Algaghyn glassey
{{Possan paraphyletagh
| ennym = Algaghyn glassey
| jalloo = Stigeoclonium sp zugespitzte seitenzweige.jpeg
| fo-heidyl jalloo = ''[[Stigeoclonium]]'', genus algey glass
| reeriaght = [[Plantae]]
| goaill stiagh = 
*[[Chlorophyta]]
*[[Charophyta]]
| faagail magh = 
*[[Embryophyta]]
}}
She possan dy [[algey|algaghyn]] ad '''algaghyn glassey''', as ad shennayraghyn ny [[embryophyta|h-embryophyta]].<ref name="palmer">{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437
  | ennym = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view
  | screeudeyr = Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase
  | earishlioar = American Journal of Botany
  | blein = 2004
  | ym-lioar = 91
  | duillagyn = 1437–1445
  | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
  | earroo=10
  | pmid=21652302
}}</ref>  She possan [[paraphyletagh]] t'ayn son t'eh cowrit rere ny t'eh faagail magh, shen ny lossreeyn ooashley.  Ta [[clade]] ayn ta goaill stiagh y jees oc, as shen [[Viridiplantae]] ny [[Plantae]].

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The green algae include unicellular and colonial [[flagellate]]s, most with two [[flagellum|flagella]] per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic [[seaweed]]s. In the [[Charales]], the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs.{{clarify|reason=what is meant by "full differentiation"?|date=April 2004}} There are about 8,000 species of green algae.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Guiry, M.D. | year = 2012| title = How many species of algae are there? | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 48 |pages = 1057–1063 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x}}</ref> Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form  [[coenobia]] (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.

A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct [[photosynthesis]] for them. The [[chloroplast]]s in [[euglenid]]s and [[chlorarachniophyte]]s were acquired from ingested green algae,<ref name="palmer" /> and in the latter retain a [[nucleomorph]] (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate ''[[Paramecium]]'', and in ''[[Hydra viridissima]]'' and in the [[Platyhelminthes]].  Some species of green algae, particularly of genera ''[[Trebouxia]]'' of the class ''[[Trebouxiophyceae]]'' and ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]'' (class [[Ulvophyceae]]), can be found in symbiotic associations with [[fungi]] to form [[lichen]]s. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus.  ''Trentepohlia'' is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family [[Graphidaceae]].

==Cellular structure==
Green algae have chloroplasts that contain [[chlorophyll a]] and [[chlorophyll b]], giving them a bright green color, as well as the accessory pigments [[beta carotene]] and [[xanthophyll]]s,<ref name="Burrows 91">Burrows 1991. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.''  Volume '''2''' Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-00981-8</ref> in stacked [[thylakoid]]s.<ref name="Hoek 95">Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec=frontcover Algae An introduction to phycology]''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9</ref> The [[cell wall]]s of green algae usually contain [[cellulose]] and they store carbohydrate in the form of [[starch]].<ref name=Judd>Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. and Donoghue, M.J. Sinauer (2002) Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Associates Inc., Sunderland Mass. ISBN 0-87893-403-0 , p156</ref>

All green algae have [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with flat [[cristae]]. When present, paired [[flagellum|flagella]] are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of [[microtubule]]s and fibrous strands.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of [[charophytes]]<ref>Bhattacharya D, Medlin L (1998) Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants" ''Plant Physiology'' 116, 9–15</ref> and are absent from the gametes of [[Pinophyta]] and [[Angiosperm|flowering plants]]. 

Members of the [[Chlorophyceae]] class undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a [[phycoplast]].><ref name=Pickett-Heaps1976>J. Pickett-Heaps (1976) Cell division in eucaryotic algae. ''Bioscience'' '''26''' (7) 445-450</ref>

Like land plants, [[Charophyte]] green algae undergo open [[mitosis]] without [[centrioles]]. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the [[phragmoplast]], is formed from the [[mitotic spindle]] and cell division involves the use of this [[phragmoplast]] in the production of a cell plate.<ref name=Raven2005>P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): ''Biology of Plants'', 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2</ref>

==Origins==
Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary [[endosymbiotic theory|endosymbiotic]] event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic [[cyanobacteria|cyanobacterium]]-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound [[organelle]], the [[plastid]].<ref name="Keeling2010">{{cite journal|last1=Keeling|first1=PJ|title=The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=365|issue=1541|year=2010|pages=729–748|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0103|pmid=20124341|pmc=2817223}}</ref> This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three [[autotroph]]ic clades with primary plastids: the [[Viridiplantae|green plants]], the [[red algae]] and the [[glaucophyte]]s.<ref name="De ClerckBogaert2012">{{cite journal|last1=De Clerck|first1=O|last2=Bogaert|first2=KA|last3=Leliaert|first3=F|title=Diversity and Evolution of Algae|journal=Advances in Botanical Research|volume=64|year=2012|pages=55–86|issn=00652296|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5}}</ref>

==Evolution and classification==
[[File:Intertidal greenalgae.jpg|280px|thumb|right|A growth of the green seaweed, ''[[Enteromorpha]]'' on rock substratum at the ocean shore. Some green seaweeds, such as ''Enteromorpha'' and ''[[Sea lettuce|Ulva]]'', are quick to utilize inorganic [[nutrient]]s from [[land runoff]], and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution.]]
Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant [[clade]] [[Viridiplantae]] (or [[Chlorobionta]]). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and [[glaucophyte]] algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as [[Archaeplastida]] or Plantae ''sensu lato''.

The [[Viridiplantae]] diverged into two clades. The [[Chlorophyta]] includes the early diverging [[Prasinophyceae|prasinophyte]] lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The [[Streptophyta]] includes the [[Charophyta|charophytes]], a paraphyletic assemblage of freshwater algae from which the land plants have evolved. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.
<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lewis, L. A & R. M. McCourt | year = 2004 | title = Green algae and the origin of land plants| journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 91 | issue = 10 |pages = 1535–1556 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1535 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 | pmid=21652308}}</ref><ref name="Leliaert2012">{{cite journal|last1=Leliaert|first1=Frederik|last2=Smith|first2=David R.|last3=Moreau|first3=Hervé|last4=Herron|first4=Matthew D.|last5=Verbruggen|first5=Heroen|last6=Delwiche|first6=Charles F.|last7=De Clerck|first7=Olivier|title=Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae|url=http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/5628E58F0ecc431F0CsJm2B04CAD/49951.pdf|journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=31|year=2012|pages=1–46|doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Marin2012">{{cite journal|last1=Marin|first1=Birger|title=Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons|journal=Protist|volume=163|year=2012|pages=778–805|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004}}</ref><ref name="Laurin-LemayBrinkmann2012">{{cite journal|last1=Laurin-Lemay|first1=Simon|last2=Brinkmann|first2=Henner|last3=Philippe|first3=Hervé|title=Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data|journal=Current Biology|volume=22|year=2012|pages=R593–R594|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
	|1={{clade
		|label1=[[Chlorophyta]]
		|1={{clade
		|label1=core Chlorophyta
			|1={{clade
				|1={{clade
					|1={{clade
						|1=[[Ulvophyceae]]
						|2=[[Trebouxiophyceae]]
						|3=[[Chlorophyceae]]
						}}
					|2=[[Chlorodendrales|Chlorodendrophyceae]]
					}}
				|2=[[Pedinophyceae]]
				}}
            |2=[[Prasinophyceae|prasinophytes]] (''[[paraphyletic]]'')|state2=dashed
		     }}
		|label2=[[Streptophyta]]
		|2={{clade
			|1=[[Mesostigmatophyceae]]
            |2=[[Chlorokybus|Chlorokybophyceae]]
			|3={{clade
				|1=[[Klebsormidiales|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
				|2={{clade
					|1=[[Charales|Charophyceae]]
					|2={{clade
						|1={{clade
							|1=[[Zygnematales|Zygnematophyceae]]
							|2=[[Coleochaetales|Coleochaetophyceae]]
							}}
						|2=[[Embryophyte]]s (land plants)
						}}
					}}
				}}
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}

[[File:Algaeconjugate.jpg|thumb|right|Green Algae conjugating]]

The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were included before in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms.

==Reproduction==
Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called [[alternation of generations]].

Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells ([[isogamy]]) to [[fertilisation|fertilization]] of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (oogamy). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called [[prasinophyte]]s.

Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called ''conjugation'' and occurs for example in ''[[Spirogyra]]''.

The species of ''Ulva'' are reproductively isomorphic, the [[diploid]] vegetative phase is the site of [[meiosis]] and releases haploid zoospores, which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase.<ref>[http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/greens/anna/frontpages/lifecyc.htm]</ref>

==Chemistry==
The green algae span a wide range of [[δ13C|δ<sup>13</sup>C]] values, with different groups having different typical ranges.
{{Algal carbon isotopes}}

Green algae{{which|which groups|date=October 2013}} contain sulfated [[polysaccharide]]s like [[rhamnan sulfate]] in the amorphous sections of their cell walls.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Some species{{which|date=October 2013}} also contain [[gallotannins]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

==Physiology==
The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, [[osmoregulation]], [[turgor regulation]], [[salt tolerance]], [[cytoplasmic streaming]], and the generation of [[action potentials]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tazawa|first=Masashi|title=Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology|journal=Progress in Botany|year=2010|volume=72|pages=5–34|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iMxH0-q42PkC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=tazawa+sixty+years&source=bl&ots=bVV6JdDv6H&sig=YQQQRxzwpFYnYTR2TR6hMvQRZDk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Cmz8T4TmF8Lb0QGK7aSIBw&ved=0CFEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=7-10-2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Brown algae]]
*[[Red algae]]
*[[Seaweed]]
*[[Viridiplantae]]
*[[Chlorophyta]]
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{{bun}}
==Imraaghyn==
{{rolleyimraaghyn}}

==Kianglaghyn çheumooie==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060921203727/http://home.arcor.de/stefan.wic/diplomarbeit.pdf#search=%22%22stefan%20wic%22%22/ Algaghyn glasses ayns scryss ny greg]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html Duillag Ollooscoill Verkeley]

<!--{{Plant classification}}-->

[[Ronney:Algaghyn glassey| ]]
[[Ronney:Lossreeyn neuchuishlagh]]
She possan dy algaghyn ad algaghyn glassey, as ad shennayraghyn ny h-embryophyta.  She possan paraphyletagh t'ayn son t'eh cowrit rere ny t'eh faagail magh, shen ny lossreeyn ooashley.  Ta clade ayn ta goaill stiagh y jees oc, as shen Viridiplantae ny Plantae.

Imraaghyn

Kianglaghyn çheumooie
Algaghyn glasses ayns scryss ny greg
Duillag Ollooscoill Verkeley

 
Ronney:Lossreeyn neuchuishlagh