Gipsum
{{Infobox mineral
| name        = Gypsum
| category    = [[Mineral sulfate]]
| boxwidth    = 
| boxbgcolor  = 
| image       = Gips - Lubin, Poland.jpg
| imagesize   = 260px
| caption     = 
| formula     = CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O
| molweight   = 
| strunz      = 7.CD.40
| system      = [[Siste kristal monoklinik|Monoklinik]]
| class       = Prismatic (2/m) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m)
| symmetry    = Monoclinic <br/>[[Space group]]: ''I''2/a
| unit cell   = a = 5,679(5), b = 15,202(14) <br/>c = 6,522(6)&nbsp;[Å]; β = 118,43°; Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;4
| color       = Kada bawarna (dalam cahaya nang ditransmisiakan) ka putih; kadang bawarna lain maraga takana banda nag lain; bisa kuning; may be yellow, sawo masak, biru, habang anum, cokelat kadap, cokelat kahabangan, atawa abu-abu
| habit       = Ganal, rata. Mamanjang wan biasanya kristal prismatik
| twinning    = Biasa banar di {110}
| cleavage    = Pas banar di {010}, balain di {100}
| fracture    = Konkoidal di {100}, pacahan sajajar lawan [001]
| tenacity    = Fleksibel, kada elastis
| mohs        = 1,5–2 (manjalasakan mineral gasan for 2)
| luster      = Nang kaya kaca sampai pina halus, kaya mutiara, atawa kaya lilin
| refractive  = n<sub>α</sub> = 1,519–1,521<br/> n<sub>β</sub> = 1,522–1,523<br/> n<sub>γ</sub> = 1,529–1,530
| opticalprop = Biaxial (+)
| birefringence = δ = 0,010
| pleochroism = kadada
| 2V          = 58°
| streak      = Putih
| gravity     = 2,31–2,33
| melt        = 
| fusibility  = 5
| diagnostic  = 
| solubility  = Panas, mancairakan HCl
| diaphaneity = Tambus pandang ka tambus cahaya
| other       = 
| references  = <ref>{{cite book|editor1=Anthony, John W. |editor2=Bideaux, Richard A. |editor3=Bladh, Kenneth W. |editor4=Nichols, Monte C. |title= Handbook of Mineralogy|publisher= Mineralogical Society of America|place= Chantilly, VA, US|chapter-url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/gypsum.pdf|chapter=Gypsum|isbn=978-0962209703 |volume=V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates)|year=2003}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-1784.html Gypsum]. Mindat</ref><ref name=Cornelis>{{citation |first1= Cornelis |last1= Klein |first2= Cornelius S., Jr. |last2= Hurlbut |year= 1985 |title= Manual of Mineralogy |publisher= John Wiley |edition= 20th |pages= [https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/352 352–353] |isbn= 978-0-471-80580-9 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/352 }}</ref>
| var1 = Satin spar|var1text = Kaya mutiara, massa basarat
| var2 = [[Selenit (mineral)|Selenite]]|var2text = Tambus pandang wan kristal babilah padang
| var3 = [[Alabaster]]|var3text = Babutir halus, bawarna sadikit
}}

'''Gipsum''' marupakan [[mineral sulfat]] lamah nang tardiri matan [[kalsium sulfat]] [[hidrat|dihidrat]], [[lawan formula kimka]]  CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Cornelis/> Material ngini rancak ditambang wan dipakai gasan [[pupuk]] wan gasan bahan utama maulah barang nang kaya [[plester]], [[papan tulis kapur]]/[[kapur trotoar]], wan [[tawing gipsum]]. Sabuting gipsum nang putih atawa warnanya sawo masak nang tarang dingarani [[alabaster]], sudah rancak dipakai gasan maulah [[patung]] ulih bamacam-macam paradaban, tamasuk [[Mesir Bahari]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Romawi Bahari]], [[Byzantium]], wan [[alabaster Nottingham]] matan [[Inggris Patangahan]]. Gipsum bisa jua mangkristal nang tambus cahaya, anng bangaran [[selenit (mineral)|selenit]]. Kristal ngini tabantuk sabagai [[evaporasi]] mineral wan sabagai [[hidrasi mineral|hidrasi]] produk matan [[anhidrit].
[[Skala kakarasan mineral Mohs]] manjalasakan kakarasan matan gipsum njlainya 2, badasarakan [[Kakarasan gurisan|gurisan]] [[pambandingan kakarasan]].

==Sajarah==

Kata ''[[wikt:gipsum|gipsum]]'' diambil matan kata di [[Basa Yunank|Yunani]], yaitu kata γύψος (''gypsos'') nang baarti "plester".<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/gypsum| title= Compact Oxford English Dictionary: gypsum| access-date= 2021-04-17| archive-date= 2012-07-19| archive-url= https://archive.ph/20120719220246/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/gypsum| dead-url= yes}}</ref> Maraga tambang di distrik [[Montmartre]] di [[Paris]] sudah lawas mamakai pakakas gipsum nang dibakar (gipsum nang di [[kalsinasi]] gasan kaparluan macam-macam, gipsum nanvg karing ngini kaynanya dipinandui sabagai [[plester matan Paris]]. Amun ditambahi banyu, imbah kurang labih sapuluh menit, plester matan oaris tafi barubah (dihidrat) jadi gipsum pulang, mahasilakan material nang karas atau gasan dipakai maulah atau mambangun barang nang tapakai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Szostakowski|first1=B.|last2=Smitham|first2=P.|last3=Khan|first3=W.S.|date=2017-04-17|title=Plaster of Paris–Short History of Casting and Injured Limb Immobilzation|journal=The Open Orthopaedics Journal|volume=11|pages=291–296}}</ref>

Dalam bahasa Inggris nang bahari, gipsum disambat lawan ngaran ''spærstān'', "''spear stone''" (batu tumbak), maraga ujung kristalnya nang luncup. (Kata [[Spar (mineralogi)|spar]] dalam ilmu mineralogi marupakan kata nang artinya sama lawan kata gipsum, marujuk gasan mineral lain-babatuan atawa kristal nang bantuknya nang kaya tumbak).  Pas abad ka-18 masehi, argikulturis wan pandita asal jirman bangaran [[Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)|Johann Friderich Mayer]] mainvestigasi wan mampublikasi kagunaan gipsum gasa pupuk.<ref>Itihi:
*  {{cite book |last1=Thaer |first1=Albrecht Daniel |last2=Shaw |first2=William, trans. |last3=Johnson |first3=Cuthbert W., trans. |title=The Principles of Agriculture |date=1844 |publisher=Ridgway |location=London, England |volume= vol. 1 |pages=519–520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAhJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA519}}From p. 544:  ''" … er bewirtschaftete nebenbei ein Pfarrgüttchen, … für die Düngung der Felder mit dem in den nahen Waldenburger Bergen gefundenen Gips einsetzte."'' ( … he also managed a small parson's estate, on which he repeatedly conducted agricultural experiments.  In 1768, he first published the fruits of his experiences during this time as "Instruction about Gypsum", in which he espoused the fertilizing of fields with the gypsum that was found in the nearby Waldenburg mountains.)
*  {{cite book |last1=Beckmann |first1=Johann |title=Grundsätze der deutschen Landwirthschaft |trans-title=Fundamentals of German Agriculture |date=1775 |publisher=Johann Christian Dieterich |location=Göttingen, (Germany) |page=60 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8w6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60 |language=de}}  From p. 60:  ''"Schon seit undenklichen Zeiten … ein Gewinn zu erhalten seyn wird."''  (Since times immemorial, in our vicinity, in the ministry of Niedeck [a village southeast of Göttingen], one has already made this use of gypsum; but Mr. Mayer has the merit to have made it generally known.  In the ''History of Farming in Kupferzell'', he had depicted a crushing mill (p. 74), in order to pulverize gypsum, from which a profit has been obtained, albeit with difficulty.)
*  {{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Johann Friderich |title=Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen |trans-title=Instruction in gypsum as an ideal good manure for all things grown in soil on fields and pastures, hops yards and vineyards |date=1768 |publisher=Jacob Christoph Posch |location=Anspach, (Germany) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSlAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |language=de}}</ref>  Gipsum pinanya marupakan sumber sulfur gasan oartumbuhan tumbuhan wan dipamulaan abad ka-19, gipsum disambat sabagai pupuk paling bagus. Buhan Amerika nang gawiannya bahuma wan bakabun takutan banar mandapatakan pupuk ngini sampai manyalundupakan lawan Nova Scotia, sampai pahabisannga mahasilakan perang anng banagaran [[Hants County, Nova Scotia#Perang Plester|"Perang Plaster"]] pas 1820.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Joshua|title=Borderland smuggling: Patriots, loyalists, and illicit trade in the Northeast, 1780–1820|year=2007|publisher=UPF|location=Gainesville, FL|isbn=978-0-8130-2986-3|pages=passim}}</ref> Pas pamulaan abad ka-19 di Irupa, gipsum dipinandui jua lawan ngaran '''Sulfat limau''' atawa '''sulfat matan limau'''.

==Catatan Batis==
<references/>
Gipsum marupakan mineral sulfat lamah nang tardiri matan kalsium sulfat dihidrat, lawan formula kimka  CaSO4·2H2O. Material ngini rancak ditambang wan dipakai gasan pupuk wan gasan bahan utama maulah barang nang kaya plester, papan tulis kapur/kapur trotoar, wan tawing gipsum. Sabuting gipsum nang putih atawa warnanya sawo masak nang tarang dingarani alabaster, sudah rancak dipakai gasan maulah patung ulih bamacam-macam paradaban, tamasuk Mesir Bahari, Mesopotamia, Romawi Bahari, Byzantium, wan alabaster Nottingham matan Inggris Patangahan. Gipsum bisa jua mangkristal nang tambus cahaya, anng bangaran selenit. Kristal ngini tabantuk sabagai evaporasi mineral wan sabagai hidrasi produk matan [[anhidrit].
Skala kakarasan mineral Mohs manjalasakan kakarasan matan gipsum njlainya 2, badasarakan gurisan pambandingan kakarasan.

Sajarah

Kata gipsum diambil matan kata di Yunani, yaitu kata γύψος (gypsos) nang baarti "plester". Maraga tambang di distrik Montmartre di Paris sudah lawas mamakai pakakas gipsum nang dibakar (gipsum nang di kalsinasi gasan kaparluan macam-macam, gipsum nanvg karing ngini kaynanya dipinandui sabagai plester matan Paris. Amun ditambahi banyu, imbah kurang labih sapuluh menit, plester matan oaris tafi barubah (dihidrat) jadi gipsum pulang, mahasilakan material nang karas atau gasan dipakai maulah atau mambangun barang nang tapakai.

Dalam bahasa Inggris nang bahari, gipsum disambat lawan ngaran spærstān, "spear stone" (batu tumbak), maraga ujung kristalnya nang luncup. (Kata spar dalam ilmu mineralogi marupakan kata nang artinya sama lawan kata gipsum, marujuk gasan mineral lain-babatuan atawa kristal nang bantuknya nang kaya tumbak).  Pas abad ka-18 masehi, argikulturis wan pandita asal jirman bangaran Johann Friderich Mayer mainvestigasi wan mampublikasi kagunaan gipsum gasa pupuk.Itihi:
  From p. 544:  " … er bewirtschaftete nebenbei ein Pfarrgüttchen, … für die Düngung der Felder mit dem in den nahen Waldenburger Bergen gefundenen Gips einsetzte." ( … he also managed a small parson's estate, on which he repeatedly conducted agricultural experiments.  In 1768, he first published the fruits of his experiences during this time as "Instruction about Gypsum", in which he espoused the fertilizing of fields with the gypsum that was found in the nearby Waldenburg mountains.)
    From p. 60:  "Schon seit undenklichen Zeiten … ein Gewinn zu erhalten seyn wird."  (Since times immemorial, in our vicinity, in the ministry of Niedeck [a village southeast of Göttingen], one has already made this use of gypsum; but Mr. Mayer has the merit to have made it generally known.  In the History of Farming in Kupferzell, he had depicted a crushing mill (p. 74), in order to pulverize gypsum, from which a profit has been obtained, albeit with difficulty.)
    Gipsum pinanya marupakan sumber sulfur gasan oartumbuhan tumbuhan wan dipamulaan abad ka-19, gipsum disambat sabagai pupuk paling bagus. Buhan Amerika nang gawiannya bahuma wan bakabun takutan banar mandapatakan pupuk ngini sampai manyalundupakan lawan Nova Scotia, sampai pahabisannga mahasilakan perang anng banagaran "Perang Plaster" pas 1820. Pas pamulaan abad ka-19 di Irupa, gipsum dipinandui jua lawan ngaran Sulfat limau atawa sulfat matan limau.

Catatan Batis