Suharto
{{Infobox urang}}
[[Tentara Nasional Indonesia| Jenderal Besar TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]]) [[Haji|H.]] [[Muhammad|M.]] '''Suharto''', ([[Hanacaraka]]: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|IPA]]: [[Bantuan: IPA untuk bahasa Indonesia|{{IPA|/suːˈhɑːrtɔ/}}]]) ([[Ejaan Republik|ER]], [[Ejaan Lama]]: '''Soeharto'''; {{lahirmati||8|6|1921||27|1|2008}}) tu presiden kadua [[Indunisia]] nang manjabat dari tahun 1967 sampai 1998, manggantikan [[Sukarno]]. Di dunia Intirnasional, tarutama di [[dunia Barat]], Suharto rajin dirujuk awan sabutan pupuler ''"the smiling ganeral"'' ({{lang-bjn|'sang Janderal nang takajihing'}}) ulih raut mukanya nang rajin tasanyum awan maliatakan karamahan. <ref name="NYT">{{cite web|title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed|date=28 Januari 2008|work=The New York Times|last=Berger|first=Marilyn|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008|date=27 Januari 2008|language=en|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|work=The Guardian|last=Gittings|first=John|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is Indonesia’s Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? |date=19 Mei 2018 |work=South China Morning Post |last=Hutton |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |language=en |access-date=2018-12-14 |archive-date=2018-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125832/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Sabalum manjadi presiden, Suharto tu pamimpin militer pada masa [[Hindia Walanda]] awan [[kakaisaran Japang]], awan pangkat tarakhir mayor Janderal. Sataan pang [[Garakan 30 Siptimbir]] 1965, Suharto kamudian malakukan uperasi panartiban awan pangamanan atas parintah dari [[Sukarno]], saan pang asa nang dilakukan nya tu awan manumpas Garakan 30 Siptimbir awan mangatakan bahawa [[Partai Kumunis Indunisia]] (PKI) sajadi urganisasi talarang.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966 |first=Robert |last=Cribb |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=4 |date=2002 |pages=550–563 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref><ref>Friend (2003), pages 107–109; {{cite video |people =Chris Hilton (writer and director) |title =Shadowplay |medium =Television documentary |publisher =Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions |year=2001 }}; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref>

Sahabis karusuhan Mei 1998, Suharto maundurkan diri dari jabatannya salaku Prèsiden. Inya digantikan uleh wakilnya, [[B.J. Habibie]].

== Jajuhutan ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliografi ===
*{{cite book |last1=Dwipayana |first1=G. |last2=Ramadhan |first2=K.H. |date=1989 |title=Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi |trans-title=Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada |isbn=979-8085-01-9
}}
* Elson, R.E. (2001). ''Suharto: A Political Biography'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0 521 77326 1}}
* McGlynn, John H. et al. (2007). ''Indonesia in the Soeharto years. Issue, incidents and images'', Jakarta, [[KITLV]]
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GHJ2IPtmEgC&q=soeharto&pg=PA12|title=Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President: An Authorised Biography|isbn=978-981-261-340-0|last1=Abdulgani-Knapp|first1=Retnowati|date=2007|page=12|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Editions}}
* [[Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana]] (2011). ''Pak Harto: The Untold Stories'', Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
* {{cite news |date= 22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006
|url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296
}}
* {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69  |editor1=David A. Blumenthal  |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC
}}
* {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html
}}
* {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm
}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X
}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}}
* {{cite news
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|work=The Jakarta Post
| date=27 May 2005}}
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| last = Blum
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| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0
}}
* ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997)
* {{cite web
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| first=John
| title=The Family Firm
| date=24 May 1999
| publisher=TIME Asia
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| url-status=dead
| archive-date=8 February 2001
}}
* {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C
}}
* Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001.
* {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1
}}
* {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 
}}
* {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher =The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn =0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration
}}
* {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book
| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild
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| isbn=981-4068-65-9}}
* {{cite news|title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }}
* {{cite web
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* {{cite news
| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge
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| date=16 December 1965}}
* {{cite news
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| work=[[New York Times]]
| date=15 October 1965
}}
* {{cite news
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| date=16 December 1965}}
* {{cite news
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| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power
| work=The Independent |location=UK
| date=16 April 2000}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul  |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War
| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd
|date=1999
| isbn=0-7509-1668-0
}}
* {{cite book
|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] [[Australia|AU]] |publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0
}}
* {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4}}
*{{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007
}}
* {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X
}}
* {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3  
}}
* {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=9780824830571
}}
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ
}}
* John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}.
* {{cite news
| last=Simpson
| first=Brad
| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"
| date= 9 July 2004
| publisher=National Security Archive
| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm
}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw
}}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825}}
* {{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm
| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings
|work=BBC News
| date= 25 March 2004
| access-date=4 February 2006}}
* {{cite news
| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief
| work=[[New York Times]]
| date=22 February 1966}}
* {{cite news
| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?
| date=April–June 1999
| publisher=Inside Indonesia
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| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view
| archive-date=5 March 2012
| df=dmy-all
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir
| publisher=Penguin
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| isbn=0-14-028904-6}}
* {{cite web
| title= United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor
| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument
| publisher=United Nations
| access-date=4 February 2006
}}
*{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri
}}
* {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924
}}
* {{cite book
| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
| last=Weiner
| first=Tim
| publisher=Doubleday
| place=New York
|date=2007
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| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1=Wertheim
| first1=W.F.
| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events
| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia
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| volume=9
| issue=2
| pages=197–215
| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191
}}
* {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123
}}
[[Tumbung:Indunisia]]
[[Tumbung:Presiden Indunisia]]
Jenderal Besar TNI (Purn.) H. M. Suharto, (Hanacaraka: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; IPA: ) (ER, Ejaan Lama: Soeharto; ) tu presiden kadua Indunisia nang manjabat dari tahun 1967 sampai 1998, manggantikan Sukarno. Di dunia Intirnasional, tarutama di dunia Barat, Suharto rajin dirujuk awan sabutan pupuler "the smiling ganeral" () ulih raut mukanya nang rajin tasanyum awan maliatakan karamahan. 

Sabalum manjadi presiden, Suharto tu pamimpin militer pada masa Hindia Walanda awan kakaisaran Japang, awan pangkat tarakhir mayor Janderal. Sataan pang Garakan 30 Siptimbir 1965, Suharto kamudian malakukan uperasi panartiban awan pangamanan atas parintah dari Sukarno, saan pang asa nang dilakukan nya tu awan manumpas Garakan 30 Siptimbir awan mangatakan bahawa Partai Kumunis Indunisia (PKI) sajadi urganisasi talarang.Friend (2003), pages 107–109; ; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290

Sahabis karusuhan Mei 1998, Suharto maundurkan diri dari jabatannya salaku Prèsiden. Inya digantikan uleh wakilnya, B.J. Habibie.

 Jajuhutan 

 Bibliografi 

 Elson, R.E. (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 
 McGlynn, John H. et al. (2007). Indonesia in the Soeharto years. Issue, incidents and images, Jakarta, KITLV
 
 Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana (2011). Pak Harto: The Untold Stories, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions. Press Release. International Monetary Fund. (31 October 1997)
 
 
 
 Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. .
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
Tumbung:Indunisia
Tumbung:Presiden Indunisia