Magma
[[Image:Pahoehoe toe.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Lava]] mangalir di [[Hawaii (pulau)|Hawaii]]. Lava adalah [[batuan ekstrusif]] yang setara dengan magma.]]
'''Magma''' (baasal matan kata [[Yunani Bahari]] μάγμα (''mágma'') nang baarti "[[salap]] kandal"<ref name="MerriamWebsterDict">{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magma | title=Definition of Magma | publisher=Merriam-Webster | work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary | access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>) adalah bahan alami cair atawa semi-cair nang matan sana samunyaan [[batuan baku]] tabantuk.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BOWEN|first=NORMAN L.|date=1947|title=MAGMAS|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=58|issue=4|pages=263|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2|issn=0016-7606}}</ref> Magma kawa ditamui dibawah parmukaan planét [[bumi]], wan bukti matan [[magmatisme]] kawa jua ditamui di [[planet kabumian]] wan sapalihan satélit alami.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greeley|first1=Ronald|last2=Schneid|first2=Byron D.|date=1991-11-15|title=Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus|journal=Science|volume=254|issue=5034|pages=996–998|doi=10.1126/science.254.5034.996|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17731523|bibcode=1991Sci...254..996G|s2cid=206574665}}</ref> Lain pada batuan cair, magma kadang mangandung kristal tasuspénsi wan [[gas vulkanis|galombongan gas]].<ref name="eov">{{Citation|last=Spera|first=Frank J.|title=Physical Properties of Magma|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Volcanoes|pages=171–190|year=2000|editor-last=Sigurdsson|editor-first=Haraldur (editor-in-chief)|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0126431407}}</ref>

Magma di diulah matan [[mantel (geologi)|mantel]] nang mancair atawa [[Karak (geologi)|karak]] di bamacam andak [[tektonik]], nang di bumi tamasuk [[zona subduksi]], zona [[celah (geologi)|celah]] banua,<ref name="Foulger">{{cite book|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|title=Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy|author=Foulger, G.R.|publisher=Wiley–Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-6148-0|access-date=2021-04-26|archive-date=2017-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125195240/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[balukuk tangah laut]] wan [[Titik panas (geologi)|titik panas]]. Mantel wan karak nang lunyut bamigrasi ka atas lewat karak dimana buhannya tadi dianggap tasimpan di [[kantong magma]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detrick|first1=R. S.|last2=Buhl|first2=P.|last3=Vera|first3=E.|last4=Mutter|first4=J.|last5=Orcutt|first5=J.|last6=Madsen|first6=J.|last7=Brocher|first7=T.|date=1987|title=Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise|journal=Nature|volume=326|issue=6108|pages=35–41|doi=10.1038/326035a0|bibcode=1987Natur.326...35D|s2cid=4311642|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> atawa zona karak paralihan nang sugih matan [[bubur kristal|kristal nang bacampur magma]].<ref name="Sparks 2017 35–40">{{Cite journal|last1=Sparks|first1=R. Stephen J.|last2=Cashman|first2=Katharine V.|date=2017|title=Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity|journal=Elements|volume=13|issue=1|pages=35–40|doi=10.2113/gselements.13.1.35|issn=1811-5209}}</ref> Hafatan panyimpanan magma di kantong magma di karak, campuran magma tadi bisa tamodifikasi lawan [[Kristalisasi pacahan (geology)|kristalisasi pacahan]], takontaminasi lawan lunuhan kristal, pancampuran magma, wan  degasifikasi. Imbah magma tadi naik lewat karak bumi, magma kawa masuk kadalam [[gunung barapi]] gasan diékstrusi sabagai [[lava]], atawa mangaras di bawah tanah gasan mambantuk [[intrusi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=MCBIRNEY|first1=A. R.|last2=NOYES|first2=R. M.|date=1979-08-01|title=Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion|url=https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article-abstract/20/3/487/1515390|journal=Journal of Petrology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=487–554|doi=10.1093/petrology/20.3.487|bibcode=1979JPet...20..487M|issn=0022-3530}}</ref> nang kaya [[Dike (geologi)|dike barapi]] atawa [[Sill (geologi)|sill]].

Badasarakan sajarah, sudi masalah magma maandalakan observasi matan magma dalam bantuk [[aliran lava]], magma sudah parnah ditamui atawa dipalajari dalam [[ilmu bumi wan atmosfer]] sabanyak tiga kali haratan [[Energi Geotermal|proyek pamboran geotermal]]; dua kali di [[Islandia]] (itihi [[#Pamakaian gasan mamproduksi energi|Pamakaian gasan mamproduksi énérgi]]), wan sakali di Hawaii.<ref>[https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/scientists-drill-hits-magma-only-third-time-record/ Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record], UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news148664988.html Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time]. Physorg (December 16, 2008)</ref>

==Properti fisik wan kimia==
Magma tardiri matan cairan nang biasanya marupakan kristal kandal tasuspensi.<ref name="philpotts-ague-phenocrysts">{{cite book |last1=Philpotts |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Ague |first2=Jay J. |title=Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780521880060 |pages=19–20 |edition=2nd}}</ref> Pas magma baparak ka parmukaam, wan [[takanan mambarati]] cungul, gas nang ada dalam magma mulai bapisah matan cairan magma lalu jadi gelombong-gelombong, sahingga magma nang ada di parak parmukaan isinya material kandal, cair, wan dalam fase gas.<ref name="schmincke-2003">{{cite book |last1=Schmincke |first1=Hans-Ulrich |title=Volcanism |date=2003 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |isbn=9783540436508 |pages=49–50}}</ref>

==Catatan Batis==
<references/>
Magma (baasal matan kata Yunani Bahari μάγμα (mágma) nang baarti "salap kandal") adalah bahan alami cair atawa semi-cair nang matan sana samunyaan batuan baku tabantuk. Magma kawa ditamui dibawah parmukaan planét bumi, wan bukti matan magmatisme kawa jua ditamui di planet kabumian wan sapalihan satélit alami. Lain pada batuan cair, magma kadang mangandung kristal tasuspénsi wan galombongan gas.

Magma di diulah matan mantel nang mancair atawa karak di bamacam andak tektonik, nang di bumi tamasuk zona subduksi, zona celah banua, balukuk tangah laut wan titik panas. Mantel wan karak nang lunyut bamigrasi ka atas lewat karak dimana buhannya tadi dianggap tasimpan di kantong magma atawa zona karak paralihan nang sugih matan kristal nang bacampur magma. Hafatan panyimpanan magma di kantong magma di karak, campuran magma tadi bisa tamodifikasi lawan kristalisasi pacahan, takontaminasi lawan lunuhan kristal, pancampuran magma, wan  degasifikasi. Imbah magma tadi naik lewat karak bumi, magma kawa masuk kadalam gunung barapi gasan diékstrusi sabagai lava, atawa mangaras di bawah tanah gasan mambantuk intrusi, nang kaya dike barapi atawa sill.

Badasarakan sajarah, sudi masalah magma maandalakan observasi matan magma dalam bantuk aliran lava, magma sudah parnah ditamui atawa dipalajari dalam ilmu bumi wan atmosfer sabanyak tiga kali haratan proyek pamboran geotermal; dua kali di Islandia (itihi Pamakaian gasan mamproduksi énérgi), wan sakali di Hawaii.Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record, UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time. Physorg (December 16, 2008)

Properti fisik wan kimia
Magma tardiri matan cairan nang biasanya marupakan kristal kandal tasuspensi. Pas magma baparak ka parmukaam, wan takanan mambarati cungul, gas nang ada dalam magma mulai bapisah matan cairan magma lalu jadi gelombong-gelombong, sahingga magma nang ada di parak parmukaan isinya material kandal, cair, wan dalam fase gas.

Catatan Batis