Gass (çhengoaylleeaght)
Ayns [[çhengoaylleeaght]], ta '''gass''' ny ayrn fockle ta [[crogheydys|crogheydyssyn]] goll er kiangley ree.  Ta daa ymmyd eck.

Rere un ymmyd, ta gass ny cummey nodmayd kiangley croghedyssyn ree.<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | ennym = The 'language instinct' debate
  | screeudeyr = [[Geoffrey Sampson]]
  | coscreeudeyryn = [[Paul Martin Postal]]
  | blein = 2005
  | soilsheyder = Continuum International Publishing Group
  | isbn = 9780826473851
  | duillag = 124
  | kiangley = http://books.google.de/books?id=N0zJNPuXTZMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=%22a+root+is%22+%22a+stem+is%22&source=bl&ots=Amv01e0fmE&sig=p1LNjJBk5iHCDqpf7IDzRKGG3sY&hl=en&ei=bSZmSqCwAYegngOXlJH4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
  | datefeddyn = 2009-07-21
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>  Myr sampleyr, ta ''prindeysaghtyn'' goaill stiagh ''prindeys'', ny gass ta'n [[crogheydys gientynagh]] ''-aght'' goll er kiangley ree dys croo gass noa, ''prindeysaght''.  Ta'n [[crogheydys yn-filleydagh]] ''-yn'' goll er kiangley reeish.  Ny keayrtyn, cha nel sleih coontey [[fraue (çhengoaylleeaght)|fraue]] yn 'ockle (''prindeys'') myr gass.

Rere ymmyd elley, ta gass fockle ennagh yn ayrn jeh ta er mayrn ayns dagh cummey yn-fillit jeh.<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | ennym = Analyzing grammar
  | screeudeyr = Paul Kroeger
  | blein = 2005
  | soilsheyder = Cambridge University Press
  | isbn = 9780521816229
  | duillag = 248
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | kiangley = http://books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC&pg=PA248&dq=%22a+stem+is%22+%22a+root+is%22&ei=4CxmSvaCHIqyzQSOg6XpAw&hl=de
  | datefeddyn = 2009-07-21
}}</ref>  Aght soilshee elley, she y rheynn jeh fockle ta ayn roish my vees crogheydys yn-filleydagh erbee (m.s. earroo, keintys as emshir) goll er kiangley rish.<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | ennym = Morphology
  | isbn = 9780312101015
  | screeudeyr = Francis Katamba
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | soilsheyder = Palgrave Macmillan
  | blein = 1993
  | straih = Modern Linguistics
  | duillag = 45
  | aaraa = The stem is that part of a word which is in existence before any inflectional affixes (i.e. those required by syntax e.g. singular/plural, gender, tense etc.) have been added.
}}</ref>.  Rere'n ymmyd shoh, ta crogheydyssyn gientynagh nyn ayrnyn ny gass.  Myr sampleyr, ta gass ''prindeysaghtyn'' ''prindeysaght'', as ta'n crogheydys yn-filleydagh ''-yn'' goll er kiangley ree.

Ny keayrtyn, ta gass ny fraue (myr sampleyr, ''roie'').  Ny keayrtyn elley, she cummey crampit jalloo-oaylleeagh t'ayn; myr sampleyr, [[co-ockle]] ny fockle jeant liorish [[breneen-grammeydys]] [[gientyn (çhengoaylleeaght)|gientyn]].  Ta fraue yn ennymockle crampit ''{{lang|en|photographer}}'' ("fotographee") 'sy Vaarle ''{{lang|en|photo·graph·er}}'', cha nel ''{{lang|en|photo}}''.  Ta fraue ''{{lang|en|destabilized}}'' ("jee-ondit") ''{{lang|en|stabil-'}}', ny chummey ''{{lang|en|stable}}'' nagh vel ayn ny lomarcan; she ''{{lang|en|de·stabil·ize}}'' eh y ghass, as t'ee goaill stiagh ny crogheydyssyn ''{{lang|en|de-}}'' as ''{{lang|en|-ize}}'', agh cha nel crogheydys yn-filleydagh ny [[emshir chooilleeinit|h-emshir chooilleeinit]], ''{{lang|en|-(e)d}}''.  

Ta ymmyd er lheh ''gass'' croghey er [[jalloo-oaylleeaght]] ny çhengey er lheh.  Myr sampleyr, ayns [[çhengaghyn Athabaskagh]], ta gass vreear ny fraue nagh dod ve ayn ny lomarcan, as ta gymmyrkey [[toan (çhengoaylleeaght)|toan]] yn 'ockle.  Rere shen, ta daa ghass ec breear Athabaskagh dy cadjin, as [[meer roie|meeryn roie]] ec dagh fer.

==Breeocklyn==
Ta breeocklyn gass ceaghey ny keayrtyn; myr sampleyr, ayns Germaanish, liorish [[Ablaut]] as [[Umlaut]].  T'eh croghey er y çheiltynys çhengoaylleeagh t'ayn my t'ad goaill rish lheid ny gish myr un ghass ny ghaa.  Myr sampleyr, ta ''{{lang|de|Träume}}'' (ashlishyn) ny chummey [[ennymagh]] yl-rey yn 'ockle ''{{lang|de|Traum}}'' (ashlish).  My t'ou credjal dy vel yn-filley cur crogheydyssyn as ceaghley breeockle er gass dys jannoo yn yl-rey, myr shen, ta gass yn yl-rey y red cheddin as gass yn unnaneagh: ''{{lang|de|Traum}}''.  My t'ou credjal nagh vel cummaghyn fockle goll er troggal agh liorish cochiangley breneenyn-grammeydys, t'eh ort cur roish daa ghass: ''{{lang|de|Traum}}'' as ''{{lang|de|Träum}}''

== Cummaghyn enmys as breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt ==
{{ardart|Lemma (çhengoaylleeaght)}}

Ayns çhengaghyn as beggan yn-filley oc (m.s. [[Baarle]], ny [[çhengaghyn Sheenish]]), ta'n ghass y red cheddin as cummey "cadjin" yn 'ockle son y chooid smoo: dy ghra myr shen, cummey enmys ta ry-akin ayns fockleyryn.  Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur "[[lemma (çhengoaylleeaght)|lemma]]" er y chummey shoh.  Ayns çhengaghyn elley, s'goan ad gish nyn lomarcan.  Myr sampleyr, ta gass ''roie'' lane ghollrish cummaghyn laaragh as chaie yn 'ockle.  Ayns [[Spaainish]], she ''{{lang|es|corr-}}'' ee y ghass corrym rish ''roie'', agh cha nel ee ry-akin ny lomarcan rieau.  T'ee goll er enmys 'syn [[infinnidagh]] er ny yn-filley myr ''{{lang|es|correr}}'', as ayns feer ghlare, t'ee çheet magh myr cummey [[breear neuheorit|neuheorit]] ny cummey yn-fillit.  T'ad cur ''[[breneen-grammeydys cochianglt|breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt]]'' er lheid ny gish nagh vel ry-chlashtyn nyn lomarcan.

===Çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh===
Ayns [[çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh]], ta ''gass'' fockle ennagh y rheynn jeh nagh vel ceaghey eer liorish yn-filley jalloo-oaylleeaght.  T'ad geddyr-scarrey y ghass jeh'n lemma, as meenaghey'n lemma myr cummey bunneydagh yn 'ockle.  Myr sampleyr, "{{lang|en|produced}} ("troarit"): she "{{lang|en|produce}}" eh lemma'n 'ockle, agh she "{{lang|en|produc}}" ee y ghass.  Shen er y fa dy vel focklyn myr {{lang|en|'''produc'''tion}} ayn. <ref>http://nltk.sourceforge.net/index.php/Book</ref>

== Jeeagh er ==
* [[Lemma (çhengoaylleeaght)]]
* [[Lexeme]]
* [[Sorçh-oaylleeaght yalloo-oaylleeagh]]
* [[Jalloo-oaylleeaght (çhengoaylleeaght)]]
* [[Fraue (çhengoaylleeaght)]]
* [[Gass chooish]]

== Imraaghyn ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm What is a stem?] - [[SIL International]], Glossary of Linguistics Terms.
* Bauer, Laurie (2003) ''Introducing Linguistic Morphology''. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
* Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987) ''On the definition of a word.'' Cambridge MA, MIT Press.

==Kianglaghyn mooie ==
* [http://www.prefixsuffix.com/ Farrane-fys er son gish ny Baarle (as crogheydyssyn)]

[[Ronney:Unnidyn jalloo-oaylleeaght çhengoaylleeagh]]

[[eo:Radiko#Lingvo]]
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght, ta gass ny ayrn fockle ta crogheydyssyn goll er kiangley ree.  Ta daa ymmyd eck.

Rere un ymmyd, ta gass ny cummey nodmayd kiangley croghedyssyn ree.  Myr sampleyr, ta prindeysaghtyn goaill stiagh prindeys, ny gass ta'n crogheydys gientynagh -aght goll er kiangley ree dys croo gass noa, prindeysaght.  Ta'n crogheydys yn-filleydagh -yn goll er kiangley reeish.  Ny keayrtyn, cha nel sleih coontey fraue yn 'ockle (prindeys) myr gass.

Rere ymmyd elley, ta gass fockle ennagh yn ayrn jeh ta er mayrn ayns dagh cummey yn-fillit jeh.  Aght soilshee elley, she y rheynn jeh fockle ta ayn roish my vees crogheydys yn-filleydagh erbee (m.s. earroo, keintys as emshir) goll er kiangley rish..  Rere'n ymmyd shoh, ta crogheydyssyn gientynagh nyn ayrnyn ny gass.  Myr sampleyr, ta gass prindeysaghtyn prindeysaght, as ta'n crogheydys yn-filleydagh -yn goll er kiangley ree.

Ny keayrtyn, ta gass ny fraue (myr sampleyr, roie).  Ny keayrtyn elley, she cummey crampit jalloo-oaylleeagh t'ayn; myr sampleyr, co-ockle ny fockle jeant liorish breneen-grammeydys gientyn.  Ta fraue yn ennymockle crampit  ("fotographee") 'sy Vaarle , cha nel .  Ta fraue  ("jee-ondit") ', ny chummey  nagh vel ayn ny lomarcan; she  eh y ghass, as t'ee goaill stiagh ny crogheydyssyn  as , agh cha nel crogheydys yn-filleydagh ny h-emshir chooilleeinit, .  

Ta ymmyd er lheh gass croghey er jalloo-oaylleeaght ny çhengey er lheh.  Myr sampleyr, ayns çhengaghyn Athabaskagh, ta gass vreear ny fraue nagh dod ve ayn ny lomarcan, as ta gymmyrkey toan yn 'ockle.  Rere shen, ta daa ghass ec breear Athabaskagh dy cadjin, as meeryn roie ec dagh fer.

Breeocklyn
Ta breeocklyn gass ceaghey ny keayrtyn; myr sampleyr, ayns Germaanish, liorish Ablaut as Umlaut.  T'eh croghey er y çheiltynys çhengoaylleeagh t'ayn my t'ad goaill rish lheid ny gish myr un ghass ny ghaa.  Myr sampleyr, ta  (ashlishyn) ny chummey ennymagh yl-rey yn 'ockle  (ashlish).  My t'ou credjal dy vel yn-filley cur crogheydyssyn as ceaghley breeockle er gass dys jannoo yn yl-rey, myr shen, ta gass yn yl-rey y red cheddin as gass yn unnaneagh: .  My t'ou credjal nagh vel cummaghyn fockle goll er troggal agh liorish cochiangley breneenyn-grammeydys, t'eh ort cur roish daa ghass:  as  Cummaghyn enmys as breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt 

Ayns çhengaghyn as beggan yn-filley oc (m.s. Baarle, ny çhengaghyn Sheenish), ta'n ghass y red cheddin as cummey "cadjin" yn 'ockle son y chooid smoo: dy ghra myr shen, cummey enmys ta ry-akin ayns fockleyryn.  Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur "lemma" er y chummey shoh.  Ayns çhengaghyn elley, s'goan ad gish nyn lomarcan.  Myr sampleyr, ta gass roie lane ghollrish cummaghyn laaragh as chaie yn 'ockle.  Ayns Spaainish, she  ee y ghass corrym rish roie, agh cha nel ee ry-akin ny lomarcan rieau.  T'ee goll er enmys 'syn infinnidagh er ny yn-filley myr , as ayns feer ghlare, t'ee çheet magh myr cummey neuheorit ny cummey yn-fillit.  T'ad cur breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt er lheid ny gish nagh vel ry-chlashtyn nyn lomarcan.

Çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh, ta gass fockle ennagh y rheynn jeh nagh vel ceaghey eer liorish yn-filley jalloo-oaylleeaght.  T'ad geddyr-scarrey y ghass jeh'n lemma, as meenaghey'n lemma myr cummey bunneydagh yn 'ockle.  Myr sampleyr, " ("troarit"): she "" eh lemma'n 'ockle, agh she "" ee y ghass.  Shen er y fa dy vel focklyn myr  ayn. http://nltk.sourceforge.net/index.php/Book

 Jeeagh er 
 Lemma (çhengoaylleeaght)
 Lexeme
 Sorçh-oaylleeaght yalloo-oaylleeagh
 Jalloo-oaylleeaght (çhengoaylleeaght)
 Fraue (çhengoaylleeaght)
 Gass chooish

 Imraaghyn 

 What is a stem? - SIL International, Glossary of Linguistics Terms.
 Bauer, Laurie (2003) Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
 Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987) On the definition of a word.'' Cambridge MA, MIT Press.

Kianglaghyn mooie 
 Farrane-fys er son gish ny Baarle (as crogheydyssyn)

Ronney:Unnidyn jalloo-oaylleeaght çhengoaylleeagh

eo:Radiko#Lingvo