Pawatasan susial
[[Berkas:Social distancing queueing for the supermarket J. Sainsbury's north London Coronavirus Covid 19 pandemic - 30 March 2020.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Urang-urang mancuntuhakan pawatasan susial wayah maantri gasan mamasuki pasar swalayan di [[London]] salawas pandimi COVID-19 tahun 2020. Gasan mamastiakan bubuhan panukar kawa manjaga jarak sasampainya di tuku, wastu sajumlah urang nang diwatasi wan dibariakan masuk sakaligus.]]
[[Berkas:Covid-19-Transmission-graphic-01-id.gif|jmpl|upright=1.5|Pawatasan susial mangurangi tingkat pajangkitan panyakit wan kawa maampihakan wabah.]]
'''Pawatasan susial''' ({{lang-en|social distancing}}), disambat jua '''pawatasan awak''' (''physical distancing''),<ref name="WHO_20200320">{{cite web |title=COVID-19 |author-first1=Margaret |author-last1=Harris |author-first2=Tedros |author-last2=Adhanom Ghebreyesus |author-link2=Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus |author-first3=Tu |author-last3=Liu |author-first4=Michael "Mike" J. |author-last4=Ryan |author-link4=Michael J. Ryan (doctor) |author5=Vadia<!-- Nowruz, Iran --> |author-first6=Maria D. |author-last6=Van Kerkhove |author-link6=Maria D. Van Kerkhove |author7=Diego<!-- Vortex --> |author-first8=Imogen |author-last8=Foulkes |author-first9=Charles |author-last9=Ondelam |author-first10=Corinne |author-last10=Gretler |author11=Costas<!-- ERT, Greece --> |date=20 March 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-20mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1eafbff_0 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325084602/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-20mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1eafbff_0 |archive-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hensley_20200323">{{cite web |author-first=Laura |author-last=Hensley |title=Social distancing is out, physical distancing is in – here's how to do it |work=[[Global News]] |date=23 March 2020 |publisher=[[Corus Entertainment Inc.]] |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6717166/what-is-physical-distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180136/https://globalnews.ca/news/6717166/what-is-physical-distancing/ |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Venske_20200326">{{cite web |title=Die Wirkung von Sprache in Krisenzeiten |language=de |trans-title=The effect of language in times of crisis |date=26 March 2020 |editor-first=Andrea |editor-last=Schwyzer |author-first=Regula |author-last=Venske |author-link=:de:Regula Venske |type=Interview |publisher=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] |series=NDR Kultur |url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/Corona-Die-Wirkung-von-Sprache-in-Krisenzeiten,venske118.html |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327214038/https://www.ndr.de/kultur/Corona-Die-Wirkung-von-Sprache-in-Krisenzeiten,venske118.html |archive-date=27 March 2020}} (NB. Regula Venske is president of the [[PEN Centre Germany]].)</ref>, atawa sacara kada rasmi '''jaga jarak''', adalah sarangkaian upaya lainparmasi nang dimaksutakan gasan mancagah panyabaran [[panyakit manjangkit]] lawan manjaga jarak awak antara saikung urang wan urang lain, wan jua mangurangi jumlah urang nang manggawi kuntak parak saikung sama lain.<ref name="WHO_20200320"/><ref name="JohnsonSunFreedman 2020">{{Cite news |author-last1=Johnson |author-first1=Carolyn Y. |author-last2=Sun |author-first2=Lena |author-last3=Freedman |author-first3=Andrew |title=Social distancing could buy U.S. valuable time against coronavirus |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/social-distancing-coronavirus/ |access-date=11 March 2020 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/social-distancing-coronavirus/ |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Tindakan ngini rancaknya digawi lawan manjaga jarak tatantu matan urang lain (jarak nang ditantuakan mungkin lain matan waktu ka waktu wan matan sabuah nagara lawan nagara lain) wan mahindari bakumpul baimbai dalam garumbung ganal.<ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="CDC22March2020"/>

Pawatasan susial pacangan mangurangi kamungkinan kuntak antara urang nang kada tajangkit lawan urang tajangkit, jadi kawa mangurangi [[pajangkitan panyakit]], wan paling tatambaian, [[kamatian]].<ref name="WHO_20200320"/> Tindakan ngini digabungakan lawan manarapakan [[pandirian kabarasihan]] pahinakan nang baik wan kabiasaan [[babasuh tangan]] dalam sabuah garumbung.<ref name="WHO2May2009"/><ref name="gov.ukSD">{{Cite web |title= Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK |author-last= |author-first= |date= |website=GOV.UK |language=en |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200324214400/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults |archive-date= 24 March 2020 }}</ref> Salawas [[pandemi Covid-19]], [[Urganisasi Kasihatan Dunia|Pahimpunan Kawigasan Dunia]] (WHO) mamadahakan pamakaian istilah "pawatasan awak" lain "pawatasan susial", sasuai lawan pakta lamun jarak awaklah nang mancagah pajangkitan; pahadangan urang-urang kawa tatap tasambung sacara susial malalui tiknulugi.<ref name="WHO_20200320"/><ref name="Hensley_20200323"/><ref name="Tangermann_20200324">{{cite web |title= It's Officially Time to Stop Using The Phrase 'Social Distancing'<!-- The WHO Wants You to Ditch the Phrase "Social Distancing" --> |date= 24 March 2020 |orig-year= 2020-03-20 |author-first= Victor |author-last= Tangermann |work= science alert (Futurism / The Byte) |url= https://www.sciencealert.com/who-is-no-longer-using-the-phrase-social-distancing |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180149/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-is-no-longer-using-the-phrase-social-distancing |archive-date= 29 March 2020}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180155/https://futurism.com/the-byte/who-ditch-phrase-social-distancing]</ref><ref name=Kumar>{{Cite journal|last= Kumar|first= Satyendra|date= 28 March 2020|title= Corona Virus Outbreak: Keep Physical Distancing, Not Social Distancing |language= en|location= Rochester, NY|ssrn= 3568435}}</ref> Gasan malambati panyabaran panyakit manjangkit wan mancagah tampat layanan kawigasan tabaruncuti, hususnya salawas [[pandimi]], sapalih tindakan pawatasan susial ditarapakan, tamasuk panutupan sakulah wan tampat bagawi, [[isulasi (kawigasan)|isulasi]], [[karantina]], pawatasan pakujukan urang, wan pamasahan [[padapatan urang banyak]].<ref name="JohnsonSunFreedman 2020"/><ref name="cdc2007"/>

Walau istilah ngini hanyar dipatuhakan wayah abat ka-21,<ref>{{cite web |title=social distancing |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20distancing |website=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> langkah-langkah pawatasan susial paling kada sudah ada matan abat kalima SM. Salah sabuting rujukan panambaian pasla pawatasan susial didapatakan dalam [[Kitab Imamat]], 13:46: "Wan paharit kusta nang takana wabah ngitu … inya cagat tinggal saurangan; [di luar] tampat bagananya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+13&version=AKJV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Leviticus 13 - Authorized (King James) Version|website=Bible Gateway}}</ref> Salawas [[wabah Yustinianus]] matan tahun 541 sampai 542, kaisar [[Yustinianus I]] manarapakan karantina nang kada ampuh di [[Kakaisaran Romawi Timur]], tamasuk mambuang mayat ka laut; inya manumpalak luasnya panyabaran tatambaian lawan "[[urang Yahudi]], [[urang Samaria|Samaria]], [[paganisme|pagan]], [[arianisme|Arianis]], [[montanisme|Montanis]], wan [[homoseksualitas|homoseksual]]".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last= Drews|first= Kelly|date= 1 May 2013|title= A Brief History of Quarantine|journal= The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review|language= en|volume= 2|doi= 10.21061/vtuhr.v2i0.16|issn= 2165-9915}}</ref> Wayah jaman mudirin, langkah-langkah pawatasan susial bakulih ditarapakan dalam sapalih ipidimi. Di Kuta [[St. Louis, Missouri]], kada lawas imbah kajadian [[salismaan]] panambaian kali dicatat di kuta ngitu salawas [[pandimi bahingusan 1918]], bubuhan bawinang langsung manutup sakulah, kada mambariakan padapatan urang banyak, wan tindakan pawatasan susial lainnya. Angka kamatian kajadian di St. Louis tadikit dibandingakan di Kuta [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], nang walau baisi kajadian salismaan, masih mambariakan aarakan urang banyak wan kada manggawi pawatasan susial sampai labih matan dua minggu imbah dapatan kajadian panambaian.<ref name="Ryan2008"/> Bubuhan bawinang sudah manyuruh atawa mambari papadah gasan manggawi pawatasan susial salawas pandimi Covid-19.

Pawatasan susial taampuh digawi wayah jangkitan manjangkit malalui kuntak [[papaian pahinakan]] atawa ''droplet'' (kaya [[batuk]] atawa [[wahin]]); kuntak awak langsung, tamasuk hubungan siksual; kuntak kada langsung (misalnya lawan manjapai pamukaan nang tacamar kaya ''[[fomit]]''); atawa [[Panyakit bawaan angin|pajangkitan malalui angin]] (lamun [[mikruurganisma]] kawa batahan hidup di angin gasan waktu nang lawas).<ref name="cidrap">{{cite web |title=Information About Social Distancing |date=2017 |website=www.cidrap.umn.edu |publisher=Public Health Department: [[Santa Clara Valley Health & Hospital System]] |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/185/185_factsheet_social_distancing.pdf |access-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327162348/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/185/185_factsheet_social_distancing.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Pawatasan susial kada tapi ampuh wayah jangkitan dijangkitakan tatambaian malalui [[Transmisi fekal–oral|banyu atawa makanan nang tacamar]] atawa ulih [[vektor (biulugi)|vektor]] kaya [[rangit]] atawa karangga lain<ref name="CDCFeb2007">{{cite web |title= Interim Pre-Pandemic Planning Guidance: Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States – Early, Targeted, Layered Use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date= February 2007 |id= CS10848 |url= https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/community_mitigation-sm.pdf |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200319205055/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/community_mitigation-sm.pdf |archive-date= 19 March 2020}}</ref>

Karugian matan pawatasan susial kawa barupa [[kasunyian]], bakurangnya [[kabakulihan]] (produktivitas), wan hilangnya manapaat lain nang bakaitan lawan [[Hubungan antarparibadi|hubungan manusia]].<ref name="Brooks26Feb2020"/>

== Artian ==
[[Berkas:Social distancing COVID.png|jmpl|Sabuting gambar (dalam basa Arab, Inggris, wan Urdu) nang manyuruh pawatasan susial salawas pandimi Covid-19.]]
[[Pusat Pangandalian wan Pancagahan Panyakit Amirika Sarikat]] (CDC) manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai sapakakas "cara gasan mangurangi karancakan wan kaparakan kuntak di antara urang-urang gasan mangurangi rasiku pajangkitan panyakit".<ref name="cdc2007"/> Salawas [[pandemi salisma babi 2009]], WHO manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai "manjaga jarak paling kada salangan matan urang lain, wan mangurangi padapatan".<ref name="WHO2May2009">{{Cite web |title=Pandemic influenza prevention and mitigation in low resource communities |date=2 May 2009 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/PI_summary_low_resource_02_05_2009.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Tindakan 
ngini digabung lawan [[kabarasihan kawigasan]] pahinakan nang baik wan [[babasuh tangan]], wan dianggap jadi cara nang paling ampuh gasan mangurangi atawa manunda pandimi.<ref name="WHO2May2009"/><ref name="COVID-19 Infographic">{{cite web|title=Winning together: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infographic|URL=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340025544_Winning_together_Novel_coronavirus_COVID-19_infographic|last=|first=|date=|website=[[ResearchGate]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

Salawas pandimi Covid-19, CDC maasai artian pawatasan susial sawagai "tatap ada di luar kaadaan bagalumuk, mahindari padapatan urang banyak, wan manjaga jarak (kikira anam batis atawa dua mitir) matan urang lain lamun kawa".<ref name="Pearce2020">{{Cite web |title=What is social distancing and how can it slow the spread of COVID-19? |author-last=Pearce |author-first=Katie |date=13 March 2020 |website=The Hub |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |language=en |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/03/13/what-is-social-distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329184144/https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/03/13/what-is-social-distancing/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CDC22March2020">{{Cite web |title=Risk Assessment and Management |date=22 March 2020 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |language=en-us |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304230223/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> Kada jalas kanapa anam batis nang ditatapakan dalam artian ngitu. Studi pahanyarnya manunjukakan lamun papaian matan wahin atawa pahinakan nang kuat salawas padapatan awak kawa sampai jarak anam mitir.<ref name="IndoorAir2007">{{Cite news |last= Xie |first=X. |last2=Li |first2= Y. |last3= Chwang |first3=A. T. |last4=Ho |first4= P. L. |last5=Seto  |first5= W. H. |title = How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve |date= June 2007 |journal= [[Indoor Air]] | volume= 17 |issue=3 |pages=211–25 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x |pmid=17542834 }}</ref><ref name="IntEnv2020">{{Cite journal |last=Setti |first=L. |last2=Passarini |first2=F. |last3=De Gennaro|first3=G. |title= Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough |date=23 April 2020 |journal=[[Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health]] |volume= 17|issue=8 |pages=2932 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17082932 |pmid=32340347 }}</ref><ref name="MediumApr20">{{Cite news |last= Thoelen |first=J. |url=https://medium.com/@jurgenthoelen/belgian-dutch-study-why-in-times-of-covid-19-you-can-not-walk-run-bike-close-to-each-other-a5df19c77d08|title= Belgian-Dutch Study: Why in times of COVID-19 you should not walk/run/bike close behind each other. |date=8 April 2020 |work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Sapalih urang  manduga jarak nang ditatapakan ngitu didasarakan lawan [[paitihan]] matan tahun 1930-an wan 1940-an nang sudah dihual<ref name="LiveSci03312020">{{Cite news |last= Letzter |first=R. |url=  https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-six-feet-enough-social-distancing.html |title = Is 6 feet enough space for social distancing? Not everyone thinks that's enough distance. |date=31 March 2020 |work= [[Live Science]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> atawa marga kabingungan dalam mamakai unit paukuran. Bubuhan paitih wan panulis sains manganjurakan pawatasan susial nang tajauh<ref name="IntEnv2020"/><ref name="NYTimesApr1520">{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=G. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/well/move/running-social-distancing.html |title= For Runners, Is 15 Feet the New 6 Feet for Social Distancing? When we walk briskly or run, air moves differently around us, increasing the space required to maintain a proper social distance. |date=15 April 2020 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYTimesApr1420a">{{Cite news |last= Sheikh |first=K. |last2=Gorman  |first2=J.|last3= Chang |first3=K. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/health/coronavirus-six-feet.html |title = Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the 'trillion-dollar question.' |date=14 April 2020 |work= [[New York Times]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> wan/atawa mamakai [[maskar]] sakaligus mawatasi jarak susial.<ref name="IntEnv2020" /><ref name="MediumMar262020">{{Cite news |last=Huang |first=S. |url= https://medium.com/@Cancerwarrior/covid-19-why-we-should-all-wear-masks-there-is-new-scientific-rationale-280e08ceee71 |title= Why we should all wear masks – There is new scientific rationale. |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper">{{cite web|title=The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID‑19 Working Group Consensus Paper|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340903626_The_2019-2020_Novel_Coronavirus_Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_Coronavirus_2_Pandemic_A_Joint_American_College_of_Academic_International_Medicine-World_Academic_Council_of_Emergency_Medicine_Multid|last=|first=|date=|website=[[ResearchGate]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

== Tindakan ==
{{Itihi jua|Marataakan langkuk}}
Pamahaman lamun sabuting panyakit kawa maulah [[parubahan parangai (kawigasan masarakat)|parubahan parangai]] urang-urang, nang mamilih gasan manjauh matan tampat-tampat awam wan urang lain. Wayah ditarapakan gasan mangandaliakan ipidimi, pawatasan susial kaini kawa mangulihakan manapaat, tagal manimbulakan karugian ikunumi jua. Paitihan manunjukakan lamun tindakan ngini musti ditarapakan lawan hancap wan sacara katat anggaran jadi ampuh.<ref name="Maharaj2012">{{cite journal |author-last1=Maharaj |author-first1=Savi |author-last2=Kleczkowski |author-first2=Adam |date=2012 |title=Controlling epidemic spread by social distancing: Do it well or not at all |journal=[[BioMed Central|BMC Public Health]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=679 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-679 |pmid=22905965 |pmc=3563464}}</ref> Sapalih langkah pawatasan susial dipakai gasan mangandaliakan panyabaran panyakit manjangkit.<ref name="cdc2007">{{cite web |author-first1=Kathy |author-last1=Kinlaw |author-first2=Robert J. |author-last2=Levine |title=Ethical guidelines in Pandemic Influenza—Recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee to the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=15 February 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/od/science/integrity/phethics/docs/panflu_ethic_guidelines.pdf |access-date=23 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205095942/https://www.cdc.gov/od/science/integrity/phethics/docs/panflu_ethic_guidelines.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020}} (12 pages)</ref><ref name="cidrap"/><ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>

=== Mahindari kuntak awak ===
[[Berkas:Covid-19-Handshake-Alternatives-v3-id.gif|jmpl|upright=1.5|Pawatasan suaial tamasuk jua mahilangakan kuntak awak, misalnya basalaman nang awam, [[ragap|baragapan]], atawa [[hongi]]; umpama matan Salandia Hanyar ngini manawarakan walung pilihan lain.]]
Manjaga jarak paling kada dua mitir (anam batis) (di [[Amirika Sarikat]] atawa [[Britania Raya]]) atawa 1,5 mitir (di [[Australia]]) atawa 1 mitir (di [[Parancis]] atawa [[Italia]]) saikung sama lain wan mahindari baragapan wan [[garak awak]] nang maumpatakan kuntak awak langsung, mangurangi rasiku tajangkit salawas pandemi salisma dan pandemi Covid-19).<ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="osha">{{cite web |title=Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic |id=OSHA 3327-02N 2007 |work=[[Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/influenza_pandemic.html |access-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325141049/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/influenza_pandemic.html |archive-date=25 March 2020}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200319163737/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3327pandemic.pdf]</ref> Pahalatan jarak ngini, suwalih langkah-langkah kabarasihan kawigasan paribadi, dianjurakan jua di tampat bagawi.<ref name="UofCh">{{Cite web |title=Social Distancing |publisher=Department of Safety & Security, [[The University of Chicago]] |date=2015 |website=safety-security.uchicago.edu |url=https://safety-security.uchicago.edu/emergency_management/all_hazard_safety_procedures/social_distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150358/https://safety-security.uchicago.edu/emergency_management/all_hazard_safety_procedures/social_distancing/ |archive-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Lamun kawa, dipadahakan gasan [[bagawi matan rumah]].<ref name="gov.ukSD"/><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>

Bamamacam pilihan diusulakan gasan manggantiakan taradisi basalaman. Garakan [[namaste]], manangkupakan kadua tabah, maampahakan jariji gasan manunjuk ka atas, wan manggambar bantuk jantung, adalah sapalih pilihan nang kawa digawi kadada bajapaian lawan urang lain. Salawas [[pandimi koronavirus di Britania Raya]], garakan ngini dipakai ulih [[Charles, Pangeran Wales|Pangeran Charles]] wayah manyambut tamu, wan sudah dianjurakan ulih Direktur Jenderal WHO [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] wan Pardana Mantri Israil [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref name="Barajas13March2020">{{Cite web |title=Joined palms, hands on hearts, Vulcan salutes: Saying hello in a no-handshake era |author-last1=Barajas |author-first1=Julia |author-last2=Etehad |author-first2=Melissa |date=13 March 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-03-13/coronavirus-namaste-greetings-handshakes-noncontact |access-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327064424/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-03-13/coronavirus-namaste-greetings-handshakes-noncontact |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Pilihan lain misalnya [[Kawaian|mangawaiakan tangan]], maulah [[Shaka (isarat)|isarat shaka]], wan maandak tabah di jantung, kaya nang digawi di sapalih wilayah Iran.<ref name="Barajas13March2020"/>

<gallery>Berkas:Social Distancing in a Computer Lab.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.85|Di laburaturium kumputar ngini, saban [[satasiun gawi]] sudah ditutup gasan maningkatakan jarak antarpagawi.
Berkas:Social_Distancing_Sign_@_London_Drugs_(49684963711).jpg|jmpl|upright=1|Panangaran di lantai kawa mambantu urang-urang gasan manjaga jarak di tampat-tampat awam.</gallery>

=== Panutupan sakulah ===
[[Berkas:Swineflu uk hpa model.svg|jmpl|ka|upright=1|Kajadian salisma babi par minggu di Britania Raya wayah tahun 2009; sakulah rancaknya [[diparaiakan gasan musim panas|paraian musim panas]] wyaha patangahan Juli wan dibuka baasa wayah pamulaan Siptimbir.<ref name="HPApress">{{cite web |title=2009 Press Releases |date=24 December 2009 |publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]] |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100303155122/http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2009PressReleases/ |access-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224065403/http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2009PressReleases/ |archive-date=24 December 2009}}</ref>]]
Pamudilan matamatika manunjukakan lamun panyabaran wabah kawa ditunda lawan manutup sakulah. Tagal, kaampuhannya tagantung lawan kuntak nang digawi [[kakanakan]] di luar sakulah. Rancak sasaikung [[kuitan]] musti maambil parai, wan panutupan nang bakapanjangan mungkin diparluakan. Panyabab-panyabab ngini kawa maulah gangguan susial wan ikunumi.<ref name="Zumla2010">{{Cite book |author-last1=Zumla |author-first1=Alimuddin |author-link1=Alimuddin Zumla |title=Emerging Respiratory Infections in the 21st Century, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics |author-last2=Yew |author-first2=Wing-Wai |author-last3=Hui |author-first3=David S. C. |date=31 August 2010 |publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]] |volume=24 |number=3 |isbn=978-1-4557-0038-7 |pages=614 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/?id=c9CQn9C4JaQC&pg=PA614 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329195321/https://books.google.de/books?id=c9CQn9C4JaQC&pg=PA614&redir_esc=y |archive-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="CauchemezFerguson2009">{{cite journal |author-last1=Cauchemez |author-first1=Simon |author-last2=Ferguson |author-first2=Neil Morris |author-link2=Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist) |author-last3=Wachtel |author-first3=Claude |author-last4=Tegnell |author-first4=Anders |author-last5=Saour |author-first5=Guillaume |author-last6=Duncan |author-first6=Ben |author-last7=Nicoll |author-first7=Angus |title=Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic |journal=[[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]] |volume=9 |issue=8 |date=August 2009 |pages=473–481 |issn=1473-3099 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70176-8 |pmid=19628172 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2809%2970176-8 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live|pmc=7106429 }}</ref>

=== Panutupan tampat bagawi ===
Paitihan ilmiah [[pamudilan wan pasiapan]] badasarakan data di AS manunjukakan lamun 10% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat pajangkitan sacara kasaluruhan, yaitu kikira 11,9% wan waktu puncak ipidimi sahikit tatunda. Sabaliknya, lamun 33% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat sarangan bakurang jadi 4,9%, wan waktu puncak tatunda salawas saminggu.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Rousculp |author-first1=Matthew D. |author-last2=Johnston |author-first2=Stephen S. |author-last3=Palmer |author-first3=Liisa A. |author-last4=Chu |author-first4=Bong-Chul |author-last5=Mahadevia |author-first5=Parthiv J. |author-last6=Nichol |author-first6=Kristin L. |date=October 2010 |title=Attending Work While Sick: Implication of Flexible Sick Leave Policies |journal=[[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine]] |volume=52 |issue=10 |pages=1009–1013 |doi=10.1097/jom.0b013e3181f43844 |pmid=20881626}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Kumar |author-first1=Supriya |author-last2=Crouse Quinn |author-first2=Sandra |author-last3=Kim |author-first3=Kevin H. |author-last4=Daniel |author-first4=Laura H. |author-last5=Freimuth |author-first5=Vicki S. |title=The Impact of Workplace Policies and Other Social Factors on Self-Reported Influenza-Like Illness Incidence During the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic |date=January 2012 |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=134–140 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307 |pmid=22095353 |pmc=3490553}}</ref> Panutupan tampat bagawi tamasuk panutupan bisnis wan layanan susial "kada panting" (nonesensial) (artinya tampat ngitu kada manjaga guna tatambaian masarakat, sawagai musuh matan [[layanan panting]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Distancing Support Guidelines For Pandemic Readiness |publisher=[[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment]] |date=March 2008 |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/OEPR_Guidelines-for-Social-Distancing-Pandemic-Readiness.pdf |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001535/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/OEPR_Guidelines-for-Social-Distancing-Pandemic-Readiness.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>

=== Pamasahan padapatan banyak urang ===
Pamasahan [[galumuk banyak urang|padapatan atawa galumuk banyak urang]] misalnya acara [[ulahraga|malumbar urat]], pilim, atawa panampaian musik.<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1=Robert |author-last1=Booy |author-first2=James |author-last2=Ward |title=Evidence compendium and advice on social distancing and other related measures for response to an influenza pandemic |journal=[[:de:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|Paediatric Respiratory Reviews]] |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=119–126 |publisher=National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance |doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2014.01.003 |pmid=24630149 |url=https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/519F9392797E2DDCCA257D47001B9948/$File/Social.pdf |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515032806/https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/519F9392797E2DDCCA257D47001B9948/$File/Social.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2015}} (13 pages)</ref> Bukti manunjukakan lamun apakah padapatan banyak urang maningkatakan pajangkitan panyakit  sakalinya kada kawa disimpulakan.<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1=Thomas V. |author-last1=Inglesby |author-first2=Jennifer B. |author-last2=Nuzzo |author-first3=Tara |author-last3=O'Toole |author-link3=Tara O'Toole |author-first4=Donald Ainslie |author-last4=Henderson |author-link4=Donald Ainslie Henderson |doi=10.1089/bsp.2006.4.366 |title=Disease Mitigation Measures in the Control of Pandemic Influenza |journal=Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science |date=2006 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=366–375 |pmid=17238820 |citeseerx=10.1.1.556.2672}}</ref> [[Bukti anekdotal]] manunjukakan lamun janis padapatan banyak urang tatantu kawa dikaitakan lawan paningkatan rasiku pajangkitan salisma, wan kawa jua "banih" galur hanyar ka sabuah dairah, nang maulah pajangkitan garumbung dalam kaadaan pandimi. Salawas pandimi salisma 1918, arakan militar di Philadelphia<ref name="Davis_20180921">{{cite magazine |author-first=Kenneth C. |author-last=Davis |author-link=Kenneth C. Davis |title=Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |date=21 September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/philadelphia-threw-wwi-parade-gave-thousands-onlookers-flu-180970372/ |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327222425/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/philadelphia-threw-wwi-parade-gave-thousands-onlookers-flu-180970372/ |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> dan Boston<ref>{{cite news |title=The Flu in Boston |work=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[WGBH Educational Foundation]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-boston/ |access-date=28 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320142051/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-boston/ |archive-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> mungkin batanggung jawap gasan manyabarakan panyakit ngini lawan mancampurakan palaut nang tajangkit lawan galumuk warga sipil. Mawatasi padapatan banyak urang, nang digabungakan lawan pawatasan susial lainnya, kawa mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan.<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/><ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Ishola |author-first1=David A. |author-last2=Phin |author-first2=Nick |date=December 2011 |title=Could Influenza Transmission Be Reduced by Restricting Mass Gatherings? Towards an Evidence-Based Policy Framework |url= |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=33–60 |doi=10.1016/j.jegh.2011.06.004 |pmid=23856374|pmc=7104184 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Pawatasan pakujukan ===
Pawatasan di paingkasan nagara atawa pawatasan pakujukan dalam wilayah kada mungkin manunda ipidimi labih matan dua sampai talung minggu kacawali lamun ditarapakan lawan cakupan labih matan 99%.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Ferguson |author-first1=Neil Morris |author-link1=Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist) |author-last2=Cummings |author-first2=Derek A. T. |author-last3=Fraser |author-first3=Christophe |author-last4=Cajka |author-first4=James C. |author-last5=Cooley |author-first5=Philip C. |author-last6=Burke |author-first6=Donald S. |author-link6=Donald S. Burke |date=2006 |title=Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=442 |issue=7101 |pages=448–452 |doi=10.1038/nature04795 |pmid=16642006 |pmc=7095311 |bibcode=2006Natur.442..448F}}</ref> Pahalatan lapangan tarabang disarihakan kada ampuh gasan mancagah pajangkitan virus salawas wabah SARS 2003 di Kanada<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Bell |author-first=David M. |date=2004 |title=Public health interventions and SARS spread, 2003 |journal=[[Emerging Infectious Diseases]] |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1900–1906 |doi=10.3201/eid1011.040729 |pmid=15550198 |pmc=3329045 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no11/04-0729.htm |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105074656/https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no11/04-0729.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> dan AS.<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Martin |author-last=Cetron |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92450/ |chapter=Isolation and Quarantine: Containment Strategies for SARS, 2003 |title=Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |date=2004 |isbn=0-30959433-2}}</ref> [[Pangandalian paingkasan]] nang pisit antara [[Austria]] wan [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], nang dibalakuakan matan 1770 sampai 1871 gasan mancagah urang nang tajangkit wabah [[sampar]] mAmasuki Austria, dikaduakan ampuh, marga kadada wabah mayor di wilayah Austria imbah pawatasan ngitu ditarapakan, sadangakan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah maharit ipdimi wabah tarus sampai patangahan abat ka-19.<ref name="Kohn">{{cite book |editor-first=George Childs |editor-last=Kohn |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |series=Facts On File—Library Of World History |date=2008 |orig-year=2001, 1998 |page=30 |isbn=978-1-43812923-5 |edition=3 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA30 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329120426/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA30 |archive-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plague |editor-first=Joseph P. |editor-last=Byrne |date=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.]] / [[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Connecticut / London |lccn=2008019487 |volume=1&2<!-- Volume 1, A–M --> |isbn=<!-- 978–0–313–34101–4 --> |id=978–0–313–34102–1 (vol 1), 978–0–313–34103–8 (vol 2) |url=http://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215143932/https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

Sabuting paitihan ilmiah [[Uniparsitas Northeastern]] nang dicungulakan wayah Marit 2020 mandapatakan lamun "pawatasan pakujukan ka wan matan [[Ripublik Rakyat Cina]] wastu kawa malambati panyabaran panyakit koronavirus 2019 sacara antarabangaa wayah digabungakan lawan upaya gasan mangurangi pajangkitan di tingkat masarakat wan paurangan (individu). Pawatasan pakujukan kada mayu kacawali kita manggabungakannya lawan pawatasan susial."<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Emily |author-last=Arntsen |title=Closing borders can delay, but can't stop the spread of COVID-19, new report says |work=News@Northeastern |publisher=[[Northeastern University]] |date=6 March 2020 |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2020/03/06/to-slow-the-spread-of-covid-19-close-doors-not-borders-new-report-says/ |access-date=28 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323063603/https://news.northeastern.edu/2020/03/06/to-slow-the-spread-of-covid-19-close-doors-not-borders-new-report-says/ |archive-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> Paitihan ilmiah ngini mandapatakan lamun tangatan batulakan di Wuhan manunda panyabaran panyakit ka palihan lain daratan Tiongkok wastu dalam talung hingga lima hari, saupama hal ngitu mangurangi panyabaran kajadian antarabangsa saanyak 80 parsin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak |author-last1=Chinazzi |author-first1=Matteo |author-last2=Davis |author-first2=Jessica T. |author-last3=Ajelli |author-first3=Marco |author-last4=Gioannini |author-first4=Corrado |author-last5=Litvinova |author-first5=Maria |author-last6=Merler |author-first6=Stefano |author-link6=:wikidata:Q56380887 |author-last7=Pastore y Piontti |author-first7=Ana |author-last8=Mu |author-first8=Kunpeng |author-last9=Rossi |author-first9=Luca |author-last10=Sun |author-first10=Kaiyuan |author-last11=Viboud |author-first11=Cécile |authorlink11=Cécile Viboud|author-last12=Xiong |author-first12=Xinyue |author-last13=Yu |author-first13=Hongjie |author-last14=Halloran |author-first14=M. Elizabeth |author-last15=Longini, Jr. |author-first15=Ira M. |author-link15=Ira M. Longini, Jr. |author-last16=Vespignani |author-first16=Alessandro |author-link16=Alessandro Vespignani |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=6 March 2020 |volume=368 |issue=6489 |doi=10.1126/science.aba9757 |pages=395–400 |pmid=32144116 |pmc=7164386 }}</ref>

=== Palindungan awam ===
[[Berkas:Whole Foods Market - Toronto - 20200501110408 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|Panangar pawatasan susial wan parisai [[kaca akrilik]] di kasir pasar grosir makanan di [[Toronto]] gasan mangurangi kuntak awak.]]
Langkah-langkah palindungan gasan paurangan tamasuk mawatasi kuntak awak, manggawi bisnis malalui talipun atawa [[Dalam jaringan wan luar jaringan|dalam jaringan]], mahindari tampat-tampat awam, wan mangurangi pakujukan nang kada parlu.<ref name="Glass">{{cite journal |author-last1=Glass |author-first1=Robert J. |author-last2=Glass |author-first2=Laura M. |author-last3=Beyeler |author-first3=Walter E. |author-last4=Min |author-first4=H. Jason |doi=10.3201/eid1211.060255 |title=Targeted Social Distancing Designs for Pandemic Influenza |journal=[[Emerging Infectious Diseases]] |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=November 2006 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1671–1681 |pmid=17283616 |pmc=3372334 |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0255_article |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323042313/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0255_article |archive-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SDG">{{cite web |title=Social Distancing Guidelines (for workplace communicable disease outbreaks) |date=2017 |publisher=[[Society for Human Resource Management]] |url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/policies/pages/cms_016204.aspx |access-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423071438/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/policies/pages/cms_016204.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=HeartMatters>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/whats-the-difference-between-shielding-self-isolation-and-social-distancing|title=What's the difference between shielding, self-isolation and social distancing?|website=www.bhf.org.uk|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329185017/https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/whats-the-difference-between-shielding-self-isolation-and-social-distancing|archive-date=29 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Karantina ===
{{main|Karantina}}
Salawas wabah [[SARS]] 2003 di [[Singapura]], kikira 8.000 urang jadi sasahan karantina rumah wajip wan 4.300 lainnya diminta gasan manjanaki saurang gajalanya wan manalipun pagawi kawigasan saban hari jadi cara mangandaliakan ipidimi. Saupama wastu 58 matan urang-urang ngini nang warihnya disahakan lawan SARS, pajabat kawigasan awam puas lamun tindakan ngini mambantu dalam mancagah panyabaran jangkitan labih lanjut.<ref>{{cite journal |author-first=Chorh-Chuan |author-last=Tan |author-link=Tan Chorh Chuan |url=http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/sars_outbreak_lessons.pdf |pmid=16830002 |title=SARS in Singapore—Key Lessons from an Epidemic |journal=Annals Academy of Medicine |date=May 2006 |volume=35 |number=5 |pages=345–349 |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174153/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/sars_outbreak_lessons.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Isulasi diri sacara sakarila mungkin sudah mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan salisma di [[Texas]] wayah tahun 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Teh |author-first1=Benjamin |author-last2=Olsen |author-first2=Karen |author-last3=Black |author-first3=Jim |author-last4=Cheng |author-first4=Allen C. |author-last5=Aboltins |author-first5=Craig |author-last6=Bull |author-first6=Kirstin |author-first7=Paul D. R. |author-last7=Johnson |author-first8=M. Lindsay |author-last8=Grayson |author-first9=Joseph |author-last9=Torresi |title=Impact of swine influenza and quarantine measures on patients and households during the H1N1/09 pandemic |date=2012 |orig-year=2011-11-22, 2011-09-26, 29 June 2011 |journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=289–296 |doi=10.3109/00365548.2011.631572 |pmid=22106922}}</ref> Ujak pasikulugis buruk jangka handap wan jangka panjang sudah dikaduakan.<ref name="Brooks26Feb2020">{{Cite journal |author-last1=Brooks |author-first1=Samantha K. |author-last2=Webster |author-first2=Rebecca K. |author-last3=Smith |author-first3=Louise E. |author-last4=Woodland |author-first4=Lisa |author-last5=Wessely |author-first5=Simon |author-link5=Simon Wessely |author-last6=Greenberg |author-first6=Neil |author-link6=Neil Greenberg |author-last7=Rubin |author-first7=Gideon James |date=14 March 2020 |title=The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930460-8 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |language=en |volume=395 |issue=10227 |pages=912–920 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=32112714 |pmc=7158942 |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313220120/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930460-8 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Jujuhutan ==
jmpl|upright=1.5|Pawatasan susial mangurangi tingkat pajangkitan panyakit wan kawa maampihakan wabah.
Pawatasan susial (), disambat jua pawatasan awak (physical distancing), (NB. Regula Venske is president of the PEN Centre Germany.), atawa sacara kada rasmi jaga jarak, adalah sarangkaian upaya lainparmasi nang dimaksutakan gasan mancagah panyabaran panyakit manjangkit lawan manjaga jarak awak antara saikung urang wan urang lain, wan jua mangurangi jumlah urang nang manggawi kuntak parak saikung sama lain. Tindakan ngini rancaknya digawi lawan manjaga jarak tatantu matan urang lain (jarak nang ditantuakan mungkin lain matan waktu ka waktu wan matan sabuah nagara lawan nagara lain) wan mahindari bakumpul baimbai dalam garumbung ganal.

Pawatasan susial pacangan mangurangi kamungkinan kuntak antara urang nang kada tajangkit lawan urang tajangkit, jadi kawa mangurangi pajangkitan panyakit, wan paling tatambaian, kamatian. Tindakan ngini digabungakan lawan manarapakan pandirian kabarasihan pahinakan nang baik wan kabiasaan babasuh tangan dalam sabuah garumbung. Salawas pandemi Covid-19, Pahimpunan Kawigasan Dunia (WHO) mamadahakan pamakaian istilah "pawatasan awak" lain "pawatasan susial", sasuai lawan pakta lamun jarak awaklah nang mancagah pajangkitan; pahadangan urang-urang kawa tatap tasambung sacara susial malalui tiknulugi.  Gasan malambati panyabaran panyakit manjangkit wan mancagah tampat layanan kawigasan tabaruncuti, hususnya salawas pandimi, sapalih tindakan pawatasan susial ditarapakan, tamasuk panutupan sakulah wan tampat bagawi, isulasi, karantina, pawatasan pakujukan urang, wan pamasahan padapatan urang banyak.

Walau istilah ngini hanyar dipatuhakan wayah abat ka-21, langkah-langkah pawatasan susial paling kada sudah ada matan abat kalima SM. Salah sabuting rujukan panambaian pasla pawatasan susial didapatakan dalam Kitab Imamat, 13:46: "Wan paharit kusta nang takana wabah ngitu … inya cagat tinggal saurangan; [di luar] tampat bagananya". Salawas wabah Yustinianus matan tahun 541 sampai 542, kaisar Yustinianus I manarapakan karantina nang kada ampuh di Kakaisaran Romawi Timur, tamasuk mambuang mayat ka laut; inya manumpalak luasnya panyabaran tatambaian lawan "urang Yahudi, Samaria, pagan, Arianis, Montanis, wan homoseksual". Wayah jaman mudirin, langkah-langkah pawatasan susial bakulih ditarapakan dalam sapalih ipidimi. Di Kuta St. Louis, Missouri, kada lawas imbah kajadian salismaan panambaian kali dicatat di kuta ngitu salawas pandimi bahingusan 1918, bubuhan bawinang langsung manutup sakulah, kada mambariakan padapatan urang banyak, wan tindakan pawatasan susial lainnya. Angka kamatian kajadian di St. Louis tadikit dibandingakan di Kuta Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, nang walau baisi kajadian salismaan, masih mambariakan aarakan urang banyak wan kada manggawi pawatasan susial sampai labih matan dua minggu imbah dapatan kajadian panambaian. Bubuhan bawinang sudah manyuruh atawa mambari papadah gasan manggawi pawatasan susial salawas pandimi Covid-19.

Pawatasan susial taampuh digawi wayah jangkitan manjangkit malalui kuntak papaian pahinakan atawa droplet (kaya batuk atawa wahin); kuntak awak langsung, tamasuk hubungan siksual; kuntak kada langsung (misalnya lawan manjapai pamukaan nang tacamar kaya fomit); atawa pajangkitan malalui angin (lamun mikruurganisma kawa batahan hidup di angin gasan waktu nang lawas). Pawatasan susial kada tapi ampuh wayah jangkitan dijangkitakan tatambaian malalui banyu atawa makanan nang tacamar atawa ulih vektor kaya rangit atawa karangga lain

Karugian matan pawatasan susial kawa barupa kasunyian, bakurangnya kabakulihan (produktivitas), wan hilangnya manapaat lain nang bakaitan lawan hubungan manusia.

 Artian 
jmpl|Sabuting gambar (dalam basa Arab, Inggris, wan Urdu) nang manyuruh pawatasan susial salawas pandimi Covid-19.
Pusat Pangandalian wan Pancagahan Panyakit Amirika Sarikat (CDC) manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai sapakakas "cara gasan mangurangi karancakan wan kaparakan kuntak di antara urang-urang gasan mangurangi rasiku pajangkitan panyakit". Salawas pandemi salisma babi 2009, WHO manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai "manjaga jarak paling kada salangan matan urang lain, wan mangurangi padapatan". Tindakan 
ngini digabung lawan kabarasihan kawigasan pahinakan nang baik wan babasuh tangan, wan dianggap jadi cara nang paling ampuh gasan mangurangi atawa manunda pandimi.

Salawas pandimi Covid-19, CDC maasai artian pawatasan susial sawagai "tatap ada di luar kaadaan bagalumuk, mahindari padapatan urang banyak, wan manjaga jarak (kikira anam batis atawa dua mitir) matan urang lain lamun kawa". Kada jalas kanapa anam batis nang ditatapakan dalam artian ngitu. Studi pahanyarnya manunjukakan lamun papaian matan wahin atawa pahinakan nang kuat salawas padapatan awak kawa sampai jarak anam mitir. Sapalih urang  manduga jarak nang ditatapakan ngitu didasarakan lawan paitihan matan tahun 1930-an wan 1940-an nang sudah dihual atawa marga kabingungan dalam mamakai unit paukuran. Bubuhan paitih wan panulis sains manganjurakan pawatasan susial nang tajauh wan/atawa mamakai maskar sakaligus mawatasi jarak susial.

 Tindakan 

Pamahaman lamun sabuting panyakit kawa maulah parubahan parangai urang-urang, nang mamilih gasan manjauh matan tampat-tampat awam wan urang lain. Wayah ditarapakan gasan mangandaliakan ipidimi, pawatasan susial kaini kawa mangulihakan manapaat, tagal manimbulakan karugian ikunumi jua. Paitihan manunjukakan lamun tindakan ngini musti ditarapakan lawan hancap wan sacara katat anggaran jadi ampuh. Sapalih langkah pawatasan susial dipakai gasan mangandaliakan panyabaran panyakit manjangkit. (12 pages)

 Mahindari kuntak awak 
jmpl|upright=1.5|Pawatasan suaial tamasuk jua mahilangakan kuntak awak, misalnya basalaman nang awam, baragapan, atawa hongi; umpama matan Salandia Hanyar ngini manawarakan walung pilihan lain.
Manjaga jarak paling kada dua mitir (anam batis) (di Amirika Sarikat atawa Britania Raya) atawa 1,5 mitir (di Australia) atawa 1 mitir (di Parancis atawa Italia) saikung sama lain wan mahindari baragapan wan garak awak nang maumpatakan kuntak awak langsung, mangurangi rasiku tajangkit salawas pandemi salisma dan pandemi Covid-19).  Pahalatan jarak ngini, suwalih langkah-langkah kabarasihan kawigasan paribadi, dianjurakan jua di tampat bagawi. Lamun kawa, dipadahakan gasan bagawi matan rumah.

Bamamacam pilihan diusulakan gasan manggantiakan taradisi basalaman. Garakan namaste, manangkupakan kadua tabah, maampahakan jariji gasan manunjuk ka atas, wan manggambar bantuk jantung, adalah sapalih pilihan nang kawa digawi kadada bajapaian lawan urang lain. Salawas pandimi koronavirus di Britania Raya, garakan ngini dipakai ulih Pangeran Charles wayah manyambut tamu, wan sudah dianjurakan ulih Direktur Jenderal WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus wan Pardana Mantri Israil Benjamin Netanyahu. Pilihan lain misalnya mangawaiakan tangan, maulah isarat shaka, wan maandak tabah di jantung, kaya nang digawi di sapalih wilayah Iran.

 Panutupan sakulah 
jmpl|ka|upright=1|Kajadian salisma babi par minggu di Britania Raya wayah tahun 2009; sakulah rancaknya paraian musim panas wyaha patangahan Juli wan dibuka baasa wayah pamulaan Siptimbir.
Pamudilan matamatika manunjukakan lamun panyabaran wabah kawa ditunda lawan manutup sakulah. Tagal, kaampuhannya tagantung lawan kuntak nang digawi kakanakan di luar sakulah. Rancak sasaikung kuitan musti maambil parai, wan panutupan nang bakapanjangan mungkin diparluakan. Panyabab-panyabab ngini kawa maulah gangguan susial wan ikunumi.

 Panutupan tampat bagawi 
Paitihan ilmiah pamudilan wan pasiapan badasarakan data di AS manunjukakan lamun 10% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat pajangkitan sacara kasaluruhan, yaitu kikira 11,9% wan waktu puncak ipidimi sahikit tatunda. Sabaliknya, lamun 33% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat sarangan bakurang jadi 4,9%, wan waktu puncak tatunda salawas saminggu. Panutupan tampat bagawi tamasuk panutupan bisnis wan layanan susial "kada panting" (nonesensial) (artinya tampat ngitu kada manjaga guna tatambaian masarakat, sawagai musuh matan layanan panting).

 Pamasahan padapatan banyak urang 
Pamasahan padapatan atawa galumuk banyak urang misalnya acara malumbar urat, pilim, atawa panampaian musik. (13 pages) Bukti manunjukakan lamun apakah padapatan banyak urang maningkatakan pajangkitan panyakit  sakalinya kada kawa disimpulakan. Bukti anekdotal manunjukakan lamun janis padapatan banyak urang tatantu kawa dikaitakan lawan paningkatan rasiku pajangkitan salisma, wan kawa jua "banih" galur hanyar ka sabuah dairah, nang maulah pajangkitan garumbung dalam kaadaan pandimi. Salawas pandimi salisma 1918, arakan militar di Philadelphia dan Boston mungkin batanggung jawap gasan manyabarakan panyakit ngini lawan mancampurakan palaut nang tajangkit lawan galumuk warga sipil. Mawatasi padapatan banyak urang, nang digabungakan lawan pawatasan susial lainnya, kawa mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan.

 Pawatasan pakujukan 
Pawatasan di paingkasan nagara atawa pawatasan pakujukan dalam wilayah kada mungkin manunda ipidimi labih matan dua sampai talung minggu kacawali lamun ditarapakan lawan cakupan labih matan 99%. Pahalatan lapangan tarabang disarihakan kada ampuh gasan mancagah pajangkitan virus salawas wabah SARS 2003 di Kanada dan AS. Pangandalian paingkasan nang pisit antara Austria wan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah, nang dibalakuakan matan 1770 sampai 1871 gasan mancagah urang nang tajangkit wabah sampar mAmasuki Austria, dikaduakan ampuh, marga kadada wabah mayor di wilayah Austria imbah pawatasan ngitu ditarapakan, sadangakan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah maharit ipdimi wabah tarus sampai patangahan abat ka-19.

Sabuting paitihan ilmiah Uniparsitas Northeastern nang dicungulakan wayah Marit 2020 mandapatakan lamun "pawatasan pakujukan ka wan matan Ripublik Rakyat Cina wastu kawa malambati panyabaran panyakit koronavirus 2019 sacara antarabangaa wayah digabungakan lawan upaya gasan mangurangi pajangkitan di tingkat masarakat wan paurangan (individu). Pawatasan pakujukan kada mayu kacawali kita manggabungakannya lawan pawatasan susial." Paitihan ilmiah ngini mandapatakan lamun tangatan batulakan di Wuhan manunda panyabaran panyakit ka palihan lain daratan Tiongkok wastu dalam talung hingga lima hari, saupama hal ngitu mangurangi panyabaran kajadian antarabangsa saanyak 80 parsin.

 Palindungan awam 
jmpl|Panangar pawatasan susial wan parisai kaca akrilik di kasir pasar grosir makanan di Toronto gasan mangurangi kuntak awak.
Langkah-langkah palindungan gasan paurangan tamasuk mawatasi kuntak awak, manggawi bisnis malalui talipun atawa dalam jaringan, mahindari tampat-tampat awam, wan mangurangi pakujukan nang kada parlu.

 Karantina 

Salawas wabah SARS 2003 di Singapura, kikira 8.000 urang jadi sasahan karantina rumah wajip wan 4.300 lainnya diminta gasan manjanaki saurang gajalanya wan manalipun pagawi kawigasan saban hari jadi cara mangandaliakan ipidimi. Saupama wastu 58 matan urang-urang ngini nang warihnya disahakan lawan SARS, pajabat kawigasan awam puas lamun tindakan ngini mambantu dalam mancagah panyabaran jangkitan labih lanjut. Isulasi diri sacara sakarila mungkin sudah mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan salisma di Texas wayah tahun 2009. Ujak pasikulugis buruk jangka handap wan jangka panjang sudah dikaduakan.

 Jujuhutan