to Malaysia">{{Cite wikisource |title=Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |wslink=Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
|author=<nowiki>the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore</nowiki> |year=1963 |page=1}}</ref>
| seat_type                = [[Ripih indu nengeri ba Malaysia|Indu nengeri]]<br />{{Nobold|(enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai)}}
| seat                     = [[Kota Kinabalu]]
| parts_type               = [[Bagi menua ba Malaysia|Bagi Menua]]
| parts_style              = list
| parts                    =
| p1                       = [[Interior Division|Interior]]
| p2                       = [[Kudat Division|Kudat]]
| p3                       = [[Sandakan Division|Sandakan]]
| p4                       = [[Tawau Division|Tawau]]
| p5                       = [[West Coast Division|West Coast]]
| government_type          =
| governing_body           = [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_title             = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]
| leader_name              = [[Juhar Mahiruddin]]
| leader_title1            = [[Kepala Menteri Sabah|Kepala Menteri]]
| leader_name1             = [[Hajiji Noor]] <br /> ([[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah|GRS]]–[[Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah|GAGASAN]])
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer|title=Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=20 August 2022}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = 73,904
| elevation_max_ft         = 13435
| elevation_max_point      = [[Gunung Kinabalu]]
| population_footnotes     = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/>
| population_total         = {{Increase}} 3,418,785 ([[Demografi Malaysia|ke-3]])
| population_as_of         = 2020
| population_density_km2   = 46
| population_demonym       = Sabahan
| population_note          =
| demographics_type1       = Demografi {{Nobold|(2022)}}<ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/>
| demographics1_title1     = Persin raban bansa
| demographics1_info1      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kadazan-Dusun]]: 19.33%
* [[Bajau]]: 15.6%
* [[Melayu]]: 9.5%
* [[Orang China Malaysia|China]]: 9.1%
* [[Murut]]: 2.5%
* [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ke bukai: 17.0%
* Peranak Malaysia ke ukai datai ari negeri tu: 0.6%
* Ukai Peranak Malaysia: 20.5% }}
| demographics_type2       = Jaku
| demographics2_title1     = Resmi
| demographics2_info1      = [[Jaku Melayu]]
| demographics2_title2     = Ke mega dikena
| demographics2_info2      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jaku Melayu Sabah|Melayu Sabah]]
* [[Jaku Dusun|Dusun]]
* [[Jaku China|China]]
* [[Jaku Kadazan|Kadazan]]
* [[Jaku Momogun|Momogun/Rungus]]
* [[#Jaku|jaku raban bansa minoriti]]}}
| timezone1                = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html |title= Time Zones in Malaysia |author= Helmer Aslaksen |publisher= Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, [[National University of Singapore]] |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521034731/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html |archive-date=21 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| utc_offset1              = +8
| postal_code_type         = [[Ripih poskod ba Malaysia|Poskod]]
| postal_code              = 88xxx<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |title=Postal codes in Sabah |publisher=cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817163903/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to 91xxx<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/semporna/ |title=Postal codes in Semporna |publisher=cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817171649/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/semporna/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_code_type           = [[Lumur talipaun ba Malaysia|Kod talipaun]]
| area_code                = 087 <small>(Inner District)</small> <br />088 <small>([[Kota Kinabalu District|Kota Kinabalu]] & [[Kudat District|Kudat]])</small> <br />089 <small>([[Lahad Datu District|Lahad Datu]], [[Sandakan District|Sandakan]] & [[Tawau District|Tawau]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |title=Area codes in Sabah |publisher= | website= cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817200020/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| iso_code                 = [[ISO 3166-2:MY|MY-12]]
| registration_plate       = [[Malaysian vehicle license plates|SA, SAA, SAB, SAC, SY]] <small>(West Coast)</small> <br />SB <small>([[Beaufort District|Beaufort]])</small> <br />SD <small>(Lahad Datu)</small> <br />SK <small>(Kudat)</small> <br />SS, SSA, SM <small>(Sandakan)</small> <br />ST, STA, SW <small>(Tawau)</small> <br />SU <small>([[Keningau District|Keningau]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates |author=Teh Wei Soon |publisher=Malaysian Digest |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |archive-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{Nobold|(2019)}}
| blank_info_sec1         = {{Increase}} 0.710<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sabah – Malaysia] |publisher=Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><br /><span style="color:#0c0;">high</span> · [[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|15th]]
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|(nominal)}}
| blank1_info_sec1        = 2022
| blank2_name_sec1        = &nbsp;• Total
| blank2_info_sec1        = {{Increase}} $27.758 billion<br>([[Ringgit Malaysia|RM]] 122.138 billion)<ref name=":dosm">{{Cite web |last=DOSM |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state- |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.dosm.gov.my}}</ref> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP|5th]])
| blank3_name_sec1        = &nbsp;• Per capita
| blank3_info_sec1        = {{Increase}} $8,186<br>([[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 36,020)<ref name=":dosm" /> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|11th]])
| blank4_name_sec1        = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])}}
| blank4_info_sec1        = 2022
| blank5_name_sec1        = &nbsp;• Total
| blank5_info_sec1        = {{Increase}} $77.938 billion ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP|6th]])
| blank6_name_sec1        = &nbsp;• Per capita
| blank6_info_sec1        = {{Increase}} $22,797 ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|11th]])
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->
| blank_name_sec2         = Tisi deriba
| blank_info_sec2         = Kiba
| blank1_name_sec2         = [[Mains electricity by country|Electricity voltage]]
| blank1_info_sec2         = 230 V, 50 Hz
| blank2_name_sec2         = Mata wang
| blank2_info_sec2         = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM/MYR)
| short_description        = Negeri Malaysia ba pulau Borneo
| website                  = {{Official website}}
| image_map1               = {{Hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{Hidden end}}
}}

'''Sabah''' tauka dikumbai mega '''Sabah Negeri Dibawah Bayu'''<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.beritaharian.sg/malaysia/sabah-di-bawah-bayu-mula-rasa-ribut-pilihan-raya
| title = Sabah di bawah bayu mula rasa ribut pilihan raya
| author = MOHD NOOR A. RAHMAN
| authorlink = 
| last = 
| first = 
| coauthors = 
| date = 22 Januari 2024
| year = 
| month = 
| language = 
| format = 
| work = 
| pages = 
| publisher = Berita Harian SG
| archiveurl = 
| archivedate = 
| accessdate = 2 Julai 2024
| accessmonthday = 
| accessyear = 
}}</ref> ia nya siti negeri dalam menua [[Malaysia]] ti bepalan ba begian utara pulau [[Borneo]]. [[Ripih indu nengeri ba Malaysia|Indu negeri]] Sabah iya nya [[Kota Kinabalu]], ti suba dikumbai enggau nama ''Jesselton''. Penuduk Sabah ti amat strategik nya ba baruh jalai angin monsun lalu nadai kala dituntung ribut taufan, kelimpah ari sekeda ribut tropika ti mit. Sabah nyadi negeri kedua pemadu besai di Malaysia. Pemesai kandang menua rata Sabah kira-kira 72,500 kilometer persegi, lalu besempadan enggau [[Sarawak]], lalu diseraraka ari Wilayah Persekutuan [[Labuan]] di Malaysia. Kelimpah ari nya, Sabah mega bisi adan darat entarabansa ba bagi menua selatan rantau tu ia nya [[Tasik Sulawesi]] enggau Indonesia, lalu adan ai ba utara [[Tasik Sulu]] enggau [[Filipina]] sereta ba barat [[Tasik China Selatan]] enggau [[Brunei]] sereta [[Vietnam]] enggau garis pantai ti dipelabaka 1,290–1,450 km. Sabah ngembuan iklim kampung ujan tropika sereta ngembuan gunung pemadu tinggi ba Malaysia sereta ba pulau Borneo iya nya [[Gunung Kinabalu]], enggau peninggi 4,101 meter, lalu nyadi sebagi ari rantau Crocker. Rintai rentang (rentang) di Sabah— Crocker, Trusmadi enggau Witti begerigi di dalam menua lalu nyengkaum mayuh puncak ti manggai peninggi entara 1,200 enggau 1,800 meter. Entara Crocker Range enggau tasik ba tebing tasik barat bisi tanah rata tebing tasik ti luas sereta mayuh mensia; tanah rata bukai baka di Tenom, Tambunan enggau Keningau, bepalan ba pedalaman entara massa gunung, lalu tanah rendah timur sebagi ari iya dibelah nengah chara nembus.

Sabah kala dikelala enggau nama [[Borneo Utara|Menua Borneo Utara]] (''State of'' ''North Borneo'') maya dijajah British nyentukka taun 1963. Bisi sejarah kediri empu, indah bisi kaul enggau sejarah Brunei-Filipina. Pelilih menua tu kala nyadi sebagi ari Perintah Sriwijaya, Majapahit, [[Kesultanan Brunei]], Sulu sebedau perintah Koloni British (SBUB enggau Perintah Koloni British) enggau Jipun maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]. Diatu negeri tu udah nyadi sebagi ari Malaysia.

Negeri Sabah ngembuan sistem demokrasi konstitusyen kenyau ari jeman merintah diri dalam taun 1963. Enggau dewan undangan nengeri kediri empu, ketuai menua iya nya Yang di-Pertua Negara Sabah (sebedau tu Gabenor Sabah), [[Kepala Menteri Sabah|Kepala Menteri]] nyadi tuai perintah di Sabah, lalu dibantu Kabinet iya. Sabah mega siti ari empat negeri (dua ari nya negeri Semenanjung) di Malaysia ti nadai sultan tauka raja ba renggat negeri. Bepelasarka sistem Westminister ti diwaris ari perintah British, lalu mega siti ari Provinsi ti pemadu tumu ngena sistem tu. Sabah ngembuan 5 sitak pentadbiran (begian) enggau 27 pelilih menua. Jaku Melayu nyadi jaku nasional, lalu ditangkan Jaku English nyadi jaku resmi di Sabah.

Rayat Sabah rindu ngumbai diri sida enggau gelar ''Sabahan'', lalu mungkur 33 raban bansa asal (Bumiputera Sabah) ti ngena lebih 50 bansa jaku enggau 80 dialek etnik. Bisi siti kreol Melayu ti suah dikena dia iya nya [[Jaku Melayu Sabah]]. Raban bansa ti pemadu mayuh di Sabah iya nya [[Kadazan-Dusun]] ti mungkur urung 30% peranak di Sabah. [[Pesta Kaamatan]] ke diintu 30 enggau 31 Mei ninting taun iya nya pengerami ti diintu orang Kadazan-Dusun enggau tuju ngetanka tradisyen semengat padi tauka “Bambarayon” kelimpah ari mantaika pengaga ati sida ketegal asil ti manah. Bansa besai ke bukai di Sabah iya nya [[Bajau|Bajau Samah]], enggau [[Murut]] (orang ke diau ba kandang menua bebukit sereta nyadi pengayau maya jemah suba), iya nya raban bansa kedua enggau ketiga pemadu mayuh di pelilih menua Sabah. Bansa bukai di Sabah baka Orang Sungai, Bajau, Iranun, [[Melayu Brunei]], Banjar, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Lundayeh, Rungus, Sepanyol, Minokok, Bonggi, enggau Ida’an. Kelimpah ari nya, bansa China tauka bechampur China-Dusun (Sino/Sino-native) mega nyadi batang raban bansa asal di Wilayah Sabah.

== Demografi ==
{{Main|Demografi Sabah}}

=== Raban bansa enggau imigresyen ===
{{Bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Raban bansa ba Sabah (2020)<ref name="OwnCloud::DOSM">{{Cite web | url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418044258/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 April 2022 | title=OwnCloud::DOSM }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Raban bansa
|right1=Persin
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ke bukai|#CCCCFF|19.69}}
{{Bar percent|[[Kadazan-Dusun]]|#AAF0D1|19.33}}
{{Bar percent|[[Bajau]]|#89CFF0|16.54}}
{{Bar percent|[[Orang China Malaysia|China]]|#FEC499|7.28}}
{{Bar percent|[[Melayu]]|#DD818A|8.99}}
{{Bar percent|[[Murut]]|#FF9A71|3.11}}
{{Bar percent|Peranak asal ukai bansa asal|#969696|1.34}}
{{Bar percent|Ukai peranak Malaysia|#FFB7C5|23.71}}
}}

Nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh Malaysia taun 2020, penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah manggai 3,418,785 iku, lalu nyadika Sabah nengeri ketiga pemadu mayuh peranak di Malaysia enggau penyampau tubuh ukai peranak menua pemadu mayuh iya nya 810,443 iku.<ref name="OwnCloud::DOSM"/> Taja pia, ketegal Malaysia entara menua ke pemadu mimit mensia mayuh di Asia, Sabah kelebih agi jarang mensia enggau tebal agi mensia mayuh bepalan ba kandang menua pesisir kenyau ari mengeri enggau palan mengeri udah ngerembai enggau besai. Bisi dipelabaka 42 iti bansa enggau lebih 200 iti sub-raban bansa ti ngembuan jaku, budaya enggau sistem pengarap kediri empu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-lists-42-ethnic-groups-to-replace-lain-lain-race-column |title=Sabah lists 42 ethnic groups to replace 'lain-lain' race column |author=Julia Chan |newspaper=The Malay Mail |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601095050/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-lists-42-ethnic-groups-to-replace-lain-lain-race-column |archive-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tiga raban bansa asal besai ba Sabah ke pemadu besai iya nya [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Bajau]] enggau [[Murut]]. Bisi mega raban bansa bukai baka [[Rungus]], [[Orang Sungai]], [[Melayu Brunei]], [[Lun Bawang|Lundayeh]], [[Suluk people|Suluk]] enggau raban bansa Bumiputera minoriti ke bukai,<ref name="indigenous culture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase/pub/dlperson/97rw/97RW_04.pdf |title=Introduction to Integration of Indigenous Culture into Non-Formal Education Programmes in Sabah |author1=Patricia Regis |author2=Anne Lasimbang |author3=Rita Lasimbang |author4=J. W. King |work=Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development, Partners of Community Organisations (PACOS), Kadazandusun Language Foundation and Summer Institute of Linguistics, Malaysia Branch, Sabah |publisher=Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (Japan) |access-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828100840/http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase/pub/dlperson/97rw/97RW_04.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> seraya bansa China nyadika batang populasyen ukai bansa asal.<ref name="sbh"/> Penyampau pemindah ke tinggi ngagai nengeri tu diperatika dalam taun 1970-an, lebuh beratus ribu iku pelarian Filipina, ke tebal agi bansa Moro, berengkah datai ketegal konflik Moro ba kandang menua nya. Bisi mega pengereja pengawa Indonesia ari Kalimantan, Sulawesi enggau Pulau Sunda Kecil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/openaccess/suedostasienaktuell/2006_5/giga_soa_2006_5_frank.pdf|title=Project Mahathir: 'Extraordinary' Population Growth in Sabah (The History of Illegal Immigration to Sabah)|author=Sina Frank|work=Im Fokus|publisher=[[German Institute of Global and Area Studies]]|date=May 2006|access-date=6 November 2014|pages=72 and 73/2 and 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106073701/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/openaccess/suedostasienaktuell/2006_5/giga_soa_2006_5_frank.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Alexander Horstmann|author2=Reed L. Wadley†|title=Centering the Margin: Agency and Narrative in Southeast Asian Borderlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny_9nvERZtUC&pg=PA149|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-439-3|pages=149–}}</ref> Penatai imigresyen nadai pemendar ti enda ulih ditagang udah meri empas ti besai ngagai penanggul politik, ekonomi enggau sosio-budaya kelebih agi ngagai raban bansa asal setempat. Penatai raban PATI tu enggau penumbuh ekonomi ti laun ngujungka peranak Sabah pindah ke Semenanjung Malaysia tauka menua tasik ngiga kereja enggau peluang penatai pemisi ti begaji manah agi.<ref name = "GDP"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/WP334.pdf |title=Sabah's Unrelenting Exclusionary and Inclusionary Politics  |publisher=S. Rajaratham School of International Studies Singapore |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/137636/sabah-s-brain-drain-serious-/|title=Sabah's brain drain 'serious' &#124; Daily Express Online – Sabah's Leading News Portal|website=Dailyexpress.com.my|date=11 July 2019 }}</ref>

=== Pengarap ===
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|title=Pengarap ba Sabah (2020)<ref name="Census 2020">{{Cite web |url=https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/mbls/views/1202/Negeri6?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n |title=Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |access-date=25 April 2020 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Pengarap
|right1=Persin
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|69.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Kristian]]|Blue|24.7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Buddha]]|Yellow|5.1}}
{{Bar percent|Nadai pengarap|Black|0.4}}
{{Bar percent|Ke bukai|Gray|0.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|0.1}}
}}

Pengarap [[Islam]] nya pengarap majoriti ba negeri Sabah, taja pan raban bansa iya mengkang sekular.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yew-Foong Hui|title=Encountering Islam: The Politics of Religious Identities in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PDwQB4tBG8C&pg=PA158|year=2013|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4379-92-2|pages=158–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/sabah-sarawak-leaders-urge-malaysians-to-reject-pass-syariah-law-bill|title=Sabah, Sarawak leaders urge Malaysians to reject PAS's Syariah law Bill|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=7 May 2017|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219063542/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/sabah-sarawak-leaders-urge-malaysians-to-reject-pass-syariah-law-bill|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ba pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020, peratus orang Islam urung 69.6%, lalu orang [[Kristian]] 24.7% enggau orang [[Buddha]] 5.1%.<ref name="Census 2020"/> Dalam taun 1960, peratus penyampau tubuh orang Islam semina 37.9%, lalu peratus orang Kristian 16.6% lalu nyau deka setengah ari penyampau tubuh nya ngaku pengarap bukai, iya nya ba 45.5%.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuEgAQAAMAAJ&q=Report+on+the+Census+of+Population+Taken+on+10th+August,+1960+%221960+Christian%22 | title=Report on the Census of Population Taken on 10th August, 1960 | date=1962 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuEgAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Number+Percentage+of+Total+Population+Religion+1921+*+1931+*+1951+1960+1921+*+1931+*+1951+1960+Christian+Muslim+Other+Religion+6,980+10,454+29,092+75,247+81,886+86,713+115,126+172,324+168,938+173,056+189,923+206,850+2.7+3.9+8.7+16.6%22 | title=Report on the Census of Population Taken on 10th August, 1960 | date=1962 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Carlo Caldarola|title=Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnPu49bHNUkC|date=1982|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-082353-0}}</ref> Peniki nya tebal agi diberi nengah tikas imigresyen ti tinggi ti enda ditagang enggau pengawa nukar pengarap bebala mayuh ti kontroversial dalam beberapa dekad ke udah.<ref name="controversial">{{Cite web|url=http://web.usm.my/km/33(2)2015/km33022015_01.pdf|title=Patronage, Power and Prowess: Barisan Nasional's Equilibrium Dominance in East Malaysia|author=Faisal H. Hazis|work=Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia|publisher=Universiti Sains Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=19 June 2016|pages=15/24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080534/http://web.usm.my/km/33(2)2015/km33022015_01.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hui2013">{{Cite book|author=Yew-Foong Hui|title=Encountering Islam: The Politics of Religious Identities in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PDwQB4tBG8C&pg=PA170|year=2013|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4379-92-2|pages=169–170}}</ref>

''Colony of North Borneo Annual Report, 1960'', beratika raban bansa asal ke besai ngetanka pengarap pagan, lalu kandang menua pesisir majoriti orang Islam. Pengarap bukai ke disebut iya nya pengarap tradisional China enggau mayuh macham denominasyen Kristian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-417_No-01.pdf|title=Colony of North Borneo, Annual Report 1960|website=Seadelt.net|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Mayuh raban bansa asal meda orang nukar pengarap ngagai pengarap Kristian,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Suraya Sintang| pages=59, 65 |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/4088/1956|title =PENGANUTAN AGAMA ISLAM DAN KRISTIAN DI KALANGAN MASYARAKAT KADAZANDUSUN DI SABAH|publisher=Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya| year=2003|volume=18|issn=1394-3723|journal=Journal of Usuluddin}}</ref> sebagi ketegal penyelarasan budaya baka nadai tagang ba pemakai dagin babi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/05/world/kota-kinabalu-journal-moslem-cause-celebre-a-good-christian-burial.html|title=Kota Kinabalu Journal; Moslem Cause Celebre: A Good Christian Burial|first=Barbara|last=Crossette|date=5 October 1987|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Beberapa pengarap bukai baka pengarap rayat China sereta mega pengarap India Hindu enggau Sikh mega dikemeranka ba negeri tu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yong Leng Lee|title=North Borneo (Sabah): A Study in Settlement Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJceAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Eastern Universities Press}}</ref>

=== Jaku ===
[[Jaku Melayu]] nyadi batang jaku ke dikena di nengeri tu, taja pan enggau jaku kreol ke bebida ari [[jaku Melayu Sarawak]] enggau Melayu Semenanjung.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asmah Haji Omar|title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-36421-4|pages=53–}}</ref> Nengeri tu ngembuan jaku slang kediri empu ungkup jaku Melayu ti bepun sekalika ari leka jaku asal, [[jaku Melayu Brunei]], [[Jaku Bajau Sama|jaku Bajau]], [[Jaku Tausug|jaku Suluk]] enggau [[jaku Dusun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/5575/2/2.Chapter_1.pdf|title=The Sabah Malay Dialect: A Phonological Study of The Urban Dialect of Kota Kinabalu City|author=JKL Wong|publisher=University of Malaya|year=2012|access-date=25 June 2016|page=7/11}}</ref> Jaku asal menua Sabah ulih dibagi ngagai empat ruang bilik jaku iya nya Dusunik, Murutik, Paitanik enggau Sama–Bajau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flyingdusun.com/004_Features/018_Languages.htm|title=Languages of Sabah|author=Herman Scholz|publisher=Flying Dusun|year=2003|access-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625045918/http://www.flyingdusun.com/004_Features/018_Languages.htm |archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaku asal taja pia napi punas ketegal mayuh ngena jaku Melayu kelebih agi ba rumah laban apai indai suah meda jaku asal nya enda engkeman kelebih agi bekaul enggau pengawa. Taja pia, lebuh penyedar ke jaku asal nyau majak nyata, mayuh agi apai indai ke moden bebendar deka nurunka jaku asal sida.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2671|title=The KadazanDusun language dilemma|newspaper=Daily Express|date=1 October 2017|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314070418/http://dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2671|archive-date=14 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.borneotoday.net/native-tongues-in-decline-but-all-is-not-lost/|title=Native Tongues in Decline But All is Not Lost|newspaper=Borneo Today|date=20 June 2020|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314070737/https://www.borneotoday.net/native-tongues-in-decline-but-all-is-not-lost/|archive-date=14 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/danger-of-minority-languages-going-extinct-EN8935710|title=Danger of minority languages going extinct|last=Supramani|first=Shivani|newspaper=The Sun (Malaysia)|date=20 June 2020|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314071259/https://www.thesundaily.my/local/danger-of-minority-languages-going-extinct-EN8935710|archive-date=14 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laban bansa Hakka nyadi majoriti jaku China di Sabah, [[jaku Hakka]] nyadi dialek China ke pemadu suah dikena di nengeri tu kelimpah ari [[jaku Kanton]] enggau [[Jaku Hokkien|Hokkien]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Delai Zhang|title=The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey of Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3JwAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Sabah Theological Seminary|isbn=978-983-40840-0-4}}</ref>

Berindik ari ubah perintah pengudah pengawa bepilih besai 2018, perintah baru Sabah udah madahka nadai sekat ba pengawa ngena [[jaku English]] di nengeri tu, lalu nambah taja pan Opis Menteri Pelajar madahka nya enda sah jaku English dikena di Sabah, tagang nya enda dikemendarka dipejalaika di nengeri tu, lalu nya perintah nengeri deka nginsil undang-undang ti enda betul sebedau tu laban tagang nya semina deka mai mayuh agi pengerusak ngagai rebak baru sida kelebih agi lebuh sida begunaka pengawa ba firma tauka gerempung peribit ti begunaka Pengelandik bejaku English. Perintah nengeri baru mega madahka sida deka beratika pekara nya enti bisi pematut ubah ba undang-undang nengeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=127026|title=Cannot stop Sabah using English: CM|newspaper=Daily Express|date=11 September 2018|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921023831/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=127026|archive-date=21 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Penyanding==
<references/>
Sabah tauka dikumbai mega Sabah Negeri Dibawah Bayu ia nya siti negeri dalam menua Malaysia ti bepalan ba begian utara pulau Borneo. Indu negeri Sabah iya nya Kota Kinabalu, ti suba dikumbai enggau nama Jesselton. Penuduk Sabah ti amat strategik nya ba baruh jalai angin monsun lalu nadai kala dituntung ribut taufan, kelimpah ari sekeda ribut tropika ti mit. Sabah nyadi negeri kedua pemadu besai di Malaysia. Pemesai kandang menua rata Sabah kira-kira 72,500 kilometer persegi, lalu besempadan enggau Sarawak, lalu diseraraka ari Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan di Malaysia. Kelimpah ari nya, Sabah mega bisi adan darat entarabansa ba bagi menua selatan rantau tu ia nya Tasik Sulawesi enggau Indonesia, lalu adan ai ba utara Tasik Sulu enggau Filipina sereta ba barat Tasik China Selatan enggau Brunei sereta Vietnam enggau garis pantai ti dipelabaka 1,290–1,450 km. Sabah ngembuan iklim kampung ujan tropika sereta ngembuan gunung pemadu tinggi ba Malaysia sereta ba pulau Borneo iya nya Gunung Kinabalu, enggau peninggi 4,101 meter, lalu nyadi sebagi ari rantau Crocker. Rintai rentang (rentang) di Sabah— Crocker, Trusmadi enggau Witti begerigi di dalam menua lalu nyengkaum mayuh puncak ti manggai peninggi entara 1,200 enggau 1,800 meter. Entara Crocker Range enggau tasik ba tebing tasik barat bisi tanah rata tebing tasik ti luas sereta mayuh mensia; tanah rata bukai baka di Tenom, Tambunan enggau Keningau, bepalan ba pedalaman entara massa gunung, lalu tanah rendah timur sebagi ari iya dibelah nengah chara nembus.

Sabah kala dikelala enggau nama Menua Borneo Utara (State of North Borneo) maya dijajah British nyentukka taun 1963. Bisi sejarah kediri empu, indah bisi kaul enggau sejarah Brunei-Filipina. Pelilih menua tu kala nyadi sebagi ari Perintah Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Kesultanan Brunei, Sulu sebedau perintah Koloni British (SBUB enggau Perintah Koloni British) enggau Jipun maya Perang Dunya Kedua. Diatu negeri tu udah nyadi sebagi ari Malaysia.

Negeri Sabah ngembuan sistem demokrasi konstitusyen kenyau ari jeman merintah diri dalam taun 1963. Enggau dewan undangan nengeri kediri empu, ketuai menua iya nya Yang di-Pertua Negara Sabah (sebedau tu Gabenor Sabah), Kepala Menteri nyadi tuai perintah di Sabah, lalu dibantu Kabinet iya. Sabah mega siti ari empat negeri (dua ari nya negeri Semenanjung) di Malaysia ti nadai sultan tauka raja ba renggat negeri. Bepelasarka sistem Westminister ti diwaris ari perintah British, lalu mega siti ari Provinsi ti pemadu tumu ngena sistem tu. Sabah ngembuan 5 sitak pentadbiran (begian) enggau 27 pelilih menua. Jaku Melayu nyadi jaku nasional, lalu ditangkan Jaku English nyadi jaku resmi di Sabah.

Rayat Sabah rindu ngumbai diri sida enggau gelar Sabahan, lalu mungkur 33 raban bansa asal (Bumiputera Sabah) ti ngena lebih 50 bansa jaku enggau 80 dialek etnik. Bisi siti kreol Melayu ti suah dikena dia iya nya Jaku Melayu Sabah. Raban bansa ti pemadu mayuh di Sabah iya nya Kadazan-Dusun ti mungkur urung 30% peranak di Sabah. Pesta Kaamatan ke diintu 30 enggau 31 Mei ninting taun iya nya pengerami ti diintu orang Kadazan-Dusun enggau tuju ngetanka tradisyen semengat padi tauka “Bambarayon” kelimpah ari mantaika pengaga ati sida ketegal asil ti manah. Bansa besai ke bukai di Sabah iya nya Bajau Samah, enggau Murut (orang ke diau ba kandang menua bebukit sereta nyadi pengayau maya jemah suba), iya nya raban bansa kedua enggau ketiga pemadu mayuh di pelilih menua Sabah. Bansa bukai di Sabah baka Orang Sungai, Bajau, Iranun, Melayu Brunei, Banjar, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Lundayeh, Rungus, Sepanyol, Minokok, Bonggi, enggau Ida’an. Kelimpah ari nya, bansa China tauka bechampur China-Dusun (Sino/Sino-native) mega nyadi batang raban bansa asal di Wilayah Sabah.

 Demografi 

 Raban bansa enggau imigresyen 

Nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh Malaysia taun 2020, penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah manggai 3,418,785 iku, lalu nyadika Sabah nengeri ketiga pemadu mayuh peranak di Malaysia enggau penyampau tubuh ukai peranak menua pemadu mayuh iya nya 810,443 iku. Taja pia, ketegal Malaysia entara menua ke pemadu mimit mensia mayuh di Asia, Sabah kelebih agi jarang mensia enggau tebal agi mensia mayuh bepalan ba kandang menua pesisir kenyau ari mengeri enggau palan mengeri udah ngerembai enggau besai. Bisi dipelabaka 42 iti bansa enggau lebih 200 iti sub-raban bansa ti ngembuan jaku, budaya enggau sistem pengarap kediri empu. Tiga raban bansa asal besai ba Sabah ke pemadu besai iya nya Kadazan-Dusun, Bajau enggau Murut. Bisi mega raban bansa bukai baka Rungus, Orang Sungai, Melayu Brunei, Lundayeh, Suluk enggau raban bansa Bumiputera minoriti ke bukai, seraya bansa China nyadika batang populasyen ukai bansa asal. Penyampau pemindah ke tinggi ngagai nengeri tu diperatika dalam taun 1970-an, lebuh beratus ribu iku pelarian Filipina, ke tebal agi bansa Moro, berengkah datai ketegal konflik Moro ba kandang menua nya. Bisi mega pengereja pengawa Indonesia ari Kalimantan, Sulawesi enggau Pulau Sunda Kecil. Penatai imigresyen nadai pemendar ti enda ulih ditagang udah meri empas ti besai ngagai penanggul politik, ekonomi enggau sosio-budaya kelebih agi ngagai raban bansa asal setempat. Penatai raban PATI tu enggau penumbuh ekonomi ti laun ngujungka peranak Sabah pindah ke Semenanjung Malaysia tauka menua tasik ngiga kereja enggau peluang penatai pemisi ti begaji manah agi.

 Pengarap 

Pengarap Islam nya pengarap majoriti ba negeri Sabah, taja pan raban bansa iya mengkang sekular. Ba pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020, peratus orang Islam urung 69.6%, lalu orang Kristian 24.7% enggau orang Buddha 5.1%. Dalam taun 1960, peratus penyampau tubuh orang Islam semina 37.9%, lalu peratus orang Kristian 16.6% lalu nyau deka setengah ari penyampau tubuh nya ngaku pengarap bukai, iya nya ba 45.5%. Peniki nya tebal agi diberi nengah tikas imigresyen ti tinggi ti enda ditagang enggau pengawa nukar pengarap bebala mayuh ti kontroversial dalam beberapa dekad ke udah.

Colony of North Borneo Annual Report, 1960, beratika raban bansa asal ke besai ngetanka pengarap pagan, lalu kandang menua pesisir majoriti orang Islam. Pengarap bukai ke disebut iya nya pengarap tradisional China enggau mayuh macham denominasyen Kristian. Mayuh raban bansa asal meda orang nukar pengarap ngagai pengarap Kristian, sebagi ketegal penyelarasan budaya baka nadai tagang ba pemakai dagin babi.

Beberapa pengarap bukai baka pengarap rayat China sereta mega pengarap India Hindu enggau Sikh mega dikemeranka ba negeri tu.

 Jaku 
Jaku Melayu nyadi batang jaku ke dikena di nengeri tu, taja pan enggau jaku kreol ke bebida ari jaku Melayu Sarawak enggau Melayu Semenanjung. Nengeri tu ngembuan jaku slang kediri empu ungkup jaku Melayu ti bepun sekalika ari leka jaku asal, jaku Melayu Brunei, jaku Bajau, jaku Suluk enggau jaku Dusun. Jaku asal menua Sabah ulih dibagi ngagai empat ruang bilik jaku iya nya Dusunik, Murutik, Paitanik enggau Sama–Bajau. Jaku asal taja pia napi punas ketegal mayuh ngena jaku Melayu kelebih agi ba rumah laban apai indai suah meda jaku asal nya enda engkeman kelebih agi bekaul enggau pengawa. Taja pia, lebuh penyedar ke jaku asal nyau majak nyata, mayuh agi apai indai ke moden bebendar deka nurunka jaku asal sida. Laban bansa Hakka nyadi majoriti jaku China di Sabah, jaku Hakka nyadi dialek China ke pemadu suah dikena di nengeri tu kelimpah ari jaku Kanton enggau Hokkien.

Berindik ari ubah perintah pengudah pengawa bepilih besai 2018, perintah baru Sabah udah madahka nadai sekat ba pengawa ngena jaku English di nengeri tu, lalu nambah taja pan Opis Menteri Pelajar madahka nya enda sah jaku English dikena di Sabah, tagang nya enda dikemendarka dipejalaika di nengeri tu, lalu nya perintah nengeri deka nginsil undang-undang ti enda betul sebedau tu laban tagang nya semina deka mai mayuh agi pengerusak ngagai rebak baru sida kelebih agi lebuh sida begunaka pengawa ba firma tauka gerempung peribit ti begunaka Pengelandik bejaku English. Perintah nengeri baru mega madahka sida deka beratika pekara nya enti bisi pematut ubah ba undang-undang nengeri.

Penyanding