Faastan clouderagh
[[Coadan:PrintMus 038.jpg|right|thumb|Preays [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]] aachrooit ec yn [[International Printing Museum]], Carson, California]]
Ta '''faastan clouderagh''', '''faastan prental''', ny '''clou-phreays''' çheet er saase obbrinagh ta cur broo er eaghtyr [[doo (stoo screeuee)|doo]] ta lhie er mean [[prental]] (lheid as [[pabyr]] ny [[eaddagh]]), gastreeaghey yn doo dys y vean shen. She shareaghey mooar v'eh er aghtyn prental hie roish raad va'n eaddagh, y pabyr, ny yn mean elley skeabit ny rubbit reesht as reesht dy livrey yn doo as ren eh siyraghey yn loaghtey. V'eh ymmydit da teksyn er y chooid smoo as va ynlaght as skeaylley yn 'aastan clouderagh feer chummaghtagh mastey taghyrtyn y nah villey bleeaney.<ref>Myr sampleyr, ayns 1999, chur [[A&E Network]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092813/http://www.wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus170/biography100 Gutenberg stiagh 'sy chied ynnyd er nyn rolley "People of the Millennium"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092813/http://www.wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus170/biography100|date=29 Luanistyn 2010}}. Ayns 1997, reih yn earishlioar [[Time–Life]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100310192514/http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/g2000.htm ynlaght Gutenberg myr yn ynlaght smoo scanshoil jeh'n nah villey bleeaney] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310192514/http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/g2000.htm|date=10 Mayrnt 2010}}; ren kiare earisheyryn mooarey Americaanagh y red cheddin ayns [http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303082307/http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm|date=3 Mayrnt 2012}}. Ta'n entreilys er [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm Johann Gutenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414190953/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm|date=14 April 2008}} 'sy [[Yn Chicklipaid Chatoleagh|Chicklipaid Chatoleagh]] cur sheese er e ynlaght myr red chur bwoalley cultooragh yn-obbree gyn cosoylaght car [[yn eash Chreestee]].</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McLuhan|1962}}; {{harvnb|Eisenstein|1980}}; {{harvnb|Febvre|Martin|1997}}; {{harvnb|Man|2002}}</ref>

Mysh y vlein 1440, ren y [[gaue airhey]] [[Johannes Gutenberg]] ynlaghtey faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'sy Ghermaan. Chur eh bun rish y [[Bun-chaghlaa Prental|Vun-chaghlaa Prental]]. V'eh kiaddit er cummey [[scrod-phreays]]syn v'ayn hannah, as va faastan clouderagh [[Yn Aaruggyr|yn Aaruggyree]] lesh clou so-ghleashagh jargal begnagh 3,600 duillagyn y ghientyn 'sy laa,<ref name="Wolf 1974, 67f.">{{harvnb|Wolf|1974|pp=67f.}}: {{quote|From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.<br/>"Foddee shin jannoo magh dy row cooieys faastan clouderagh mysh y vlein 1600, gra dy nee laa obbree 15 ooryn t'ayn, eddyr 3.200 as 3.600 preaysallyn 'sy laa."}}</ref> ayns cosoylaght rish daeed liorish y [[Shennaghys y chlougrafeeaght 'syn Aishey Hiar|laue-chloughrafeeaght]] as kuse veg liorish [[screeu|laue-choipal]].<ref name="Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, 12">Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, dg. 12: {{quote|This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.<br/>"Ren yn aght shoh dooblaghey bieuid y phrental as ren eh ny smoo na 40 coipyn 'sy laa. Haink çhaghnoaylleeaght y phrental dys y vullagh ec y traa shen."}}</ref> Chur [[moggylys (prental)|laue-vulley]] noa Gutenberg rish crooaght chruinn as happee [[clou so-ghleashagh]] meainagh ayns mooadyssyn mooarey. Ren e ghaa ynlaght, y laue-vulley as y faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh, leodaghey costys prental lioaryn as docamadyn 'syn Oarpey.

Hie yn faastan clouderagh er ny skealley magh veih [[Mainz]] dys ny smoo na daa cheead baljyn ayns dussan dy heeraghyn Oarpagh roish shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 liorish Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f.">Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). ''The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800''. Lunnin: New Left Books. Imraait ayns: Anderson, Benedict. ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo''. Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico, 1993. {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}. dgn. 58f.</ref> Roish 1500, ren faastanyn clouderagh feie'n [[Yn Oarpey Heear|Oarpey Heear]] gientyn ny smoo na feead millioonyn d'ym-lioaryn.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 liorish Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> 'Sy 16oo eash, as faastanyn clouderagh sheeaney ny s'odjey as ny s'odjey, dirree troar ny faastanyn clouderagh er jeih keayrtyn dys mysh 150 millioonyn dys 200 millioonyn dy choipyn.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 liorish Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> Roish y 17oo eash veanagh, [[Soilsheyderyn as clouderyn Americaanagh leah|haink ny chied 'aastanyn clouderagh gys America choloinagh]] myr freggyrt da'n aggyrtys mooar er [[Yn Vible|Bibleyn]] as er lettyraght chrauee elley.<ref>[[Faastan clouderagh#berthold1970|Berthold, 1970]], dgn. 20, 26, 39,</ref> 

Chur çheet y phrental lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'syn Oarpey car [[yn Aaruggyr]] rish toshiaght eash yn [[eddyrinsh vooar]], red cheaghil strughtoor y çheshaght dy beayn. Hie kiarkley as lhaihderaght fysseree as eieyn (bun-chaghlaaee) tessen joarraghyn as ghow eh stiagh y sleih car [[yn Aachummey]], as ren eh baggyrt er ny h-eaghtyryssyn politickagh as crauee. Vrish mooadaghey yn [[lettyrys]] greim margee ny sleih mullee er yn ynsagh as chur eh rish y [[meanvrastyl|veanvrastyl]] va girree. Harrish yn Oarpey, chur sheeyney yn 'aastan clouderagh dy mooar rish çheet yn [[ashoonaghys]] bunneydagh as lhiasaghey [[çhengey ghooghyssagh|çhengaghyn dooghyssagh]] dys skielley staydys y [[Ladjyn]] myr [[glare chadjin]].<ref>Anderson, Benedict: ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo'', Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico 1993, {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}, dgn. 63–76</ref> 'Sy 19oo eash, chur y faastan clouderagh fo bree gaal rish prental er scaailey çhynskylagh.<ref>{{harvnb|Gerhardt|1978|p=217}}</ref>

==Noteyn==
{{Reflist}}

==Imraaghyn==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
 |last=Berthold 
|first=Arthur Benedict
|title=American colonial printing as determined by contemporary cultural forces, 1639–1763
|publisher=York Noa : B. Franklin 
|year=1970 
|isbn=978-0-8337-02616 
|url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonial0000bert 
|ref=berthold1970}}
* {{Citation
|last=Eisenstein
|first=Elizabeth L.
|author-link=Elizabeth L. Eisenstein
|title=The Printing Press as an Agent of Change
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=1980
|isbn=978-0-521-29955-8
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa0000eise
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Febvre
|first1=Lucien
|author-link1=Lucien Febvre
|last2=Martin
|first2=Henri-Jean
|author-link2=Henri-Jean Martin
|title=The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800
|publisher=Verso
|place=Lunnin
|year=1997
|isbn=978-1-85984-108-2
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Gerhardt
|first=Claus W.
|title=Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|pages=212–217
|year=1978
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Man
|first=John
|author-link=John Man (ughtar)
|title=The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World
|publisher=Headline Review
|place=Lunnin
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0-7472-4504-9
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/gutenbergrevolut0000manj
}}
* {{Citation
|last=McLuhan
|first=Marshall
|author-link=Marshall McLuhan
|title=The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man
|publisher=University of Toronto Press
|edition=1d
|year=1962
|isbn=978-0-8020-6041-9
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Wolf
|first=Hans-Jürgen
|title=Geschichte der Druckpressen
|place=Frankfurt/Main
|publisher=Interprint
|edition=1d
|year=1974
}}
{{refend}}

==Kianglaghyn magh==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160606062022/http://www.chb.hss.ed.ac.uk/ Centre for the History of the Book] (er ny hashtey er 6 Mean Souree 2016)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928194729/http://www.citrinitas.com/history_of_viscom/press.html Gutenberg printing] − Fotografyn jeh ''Incunabula'' as Bible Gutenberg (1455) (er ny hashtey er 28 Mean Fouyir 2007)

{{Gurneil eaghtyrys}}

[[Ronney:Clouderys]]
[[Ronney:Johannes Gutenberg]]
[[Ronney:Greesaghtyn 'sy vlein 1445]]
[[Ronney:Scoillaraght heksagh]]
[[Ronney:Ynlaghtyn y 15oo eash]]
[[Ronney:Ynlaghtyn Germaanagh]]
Ta faastan clouderagh, faastan prental, ny clou-phreays çheet er saase obbrinagh ta cur broo er eaghtyr doo ta lhie er mean prental (lheid as pabyr ny eaddagh), gastreeaghey yn doo dys y vean shen. She shareaghey mooar v'eh er aghtyn prental hie roish raad va'n eaddagh, y pabyr, ny yn mean elley skeabit ny rubbit reesht as reesht dy livrey yn doo as ren eh siyraghey yn loaghtey. V'eh ymmydit da teksyn er y chooid smoo as va ynlaght as skeaylley yn 'aastan clouderagh feer chummaghtagh mastey taghyrtyn y nah villey bleeaney.Myr sampleyr, ayns 1999, chur A&E Network Gutenberg stiagh 'sy chied ynnyd er nyn rolley "People of the Millennium" . Ayns 1997, reih yn earishlioar Time–Life ynlaght Gutenberg myr yn ynlaght smoo scanshoil jeh'n nah villey bleeaney ; ren kiare earisheyryn mooarey Americaanagh y red cheddin ayns 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . Ta'n entreilys er Johann Gutenberg  'sy Chicklipaid Chatoleagh cur sheese er e ynlaght myr red chur bwoalley cultooragh yn-obbree gyn cosoylaght car yn eash Chreestee.; ; ; 

Mysh y vlein 1440, ren y gaue airhey Johannes Gutenberg ynlaghtey faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'sy Ghermaan. Chur eh bun rish y Vun-chaghlaa Prental. V'eh kiaddit er cummey scrod-phreayssyn v'ayn hannah, as va faastan clouderagh yn Aaruggyree lesh clou so-ghleashagh jargal begnagh 3,600 duillagyn y ghientyn 'sy laa,:  ayns cosoylaght rish daeed liorish y laue-chloughrafeeaght as kuse veg liorish laue-choipal.Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, dg. 12:  Chur laue-vulley noa Gutenberg rish crooaght chruinn as happee clou so-ghleashagh meainagh ayns mooadyssyn mooarey. Ren e ghaa ynlaght, y laue-vulley as y faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh, leodaghey costys prental lioaryn as docamadyn 'syn Oarpey.

Hie yn faastan clouderagh er ny skealley magh veih Mainz dys ny smoo na daa cheead baljyn ayns dussan dy heeraghyn Oarpagh roish shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn.Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. Lunnin: New Left Books. Imraait ayns: Anderson, Benedict. Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo. Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico, 1993. . dgn. 58f. Roish 1500, ren faastanyn clouderagh feie'n Oarpey Heear gientyn ny smoo na feead millioonyn d'ym-lioaryn. 'Sy 16oo eash, as faastanyn clouderagh sheeaney ny s'odjey as ny s'odjey, dirree troar ny faastanyn clouderagh er jeih keayrtyn dys mysh 150 millioonyn dys 200 millioonyn dy choipyn. Roish y 17oo eash veanagh, haink ny chied 'aastanyn clouderagh gys America choloinagh myr freggyrt da'n aggyrtys mooar er Bibleyn as er lettyraght chrauee elley.Berthold, 1970, dgn. 20, 26, 39, 

Chur çheet y phrental lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'syn Oarpey car yn Aaruggyr rish toshiaght eash yn eddyrinsh vooar, red cheaghil strughtoor y çheshaght dy beayn. Hie kiarkley as lhaihderaght fysseree as eieyn (bun-chaghlaaee) tessen joarraghyn as ghow eh stiagh y sleih car yn Aachummey, as ren eh baggyrt er ny h-eaghtyryssyn politickagh as crauee. Vrish mooadaghey yn lettyrys greim margee ny sleih mullee er yn ynsagh as chur eh rish y veanvrastyl va girree. Harrish yn Oarpey, chur sheeyney yn 'aastan clouderagh dy mooar rish çheet yn ashoonaghys bunneydagh as lhiasaghey çhengaghyn dooghyssagh dys skielley staydys y Ladjyn myr glare chadjin.Anderson, Benedict: Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo, Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico 1993, , dgn. 63–76 'Sy 19oo eash, chur y faastan clouderagh fo bree gaal rish prental er scaailey çhynskylagh.

Noteyn

Imraaghyn

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Kianglaghyn magh

 Centre for the History of the Book (er ny hashtey er 6 Mean Souree 2016)
 Gutenberg printing − Fotografyn jeh Incunabula as Bible Gutenberg (1455) (er ny hashtey er 28 Mean Fouyir 2007)

Ronney:Clouderys
Ronney:Johannes Gutenberg
Ronney:Greesaghtyn 'sy vlein 1445
Ronney:Scoillaraght heksagh
Ronney:Ynlaghtyn y 15oo eash
Ronney:Ynlaghtyn Germaanagh