Cicero
{{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney
| jalloo = Bust of Cicero (1st-cent. BC) - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg
| fo-heidyl = Kione-jalloo Cicero voish y chied eash BNJ ec y [[Musei Capitolini]], y Raue
| date_ruggyr = 3 Jerrey Geuree 106 RC
| boayl_ruggyr = [[Arpino|Arpinum]], [[Yn Iddaal Raueagh|yn Iddaal]], [[Pobblaght y Raue]]
| date_baaish = 7 Nollick 43 RC (63 bleeaney d'eash)
| boayl_baaish = [[Formia]], yn Iddaal, Pobblaght y Raue
| ennit = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Exceptio probat regulam in casibus non exceptis]]''
* ''[[Humanitas]]''
* ''[[Inter arma enim silent leges]]''
* ''[[Non nobis solum]]''
* ''[[O tempora, o mores!]]''
* ''[[Salus populi suprema lex esto]]''
* ''[[Summum bonum]]''
 }}
}}
'''Marcus Tullius Cicero'''{{efn|Ta'n ennym dy mennick ry-gheddyn myr '''Tully''', 'sy Vaarle er lheh<ref>M.s., ayns Howard Jones, ''Master Tully: Cicero in Tudor England'' (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1998).</ref>}} ({{ASE|ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː|lang}}; 3 Jerrey Geuree 106 RC&nbsp;– 7 Nollick 43&nbsp;RC), she steateyr, leighder, schoillar, fallsoonagh, screeudeyr, as [[ourys scoillaragh|ouryssagh]] [[Yn Çhenn Raue|Raueagh]] v'eh,<ref>Cicero, ''Academica'' [http://attalus.org/cicero/academica2b.html#65 Book II, Section 65]</ref> ren e chooid share ny prinsabylyn [[optimatagh]] y chummal seose car [[geyre-ghaue Phobblaght y Raue|ny geyre-ghaueyn]] chur rish bunneeaght [[Impiraght y Raue]]. Ghow e [[Screeunyn Cicero|screeunyn lheeadagh]] stiagh traghtyssyn bentyn rish y [[retrick]], y fallsoonys, as y pholitickaght. T'eh coontit mastey ny [[oraatagh|h-oraatee]] share 'sy Raue as y noader er ny haink dy ve enmyssit "retrick Cicero."<ref>[[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, E.]]: ''Cicero, a portrait'' (1975) dg. 303</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haskell |first1=Henry Joseph |title=This was Cicero |date=1964 |publisher=Fawcett Publications Incorporated |pages=300–301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeBBAAAAIAAJ |language=Baarle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Boaldyn 2023 |title=Cicero {{!}} Biography, Philosophy, Writings, Books, Death, & Facts {{!}} Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero |accessdate=18 Boaldyn 2023 |website=britannica.com |language=Baarle}}</ref> Va Cicero ynsit 'sy Raue as 'sy Ghreag. Haink eh ass mooinjer [[Municipium|baljagh]] berçhagh jeh [[oardagh aghlagh y Raue]], as ren eh shirveish myr [[consyl Raueagh|consyl]] ayns 63&nbsp;RC.

S'mooar yn chummaght v'echey er y [[Ladjyn]]. Screeu eh ny smoo na tree kerrooyn jeh lettyraght y Ladjyn foast er mayrn ta fys ain er voish lhing e vea, as t'eh raait dy nee freggyrt ny goll er ash dys e vod 'sy phrose haink ny yei, cha nee 'sy Ladjyn ny lomarcan, agh ayns çhengaghyn yn Oarpey derrey'n 19oo eash.<ref name="Harrison2008">{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Harrison|title=A Companion to Latin Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0ivXkSqjAC|year= 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3737-9|page=31}}</ref><ref name="Inc1995">{{Cite book |last=Merriam-Webster, Inc |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-87779-042-6 |page=244 |chapter=Ciceronian period |accessdate=27 Luanistyn 2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA244}}</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Selected Works'', 1971, dg. 24</ref> Chur Cicero stiagh 'sy Ladjyn arganeyssyn ny scoillyn mooarey jeh'n [[Fallsoonys Greagagh|allsoonys Greagagh]] as chroo eh ram focklyn 'sy Ladjyn bentyn rish yn allsoonys trooid [[noaid focklagh]] (m.s. [[Noa-ockle|noa-ocklyn]] lheid as {{lang|la|evidentia}},<ref>''Cicero, ''[http://attalus.org/cicero/academica2a.html#17 ''Acad.'' 2.17–18]</ref> ''generator'', {{lang|la|[[humanitas]]}}, ''infinitio'', {{lang|la|qualitas}}, {{lang|la|quantitas}}),<ref>Conte, G.B.: "Latin Literature: a history" (1987) dg. 199</ref> as begnagh 150 jeu currit stiagh voish çhyndaa [[çhiarrym çhaghnoil|çhiarrymyn]] fallsoonagh y [[Greagish|Ghreagish]].<ref>Cf. C.J. Dowson (2023), ''Philosophia Translata: The Development of Latin Philosophical Vocabulary through Translation from Greek.'' Brill: Leiden-Boston, pp. 314ff </ref> Haishbyn ny h-obbraghyn shen eh myr scoillar jesh yn allsoonys as myr çhyndaader schleioil.

Ga dy nee oraatagh cooilleeinit as leighder rahdoil v'eh, chred Cicero dy row yn rah echey smoo ry-gheddyn 'sy choorse bea echey. Ren y [[co-chialg Catilinagh]] eab y reiltys y cheau magh trooid ruegys er y valley liorish forsaghyn mooie car e chonsyllys. Chur Cicero yn irree magh fo chosh trooid giare-hual as cur-gy-baase queig co-chialgeyryn gyn cooish leigh. Car eash veanagh y lhing veanagh jeh'n chied eash RC, tra haghyr [[Rolley caggaghyn theayagh as irreeyn magh Raueagh|caggaghyn theayagh]] as jaghteyrys [[Jool Kaesar|Yool Kaesar]], chur Cicero er oaie filley er ash dys tradishoon pobblaghtagh y reiltys. Lurg baase Chaesar, haink Cicero dy ve ny noid lesh [[Markys Anthoin]] 'sy troddan cummaght haink ny yei, raad ren eh soiaghey er ayns [[Philippicae|straih oraidyn]]. V'eh tarmestit myr noid y steat liorish [[Yn Nah Trooraght|y Nah Trooraght]] as currit gy baase liorish sidooryn va gobbraghey er nyn son ayns 43&nbsp;RC, erreish dy row eh goit car eiyrtys çhea voish lieh-innys yn Iddaal. Va e laueyn as e chione giarrit taishbynit er y [[Rostra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severed Heads and Hands |url=https://sights.seindal.dk/lexicon/roman-culture/severed-heads-and-hands/ |accessdate=9 Nollick 2022 |website=Photo Archive |language=Baarle}}</ref>

Ta aa-gheddyn [[Petrarch]] jeh lettyryn Cicero coontit myr toshiaght [[yn Aaruggyr]] ayns [[Res publica|cooishyn theayagh]], [[sheelnauederys Aaruggyree|sheelnauederys]], as cultoor classicagh Raueagh.<ref name="Wootton1996">{{Cite book |last=Wootton |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/modernpoliticalt00woot |url-access=registration |title=Modern Political Thought: Readings from Machiavelli to Nietzsche |publisher=Hackett Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87220-341-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernpoliticalt00woot/page/1 1] |accessdate=27 Luanistyn 2013}}</ref> Haink mullagh eaghtyrys as ooashley Cicero 'sy 18oo eash car y [[Eash y Toilsheraght|Toilsheraght]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Neal |title=Cicero's Social and Political Thought |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-07427-9}}</ref> as s'mooar va'n chummaght echey er smooineyderyn as sheiltynee pholitickagh y Toilsheraght lheid as [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], [[Montesquieu]], as [[Edmund Burke]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nlnrac.org/classical/cicero |title=Cicero and the Natural Law |last=Nicgorski |first=Walter |publisher=Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism}}</ref> Ta e obbraghyn coontit mastey ny h-obbraghyn smoo cummaghtagh ayns cultoor y theihll. T'ad foast ymmydit myr y corpane smoo scanshoil jeh stoo bunneydagh da screeu as aastudeyrys y [[Shennaghys y Raue|çhennaghys Raueagh]], goaill stiagh laaghyn jerrinagh [[Pobblaght y Raue|Phobblaght y Raue]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Miriam |last1=Griffin |first2=John |last2=Boardman |first3=Jasper |last3=Griffin |first4=Oswyn |last4=Murray
|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Roman World |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00john_1
|url-access=registration |accessdate=10 Luanistyn 2011 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285436-0 |pages=76ff }}</ref>

==Noteyn==
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

==Imraaghyn==
{{rolleyimraaghyn}}

==Kianglaghyn magh==
{{Commons|Marcus Tullius Cicero}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://catalog.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cite:perseus:author.364 Obbraghyn liorish Cicero ec Perseus Digital Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210228002128/https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary#cicero Obbraghyn liorish Cicero] ec Stoic Therapy eLibrary
* [[The Latin Library]] (Ladjyn): [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cic.html Obbraghyn Cicero]
* [http://dcc.dickinson.edu/cicero-verres/preface-and-acknowledgements Dickinson College Commentaries: ''Against Verres 2.1.53–86'']
* [http://dcc.dickinson.edu/cicero-de-imperio/preface-and-acknowledgments Dickinson College Commentaries: ''On Pompey's Command (De Imperio) 27–49'']
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/horace_ms_1b.html Horace MS 1b Laelius de Amicitia at OPenn]
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_066.html Lewis E 66 Epistolae ad familiares (Lettyryn da caarjyn)
'''Beashnyssyn as coontyssyn er traa Cicero'''

Beashnys Cicero liorish [[Plutarch]] t'ayns [[gutenberg:674|''Parallel Lives'']]
* ''Life of Cicero'' liorish Anthony Trollope, [[gutenberg:8945|Yn-lioar I]] as [[gutenberg:28676|Ym-lioar II]]
* [[gutenberg:11448|''Cicero'' liorish yn Arr. W. Lucas Collins (''Ancient Classics for English Readers'')]]
* [[gutenberg:13481|''Roman life in the days of Cicero'' liorish yn Arr. Alfred J. Church]]
* [[gutenberg:11256|''Social life at Rome in the Age of Cicero'']] liorish [[W. Warde Fowler]]
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.heraklia.fws1.com/contemporaries/cicero/ |title=At Heraklia website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114090741/http://www.heraklia.fws1.com/contemporaries/cicero/ |archivedate=14 Jerrey Geuree 2006 |accessdate=31 Mayrnt 2017 }}
* [http://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/LatinAuthors/Cicero.html Cicero ec ynnyd-eggey Middlebury College]

{{Gurneil eaghtyrys}}

[[Ronney:Cicero| ]]
[[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 106 RC]]
[[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 43 RC]]
[[Ronney:Faaishneyderyn Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Consylyn Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Screeudeyryn 'sy Ladjyn]]
[[Ronney:Ouryssee schoillaragh]]
[[Ronney:Shellooderyn thallooin shenndeeagh]]
[[Ronney:Markee Henn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Eebyrtee Henn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Leigh-oaylleeyn Shenn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Retrickee Henn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Scoillaryn Shenn-Raueagh y chraueeaght]]
[[Ronney:Sheelnauederyn classicagh]]
[[Ronney:Shenn-Rauee va currit gy baase]]
[[Ronney:Screeudeyryn Shenn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Screeudeyryn lettyryn 'sy Ladjyn]]
[[Ronney:Optimatee]]
[[Ronney:Deiney ass Arpino]]
[[Ronney:Aedeelee phleabagh]]
[[Ronney:Fallsoonee Henn-Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Kiannoortyn Raueagh Cilicia]]
[[Ronney:Quaestoryn Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Praeteyryn Pobblaghtagh Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Fallsoonee ouryssagh yn eash Raueagh]]
[[Ronney:Scoillaryn yn eash Raueagh 'syn Atheen]]
[[Ronney:Scoillaryn y çhyndaays]]
[[Ronney:Çhyndaaderyn teksyn y Çhenn-Ghreagish]]
[[Ronney:Sheiltynee tropeyn]]
[[Ronney:Tullii]]
Marcus Tullius Cicero (; 3 Jerrey Geuree 106 RC – 7 Nollick 43 RC), she steateyr, leighder, schoillar, fallsoonagh, screeudeyr, as ouryssagh Raueagh v'eh,Cicero, Academica Book II, Section 65 ren e chooid share ny prinsabylyn optimatagh y chummal seose car ny geyre-ghaueyn chur rish bunneeaght Impiraght y Raue. Ghow e screeunyn lheeadagh stiagh traghtyssyn bentyn rish y retrick, y fallsoonys, as y pholitickaght. T'eh coontit mastey ny h-oraatee share 'sy Raue as y noader er ny haink dy ve enmyssit "retrick Cicero."Rawson, E.: Cicero, a portrait (1975) dg. 303 Va Cicero ynsit 'sy Raue as 'sy Ghreag. Haink eh ass mooinjer baljagh berçhagh jeh oardagh aghlagh y Raue, as ren eh shirveish myr consyl ayns 63 RC.

S'mooar yn chummaght v'echey er y Ladjyn. Screeu eh ny smoo na tree kerrooyn jeh lettyraght y Ladjyn foast er mayrn ta fys ain er voish lhing e vea, as t'eh raait dy nee freggyrt ny goll er ash dys e vod 'sy phrose haink ny yei, cha nee 'sy Ladjyn ny lomarcan, agh ayns çhengaghyn yn Oarpey derrey'n 19oo eash.Cicero, Selected Works, 1971, dg. 24 Chur Cicero stiagh 'sy Ladjyn arganeyssyn ny scoillyn mooarey jeh'n allsoonys Greagagh as chroo eh ram focklyn 'sy Ladjyn bentyn rish yn allsoonys trooid noaid focklagh (m.s. noa-ocklyn lheid as ,Cicero, Acad. 2.17–18 generator, , infinitio, , ),Conte, G.B.: "Latin Literature: a history" (1987) dg. 199 as begnagh 150 jeu currit stiagh voish çhyndaa çhiarrymyn fallsoonagh y Ghreagish.Cf. C.J. Dowson (2023), Philosophia Translata: The Development of Latin Philosophical Vocabulary through Translation from Greek. Brill: Leiden-Boston, pp. 314ff  Haishbyn ny h-obbraghyn shen eh myr scoillar jesh yn allsoonys as myr çhyndaader schleioil.

Ga dy nee oraatagh cooilleeinit as leighder rahdoil v'eh, chred Cicero dy row yn rah echey smoo ry-gheddyn 'sy choorse bea echey. Ren y co-chialg Catilinagh eab y reiltys y cheau magh trooid ruegys er y valley liorish forsaghyn mooie car e chonsyllys. Chur Cicero yn irree magh fo chosh trooid giare-hual as cur-gy-baase queig co-chialgeyryn gyn cooish leigh. Car eash veanagh y lhing veanagh jeh'n chied eash RC, tra haghyr caggaghyn theayagh as jaghteyrys Yool Kaesar, chur Cicero er oaie filley er ash dys tradishoon pobblaghtagh y reiltys. Lurg baase Chaesar, haink Cicero dy ve ny noid lesh Markys Anthoin 'sy troddan cummaght haink ny yei, raad ren eh soiaghey er ayns straih oraidyn. V'eh tarmestit myr noid y steat liorish y Nah Trooraght as currit gy baase liorish sidooryn va gobbraghey er nyn son ayns 43 RC, erreish dy row eh goit car eiyrtys çhea voish lieh-innys yn Iddaal. Va e laueyn as e chione giarrit taishbynit er y Rostra.

Ta aa-gheddyn Petrarch jeh lettyryn Cicero coontit myr toshiaght yn Aaruggyr ayns cooishyn theayagh, sheelnauederys, as cultoor classicagh Raueagh. Haink mullagh eaghtyrys as ooashley Cicero 'sy 18oo eash car y Toilsheraght, as s'mooar va'n chummaght echey er smooineyderyn as sheiltynee pholitickagh y Toilsheraght lheid as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, as Edmund Burke. Ta e obbraghyn coontit mastey ny h-obbraghyn smoo cummaghtagh ayns cultoor y theihll. T'ad foast ymmydit myr y corpane smoo scanshoil jeh stoo bunneydagh da screeu as aastudeyrys y çhennaghys Raueagh, goaill stiagh laaghyn jerrinagh Phobblaght y Raue.

Noteyn

Imraaghyn

Kianglaghyn magh

 Obbraghyn liorish Cicero ec Perseus Digital Library
 Obbraghyn liorish Cicero ec Stoic Therapy eLibrary
 The Latin Library (Ladjyn): Obbraghyn Cicero
 Dickinson College Commentaries: Against Verres 2.1.53–86
 Dickinson College Commentaries: On Pompey's Command (De Imperio) 27–49
 Horace MS 1b Laelius de Amicitia at OPenn
 [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_066.html Lewis E 66 Epistolae ad familiares (Lettyryn da caarjyn)
Beashnyssyn as coontyssyn er traa Cicero

Beashnys Cicero liorish Plutarch t'ayns Parallel Lives
 Life of Cicero liorish Anthony Trollope, Yn-lioar I as Ym-lioar II
 Cicero liorish yn Arr. W. Lucas Collins (Ancient Classics for English Readers)
 Roman life in the days of Cicero liorish yn Arr. Alfred J. Church
 Social life at Rome in the Age of Cicero liorish W. Warde Fowler
 
 Cicero ec ynnyd-eggey Middlebury College

 
Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 106 RC
Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 43 RC
Ronney:Faaishneyderyn Raueagh
Ronney:Consylyn Raueagh
Ronney:Screeudeyryn 'sy Ladjyn
Ronney:Ouryssee schoillaragh
Ronney:Shellooderyn thallooin shenndeeagh
Ronney:Markee Henn-Raueagh
Ronney:Eebyrtee Henn-Raueagh
Ronney:Leigh-oaylleeyn Shenn-Raueagh
Ronney:Retrickee Henn-Raueagh
Ronney:Scoillaryn Shenn-Raueagh y chraueeaght
Ronney:Sheelnauederyn classicagh
Ronney:Shenn-Rauee va currit gy baase
Ronney:Screeudeyryn Shenn-Raueagh
Ronney:Screeudeyryn lettyryn 'sy Ladjyn
Ronney:Optimatee
Ronney:Deiney ass Arpino
Ronney:Aedeelee phleabagh
Ronney:Fallsoonee Henn-Raueagh
Ronney:Kiannoortyn Raueagh Cilicia
Ronney:Quaestoryn Raueagh
Ronney:Praeteyryn Pobblaghtagh Raueagh
Ronney:Fallsoonee ouryssagh yn eash Raueagh
Ronney:Scoillaryn yn eash Raueagh 'syn Atheen
Ronney:Scoillaryn y çhyndaays
Ronney:Çhyndaaderyn teksyn y Çhenn-Ghreagish
Ronney:Sheiltynee tropeyn
Ronney:Tullii