Co-ordrail y Vretnish
{{fogrey çhengoaylleeaght}}

==Oardagh ny focklyn==

Ta oardagh cadjin ''Breear-Kione-Cass'' (ny ''BKC'') ec [[Bretnish]], gollrish [[çhengey Celtiagh|çhengaghyn Celtiagh]] [[çhengey Celtiagh ellanagh|Ellanagh]] elley.  She oardagh neuchadjin ayns [[Çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh|çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh]] t'ayn<ref name="Stifter">{{enmyslioar
  | sjerree = Stifter
  | kied = David
  | ennym = Sengoidelc: Old Irish for beginners
  | blein = 2006
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>: dy chooilley çhengey Ind-Oarpagh elley, ta oardagh neuchowrit KCB ny KBC oc.  She çhengey [[reiltagh ayns y chied cheayrt]] t'ayn, myr dagh çhengey Cheltiagh:<ref name="Tallerman">{{enmyslioar
  | sjerree = Tallerman
  | kied = Maggie
  | ennym = Understanding syntax
  | curmagh = 2oo
  | blein = 2005
  | soilsheyder = Hodder Arnold
  | isbn = 9780340810323
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref> myr shen, ta'n ''reiltagh'' (fockle smoo scanshoil y raa) ec toshiaght y raa, as reddyn elley ny lurg.  Myr sampleyr, ta ennymocklyn çheet lurg roie-ocklyn, as marenmyn as cummaghyn gienneydagh çheet lurg yn ennymockle v'ad bentyn rish.  She çhengey [[cowraghey reiltee]] t'ayn chammah.

Chammah's y [[breear|vreear]] as [[kione (çhengoaylleeaght)|kione y raa]], ta Bretnish cliaghtey cur reddyn ayns oardagh myr shoh:

* [[Ayrneen (grammeydys)|Ayrneen]] roie-vreearagh
* Breear
* Kione
* [[Cass jeeragh]]
* Stoo [[Rovreearagh|rovreearagh]]: ([[rovreear|rovreearyn]], [[raa roie-ocklagh|raaghyn roie-ocklagh]], a.r.e.)

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- 
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" |
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Breear
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" |  Kione
! colspan=2 style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Cass jeeragh
! colspan=3 style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Raa roie-ocklagh
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Rovreear
|- style="background: #FFE4C4;"
|&nbsp; || <small>BREEAR</small> || <small>KIONE</small> || <small>ENNYM.</small> || <small>MARENN.</small> || <small>ROC</small> || <small>ENNYM.</small> || <small>CASS</small> || <small>ROV.</small>
|-
| Mi<sup>B</sup> || roddes || i<sup>B</sup> || lyfr || da || i<sup>B</sup> || dad || Eleri || ddoe
|-
| <small>BRN.JAR</small> || ''cur''.<small>1UN.CHA</small> || ''mee'' || ''lioar'' || ''mie'' || ''da'' || ''ayr'' || ''Eleri'' || jea
|-
| colspan=9; align=center | ''Hug mee lioar mie da ayr Eleri jea''
|}

===Breearyn ayns raaghyn===

====Emshiryn ym-loayrtagh====

Ta kiare [[emshir ym-loayrtagh|emshiryn ym-loayrtagh]] ec breearyn Bretnish, as t'adsyn jannoo ymmyd jeh {{lang|cy|''bod''}}: yn emshir laaragh, yn emshir chaie (immeeaght as creaghnit), yn emshir ry-heet, as yn emshir chianglagh.

Ta'n taabyl shoh taishbyney cummaghyn loayrtagh jeinagh y vreear {{lang|cy|bwyta}} (''ee'') ayns y chied phersoon unnaneagh.

:{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="7" align="center" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background: #FFDEAD;"
| colspan="2" style="background: #FFDEAD;"| 
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Laaragh
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Chaie
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Ry-heet
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Kianglagh
|- 
<!-- "immeeaght" - reddyn ta/va/vees goll er foast -->
! rowspan="3" style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Immeeaght
| style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Bretnish
| rowspan="3" |

  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|dw}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|'n}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.LAA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>IMM</small>
  | ee
  |-  
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ta mee gee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|rôn}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|'n}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.CHA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>IMM</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | va mee gee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|bydda}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|'n}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.RYH</small>
  | mee
  | <small>IMM</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | bee'm gee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|byddwn}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|'n}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.KIA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>IMM</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | beign gee
  |-
  |}

|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Fockle-fockle
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Gaelg ghlen
|-
<!-- "immeeaght" - reddyn ta/va/vees goll er foast -->
! rowspan="3" style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Creaghnit
| style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Bretnish
| rowspan="3" |

  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|dw}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|wedi}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.LAA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>CNT</small>
  | ee
  |-  
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ta mee er n'ee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|rôn}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|wedi}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.CHA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>CNT</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | va mee er n'ee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|bydda}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|wedi}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.RYH</small>
  | mee
  | <small>CNT</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | bee'm er n'ee
  |-
  |}

| rowspan="3" |
  {| border="0" cellspacing="5"
  |-
  | {{lang|cy|byddwn}}
  | {{lang|cy|i}}
  | {{lang|cy|wedi}}
  | {{lang|cy|bwyta}}
  |-
  | ve.<small>1UN.KIA</small>
  | mee
  | <small>CNT</small>
  | ee
  |-
  | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | beign er n'ee
  |-
  |}
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Fockle-fockle
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Gaelg ghlen
|-
|}

==Ayrneenyn ayns Bretnish==

===Ayrneenyn jarrooagh===
Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta'n ayrneen "y" (ny "yr" roish breeocklyn) ny hoie roish y vreear "bod" (''ve'') ayns oltyn jarrooagh 'syn emshir laaragh ny chaie<ref name="BorsleyAyrneen">{{enmyslioar
  | screeudeyr = Robert D. Borsley
  | coscreeudeyryn = Maggie Tallerman, David Willis
  | ennym = The syntax of Welsh
  | curmagh = 
  | blein = 2007
  | soilsheyder = Cambridge University Press
  | isbn = 9780521836302
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | duillag = 34-38
}}</ref>:

'''(1)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.'''
| {{lang|cy|Y}}
| {{lang|cy|mae}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ardd}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>LAA.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| ayns
| y
| garey
|-
| 
| colspan="6" | Ta Gwyn 'sy gharey.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.'''
| {{lang|cy|Yr}}
| {{lang|cy|oedd}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ardd}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| ayns
| y
| garey
|-
| 
| colspan="6" | Va Gwyn 'sy gharey.
|-
|}

Cha nel y vreneen shoh ry-chlashtyn 'sy çhengey chadjin, agh ta lorg jeh ry-chlastyn myr ''"r-" roish breeockle ec toshiaght chummaghyn jarrooagh "{{lang|cy|bod}}", gollrish "{{lang|cy|Roedd Gwyn yn yr ardd}}".

Ta daa vreneen jarrooagh elley ec y çhengey chadjin: "{{lang|cy|mi}}" as "{{lang|cy|fe}}".  Dy cadjin, t'ad gra dy vel "{{lang|cy|mi}}" ry-chlashtyn 'sy Twoaie as "{{lang|cy|fe}}" ry-chlashtyn 'sy Jiass.  Agh ta'n chooish beggan ny s'crampey na shen<ref name="BorsleyAyrneen"/><ref name="Ceinwen Thomas">{{enmysearishlioar
  | ennym = Y tafodieithegydd a 'Chymraeg Cyfoes'
  | earishlioar = Llên Cymru
  | screeudeyr = Ceinwen H. Thomas
  | date = 1974
  | ym-lioar = 13
  | duillag = 113-53
}} (ass Borsley et al.) </ref>.  Ta "{{lang|cy|fe}}" ry-chlashtyn (ny keayrtyn) marish breear çheorit erbee, '''er-lhimmey jeh''' "{{lang|cy|bod}}" 'syn emshir laaragh ny emshir chaie.  Ta "{{lang|cy|mi}}" ry-chlastyn marish breear çheorit erbee '''er-lhimmey jeh''' "{{lang|cy|bod}}" 'syn emshir laaragh treeoo phersoon.  Sampleyryn<ref name="BorsleyMiFe">Rere Borsley et al., agh va sampleyr c. currit stiagh ayns shoh son dy hoilshaghey magh ny smoo.</ref>:

'''(2)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.'''
| {{lang|cy|Mi}}<sup>B</sup> / *{{lang|cy|Fe}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|(r)oedd}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ardd}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| ayns
| y
| garey
|-
| colspan="6" | Va Gwyn 'sy gharey.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Mi}}<sup>B</sup> / {{lang|cy|Fe}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fydd}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ardd}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| ayns
| y
| garey
|-
| colspan="6" | Bee Gwyn 'sy gharey.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''c.''' 
| *{{lang|cy|Mi}}<sup>B</sup> / *{{lang|cy|Fe}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|mae}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ardd}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>LAA.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| ayns
| y
| garey
|-
| colspan="6" | Ta Gwyn 'sy gharey.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''d.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Mi}}<sup>B</sup> / {{lang|cy|Fe}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|welodd}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ddraig}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| fakin.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| Gwyn
| dragan
|-
| colspan="4" | Honnick Gwyn dragan.
|-
|}

Ta "{{lang|cy|mi}}" as "{{lang|cy|fe}}" nyn oyryn [[#boggaghys|boggaghys]], myr shen, "{{lang|cy|mi fydd}}", "{{lang|cy|fe welodd}}" as gollroosyn, cha nel "{{lang|cy|mi bydd}}" as "{{lang|cy|fe gwelodd}}".  Ny keayrtyn, cha nel sleih fockley magh yn ayrneen hene; agh ta'n ceaghley jeant oc ny yei shen.  Myr shen, vees "{{lang|cy|Welodd Gwyn ddraig.}}" ayn.

====Ayrneenyn jarrooagh ayns oltyn curmeydagh====

Ayns y çhengey focklymagh, ta "{{lang|cy|y}}" ny "{{lang|cy|yr}}" roish olt jarrooagh fogrey.  Cha nel shen ayn dy mennick 'sy çhengey chadjin<ref name="BorsleyAyrneen"/>.  Ta (3a) y cummey focklymagh as (3b) y chormid cadjin echey:

'''(3)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.'''
| {{lang|cy|Yr}}
| {{lang|cy|ydw}}
| {{lang|cy|i}}
| {{lang|cy|'n}}
| {{lang|cy|credu}}
| {{lang|cy|yr}}
| {{lang|cy|hoffai}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fynd}}
| {{lang|cy|adre}}.
|-
| <small>JAR</small>
| ve.<small>LAA.3UN</small>
| mee
| <small>IMM</small>
| credjal
| <small>JAR</small>
| by.vie.lesh
| Gwyn
| goll
| thie
|-
| 
| colspan="10" | Er lhiam dy by vie lesh Gwyn goll thie.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.'''
| {{lang|cy|Dw}}
| {{lang|cy|i}}
| {{lang|cy|'n}}
| {{lang|cy|credu}}
| {{lang|cy|hoffai}}
| {{lang|cy|Gwyn}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fynd}}
| {{lang|cy|adre}}.
|-
| ve.<small>LAA.3UN</small>
| mee
| <small>IMM</small>
| credjal
| by.vie.lesh
| Gwyn
| goll
| thie
|-
| colspan="8" | Er lhiam dy by vie lesh Gwyn goll thie.
|-
|}

===Ayrneenyn feyshtagh===

Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta'n ayrneen "a" ny hoie roish breearyn "bod" (''ve'') ayns oltyn feyshtagh, ma t'ad nyn ard-oltyn ny nyn oltyn curmeydagh<ref name="BorsleyAyrneen"/>.  Cha nel shen ry-chlashtyn dy mennick ayns Bretnish chadjin.  Ny yei shen, ta ceaghley jeant ec y vreneen, as ta'n ceaghley tannaghtyn 'sy çhengey chadjin.  Ta (4a) y cummey focklymagh as (4b) y chormid cadjin echey.:

'''(4)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.''' 
| {{lang|cy|A}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fydd}}
| {{lang|cy|Rhiannon}}
| {{lang|cy|mynd}}
| {{lang|cy|i}}
| {{lang|cy|'r}}
| {{lang|cy|ysgol}}?
|-
| <small>FEY</small>
| ve.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| Rhiannon
| goll
| gys
| y
| scoill?
|-
| 
| colspan="6" | Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.''' 
| <sup>B</sup>{{lang|cy|Fydd}}
| {{lang|cy|Rhiannon}}
| {{lang|cy|mynd}}
| {{lang|cy|i}}
| {{lang|cy|'r}}
| {{lang|cy|ysgol}}?
|-
| ve.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| Rhiannon
| goll
| gys
| y
| scoill?
|-
| 
| colspan="6" | Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill?
|-
|}

Er y fa nagh vel ny h-ayrneenyn "{{lang|cy|mi}}", "{{lang|cy|fe}}" as "{{lang|cy|a}}" ayn dagh keayrt, ny keayrtyn cha nod oo eddyrscarrey raaghyn jarrooagh as feyshtagh agh liorish bingys.  Jean cosoylaghey (4b) as (4c):

{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''c.''' 
| <sup>B</sup>{{lang|cy|Fydd}}
| {{lang|cy|Rhiannon}}
| {{lang|cy|mynd}}
| {{lang|cy|i}}
| {{lang|cy|'r}}
| {{lang|cy|ysgol}}.
|-
| ve.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| Rhiannon
| goll
| gys
| y
| scoill
|-
| 
| colspan="6" | Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill.
|-
|}

===Ayrneenyn obballagh===

Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta’n ayrneen "{{lang|cy|ni}}" ("{{lang|cy|nid}}" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish ard-oltyn obballagh fogrey, as "{{lang|cy|na}}" ("{{lang|cy|nad}}" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish fo-oltyn obballagh fogrey as troggal marish [[far-ennym feyshtagh| feyshtyn "wh-"]].  Cha nel "{{lang|cy|ni}}" ry-chlashtyn ec Bretnish chadjin, agh ta "{{lang|cy|na}}" eck.

Shoh ymmd "{{lang|cy|na}}".  Ta'n ayrneen shen gollrish ''cha...nel'' 'sy Ghaelg.  Ta (5a) y cummey focklymagh, as (5b) y cormid cadjin.  Ta (5c) sampleyr elley.

'''(5)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Nid}}
| {{lang|cy|oes}}
| {{lang|cy|neb}}
| {{lang|cy|yma}}.
|-
| <small>OBB</small>
| ve.ayn
| peiagh.erbee.<small>OBB</small>
| ayns.shoh
|-
| colspan="4" | Cha nel peiagh erbee ayns shoh.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Does}}
| {{lang|cy|neb}}
| {{lang|cy|yma}}.
|-
| ve.ayn.<small>OBB</small>
| peiagh.erbee.<small>OBB</small>
| ayns.shoh.
|-
| colspan="3" | Cha nel peiagh erbee ayns shoh.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''c.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Nid}}
| {{lang|cy|yw}}
| {{lang|cy|alcohol}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|cymysgu}}
| {{lang|cy|gyda}}<sup>E</sup>
| {{lang|cy|phopeth}}.
|-
| <small>OBB</small>
| ve.<small>3UN</small>
| alcoal
| <small>IMM</small>
| mestey
| marish
| dagh.ooilley.red
|-
| colspan="4" | Cha nel alcoal mestey marish dagh ooilley red.
|-
|}

Shoh sampleyryn dy ymmyd "{{lang|cy|na}}".  Ta (6a) y cummey focklymagh, as (6b) y cormid cadjin.  Ta'n ayrneen shoh gollrish ''nagh'' 'sy Ghaelg.

'''(6)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pam}}
| {{lang|cy|nad}}
| {{lang|cy|oes}}
| {{lang|cy|neb}}
| {{lang|cy|yma}}?
|-
| Cre.yn.fa
| <small>OBB</small>
| ve.ayn.<small>OBB</small>
| peiagh.erbee.<small>OBB</small>
| ayns.shoh?
|-
| colspan="3" | Cre'n fa nagh vel peiagh erbee ayns shoh?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Methodd}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|busnes}}
| {{lang|cy|am}}
| {{lang|cy|nad}}
| {{lang|cy|gweithion}}
| {{lang|cy|nhw}}.
|-
| Falleil.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| y
| colught
| son
| <small>OBB</small>
| obbraghey.<small>CHA.3YL</small>
| ad.
|-
| colspan="7" | Vrish y colught er y fa nagh dobbree ad.
|-
|}

===Ayrneen feyshtagh obballagh ===

Ta ayrneen elley, "{{lang|cy|oni}}" ("{{lang|cy|onid}}" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish feyshtyn obballagh focklymagh.

Onid nhw sy'n eich llusgo chi o flaen y llysoedd?<ref "Beibl">{{enmyslioar
  | ennym = Y Beibl
  | kiangley = http://www.beibl.net/darllenacastudio/darllenacastudio.php?dangos=pennod&llyfr=llyfr_iago&pennod=2&astudio=ppp&class=dangosdyfyniadau#
  | cabdil = Iago 2:6
  | soilsheyder = beibl.net
  | çhengey = Bretnish
 }}</ref>.

'''(7)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Onid}}
| {{lang|cy|nhw}}
| {{lang|cy|sy}}
| {{lang|cy|'n}}
| {{lang|cy|eich}}
| {{lang|cy|llusgo}}
| {{lang|cy|chi}}
| {{lang|cy|o.flaen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llysoedd}}?
|-
| <small>FEY.OBB</small>
| ad
| ve.<small>(WH)</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| nyn.<small>2PL</small>
| tayrn
| shiu
| roish
| ny
| quaiyllyn?
|-
| colspan="10" | Nagh adsyn hayrn shiu fenish stuill-vriwnys?
|-
|}

===Ayrneenyn ayns "troggalyn wh-"===

Ta daa vreneen elley ry-akin ayns "troggalyn wh-" (raaghyn ta jeant lesh [[far-ennym feyshtagh]], as adsyn fir gollrish ''quoi'', ''cre'', ''cuin'' as nyn lheid; ta'n ennym rere lettraghey focklyn [[Germaanish]] as [[Baarle]]).

Ta ny focklyn shoh "{{lang|cy|y}}" ("{{lang|cy|yr}}" roish breeockle) as "{{lang|cy|a}}"<ref name="BorsleyWh">{{enmyslioar
  | screeudeyr = Robert D. Borsley
  | coscreeudeyryn = Maggie Tallerman, David Willis
  | ennym = The syntax of Welsh
  | curmagh = 
  | blein = 2007
  | soilsheyder = Cambridge University Press
  | isbn = 9780521836302
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | duillag = 36, 106-151
}}</ref>.  Cha nel eh yn "{{lang|cy|y}}"/"{{lang|cy|yr}}" cheddin as [[#ayrneenyn jarrooagh|y fer jarrooagh]].  

Ta "{{lang|cy|a}}" ry-chlastyn ayns raaghyn 'syn emshir chaie, as "{{lang|cy|y}}" ayns raaghyn 'syn emshir ry-heet ny kianglagh.  Agh ayns yn emshir laaragh, ta "{{lang|cy|a}} + mae" caghlaa dys cummey er lheh: [[#sydd|"{{lang|cy|sydd}}" ny "{{lang|cy|sy}}"]]<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | ennym = Pocket Modern Welsh Dictionary
  | soilsheyder = Oxford University Press
  | isbn = 9780198645313
  | blein = 2000
  | screeudeyr = Gareth King
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}
</ref>.

Shoh sampleyryn jeh ymmyd ny h-ayrneenyn shoh.  Ta (8a), (8c) as (8e) taishbyney ny cummaghyn focklymagh as (8b), (8d) as (8f) taishbyney ny cormidyn cadjin oc:

'''(8)'''
{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''a.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|a}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ddarllodd}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| lhaih.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="5" | Quoi lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''b.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| <sup>B</sup>{{lang|cy|ddarllodd}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| lhaih.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="4" | Quoi lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" valign="top" | '''c.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ddarllith}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| lhaih.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="5" | Quoi lhaihys y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''d.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| <sup>B</sup>{{lang|cy|ddarllith}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| lhaih.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="4" | Quoi lhaihys y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''e.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|ddarllai}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| lhaih.<small>KIA.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="5" | Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''f.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| <sup>B</sup>{{lang|cy|ddarllodd}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| lhaih.<small>KIA.3UN</small>
| y
| lioar?
|-
| 
| colspan="4" | Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar?
|-
|}

Shoh sampleyryn jeh cummaghyn marish "{{lang|cy|bod}}".

{| border="0" style="text-align: center;"
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''g.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|a}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|oedd}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|darllen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| ve.<small>CHA.3UN</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| lhaih
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="7" | Quoi va lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''h.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fydd}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|darllen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| ve.<small>RYH.3UN</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| lhaih
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="7" | Quoi vees lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''i.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|fyddai}}
| {{lang|cy|'n}}
| {{lang|cy|darllen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| ve.<small>KIA.3UN</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| lhaih
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="7" | Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''j.''' 
| *{{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|a}}<sup>B</sup> / {{lang|cy|y}}<sup>B</sup>
| {{lang|cy|mae}}
| {{lang|cy|'n}}
| {{lang|cy|darllen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| ve.<small>LAA.3UN</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| lhaih
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="7" | Quoi ta lhaih y lioar?
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | '''k.''' 
| {{lang|cy|Pwy}}
| {{lang|cy|sydd}} / {{lang|cy|sy}}
| {{lang|cy|yn}}
| {{lang|cy|darllen}}
| {{lang|cy|y}}
| {{lang|cy|llyfr}}?
|-
| Quoi
| <small>BRN</small>
| ve.<small>(WH)</small>
| <small>IMM</small>
| lhaih
| y
| lioar?
|-
| colspan="7" | Quoi ta lhaih y lioar?
|}

==Imraaghyn==
{{rolleyimraaghyn}}

{{Bretnish}}

[[Ronney:Bretnish|Chengoaylleeaght]]
[[Ronney:Çhengoaylleeaght rere çhengey|Vretnish]]
Oardagh ny focklyn

Ta oardagh cadjin Breear-Kione-Cass (ny BKC) ec Bretnish, gollrish çhengaghyn Celtiagh Ellanagh elley.  She oardagh neuchadjin ayns çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh t'ayn: dy chooilley çhengey Ind-Oarpagh elley, ta oardagh neuchowrit KCB ny KBC oc.  She çhengey reiltagh ayns y chied cheayrt t'ayn, myr dagh çhengey Cheltiagh: myr shen, ta'n reiltagh (fockle smoo scanshoil y raa) ec toshiaght y raa, as reddyn elley ny lurg.  Myr sampleyr, ta ennymocklyn çheet lurg roie-ocklyn, as marenmyn as cummaghyn gienneydagh çheet lurg yn ennymockle v'ad bentyn rish.  She çhengey cowraghey reiltee t'ayn chammah.

Chammah's y vreear as kione y raa, ta Bretnish cliaghtey cur reddyn ayns oardagh myr shoh:

 Ayrneen roie-vreearagh
 Breear
 Kione
 Cass jeeragh
 Stoo rovreearagh: (rovreearyn, raaghyn roie-ocklagh, a.r.e.)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- 
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" |
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Breear
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" |  Kione
! colspan=2 style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Cass jeeragh
! colspan=3 style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Raa roie-ocklagh
! style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Rovreear
|- style="background: #FFE4C4;"
|  || BREEAR || KIONE || ENNYM. || MARENN. || ROC || ENNYM. || CASS || ROV.
|-
| MiB || roddes || iB || lyfr || da || iB || dad || Eleri || ddoe
|-
| BRN.JAR || cur.1UN.CHA || mee || lioar || mie || da || ayr || Eleri || jea
|-
| colspan=9; align=center | Hug mee lioar mie da ayr Eleri jea
|}

Breearyn ayns raaghyn

Emshiryn ym-loayrtagh

Ta kiare emshiryn ym-loayrtagh ec breearyn Bretnish, as t'adsyn jannoo ymmyd jeh : yn emshir laaragh, yn emshir chaie (immeeaght as creaghnit), yn emshir ry-heet, as yn emshir chianglagh.

Ta'n taabyl shoh taishbyney cummaghyn loayrtagh jeinagh y vreear  (ee) ayns y chied phersoon unnaneagh.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="7" align="center" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background: #FFDEAD;"
| colspan="2" style="background: #FFDEAD;"| 
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Laaragh
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Chaie
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Ry-heet
! style="background: #FFDEAD;"| Kianglagh
|- 

! rowspan="3" style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Immeeaght
| style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Bretnish
| rowspan="3" |

       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.LAA
   mee
   IMM
   ee
     ta mee gee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.CHA
   mee
   IMM
   ee
     va mee gee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.RYH
   mee
   IMM
   ee
     bee'm gee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.KIA
   mee
   IMM
   ee
     beign gee
    

|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Fockle-fockle
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Gaelg ghlen
|-

! rowspan="3" style="background: #FFDEAD;" | Creaghnit
| style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Bretnish
| rowspan="3" |

       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.LAA
   mee
   CNT
   ee
     ta mee er n'ee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.CHA
   mee
   CNT
   ee
     va mee er n'ee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.RYH
   mee
   CNT
   ee
     bee'm er n'ee
    

| rowspan="3" |
       
   
   
   
     ve.1UN.KIA
   mee
   CNT
   ee
     beign er n'ee
    
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Fockle-fockle
|-
| scope="row" style="background: #FFE4C4;" | Gaelg ghlen
|-
|}

Ayrneenyn ayns Bretnish

Ayrneenyn jarrooagh
Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta'n ayrneen "y" (ny "yr" roish breeocklyn) ny hoie roish y vreear "bod" (ve) ayns oltyn jarrooagh 'syn emshir laaragh ny chaie:

(1)
 a.     B . JAR ve.LAA.3UN Gwyn ayns y garey  Ta Gwyn 'sy gharey. b.     B . JAR ve.CHA.3UN Gwyn ayns y garey  Va Gwyn 'sy gharey.

Cha nel y vreneen shoh ry-chlashtyn 'sy çhengey chadjin, agh ta lorg jeh ry-chlastyn myr "r-" roish breeockle ec toshiaght chummaghyn jarrooagh "", gollrish "".

Ta daa vreneen jarrooagh elley ec y çhengey chadjin: "" as "".  Dy cadjin, t'ad gra dy vel "" ry-chlashtyn 'sy Twoaie as "" ry-chlashtyn 'sy Jiass.  Agh ta'n chooish beggan ny s'crampey na shen (ass Borsley et al.) .  Ta "" ry-chlashtyn (ny keayrtyn) marish breear çheorit erbee, er-lhimmey jeh "" 'syn emshir laaragh ny emshir chaie.  Ta "" ry-chlastyn marish breear çheorit erbee er-lhimmey jeh "" 'syn emshir laaragh treeoo phersoon.  SampleyrynRere Borsley et al., agh va sampleyr c. currit stiagh ayns shoh son dy hoilshaghey magh ny smoo.:

(2)
 a. B / *B    B . JAR ve.CHA.3UN Gwyn ayns y garey Va Gwyn 'sy gharey. b.  B / B    B . JAR ve.RYH.3UN Gwyn ayns y garey Bee Gwyn 'sy gharey. c.  *B / *B    B . JAR ve.LAA.3UN Gwyn ayns y garey Ta Gwyn 'sy gharey. d.  B / B  B . JAR fakin.CHA.3UN Gwyn dragan Honnick Gwyn dragan.

Ta "" as "" nyn oyryn boggaghys, myr shen, "", "" as gollroosyn, cha nel "" as "".  Ny keayrtyn, cha nel sleih fockley magh yn ayrneen hene; agh ta'n ceaghley jeant oc ny yei shen.  Myr shen, vees "" ayn.

Ayrneenyn jarrooagh ayns oltyn curmeydagh

Ayns y çhengey focklymagh, ta "" ny "" roish olt jarrooagh fogrey.  Cha nel shen ayn dy mennick 'sy çhengey chadjin.  Ta (3a) y cummey focklymagh as (3b) y chormid cadjin echey:

(3)
 a.        B  . JAR ve.LAA.3UN mee IMM credjal JAR by.vie.lesh Gwyn goll thie  Er lhiam dy by vie lesh Gwyn goll thie. b.      B  . ve.LAA.3UN mee IMM credjal by.vie.lesh Gwyn goll thie Er lhiam dy by vie lesh Gwyn goll thie.

Ayrneenyn feyshtagh

Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta'n ayrneen "a" ny hoie roish breearyn "bod" (ve) ayns oltyn feyshtagh, ma t'ad nyn ard-oltyn ny nyn oltyn curmeydagh.  Cha nel shen ry-chlashtyn dy mennick ayns Bretnish chadjin.  Ny yei shen, ta ceaghley jeant ec y vreneen, as ta'n ceaghley tannaghtyn 'sy çhengey chadjin.  Ta (4a) y cummey focklymagh as (4b) y chormid cadjin echey.:

(4)
 a.  B      ? FEY ve.RYH.3UN Rhiannon goll gys y scoill?  Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill? b.  B     ? ve.RYH.3UN Rhiannon goll gys y scoill?  Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill?

Er y fa nagh vel ny h-ayrneenyn "", "" as "" ayn dagh keayrt, ny keayrtyn cha nod oo eddyrscarrey raaghyn jarrooagh as feyshtagh agh liorish bingys.  Jean cosoylaghey (4b) as (4c):

 c.  B     . ve.RYH.3UN Rhiannon goll gys y scoill  Bee Rhiannon goll gys y scoill.

Ayrneenyn obballagh

Ayns Bretnish focklymagh, ta’n ayrneen "" ("" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish ard-oltyn obballagh fogrey, as "" ("" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish fo-oltyn obballagh fogrey as troggal marish  feyshtyn "wh-".  Cha nel "" ry-chlashtyn ec Bretnish chadjin, agh ta "" eck.

Shoh ymmd "".  Ta'n ayrneen shen gollrish cha...nel 'sy Ghaelg.  Ta (5a) y cummey focklymagh, as (5b) y cormid cadjin.  Ta (5c) sampleyr elley.

(5)
 a.     . OBB ve.ayn peiagh.erbee.OBB ayns.shoh Cha nel peiagh erbee ayns shoh. b.    . ve.ayn.OBB peiagh.erbee.OBB ayns.shoh. Cha nel peiagh erbee ayns shoh. c.       E . OBB ve.3UN alcoal IMM mestey marish dagh.ooilley.red Cha nel alcoal mestey marish dagh ooilley red.

Shoh sampleyryn dy ymmyd "".  Ta (6a) y cummey focklymagh, as (6b) y cormid cadjin.  Ta'n ayrneen shoh gollrish nagh 'sy Ghaelg.

(6)
 a.      ? Cre.yn.fa OBB ve.ayn.OBB peiagh.erbee.OBB ayns.shoh? Cre'n fa nagh vel peiagh erbee ayns shoh? b.        . Falleil.CHA.3UN y colught son OBB obbraghey.CHA.3YL ad. Vrish y colught er y fa nagh dobbree ad.

Ayrneen feyshtagh obballagh 

Ta ayrneen elley, "" ("" roish breeockle) ny hoie roish feyshtyn obballagh focklymagh.

Onid nhw sy'n eich llusgo chi o flaen y llysoedd?.

(7)
 a.           ? FEY.OBB ad ve.(WH) IMM nyn.2PL tayrn shiu roish ny quaiyllyn? Nagh adsyn hayrn shiu fenish stuill-vriwnys?

Ayrneenyn ayns "troggalyn wh-"

Ta daa vreneen elley ry-akin ayns "troggalyn wh-" (raaghyn ta jeant lesh far-ennym feyshtagh, as adsyn fir gollrish quoi, cre, cuin'' as nyn lheid; ta'n ennym rere lettraghey focklyn Germaanish as Baarle).

Ta ny focklyn shoh "" ("" roish breeockle) as "".  Cha nel eh yn ""/"" cheddin as y fer jarrooagh.  

Ta "" ry-chlastyn ayns raaghyn 'syn emshir chaie, as "" ayns raaghyn 'syn emshir ry-heet ny kianglagh.  Agh ayns yn emshir laaragh, ta " + mae" caghlaa dys cummey er lheh: "" ny "".

Shoh sampleyryn jeh ymmyd ny h-ayrneenyn shoh.  Ta (8a), (8c) as (8e) taishbyney ny cummaghyn focklymagh as (8b), (8d) as (8f) taishbyney ny cormidyn cadjin oc:

(8)
 a.   B   ? Quoi BRN lhaih.CHA.3UN y lioar? Quoi lhaih y lioar? b.   B  ? Quoi lhaih.CHA.3UN y lioar? Quoi lhaih y lioar? c.   B   ? Quoi BRN lhaih.RYH.3UN y lioar? Quoi lhaihys y lioar? d.   B  ? Quoi lhaih.RYH.3UN y lioar? Quoi lhaihys y lioar? e.   B   ? Quoi BRN lhaih.KIA.3UN y lioar? Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar? f.   B  ? Quoi lhaih.KIA.3UN y lioar?  Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar?

Shoh sampleyryn jeh cummaghyn marish "".

 g.   B     ? Quoi BRN ve.CHA.3UN IMM lhaih y lioar? Quoi va lhaih y lioar? h.   B     ? Quoi BRN ve.RYH.3UN IMM lhaih y lioar? Quoi vees lhaih y lioar? i.   B     ? Quoi BRN ve.KIA.3UN IMM lhaih y lioar? Quoi beagh lhaih y lioar? j.  * B / B     ? Quoi BRN ve.LAA.3UN IMM lhaih y lioar? Quoi ta lhaih y lioar? k.    /     ? Quoi BRN ve.(WH) IMM lhaih y lioar? Quoi ta lhaih y lioar?

Imraaghyn

Chengoaylleeaght
Vretnish