Renniagh
{{Kishtey fys baagh
| daah = #90EE90
| ennym = Renniagh
| jalloo =
| lheead_jalloo = 250px
| fo-heidyl_jalloo= ''[[Athyrium filix-femina]]''
| reeriaght = [[Lus|Plantae]]
| rheynn = '''[[Pteridophyta]]'''
| rang = 
| oardagh = 
| kynney = 
| genus = 
| imraa_rheynn = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]
| rankyn_aarheynn = [[Rang (bea-oaylleeaght)|Rang]]<ref name=Smith2006>{{enmysearishlioar
 | screeudeyr = Smith, A.R.
 | coscreeudeyryn = Pryer, K.M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H.; Wolf, P.G.
 | blein = 2006
 | ennym = A classification for extant ferns
 | earishlioar = Taxon
 | ym-lioar = 55
 | earroo = 3
 | duillag = 705–731
 | kiangley = http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf
 | datefeddyn = 2008-02-12
}}</ref>
| aarheynn = 
* †[[Cladosylopsida]]
* [[Psilotopsida]]
* [[Equisetopsida]] (''alias'' Sphenopsida)
* [[Marattiopsida]]
* [[Polypodiopsida]] (''alias'' Pteridopsida, Filicopsida)
}}
She lus erbee 'sy rheynn '''Pteridophyta''' eh '''renniagh''' ny '''faarney'''.  Ta mysh [[Rolley dooieyn Pteritophyta|12 000 dooie]] ayn.<ref name="chapman">{{enmyslioar
  | screeudeyr = Chapman, Arthur D. 
  | blein = 2009
  | ennym = Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
  | soilsheyder = Australian Biological Resources Study
  | boayl = Canberra, Yn Austrail
  | mee = Mean Fouyir
  | kiangley = http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html
}}</ref>.  Ta [[sylem]] as [[phloem]] oc, as myr shen, she [[lossreeyn cuishlagh]] t'ayn.  Ta gass, duillagyn as fraueyn oc, agh cha nel rassyn ny blaaghyn; t'ad geddyn sliught liorish sporragyn.

She [[Polypodiopsida]] possan smoo ny renniee, agh ta renniee goaill stiagh [[gollianagh|gollianee]], [[Equisetopsida|renniee scuitçhee]], [[Marattiopsida]], as [[Ophioglossales]].

Haink rish renniee 'sy recortys fossylagh 'syn [[Eash Charboniferagh]], agh cha row ny dooieyn jeianagh ayn derrey anmagh 'syn [[Eash Chretaceagh]] son y chooid smoo.

Cha row monney feu tarmaynagh ec renniee, agh ta sleih troarey kuse jeu er son bee, jeshanaghey, ny er son yeehrullaghey thalloo sollit.  Ta kuse jeu nyn sarkylyn scanshoil.

==Bea==
[[Coadan:Onoclea sensibilis 3 crop.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Gametophyte ''[[Onoclea sensibilis]]'']]

She [[lossreeyn cuishlagh]] ad renniee.  T'ad anchasley rish [[lycophyta|lycophyteyn]] (lossreeyn ny s'bunneydaghey) er y fa dy vel feer duillagyn oc.  T'ad anchasley rish [[lossreeyn sheelagh]] ([[gymnospermae]] as [[angiospermae]]) er y fa nagh vel [[blaa|blaaghyn]] ny [[rass|rassyn]] oc.  Ta'n bea oc [[maylartey sheelogheyn]]; ta keim [[sporophyte|sporophytagh]] [[daaphloid]] as keim [[gametophyte|gametophytagh]] [[unphloid]] oc.  Anchasley rish gymnospermyn as angiospermae, she bioag seyr eh gametophyte renniagh.

Corys bea renniagh cadjin:

# Ta keim [[sporophyte|sporophytagh]] ([[daaphloid]]) cur magh [[sporrag|sporraghyn]] [[unphloid]] liorish [[meiosis]].
# Liorish [[mitosis]], ta'n sporrag gaase dys [[gametophyte]] - ny [[prothallus]] ta [[co-haaghey sollysh]], son y chooid smoo.
# Ta'n gametophyte cur magh [[gamete|gameteyn]] ([[sheel (gamete)|sheel]] as [[ooh]] er y phrothallus cheddin, dy mennick) liorish [[mitosis]].
# Ta sheel raghidey [[flagellum|flagellagh]] torraghey ooh, as ish kianglt rish y phrothallus.
# She {{shallidagh|[[sygote]]}} daaphloid eh yn ooh nish, as liorish mitosis, t'ee gaase dys sporophyte (feer "renniagh").

==Eggoaylleeaght Renniee==
[[Coadan:sa-fern.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Renniee ec Muir Woods, California]]
Ga dy vel renniee cummal ayns cooillyn boggey scaadooagh rere'n eie chadjin, t'ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee çhymbyllaghtyn elley, goaill stiagh sleityn, ushtey, carrickyn eaynagh, as magheryn.  Son y chooid smoo, she sur-lossreeyn t'ayn, as t'ad gaase dy mie ayns oayllyn oirragh raad troyn ny çhymbyllaght cur lhiettal er lossreeyn blaaghey.  Ta kuse jeu mastey ard-sarkylyn ny cruinney, as t'adsyn goaill stiagh [[renniagh vooar]] ny thalloo sleitoil, as ''[[Azolla]]'' ny loghyn grianchryssagh; ta'n daa ghooie jannoo coloinyn mooar ta skeaylley dy tappee.

T'ad ry-akin ayns kiare oayllyn erskyn ooilley: [[keyll|keylljyn]] boggey scaadooagh; scaanaghyn ayns carrickyn; curree gheayragh; as er biljyn grianchryssagh, raad ta ymmodee dooieyn nyn [[epiphyte|epiphyteyn]].<ref name="schuettpelz">{{enmyslioar
  | screeudeyr = Schuettpelz, Eric
  | cabdil = Fern Phylogeny Inferred from 400 Leptosporangiate Species and Three Plastid Genes
  | ennym = The Evolution and Diversification of Epiphytic Ferns
  | soilsheyder = Traaghtys, Duke University
  | blein = 2007
  | kiangley = http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf (PDF)
}}</ref>

Ta ymmodee renniee croghey er co-obbraghey lesh [[fungys|fungyssyn]] [[mycorrhisagh]].  Cha daasee ad agh sthie rheam pH er lheh.  Myr sampleyr, cha daasee y renniagh drappee ''[[Lygodium]]'' ([[America Hwoie]]) agh ayns thalloo vog as feer gheayragh; ta rheam y renniagh ''[[Cystopteris]] bulbifera'' lhie harrish rheam ''Lygodium'', agh cha nel eh ry-akin agh er [[clagh eayil]] alkalaihagh.

== Strughtoor renniee ==
[[Coadan:Ferns at melb botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|Renniee ec [[Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens]]]]
[[Coadan:Ferns02.jpg|thumb|Renniee, ''[[Dicksonia antarctica]] foddee,'' ec [[Nunniong]], [[yn Austrail]]]]

=== Sporophyteyn ===

Ta [[sporophyte|sporophyteyn]] renniee, myr lossreeyn rassagh, jeant magh jeh:
* [[Gass]]: She [[raisoam]] fo-halloo t'ayn son y chooid smoo, agh ny keayrtyn, she [[stolon]] harrish-thalloo ny corp fuyghagh t'ayn.  Myr sampleyr, ta stolon ec [[Polypodiaceae]], as corp fuyghagh ec [[Cyatheaceae]].
* [[Duillag|Duillagyn]]: Rheynn geayney [[co-haaghey sollysh]] y lus.  Ta duillagyn noa lheanaghey liorish neufilley caslagh çhionn.  Ta tree sorçhyn dy ghuillag ec renniee:
** [[Trophophyll]]: Duillag nagh ver magh sporragyn.  T'ee currit da jannoo shugyr liorish co-haaghey sollysh.  T'ee corrym rish duillagyn geayney cadjin lossreeyn rassagh.
** [[Sporophyll]]: Duillag verys magh sporragyn.  T'ee corrym rish crottyl ayns [[bearkan juys]], [[staimyn]] ayns [[gymnosperm]], ny [[pistil]] ayns [[angiosperm]].  Anchasley rish ny daa s'jerree, cha nel y sporophyll slane currit da jannoo sporragyn. T'ee gollrish trophophyll, as t'ee co-haaghey sollysh 'syn aght cheddin.
** [[Brophophyll]]: Duillag verys magh mooarane dy sporragyn.
* [[Fraue|Fraueyn]]: Ta fraueyn goaill stiagh ushtey as beaghey ass y thalloo.  She [[corys fraue snaueaneagh]] t'ec renniee, as t'eh casley rish fraueyn lossreeyn rassagh.

=== Gametophyteyn ===
Ta gametophyteyn renniee anchasley rish gametophyteyn lossreeyn rassagh.  Ta'n gametophyte renniagh cadjin jeant magh jeh:
* [[Prothallus]]: Ny strughtoor geayney, un [[killag|chillag]] er çheeid, ta co-haaghey sollysh.  T'eh jeh cummey chree ny aarey dy cadjin, mysh 3–10&nbsp;mm er lhiurid, 2–8&nbsp;mm er lheead.  T'eh jannoo gameteyn liorish:
** [[antheridium|Antheridia]]: Nyn strughtooryn beggey cruinney ta jannoo [[sheel (gamete)|sheel]] [[flagellum|flagellagh]].
** [[archegonium|Archegonia]]: Nyn strughtooryn jeh cummey flagoon ta jannoo un ooh ec y chass.  Ta'n sheel roshtyn ish liorish snaue sheese y wannal.
* [[Rhisoid|Rhisoidyn]]: Nyn strughtooryn [[fraue|fraueagh]] (cha nel nyn veer 'raueyn) jeh killagyn ynrican er nyn sheeyney dy mooar.  Ta'n clane strughtoor soo stiagh ushtey as [[sollan meainagh|sollanyn meainagh]].  Ta ny rhisoidyn greimmey y prothallus 'sy thalloo.

== Ymmyd tarmaynagh ==

Cha nel renniee cho scanshoil as lossreeyn rassagh dy tarmaynagh, agh ta ymmyd jeant jeh kuse jeu.  Ta sleih gee shiartanse dy renniee, myr sampleyr duillagyn beggey [[renniagh vooar]] (''Pteridium aquilinum''), ''[[Matteuccia struthiopteris]]'', ''[[Osmunda cinnamomea]]'', ny ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]''.  T'ad caigney ''Polypodium glycyrrhiza'' er son y vlass mie eck.

Ta renniee 'sy ghenus ''[[Azolla]]'' nyn lossreeyn beggey snaueagh nagh vel gollrish renniee chadjin.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeu er son lhiasaghey ayns magheryn reise [[yn Aishey]] hiar-yiass, er y fa dy vel ad [[tashtey nitrageen]] as jannoo beaghey lus jeh.

Shimmey renniagh t'ad gaase myr lossreeyn çheer-yallooagh, er son duillagys jesheenagh, as myr lossreeyn thie.  T'adsyn goaill stiagh [[renniagh Voston]] (''Nephrolepis exaltata''), ''Asplenium nidus'', as y ghenys ''[[Platycerium]]''.

Ta fir elley nyn sarkylyn nieunagh ny [[dooie ruegeydagh|dooieyn ruegeydagh]].  T'adsyn goaill stiagh ''[[Lygodium]] japonicum'' as ''Onoclea sensibilis''.  Ta renniagh ushtey vooar (''[[Salvinia molesta]]'') mastey sarkylyn smessey ushtee ny cruinney.

Ta'n renniagh ''[[Pteris|Pteris vittata]]'' ard-haglym [[arsnick]] ass y thalloo.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://ezproxy.ouls.ox.ac.uk:2346/nature/journal/v409/n6820/full/409579a0.html
  | earishlioar = Nature: Brief communications
  | ennym = A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic
  | ym-lioar = 409
  | earroo = 579
  | doi = 10.1038/35054664
  | date = 2001-02-01
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | screeudeyr = Lena Q. Ma
  | coscreeudeyryn = Kenneth M. Komar, Cong Tu, Weihua Zhang, Yong Cai & Elizabeth D. Kennelley
}}</ref>

T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh [[renniagh billagh|renniee villagh]] ayns ardjyn grianchryssagh.

<!--
==Cultural connotations==
[[Image:Nature print, Alois Auer .jpg|thumb|''Blätter des Manns Walfarn.'' by [[Alois Auer]], Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853]]
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02860848 | ennym = The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies | blein = 1978 | last1 = May | first1 = Lenore Wile | earishlioar = The Botanical Review | ym-lioar = 44 | earroo = 4 | duillag = 491–528 }}</ref> In [[Slavic folklore]], ferns are believed to bloom once a blein, during the [[Ivan Kupala Day|Ivan Kupala]] night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a "[[fern flower]]" is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, [[Finland|Finnish]] tradition holds that one who finds the "[[seed]]" of a fern in bloom on [[Midsummer]] night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing [[Will o' the wisp]]s called [[aarnivalkea]] mark the spot of hidden [[treasure]]. These spots are protected by a spell which prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations<ref>http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/season5a.htm</ref>. 

"[[Pteridomania]]"' is a term for the [[Victorian era]] [[Fads and trends|craze]] of fern [[collecting]] and fern motifs in [[decorative art]] including [[pottery]], [[glass]], [[metal]]s, [[textile]]s, [[wood]], [[printing|printed paper]], and [[sculpture]] "appearing on everything from [[infant baptism|christening]] presents to [[gravestone]]s and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the [[Wardian case]], a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.<ref>* {{enmyspaper | first = Peter D. A. | last = Boyd | screeudeyrlink = | ennym = Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns | version = Revised: web version | soilsheyder = Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9–12. | date = 2002-01-02 | kiangley = http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm | id = | datefeddyn = 2007-10-02 }}</ref>

[[Image:Fractal fern1.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Fractal]] fern created using [[chaos game]], through an [[Iterated function system]] (IFS).]]
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, ''[[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]]'', is a notable example of this type of [[nature printing]]. The process, patented by the artist and soilsheyder Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was [[Alois Auer]]'s ''The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process''.


==Misunderstood names==
Several non-fern plants are called "ferns" and are sometimes confused with true ferns. These include:
* "Asparagus fern"—This may apply to one of several species of the [[monocotyledon|monocot]] genus ''[[Asparagus]]'', which are flowering plants.
* "Sweetfern"—A flowering shrub of the genus ''[[Comptonia]]''.
* "[[Air fern]]"—A group of [[animal]]s called [[hydrozoa]]n that are distantly related to [[jellyfish]] and [[coral]]s. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a "plant" that can "live on air". While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this [[Colony (biology)|colonial animal]].
* "Fern bush"—''[[Chamaebatiaria|Chamaebatiaria millefolium]]''—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.

In addition, the book ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' has elicited many questions about the mythical "red fern" named in the book. There is no such known plant, although there has been speculation that the oblique grape-fern, ''[[Sceptridium|Sceptridium dissectum]]'', could be referred to here, because it is known to appear on disturbed sites and its fronds may redden over the winter.


==Evolution and classification==
Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early-[[Carboniferous]] period. By the [[Triassic]], the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The "great fern radiation" occurred in the late-[[Cretaceous]], when many modern families of ferns first appeared.

One problem with fern classification is the problem of cryptic species.  Cryptic species are those which are morphologically similar to another species, but which differ genetically in ways that prevent fertile interbreeding.  A good example of this can be seen in the currently-designated species ''[[Asplenium trichomanes]]'', the maidenhair spleenwort.  This is actually a species complex which includes distinct diploid and tetraploid races.  There are minor but unclear morphological differences between the two groups, which prefer distinctly differing habitats. In many cases such as this, the species complexes have been separated into separate species, thus raising the number of overall fern species.  Possibly many more cryptic species are yet to be discovered and designated.

Ferns have traditionally been grouped in the Class Filices, but modern classifications assign them their own [[phylum]] or division in the plant kingdom, called Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. The group is also referred to as Polypodiophyta, (or Polypodiopsida when treated as a subdivision of [[tracheophyta]] (vascular plants), although Polypodiopsida sometimes refers to only the [[leptosporangiate fern]]s). The term "[[pteridophyte]]" has traditionally been used to describe all seedless [[vascular plant]]s, making it synonymous with "ferns and [[fern allies]]". This can be confusing since members of the fern phylum Pteridophyta are also sometimes referred to as pteridophytes. The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology, and one who studies ferns and other pteridophytes is called a pteridologist.

Traditionally, three discrete groups of plants have been considered ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns—families [[Ophioglossaceae]] ([[Ophioglossum|adders-tongues]], [[moonwort]]s, and [[grape-fern]]s) and [[Marattiaceae]]—and the [[sporangium|leptosporangiate]] ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with a large, fleshy rhizome, and are now thought to be a sibling taxon to the main group of ferns, the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of plants were considered "[[fern ally|fern allies]]": the [[clubmoss]]es, [[spikemoss]]es, and [[Isoëtes|quillwort]]s in the [[Lycopodiophyta]], the [[whisk fern]]s in [[Psilotaceae]], and the [[horsetail]]s in the [[Equisetaceae]]. More recent genetic studies have shown that the Lycopodiophyta are only distantly related to any other [[vascular plant]]s, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant [[clade]], while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much "true" ferns as are the Ophioglossoids and Marattiaceae. In fact, the whisk ferns and Ophioglossoids are demonstrably a clade, and the horsetails and Marattiaceae are arguably another clade. Molecular data — which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny — have been supplemented by recent morphological observations supporting the inclusion of ''Equisetaceae'' within the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm, and peculiarities of their roots (Smith ''et al.'' 2006, and references therein). However, there are still differences of opinion about the placement of the Equisetum species (see [[Equisetopsida]] for further discussion). 

One possible means of treating this situation is to consider only the leptosporangiate ferns as "true" ferns, while considering the other three groups as "fern allies". In practice, numerous classification schemes have been proposed for ferns and fern allies, and there has been little consensus among them. A new classification by Smith et al. (2006) is based on recent molecular systematic studies, in addition to morphological data. This classification divides extant ferns into four classes:
* Psilotopsida ([[Psilotaceae|whisk fern]]s and [[ophioglossoid fern]]s), about 92 species<ref name="schuettpelz2007">{{citation | kiangley = http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf | ennym = The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns | screeudeyr = Eric Schuettpelz | blein = 2007 | soilsheyder = Duke University PhD thesis | contribution = table 1 }}</ref>
* [[Equisetopsida]] ([[horsetail]]s), about 15 species<ref name="schuettpelz2007"/>
* [[Marattiopsida]], about 150 species<ref name="schuettpelz2007"/>
* [[Polypodiopsida]] (leptosporangiate ferns), about 9000 species<ref name="schuettpelz2007"/>

The last group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns.

==Smith's Classification==

The complete classification scheme proposed by Smith et al. (2006; alternative names in brackets):
* Class [[Psilotopsida]]
** Order [[Ophioglossales]]
*** Family [[Ophioglossaceae]] (incl. [[Botrychiaceae]], Helminthostachyaceae)
** Order [[Psilotales]]
*** Family [[Psilotaceae]] (incl. [[Tmesipteridaceae]])
* Class [[Equisetopsida]] [=Sphenopsida]
** Order [[Equisetales]]
*** Family [[Equisetaceae]]
* Class [[Marattiopsida]]
** Order [[Marattiales]]
*** Family [[Marattiaceae]] (incl. Angiopteridaceae, Christenseniaceae, Danaeaceae, Kaulfussiaceae)
* Class [[Pteridopsida]] [=Filicopsida, Polypodiopsida]
** Order [[Osmundales]]
*** Family [[Osmundaceae]]
** Order [[Hymenophyllales]]
*** Family [[Hymenophyllaceae]] (incl. [[Trichomanaceae]])
** Order [[Gleicheniales]]
*** Family [[Gleicheniaceae]] (incl. [[Dicranopteridaceae]], [[Stromatopteridaceae]])
*** Family [[Dipteridaceae]] (incl. [[Cheiropleuriaceae]])
*** Family [[Matoniaceae]]
** Order [[Schizaeales]]
*** Family [[Lygodiaceae]]
*** Family [[Anemiaceae]] (incl. [[Mohriaceae]])
*** Family [[Schizaeaceae]]
** Order [[Salviniales]]
*** Family [[Marsileaceae]] (incl. [[Pilulariaceae]])
*** Family [[Salviniaceae]] (incl. [[Azollaceae]])
** Order [[Cyatheales]]
*** Family [[Thyrsopteridaceae]]
*** Family [[Loxomataceae]]
*** Family [[Culcitaceae]]
*** Family [[Plagiogyriaceae]]
*** Family [[Cibotiaceae]]
*** Family [[Cyatheaceae]] (incl. [[Alsophilaceae]], [[Hymenophyllopsidaceae]])
*** Family [[Dicksoniaceae]] (incl. [[Lophosoriaceae]])
*** Family [[Metaxyaceae]]
** Order [[Polypodiales]]]])[[File:Adiantum lunulatum W IMG 2337.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Adiantum lunulatum]]'' from Family [[Pteridaceae]] ]]
*** Family [[Lindsaeaceae]] (incl. [[Cystodiaceae]], [[Lonchitidaceae]])
*** Family [[Saccolomataceae]]
*** Family [[Dennstaedtiaceae]] (incl. [[Hypolepidaceae]], [[Monachosoraceae]], [[Pteridiaceae]])
*** Family [[Pteridales|Pteridaceae]] (incl. [[Pellaeaceae]], [[Adiantaceae]], [[Ceratopteridaceae]], [[Cryptogrammaceae]])
*** Family [[Aspleniaceae]]
*** Family [[Thelypteridaceae]]
*** Family [[Woodsiaceae]] (incl. [[Athyriaceae]], [[Cystopteridaceae]])
*** Family [[Blechnaceae]] (incl. [[Stenochlaenaceae]])
*** Family [[Onocleaceae]]
*** Family [[Dryopteridaceae]] (incl. [[Aspidiaceae]], [[Bolbitidaceae]], [[Elaphoglossaceae]], [[Hypodematiaceae]], [[Peranemataceae]])
*** Family [[Oleandraceae]]
*** Family [[Davalliaceae]]
*** Family [[Lomariopsidaceae]] (incl. [[Nephrolepis]]) 
*** Family [[Polypodiaceae]] (incl. [[Drynariaceae]], [[Grammitidaceae]], [[Gymnogrammitidaceae]], [[Loxogrammaceae]], [[Platyceriaceae]], [[Pleurisoriopsidaceae]])
*** Family [[Tectariaceae]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Adiantum lunulatum W IMG_2336.jpg|''[[Adiantum lunulatum]]'' 
Image:Fern.jpg|Fern leaf, probably ''Blechnum nudum''
Image:Tree Fern.jpg|A tree fern unrolling a new frond
Image:Fern02.jpg|Tree fern, probably ''Dicksonia antarctica''
Image:Ferns.jpg|Tree ferns, probably ''Dicksonia antarctica''
Image:Haeckel Filicinae 92.jpg|"Filicinae" from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'', 1904
Image:Oaxaca fern.jpg|Unidentified tree fern in [[Oaxaca (state)|Oaxaca]]
Image:Tree Fern Spores.jpg|Tree Fern Spores [[San Diego, CA]]
Image:Fern-leaf-oliv.jpg|Leaf of fern
Image:Fern leaves.jpg|Unidentified fern with spores showing in [[Rotorua]], [[New Zealand|NZ]].
Image:CowellFerns.JPG|Ferns in one of many natural [[Sequoia|Coast Redwood]] undergrowth settings [[Santa Cruz, CA]].
Image:Asplenium_marinum_Moore38.png|[[Nature printing|Nature print]]s in [[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]] used fronds to produce the plates
Image:Spiraled fern.JPG|A young, newly-formed fern frond
File:Fern3800ppx.JPG|Fern fronds.
</gallery>

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Pteridophyta}}
{{Commons category|Pteridophyta}}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida]
* A classification of the [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html ferns and their allies]
* [http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html A fern book bibliography]
* [http://www1.akira.ne.jp/~unzen/pteridophyta.html Register of fossil Pteridophyta]
* [http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles.]
* [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland]
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/duillag/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
* [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ "American Fern Society"]
* [http://www.eBPS.org.uk/ "British Pteridological Society"]
* [http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db111/flora/ferns/ Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World]
{{-}}

-->

==Imraaghyn==
{{rolleyimraaghyn}}

===Imraaghyn elley===
* Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. ''Nature'' 409: 618–622 (abstract [http://www.nature.com/nature/earishlioar/v409/n6820/abs/409618a0.html here]).
* Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. ''American Earishlioar of Botany'' 91:1582–1598 (online abstract [https://web.archive.org/web/20100826234348/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1582 here]).
* Moran, Robbin C. (2004). ''A Natural History of Ferns''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-667-1.
* Lord, Thomas R. (2006). ''Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania''. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. [http://www.paferns.com]

{{Gurneil eaghtyrys}}

[[Ronney:Renniee| ]]
[[Ronney:Blaanid rhennee| ]]
[[Ronney:Troaryn keylley neu-vaidjagh]]
[[Ronney:Chied reayrtyssyn Devonagh Jeianagh ta foast er mayrn]]
She lus erbee 'sy rheynn Pteridophyta eh renniagh ny faarney.  Ta mysh 12 000 dooie ayn..  Ta sylem as phloem oc, as myr shen, she lossreeyn cuishlagh t'ayn.  Ta gass, duillagyn as fraueyn oc, agh cha nel rassyn ny blaaghyn; t'ad geddyn sliught liorish sporragyn.

She Polypodiopsida possan smoo ny renniee, agh ta renniee goaill stiagh gollianee, renniee scuitçhee, Marattiopsida, as Ophioglossales.

Haink rish renniee 'sy recortys fossylagh 'syn Eash Charboniferagh, agh cha row ny dooieyn jeianagh ayn derrey anmagh 'syn Eash Chretaceagh son y chooid smoo.

Cha row monney feu tarmaynagh ec renniee, agh ta sleih troarey kuse jeu er son bee, jeshanaghey, ny er son yeehrullaghey thalloo sollit.  Ta kuse jeu nyn sarkylyn scanshoil.

Bea
thumb|200px|right|Gametophyte Onoclea sensibilis

She lossreeyn cuishlagh ad renniee.  T'ad anchasley rish lycophyteyn (lossreeyn ny s'bunneydaghey) er y fa dy vel feer duillagyn oc.  T'ad anchasley rish lossreeyn sheelagh (gymnospermae as angiospermae) er y fa nagh vel blaaghyn ny rassyn oc.  Ta'n bea oc maylartey sheelogheyn; ta keim sporophytagh daaphloid as keim gametophytagh unphloid oc.  Anchasley rish gymnospermyn as angiospermae, she bioag seyr eh gametophyte renniagh.

Corys bea renniagh cadjin:

 Ta keim sporophytagh (daaphloid) cur magh sporraghyn unphloid liorish meiosis.
 Liorish mitosis, ta'n sporrag gaase dys gametophyte - ny prothallus ta co-haaghey sollysh, son y chooid smoo.
 Ta'n gametophyte cur magh gameteyn (sheel as ooh er y phrothallus cheddin, dy mennick) liorish mitosis.
 Ta sheel raghidey flagellagh torraghey ooh, as ish kianglt rish y phrothallus.
 She  daaphloid eh yn ooh nish, as liorish mitosis, t'ee gaase dys sporophyte (feer "renniagh").

Eggoaylleeaght Renniee
thumb|150px|left|Renniee ec Muir Woods, California
Ga dy vel renniee cummal ayns cooillyn boggey scaadooagh rere'n eie chadjin, t'ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee çhymbyllaghtyn elley, goaill stiagh sleityn, ushtey, carrickyn eaynagh, as magheryn.  Son y chooid smoo, she sur-lossreeyn t'ayn, as t'ad gaase dy mie ayns oayllyn oirragh raad troyn ny çhymbyllaght cur lhiettal er lossreeyn blaaghey.  Ta kuse jeu mastey ard-sarkylyn ny cruinney, as t'adsyn goaill stiagh renniagh vooar ny thalloo sleitoil, as Azolla ny loghyn grianchryssagh; ta'n daa ghooie jannoo coloinyn mooar ta skeaylley dy tappee.

T'ad ry-akin ayns kiare oayllyn erskyn ooilley: keylljyn boggey scaadooagh; scaanaghyn ayns carrickyn; curree gheayragh; as er biljyn grianchryssagh, raad ta ymmodee dooieyn nyn epiphyteyn.

Ta ymmodee renniee croghey er co-obbraghey lesh fungyssyn mycorrhisagh.  Cha daasee ad agh sthie rheam pH er lheh.  Myr sampleyr, cha daasee y renniagh drappee Lygodium (America Hwoie) agh ayns thalloo vog as feer gheayragh; ta rheam y renniagh Cystopteris bulbifera lhie harrish rheam Lygodium, agh cha nel eh ry-akin agh er clagh eayil alkalaihagh.

 Strughtoor renniee 
thumb|Renniee ec Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens
thumb|Renniee, Dicksonia antarctica foddee, ec Nunniong, yn Austrail

 Sporophyteyn 

Ta sporophyteyn renniee, myr lossreeyn rassagh, jeant magh jeh:
 Gass: She raisoam fo-halloo t'ayn son y chooid smoo, agh ny keayrtyn, she stolon harrish-thalloo ny corp fuyghagh t'ayn.  Myr sampleyr, ta stolon ec Polypodiaceae, as corp fuyghagh ec Cyatheaceae.
 Duillagyn: Rheynn geayney co-haaghey sollysh y lus.  Ta duillagyn noa lheanaghey liorish neufilley caslagh çhionn.  Ta tree sorçhyn dy ghuillag ec renniee:
 Trophophyll: Duillag nagh ver magh sporragyn.  T'ee currit da jannoo shugyr liorish co-haaghey sollysh.  T'ee corrym rish duillagyn geayney cadjin lossreeyn rassagh.
 Sporophyll: Duillag verys magh sporragyn.  T'ee corrym rish crottyl ayns bearkan juys, staimyn ayns gymnosperm, ny pistil ayns angiosperm.  Anchasley rish ny daa s'jerree, cha nel y sporophyll slane currit da jannoo sporragyn. T'ee gollrish trophophyll, as t'ee co-haaghey sollysh 'syn aght cheddin.
 Brophophyll: Duillag verys magh mooarane dy sporragyn.
 Fraueyn: Ta fraueyn goaill stiagh ushtey as beaghey ass y thalloo.  She corys fraue snaueaneagh t'ec renniee, as t'eh casley rish fraueyn lossreeyn rassagh.

 Gametophyteyn 
Ta gametophyteyn renniee anchasley rish gametophyteyn lossreeyn rassagh.  Ta'n gametophyte renniagh cadjin jeant magh jeh:
 Prothallus: Ny strughtoor geayney, un chillag er çheeid, ta co-haaghey sollysh.  T'eh jeh cummey chree ny aarey dy cadjin, mysh 3–10 mm er lhiurid, 2–8 mm er lheead.  T'eh jannoo gameteyn liorish:
 Antheridia: Nyn strughtooryn beggey cruinney ta jannoo sheel flagellagh.
 Archegonia: Nyn strughtooryn jeh cummey flagoon ta jannoo un ooh ec y chass.  Ta'n sheel roshtyn ish liorish snaue sheese y wannal.
 Rhisoidyn: Nyn strughtooryn fraueagh (cha nel nyn veer 'raueyn) jeh killagyn ynrican er nyn sheeyney dy mooar.  Ta'n clane strughtoor soo stiagh ushtey as sollanyn meainagh.  Ta ny rhisoidyn greimmey y prothallus 'sy thalloo.

 Ymmyd tarmaynagh 

Cha nel renniee cho scanshoil as lossreeyn rassagh dy tarmaynagh, agh ta ymmyd jeant jeh kuse jeu.  Ta sleih gee shiartanse dy renniee, myr sampleyr duillagyn beggey renniagh vooar (Pteridium aquilinum), Matteuccia struthiopteris, Osmunda cinnamomea, ny Diplazium esculentum.  T'ad caigney Polypodium glycyrrhiza er son y vlass mie eck.

Ta renniee 'sy ghenus Azolla nyn lossreeyn beggey snaueagh nagh vel gollrish renniee chadjin.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeu er son lhiasaghey ayns magheryn reise yn Aishey hiar-yiass, er y fa dy vel ad tashtey nitrageen as jannoo beaghey lus jeh.

Shimmey renniagh t'ad gaase myr lossreeyn çheer-yallooagh, er son duillagys jesheenagh, as myr lossreeyn thie.  T'adsyn goaill stiagh renniagh Voston (Nephrolepis exaltata), Asplenium nidus, as y ghenys Platycerium.

Ta fir elley nyn sarkylyn nieunagh ny dooieyn ruegeydagh.  T'adsyn goaill stiagh Lygodium japonicum as Onoclea sensibilis.  Ta renniagh ushtey vooar (Salvinia molesta) mastey sarkylyn smessey ushtee ny cruinney.

Ta'n renniagh Pteris vittata ard-haglym arsnick ass y thalloo.

T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh renniee villagh ayns ardjyn grianchryssagh.

Imraaghyn

Imraaghyn elley
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409: 618–622 (abstract here).
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Earishlioar of Botany 91:1582–1598 (online abstract here).
 Moran, Robbin C. (2004). A Natural History of Ferns. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-667-1.
 Lord, Thomas R. (2006). Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. 

 
 
Ronney:Troaryn keylley neu-vaidjagh
Ronney:Chied reayrtyssyn Devonagh Jeianagh ta foast er mayrn