Caslys-skeeal
{{Art reiht rollage}}
Ta '''caslys-skeeal''', ny '''scheim aitt''', ny skeeal jannoo ymmyd jeh [[caslys]]syn ry hoi taishbyney y skeeal rere ny ta goll er.  Ta caslys-skeeal ry-eddyraghey veih [[lioar yallooyn]] er daa fa: ta ny caslyssyn eiyrtyssagh, son dy hroggal y slane skeeal; as ta caslys ard-chionyssagh harrish fockle, dy ghra myr shen, ta’n skeeal goll er insh liorish ny caslyssyn son y chooid smoo, cha nel liorish ny focklyn.  Dyn y wooise da shen, ta’n daa genre goll harrish y cheilley.  Ta’n chooid smoo jeh caslys-skeealyn cur ry-cheilley focklyn as caslyssyn, as ta glare er ny taishbyney ayns [[bolgan glare]] dy mennick, agh ta caslys-skeealyn gyn focklyn ayn myrgeddin, myr sampleyr, [[The Little King]].  Chammah as glare, ta focklyn meenaghey ny caslyssyn dy cliaghtagh (myr fo-heidylyn), agh ny keayrt t’ad neuchosoyley ry-cheilley.<ref> Teresa Grainger (2004) "Art, Narrative and Childhood" ''Literacy'' 38 (1), 66–67. doi:10.1111/j.0034-0472.2004.03801011_2.x</ref>[[Coadan:Petit Sammy éternue.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|''Little Sammy Sneeze'' (1904-06) liorish [[Winsor McCay]]]]   Ayns shennaghys jeianagh, va caslys-skeealyn scheimyn aitt son y chooid smoo; agh ta’n reaym oc er lheanaghey dy ghoaill stiagh dagh genre.  Roish shoh, va sampleyryn jeh [[ellyn eiyrtyssagh]] ry-akin ayns ellyn y çhenn teihll, myr sampleyr, caslyssyn lhiaghtyn Eajiptagh, as adsyn goaill stiagh shennaghys reeaghyn as feayn-skeeal.

Ta sleih cliaghtit rish gra dy vel caslys-skeealyn nyn [[ellyn injil]], ga dy vel kuse dy lhimmaghyn ayn, lheid as [[Krazy Kat]] as [[Barnaby]].<ref>Gilbert Seldes, ''The 7 Lively Arts'', Harper, 1924, ASIN B000M1MMBC</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Dowd, Douglas Bevan
 |coscreeudeyryn=Hignite, Todd
 |ennym=Strips, Toons, and Bluesies: Essays in Comics and Culture
 |soilsheyder=Princeton Architectural Press
 |blein=2006
 |isbn= 1568986211}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar|screeudeyr=Varnedoe, Kirk |coscreeudeyryn=Gopnik, Adam 
 |ennym=Modern Art and Popular Culture: Readings in High & Low |blein=1990
 |soilsheyder=Abrams in association with the Museum of Modern Art
 |isbn=0870703560}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Bollinger, Tim
 |reagheyder=''Nga Pakiwaituhi o Aotearoa: New Zealand Comics'', [[Dylan Horrocks|Horrocks, Dylan]] (ed.)
 |blein=2000 
 |soilsheyder=Hicksville Press |ennym=Comics in the Antipodes: a low art in a low place
 |isbn=0-473-06708-0}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Gold, Glen David
 |reagheyder=''Masters of American Comics'', [[John Carlin|Carlin, John]], [[Paul Karasik|Karasik, Paul]] & [[Brian Walker|Walker, Brian]] (ed.)
 |ennym=Jack Kirby
 |duillag=262
 |soilsheyder=Yale University Press
 |blein=2005 |
 isbn=030011317X}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Fielder, Leslie
 |reagheyder=''Arguing Comics: Literary Masters on a Popular Medium'', [[Jeet Heer|Heer, Jeet]] & [[Kent Worcester|Worcester, Kent]] (ed.)
 |ennym=The Middle Against Both Ends
 | kiedvlein=1955
 |blein=2004
 |soilsheyder=Univ. Press of Mississippi
 |duillag=132
 |isbn=1578066875}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Groensteen, Thierry
 |ennym=Why are Comics Still in Search of Cultural Legitimization?
 |reagheyder=''Comics & Culture: Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics'', Anne Magnussen & Hans-Christian Christiansen (ed.)
 |soilsheyder=Museum Tusculanum Press
 |blein=2000
 |isbn=8772895802 }}</ref>  Anmagh ‘sy feedoo eash, ghow sleih toshiaght geabbey cur bree noo da’n saase.

Ta roie-haghyryn caslys-skeealyn jeianagh goaill stiagh [[Colloo Trajan]] as obbyr [[William Hogarth]].  Myr saase cadjin jeianagh, ghow caslys-skeealyn toshiaght ayns y [[Reeriaght Unnaneyssit]] anmagh ‘sy [[19oo eash]], tra hie ''[[Ally Sloper's Half Holiday]]'' er soilshaghey.  Va’n cochiangle jeh goan as jallooyn mie lesh sleih, as ren eh skeaylley er fud y heihll.  Lurg tammylt beg, va scheimyn aitt myr shoh er ny haglym myr lioaranyn neugheyr; haink [[lioar caslys-skeeal|lioaryn caslys-skeeal]] noa dy gerrid.  Jiu, ta caslys-skeealyn ry-akin ayns pabyryn-naight, earishlioaryn, lioaryn as er yn eddyr-voggyl.

Haink rish resoonaght cremeydagh er yn saase cho leah as ny 1920yn, agh va studeyrys smooinaghtagh goan derrey anmagh ‘sy [[20oo eash]].<ref>Gilbert Seldes, ''The 7 Lively Arts'', Harper, 1924, ASIN B000M1MMBC</ref><ref>Martin Sheridan, ''Comics and their Creators'', Ralph T. Hale and Company, 1942, ASIN B000Q8QGC2</ref><ref>Dez Skinn, ''Comic Art Now'', Collins Design, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-144739-6.</ref> 

Hie cliaghtey cadjin anchasley rish y cheilley er giennaghtyn mygeayrt y chruinney: [[manhua]] Sheenagh, [[manga]] Shapaanagh, [[bandes dessinés]] Frangagh, [[caslys-earishlioar]]yn ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit, as earlishlioaryn skeealyn çhaglit ayns yn Europey.

Ga dy nod ellyneyryn chaslys-skeealyn shaghney lhiettalys çhaghnys, t’ad jannoo ymmyd dy mennick jeh kiaddaghyn as aghtyn cliaghtagh son dy haishbyney insh as glare, ny son dy greesaghey freggyrtyn ennaghtagh ny foalley ennagh.  Ta saaseyn myr [[bolgan glare|bolganyn glare]] as kishtaghyn cowrey magh glare as cur magh fys bunneydagh, as ta [[kerrin (caslys-skeeal)|kerrinyn]], [[oardagh duillag]], [[jeeg]]yn as [[linney arraghey|linnaghyn arraghey]] cur cooney da fosley y skeeal.  Foddee caslys-skeealyn jannoo ymmyd jeh [[focklyn]], [[daa-cheayllaght]], [[cosoyley]], [[keirdeeaght screeu]], [[saase meshtit]] as keirdaghtyn ellynagh elley son dy hroggal [[fo-eks]] ‘sy skeeal.<ref>Scott McCloud, ''Understanding Comics'', Harper, 1994, ISBN  978-0060976255</ref> 

== Cummaghyn ==
Yn ghaa chummey shinney as smoo cadjin, t’ad yn [[cartoon]] as yn [[scheim aitt]].  Dy tradishoonagh, ta ''cartoon'' çheet er caslys craidoilagh ny aitt as focklyn echey, myr sampleyr, [[cartoon tuarym|cartoonyn tuarym]] ayns pabyryn-naight.  Ta ''scheim aitt'' çheet er scheim jeh caslyssyn eiyrtyssagh ta taishbyney skeeal ennagh.  T’ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee pabyryn-naight as earishlioaryn.  Ta sampleyryn jeu goaill stiagh [[Calvin and Hobbes]], [[Peanuts]], ny ‘sy Ghaelg, [[Mish as Orree]] (as shen ny scheim aitt ynsee).

Ayns yn RU, ren cartoonyn as scheimyn aitt tannaghtyn ny smoo scanshoil, as yn ennym ''comics'' currit daue.  Ta earishlioaryn myr [[The Beano]] y cummey smoo cadjin, as rere’n eie cadjin, cha nel agh son paitçhyn ta caslys-skeealyn.  

Ny yei, ayns yn Europey, haink rish y cummey Frangagh [[bande dessinée]].  Neuchasley rish y fockle ''comic'' Baarle, cha nel keeayl ''aitt'' ec y fockle shoh.  T’ad coontit dy ve feer chummey ellyn, as t’ad goaill stiagh skeealyn da paitçhyn as da sleih aasit.  Cummey cadjin, she [[ligne claire]], rere obbyr [[Hergé]].  T’eh goll er cowraghey liorish linnaghyn baghtal, gyn scaaghyn-doo, as cha nel ad jannoo monney ymmyd jeh saaseyn myr [[linney arraghey|linnaghyn arraghey]].  Ta’n tradishoon Frangagh-Belgagh lajer, as cha nel caslys-skeealyn Americaanagh ny Goaldagh feer ennoil ayns ny çheeraghyn shoh, er coontey ny anchaslyssyn eddyr yn daa tradishoon.

Ayns ny SUA, haink rish y cummey [[pulp]], eiyrtyssagh da [[noaskeeal dime|noaskeealyn dime]] as lioaryn [[penny dreadful]].  V’ad son sleih aasit, as v’ad ard-haghyrtagh, goaill stiagh çhibbag, druggyn as raghlid.  Ec y toshiaght, cha row agh beggan caslyssyn son taishbyney y skeeal.  Va’n lheid er ny clou er pabyr garroo, as myr shen, cha nod ellyneyr jannoo ymmyd jeh linnaghyn keyl.  Va scaaghyn crosh-ghrainnit as goan, as cha row daah ayn, er y fa dy row neugheyrsnys bun y lheid.  Va fenee feer scanshoil da’n genre shoh, as magh ass eh haink y genre caslys-skeeal Americaanagh [[ard-feniagh]].  Ghow [[Action Comics]] toshiaght ayns 1938 as ''[[Superman]]'' ayn.  Va’n karracteyr cho ennoil, haink y genre shoh dy ve y smoo ayns America.  Ta’n genre shoh jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn gollrish y scheim aitt, goaill stiagh linnaghyn arraghey as, er lheh, sheeanyn screeut (''thump'' as ''bang'').  Myr shen, va daa genre feer anchasley rish y cheilley ayn: scheimyn aitt, doo-as-bane lesh linnaghyn baghtal son y chooid smoo, as y ''comic book'', lesh daah, caslyssyn rieughagh as cooishyn trome.  Ga dy row y tradishoon lajer shoh ayn, ta’n eie cadjin dy liooar dy vel caslys-skeealyn ny sloo feeu, ny son paitçhyn.

Ta [[manhua]] Sheenagh cummey rieughagh, as dy mennick t’eh slane daahit.  Ta cummaght er ec caslys-skeealyn Americaanagh as [[manga]] Shapaanagh.

Ayns yn Çhapaan, ta’n cummey cadjin [[manga]].  Hug [[Osamu Tezuka]] bun er y chummey shoh lurg y [[Nah Chaggey Mooar]], es cummaght er ec bio-chaslys Disney.  Son y chooid smoo, ta manga doo-as-bane, as t’eh cur ry-cheilley caslyssyn, as kerrinyn ny smoo rere cliaghtey.  T’eh jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn cowreydagh myr ellyn [[chibi]], cammaghey corpyn as cosoyley (myr sampleyr, ta bine ollish cowraghey nearey ny colg).  Ta manga goaill stiagh cooishyn myr far-skeealyn, graih, as bea cadjin, chammah as shenn skeealyn (myr sampleyr, ''[[Buddha (manga)|Buddha]]'', manga mychione bea Vuddha) as skeealyn trome-chooishagh (myr sampleyr, ''[[Hadashi no Gen]]'' ({{Nihongo|''Gen Cass Rooisht''|はだしのゲン}}), mychione mayrnee y vleaystan Hiroshima).  Ta manga goll er soilshaghey magh myr lioaryn jeh ymmodee keead duillagyn, dy cadjin.  Ta kiangley lajer eddyr manga as [[anime]], bio-chaslys Shapaanagh, as ta ymmodee ellyneyryn gobbraghey ayns y ghaa ec y traa cheddin.

== Caslys-noaskeealyn ==
Ta caslys-noaskeeal ny 'lane skeeal ta goll er taishbyney trooid caslyssyn.  Va obbyr [[Hergé]] ny [[Uderzo]] as [[Goscinny]] sampleyryn leah jeh’n chummey, as dagh lioar [[Asterix]] ny [[Tintin]] ny ‘lane skeeal.  Ta’n cummey shoh smoo cadjin ayns yn Europey, er coontey y tradishoon lajer caslys-skeealyn.  Ta skeealyn ard-ghooagh myr ''[[The Hobbit]]'' ry-gheddyn ayns cummey caslys-noaskeeal nish.

== Caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl ==
Ta [[caslys-skeeal eddyr-voggyl|caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl]] ry-lhaih er yn eddyr-voggyl.  Ta kuse jeu goll er clou chammah, agh cha nel y chooid smoo jeu.  Ta caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl goaill stiagh y slane vagher, veih cartoonyn as scheimyn aitt dys manga ny noaskeealyn caslys.

== Imraaghyn ==
{{rolleyimraaghyn}}
=== Lioaryn ===
* Arnold, Andrew (Apr. 05, 2001). "[https://archive.is/20130428071228/www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,105359,00.html Does X Mark the Spot?]". ''Time''.
* Fiore. R (2005). {{enmyseddyrvoggyl
 |ennym=Adventures in Nomenclature: Literal, Liberal and Freestyle
 |obbyr=The Comics Journal Message Board
 |kiangley=http://www.tcj.com/messboard/ubb/Forum2/HTML/003611.html
 |laameefeddyn=Mean Souree 14
 | bleinfeddyn=2005}}
* {{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=McCloud, Scott
 |ennym=Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art
 |soilsheyder=Kitchen Sink Press
 |blein=1993
 |isbn=0-87816-243-7}}
* {{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Perry, George; Aldridge, Alan
 |ennym=The Penguin Book Of Comics
 |soilsheyder=Penguin
 |blein=1989 aaclou as goan foslee echey
 |isbn= 0-14-002802-1}}
* {{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Sabin, Roger
 |ennym=Adult Comics An Introduction
 |soilsheyder=Routledge
 |blein=1993
 |isbn= 0-415-04419-7}}
* Santos, Derek (1998) {{enmyseddyrvoggyl
 |ennym=Comic History
 |obbyr=The Comic Page
 |kiangley=http://www.dereksantos.com/comicpage/index.html
 |laameefeddyn=Mean Souree 26
 |bleinfeddyn=2005}}
* {{enmyslioar
 |screeudeyr=Varnum, Robin & Gibbons, Christina T. (re.)
 |ennym=The Language of Comics: Word and Image
 |soilsheyder=University Press Mississippi
 |blein=2001
 |isbn= 1-57806-414-7}}
* Williams, Jeff ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100904141128/http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol2is6/comics.html COMICS: A TOOL OF SUBVERSION?]'' Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 2(6) (1994) 129-146

=== Ny smoo ry-lhaih ===
* [[David Carrier]], ''[http://www.psupress.psu.edu/books/titles/0-271-01962-X.html The Aesthetics of Comics]'', Penn State Press, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02188-8
* [[Will Eisner]] ''Comics and Sequential Art'' Poorhouse Press 1985 ISBN 0-9614728-0-4
* Will Eisner ''Graphic Storytelling'' Poorhouse Press 1995 ISBN 0-9614728-3-9
* Maurice Horn (re.) ''The World Encyclopedia of Comics'' Avon 1977 ISBN 0-87754-323-2
* [[Scott McCloud]] ''Understanding Comics - the Invisible Art'' HarperCollins 1994 ISBN 0-613-02782-5
* [[Roger Sabin]] ''Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: a History of Comic Art'' Phaidon 1996 ISBN 0-7148-3993-0
* [[Coulton Waugh]] ''The Comics'' The Macmillan Company 1947 ISBN 0-87805-499-5
* [[Gary Groth]] & R. Fiore ''The New Comics'' Berkley Books 1988 ISBN 0-425-11366-3

=== Kianglaghyn mooie ===
* [http://bugpowder.com/andy/ Andy's early comics archive] Shennaghyn shenn chaslys-skeealyn
* [http://www.cartoonart.org/ The Cartoon Art Museum <small>of San Francisco</small>] Soilshaghey caslys-skeealyn
* [http://cartoons.osu.edu/index.php Cartoon Research Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503162847/http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/ Çhaglym Ellyn Caslys-Skeealyn Collection] ec Michigan State University
* [http://web.english.ufl.edu/comics/scholars/ Comics Scholars' Discussion List] Resoonaght ard-scoillaragh
* [http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/ ImageTexT] Interdisciplinary Comics Studies
* [http://www.crimeboss.com/history03-1.html The Senate Investigation] <small>Meer jeh "Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code"</small>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010412153457/http://www.wraithspace.com/Bibliographies/HTML/Rhode/rhode_wordless.html Stories Without Words:<small>A Bibliography with Annotations] <small>(entreilys liorish Wayback Machine Internet Archive)</small>
* [https://archive.is/20121216151404/www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_comics,00.shtml/ Çhaglym caslys-skeealyn y TIME Archives]

[[Ronney:Genreyn ellyn]]
[[Ronney:Caslys-skeealyn| ]]
Ta sleih cliaghtit rish gra dy vel caslys-skeealyn nyn ellyn injil, ga dy vel kuse dy lhimmaghyn ayn, lheid as Krazy Kat as Barnaby.Gilbert Seldes, The 7 Lively Arts, Harper, 1924, ASIN B000M1MMBC  Anmagh ‘sy feedoo eash, ghow sleih toshiaght geabbey cur bree noo da’n saase.

Ta roie-haghyryn caslys-skeealyn jeianagh goaill stiagh Colloo Trajan as obbyr William Hogarth.  Myr saase cadjin jeianagh, ghow caslys-skeealyn toshiaght ayns y Reeriaght Unnaneyssit anmagh ‘sy 19oo eash, tra hie Ally Sloper's Half Holiday er soilshaghey.  Va’n cochiangle jeh goan as jallooyn mie lesh sleih, as ren eh skeaylley er fud y heihll.  Lurg tammylt beg, va scheimyn aitt myr shoh er ny haglym myr lioaranyn neugheyr; haink lioaryn caslys-skeeal noa dy gerrid.  Jiu, ta caslys-skeealyn ry-akin ayns pabyryn-naight, earishlioaryn, lioaryn as er yn eddyr-voggyl.

Haink rish resoonaght cremeydagh er yn saase cho leah as ny 1920yn, agh va studeyrys smooinaghtagh goan derrey anmagh ‘sy 20oo eash.Gilbert Seldes, The 7 Lively Arts, Harper, 1924, ASIN B000M1MMBCMartin Sheridan, Comics and their Creators, Ralph T. Hale and Company, 1942, ASIN B000Q8QGC2Dez Skinn, Comic Art Now, Collins Design, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-144739-6. 

Hie cliaghtey cadjin anchasley rish y cheilley er giennaghtyn mygeayrt y chruinney: manhua Sheenagh, manga Shapaanagh, bandes dessinés Frangagh, caslys-earishlioaryn ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit, as earlishlioaryn skeealyn çhaglit ayns yn Europey.

Ga dy nod ellyneyryn chaslys-skeealyn shaghney lhiettalys çhaghnys, t’ad jannoo ymmyd dy mennick jeh kiaddaghyn as aghtyn cliaghtagh son dy haishbyney insh as glare, ny son dy greesaghey freggyrtyn ennaghtagh ny foalley ennagh.  Ta saaseyn myr bolganyn glare as kishtaghyn cowrey magh glare as cur magh fys bunneydagh, as ta kerrinyn, oardagh duillag, jeegyn as linnaghyn arraghey cur cooney da fosley y skeeal.  Foddee caslys-skeealyn jannoo ymmyd jeh focklyn, daa-cheayllaght, cosoyley, keirdeeaght screeu, saase meshtit as keirdaghtyn ellynagh elley son dy hroggal fo-eks ‘sy skeeal.Scott McCloud, Understanding Comics, Harper, 1994, ISBN  978-0060976255 

 Cummaghyn 
Yn ghaa chummey shinney as smoo cadjin, t’ad yn cartoon as yn scheim aitt.  Dy tradishoonagh, ta cartoon çheet er caslys craidoilagh ny aitt as focklyn echey, myr sampleyr, cartoonyn tuarym ayns pabyryn-naight.  Ta scheim aitt çheet er scheim jeh caslyssyn eiyrtyssagh ta taishbyney skeeal ennagh.  T’ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee pabyryn-naight as earishlioaryn.  Ta sampleyryn jeu goaill stiagh Calvin and Hobbes, Peanuts, ny ‘sy Ghaelg, Mish as Orree (as shen ny scheim aitt ynsee).

Ayns yn RU, ren cartoonyn as scheimyn aitt tannaghtyn ny smoo scanshoil, as yn ennym comics currit daue.  Ta earishlioaryn myr The Beano y cummey smoo cadjin, as rere’n eie cadjin, cha nel agh son paitçhyn ta caslys-skeealyn.  

Ny yei, ayns yn Europey, haink rish y cummey Frangagh bande dessinée.  Neuchasley rish y fockle comic Baarle, cha nel keeayl aitt ec y fockle shoh.  T’ad coontit dy ve feer chummey ellyn, as t’ad goaill stiagh skeealyn da paitçhyn as da sleih aasit.  Cummey cadjin, she ligne claire, rere obbyr Hergé.  T’eh goll er cowraghey liorish linnaghyn baghtal, gyn scaaghyn-doo, as cha nel ad jannoo monney ymmyd jeh saaseyn myr linnaghyn arraghey.  Ta’n tradishoon Frangagh-Belgagh lajer, as cha nel caslys-skeealyn Americaanagh ny Goaldagh feer ennoil ayns ny çheeraghyn shoh, er coontey ny anchaslyssyn eddyr yn daa tradishoon.

Ayns ny SUA, haink rish y cummey pulp, eiyrtyssagh da noaskeealyn dime as lioaryn penny dreadful.  V’ad son sleih aasit, as v’ad ard-haghyrtagh, goaill stiagh çhibbag, druggyn as raghlid.  Ec y toshiaght, cha row agh beggan caslyssyn son taishbyney y skeeal.  Va’n lheid er ny clou er pabyr garroo, as myr shen, cha nod ellyneyr jannoo ymmyd jeh linnaghyn keyl.  Va scaaghyn crosh-ghrainnit as goan, as cha row daah ayn, er y fa dy row neugheyrsnys bun y lheid.  Va fenee feer scanshoil da’n genre shoh, as magh ass eh haink y genre caslys-skeeal Americaanagh ard-feniagh.  Ghow Action Comics toshiaght ayns 1938 as Superman ayn.  Va’n karracteyr cho ennoil, haink y genre shoh dy ve y smoo ayns America.  Ta’n genre shoh jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn gollrish y scheim aitt, goaill stiagh linnaghyn arraghey as, er lheh, sheeanyn screeut (thump as bang).  Myr shen, va daa genre feer anchasley rish y cheilley ayn: scheimyn aitt, doo-as-bane lesh linnaghyn baghtal son y chooid smoo, as y comic book, lesh daah, caslyssyn rieughagh as cooishyn trome.  Ga dy row y tradishoon lajer shoh ayn, ta’n eie cadjin dy liooar dy vel caslys-skeealyn ny sloo feeu, ny son paitçhyn.

Ta manhua Sheenagh cummey rieughagh, as dy mennick t’eh slane daahit.  Ta cummaght er ec caslys-skeealyn Americaanagh as manga Shapaanagh.

Ayns yn Çhapaan, ta’n cummey cadjin manga.  Hug Osamu Tezuka bun er y chummey shoh lurg y Nah Chaggey Mooar, es cummaght er ec bio-chaslys Disney.  Son y chooid smoo, ta manga doo-as-bane, as t’eh cur ry-cheilley caslyssyn, as kerrinyn ny smoo rere cliaghtey.  T’eh jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn cowreydagh myr ellyn chibi, cammaghey corpyn as cosoyley (myr sampleyr, ta bine ollish cowraghey nearey ny colg).  Ta manga goaill stiagh cooishyn myr far-skeealyn, graih, as bea cadjin, chammah as shenn skeealyn (myr sampleyr, Buddha, manga mychione bea Vuddha) as skeealyn trome-chooishagh (myr sampleyr, Hadashi no Gen (), mychione mayrnee y vleaystan Hiroshima).  Ta manga goll er soilshaghey magh myr lioaryn jeh ymmodee keead duillagyn, dy cadjin.  Ta kiangley lajer eddyr manga as anime, bio-chaslys Shapaanagh, as ta ymmodee ellyneyryn gobbraghey ayns y ghaa ec y traa cheddin.

 Caslys-noaskeealyn 
Ta caslys-noaskeeal ny 'lane skeeal ta goll er taishbyney trooid caslyssyn.  Va obbyr Hergé ny Uderzo as Goscinny sampleyryn leah jeh’n chummey, as dagh lioar Asterix ny Tintin ny ‘lane skeeal.  Ta’n cummey shoh smoo cadjin ayns yn Europey, er coontey y tradishoon lajer caslys-skeealyn.  Ta skeealyn ard-ghooagh myr The Hobbit ry-gheddyn ayns cummey caslys-noaskeeal nish.

 Caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl 
Ta caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl ry-lhaih er yn eddyr-voggyl.  Ta kuse jeu goll er clou chammah, agh cha nel y chooid smoo jeu.  Ta caslys-skeealyn eddyr-voggyl goaill stiagh y slane vagher, veih cartoonyn as scheimyn aitt dys manga ny noaskeealyn caslys.

 Imraaghyn 

 Lioaryn 
 Arnold, Andrew (Apr. 05, 2001). "Does X Mark the Spot?". Time.
 Fiore. R (2005). 
 
 
 
 Santos, Derek (1998) 
 
 Williams, Jeff COMICS: A TOOL OF SUBVERSION? Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 2(6) (1994) 129-146

 Ny smoo ry-lhaih 
 David Carrier, The Aesthetics of Comics, Penn State Press, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02188-8
 Will Eisner Comics and Sequential Art Poorhouse Press 1985 ISBN 0-9614728-0-4
 Will Eisner Graphic Storytelling Poorhouse Press 1995 ISBN 0-9614728-3-9
 Maurice Horn (re.) The World Encyclopedia of Comics Avon 1977 ISBN 0-87754-323-2
 Scott McCloud Understanding Comics - the Invisible Art HarperCollins 1994 ISBN 0-613-02782-5
 Roger Sabin Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: a History of Comic Art Phaidon 1996 ISBN 0-7148-3993-0
 Coulton Waugh The Comics The Macmillan Company 1947 ISBN 0-87805-499-5
 Gary Groth & R. Fiore The New Comics Berkley Books 1988 ISBN 0-425-11366-3

 Kianglaghyn mooie 
 Andy's early comics archive Shennaghyn shenn chaslys-skeealyn
 The Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco Soilshaghey caslys-skeealyn
 Cartoon Research Library
 Çhaglym Ellyn Caslys-Skeealyn Collection ec Michigan State University
 Comics Scholars' Discussion List Resoonaght ard-scoillaragh
 ImageTexT Interdisciplinary Comics Studies
 The Senate Investigation Meer jeh "Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code"
 Stories Without Words:<small>A Bibliography with Annotations (entreilys liorish Wayback Machine Internet Archive)
 Çhaglym caslys-skeealyn y TIME Archives

Ronney:Genreyn ellyn