Llingües valyries
{{Ficha de familia de llingües
|nome = Llingües valyries
|zona = [[Essos]] (continente del mundu ficticiu de ''[[Cantar de xelu y fueu]]'')
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|falantes = 
|familia = Lengua valyries
|macrofamilia = 
|familia madre = Llingua construyida
|protolengua = 
|subX = 
|iso1 = 
|iso2 = 
|iso3 = 
|mapa = 
|tamañu = 
|mapa_descripción = 
}}

Les '''llingües valyries''' son una [[Ideolengua|familia de ideolenguas]] (llingües ficticies) usaes na serie de noveles fantástiques ''[[Cantar de xelu y fueu]]'' de [[George R. R. Martin]], y la so adautación televisiva ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.

Nes noveles, méntense frecuentemente l'altu valirio y les llingües descendientes d'él, anque la so estructura llingüística y el so vocabulariu nun se desenvuelve más allá d'unes poques pallabres. Pa l'adautación televisiva, el llingüista [[David J. Peterson]] desenvolvió un vocabulariu y dellos paradigmes gramaticales pal «altu valirio», según pa la llingua derivada conocida como «valirio de Astapor», inspirándose en dellos fragmentos d'estes llingües reflexaos nes noveles.<ref name="Dothraki.com 31 March 2013">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Valar Dohaeris |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/03/valar-dohaeris/ |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=31 de marzu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>

== Alto valirio ==
{{Quote box
|quote = ''Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot, hen Valyrio Oēpo ānogār iksan. Valyrio muño ēngos ñuhys issa.''

“Yo soi Daenerys, Fía de la Nube, de la Casa de Targaryen, del sangre de l'Antigua Valiria. El valirio ye la mio llingua madre.”
|source = — ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', 3ª temporada 3, [[Y agora el so guardia terminó|4ᵘ episodiu]]<ref name="Dothraki.com 22 April 2013">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%C8%B3hon-keliton-issa/ |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=22 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=24 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 33%
}}
Nel mundu ficticiu de ''Cantar de xelu y fueu'', l'altu valirio ocupa un llugar cultural asemeyáu al [[Llatín medieval|llatín]] na [[Edá Media|Europa medieval]].<ref name="TIME 3 May 2013">{{cita publicación |apellíu=Tharoor |nome=Ishaan |títulu=Tongues of Ice and Fire: Creating the Languages in ''Game of Thrones'' |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/05/03/tongues-of-ice-and-fire-creating-the-languages-of-game-of-thrones/ |newspaper=Time |fecha=3 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=3 de mayu de 2013 }}</ref> Les noveles describir como una [[llingua clásica]] que nun s'usa na comunicación cotidiana, sinón que s'emplega como llingua culta na educación y ye conocida pola nobleza d'[[Essos]] y [[Westeros]] (Poniente), esistiendo una importante tradición lliteraria y [[Bardu|bárdica]] en valirio.

=== Desenvolvimientu ===
Coles mires de crear el [[Idioma dothraki|dothraki]] y les llingües valirias na forma falada qu'apaez en ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', [[HBO]] escoyó al llingüista [[David J. Peterson]] per mediu d'una competición ente [[Ideolengua|ideolingüistas (''conlangers'')]]. Los productores concedieron amplia llibertá a Peterson pa desenvolver estes llingües, yá que según Peterson, el mesmu autor de les noveles George R. R. Martin nun taba demasiáu comenenciudu nos aspeutos lingüisticos del trabayu del desarrollador.<ref name="TIME 3 May 2013" /> Les noveles yá publicaes namái inclúin un puñáu de pallabres en «altu valirio», incluyendo'l célebre ''[[valar morghulis]]'' ('tolos homes tienen de morrer'), ''valar dohaeris'' ('tolos homes tienen de sirvir') o ''dracarys'' ('fueu de dragón'). Pa la novela futura ''[[The Winds of Winter]]'', Peterson apurrió a Martin delles traducciones al valirio que van ser usaes pol autor.<ref name="TIME 3 May 2013" />

Les frases ''valar morghulis'' y ''valar dohaeris'', convertir na base de delles [[Flexón (llingüística)|terminaciones gramaticales]] de la llingua.<ref name="TIME 3 May 2013" /> Otra pallabra, ''trēsy'', que significa 'fíu', foi acuñada a partir del nome del siguidor númberu 3000 de Peterson en [[twitter]].<ref name="Declension party">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/t%C8%B3nin-tresi/ |títulu=Tȳnin Trēsi |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=20 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=25 de mayu de 2013 }}</ref>

=== Escritura y vocabulariu ===
Per otra parte, Peterson nun creó inda un [[sistema d'escritura]] específicu pal altu valirio, pero comentó que tuvo considerando la posibilidá de crear daqué similar al [[Escritura xeroglífico|sistema xeroglíficu]] exipciu, non n'apariencia pero sí en términos funcionales. Sicasí, na tercer temporada nel episodiu ''[[L'osu y la doncella]]'', amosar a Talisa escribiendo una carta en valirio por aciu alfabetu llatín, yá que acordies con Peterson, «nun merez la pena crear tou un sistema d'escritura pa lo que ye namái una instatánea momentanea».<ref name="Peterson 13 May 2013">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/gryves-se-rina-litse/ |títulu=Gryves se Reña Litse |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=13 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=22 de mayu de 2013 }}</ref>

A principios de xunu de 2013, el vocabulariu creáu del altu valirio constaba de 667 pallabres.<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Kastāmiro Daomior (comment at 2:46 am) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/06/kastamiro-daomior/#comment-1854 |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=4 de xunu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=25 de xunu de 2013 }}</ref>

== Descripción llingüística ==

=== Fonoloxía ===
El cuadru de fonemes consonánticos del altu valirio ta formáu poles siguiente unidaes:<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/tikuni-zobri-udra-zobriar/ |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=8 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=24 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Another conjugation party">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Some More High Valyrian Inflection (comments on 23 June at 11:20 am and on 24 June at 3:00 pm) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/06/some-more-high-valyrian-inflection/#comment-2094 |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=23–24 June 2013 |fechaaccesu=25 de xunu de 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable IPA"
|+ Consonantes
!
! scope="col" | [[Consonante llabial|Llabial]]
! scope="col" | [[Consonante coronal|Coronal]]
! scope="col" | [[Consonante palatal|Palatal]]
! scope="col" | [[Consonante velar|Velar]]
! scope="col" | [[Consonante uvular|Uvular]]
! scope="col" | [[Consonante glotal|Glotal]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Oclusiva]]
| ''p'' /p/, ''b'' /b/
| ''t'' /t/, ''d'' /d/
| rowspan="3" | ''j'' /dʒ~j~ʒ/<sup>a</sup><br/>''lj'' /ʎ/
| ''k'' /k/, ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''q'' /q/
| style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fricativa]]
| rowspan="2" | ''v'' /v~w/<sup>a</sup>
| ''s'' /s/, ''z'' /z/<br/>''th'' /θ/<sup>b</sup>
| colspan="2" | ''gh'' /ɣ~ʁ̝/<sup>c</sup><br/>''kh'' /x~ɣ~h/<sup>b</sup>
| ''h'' /h/
|-
! scope="row" | [[Aproximante]]
| ''r'' /r/, ''rh'' /r̥/, ''l'' /l/
| colspan="3" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[Consonante nasal|Nasal]]
| ''m'' /m/
| ''n'' /n~ŋ~ɴ/<sup>d</sup>
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan="2" | n /n~ŋ~ɴ/<sup>d</sup>
| style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|}
Notes:<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/>
:<sup>a</sup>. < ''v'' > y < ''j'' > varien alofónicamente ente una aproximante y una fricativa dependiente del falantes y del contestu fonéticu.
:<sup>b</sup>. < ''th'' > and < ''kh'' > nun apaecen en pallabres natives valirias, sinón solo en dalgunos [[Préstamu llingüísticu|préstamos]], como'l términu [[Idioma dothraki|dothraki]] ''arakh''.
:<sup>c</sup>. < ''gh'' > puede ser una velar fuerte pa dellos falantes, o una uvular pa otros, respondiendo a variantes rexonales y non a diferencies fonémicas.
:<sup>d</sup>. < ''n'' > asimilar de manera natural al llugar d'articulación de la siguiente consonante cuando ye velar o uvular.

Tocantes a los fonemes vocálicos estrémesse les siguientes unidaes:<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/>
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|+ Vocales
!
! scope="col" | [[Vocal anterior|Anterior]]
! scope="col" | [[Vocal central|Central]]
! scope="col" | [[Vocal posterior|Posterior]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vocal zarrada|Zarrada]]
| ī, i [&zwnj;[[Close front unrounded vowel|iː, i]]]<br />ȳ, y [&zwnj;[[Close front rounded vowel|yː, y]]]
| style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| ū, o [&zwnj;[[Close back rounded vowel|oː, o]]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vocal media|Media]]
| ē, y [&zwnj;[[Mid front unrounded vowel|yː, y]]]
| style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| ō, o [&zwnj;[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː, o]]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vocal abierta|Abierta]]
| style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="2" | ā, a [&zwnj;[[Open front unrounded vowel|aː, a]]]
|}

Les vocales con un [[macrón]] sobre elles (''ī, ȳ, ū, ē, ō'' y ''ā'') son [[Cantidá vocálica|vocales llargues]], polo que la so duración ye doble que les vocales curties (ensin macrón). N'alto valirio, delles pallabres estrémense namái pola cantidá vocálica (como asocede en llatín o griegu clásicu). Les [[Vocal arrondada|vocales arrondaes]] < ''ȳ'' > y < ''y'' > pueden elidirse n'alto valirio modernu, y de fechu sumieron en toles llingües descendientes modernes. Como resultancia, anque'l primer nome en ''[[Daenerys Targaryen]]'' articular xeneralmente como {{IPA|[dǝ.ˈnɛː.ɹɪs]}} na versión televisiva afecha de ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', la pronunciación completa n'alto valiria ye más cercana a {{IPA|[ˈdae̯.ne.ɾys]}}, con un [[diptongu]] na primera sílaba y una vocal reondeada na postrera. <!--The long vowels have also been lost in some derived languages; in [[Game of Thrones (season 3)|season 3]] of ''Game of Thrones'', we hear Astapori Valyrian, from which all long vowels have been lost.<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/>-->
<!--
Syllable stress is penultimate unless the penultimate syllable is [[syllable weight|light]] and the antepenultimate syllable is heavy, in which case stress is on the antepenultimate.<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar (comment at 4:47 pm) |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/tikuni-zobri-udra-zobriar/#comment-1075 |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=10 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref> As a highly [[inflection|inflected]] language, [[word order]] is flexible (a feature lost in derived languages),<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/> but sentences with relative clauses are [[head-directionality parameter|head-final]].<ref name="Dothraki.com 22 April 2013"/>

=== Grammar ===

==== Nouns ====
There are four [[grammatical number]]s in High Valyrian — [[singular number|singular]], [[plural]], [[paucal]] and [[collective noun|collective]]. For example, ''vala'' "man" (nom. sing.); ''vali'' "men" (nom. pl.); ''valun'' "some men" (nom. pau.); ''valar'' "all men" (nom. coll.).<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1chmc4/eseneziri_im_david_peterson_the_creator_of_the/c9hd7yy |títulu=Eseneziri (comment at 20:13 UTC) |publicación=[[Reddit]] AMA |fecha=17 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Case and number"/> The collective can itself be modified by number as a new noun declension, for example ''azantys'' "knight, soldier" (nom. sing.) → ''azantyr'' "army" (nom. coll.); ''azantyr'' "army" (nom. sing.) → ''azantyri'' "armies" (nom. pl.).<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1257 |títulu=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 5:23 pm) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=23 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>

Nouns have eight cases — [[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[locative case|locative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[comitative case|comitative]] and [[vocative case|vocative]], though the instrumental and comitative are not distinguished in all declensions,<ref name="Case and number">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1256 |títulu=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 5:19 pm) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=23 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref> nor are the genitive, dative and locative always distinguished in the plural.<ref name="Declension party"/>

There are four [[grammatical gender]]s, which do not align with biological sex.<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%c8%b3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-1279 |títulu=Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa (comment at 10:24 am) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=24 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref> The Valyrian names for the genders are:<ref name="Noun classes"/>

: ''hūrenkon qogror'' — "llunar class", :
''vēzenkon qogror'' — "cortil class", :
''tegōñor qogror'' — "terrestrial class", :
''embōñor qogror'' — "aquatic class".

[[Animacy|Animate]] and [[individuation|individuatable]] nouns are generally in the llunar or solar classes, while other nouns are generally classified as terrestrial or aquatic. The names of the classes derive from the nouns themselves, which are prototypical members of each gender.<ref name="Noun classes">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/perzo-vujita/#comment-1391 |títulu=Perzo Vūjita (comment at 12:30 am) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=1 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=3 de mayu de 2013 }}</ref> Peterson describes Valyrian gender as being inherent but more predictable from [[phonology]] than [[french grammar#Gender|gender in French]], with some of the [[derivation (linguistics)|derivational]] properties of the [[noun class]]es of [[Bantu languages]].<ref name="Noun classes"/> As a result of the phonological predictability, many words for humans (which tend to end ''-a'' or ''-ys'') are llunar or solar; many foods and plants (often ending ''-on'') are terrestrial.<ref>{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/perzo-vujita/#comment-1418 |títulu=Perzo Vūjita (comment at 2:50 pm) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=1 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=3 de mayu de 2013 }}</ref>

According to Peterson, "what defines declension classes in High Valyrian" can be divined by paying "close attention to the singular and plural numbers" and noting "where cases are conflated and where they llabren't".<ref name="Conjugation party">{{cita web |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/05/some-high-valyrian-inflection/ |títulu=Some High Valyrian inflection |authorlink=David J. Peterson |nome=David J. |apellíu=Peterson |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=26 de mayu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=1 de xunu de 2013 }}</ref> In the following tables, adjacent case conflations are merged into the same table cell; other cases that share a form with another are underlined.

{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic;"
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | First declension<ref name="Declension party"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Llunar: ''vala'', "man")</span>
| rowspan="12" style="width: 1px;" | 
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Second declension<ref name="Conjugation party"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Solar: ''loktys'', "sailor")</span>
! rowspan="2" |
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Paucal]]
! scope="col" | [[Collective noun|Collective]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Paucal]]
! scope="col" | [[Collective noun|Collective]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| vala
| vali
| valun
| valar
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktys
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktyssy
| loktyn
| loktyr
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nom.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| val
| valī
| valuni
| valari
| lokti
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktī
| loktyni
| loktyri
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Acc.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| valo
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;" | valoti
| valuno
| valaro
| lokto
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | loktoti
| loktyno
| loktyro
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Xen.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| valot
| valunta
| valarta
| loktot
| loktynty
| loktyrty
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dat.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| valā
| valunna
| valarra
| loktȳ
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktī
| loktynny
| loktyrry
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Loc.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| valosa
| valossi
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | valussa
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | valarza
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | loktomy
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | loktommi
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktyssy
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktyrzy
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instr.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]
| valoma
| valommi
| valumma
| valarma
| loktymmy
| loktyrmy
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Com.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Vocative]]
| valus
| valis
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | valussa
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | valarza
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktys
| loktyssys
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktyssy
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | loktyrzy
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Voc.]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Paucal]]
! scope="col" | [[Collective noun|Collective]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Paucal]]
! scope="col" | [[Collective noun|Collective]]
! rowspan="2" |
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" colspan="4" | First declension
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Second declension
|}

==== Verbs ====
While nouns have four grammatical numbers, verb conjugations have only been described in the singular and the plural;<ref name="Conjugation party"/> paucals trigger plural agreement and collectives trigger singular agreement.<ref name="comment 2124">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/06/some-more-high-valyrian-inflection/#comment-2124 |títulu=Some More High Valyrian Inflection (comment at 12:45 pm) |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=28 de xunu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=30 de xunu de 2013 }}</ref> There are two paradigms of verbs, those with a stem ending with a consonant and those with a stem ending with a vowel;<ref name="Conjugation party"/> the tables below show examples of three enterries in the [[active voice]]. It is possible to tell which paradigm is in use from the [[grammatical person|first person]] [[plural]] [[indicative]] — consonant stems will always end in ''-i'', whereas vowels stems will end in ''-ī''.<ref name="Conjugation party"/> Verbs with stems ending in a vowel follow a pattern where that stem-terminal vowel might change — ''-a'' and ''-i'' do not change, ''-y'' becomes ''-i'', but ''-o'' and ''-o'' both become ''-v''.<ref name="Conjugation party"/> Verb stems may never end in a long vowel or a diphthong.<ref name="Conjugation party"/>

{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Consonantal verbs<ref name="Another conjugation party"/><ref name="Conjugation party"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''manaeragon'', "to raise" or "to lift")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="3" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Present tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Perfect (grammar)|Perfect tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Imperfect|Imperfect tense]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | First person
| manaeran
| manaeri
| manaeron
| manaeroty
| manaertan
| manaerti
| manaerton
| manaertoty
| manaerilen
| manaerilin
| manaerilon
| manaeriloty
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Second person
| manaerā
| manaerāt
| manaerō
| manaerōt
| manaertā
| manaertāt
| manaertō
| manaertōt
| manaerilē
| manaerilēt
| manaerilō
| manaerilōt
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Third person
| manaerza
| manaerzi
| manaeros
| manaerosy
| manaertas
| manaertis
| manaertos
| manertosy
| manaeriles
| manaerilis
| manaerilos
| manaerilosy
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| manaerās
| manaerātās
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Infinitive]]
| colspan="2" | manaeragon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="2" | manaertagon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Participle]]
| colspan="2" | manaerare, manaerarior
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|}

{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Vowel verbs <span style="font-weight: normal;">(stem ending -a)</span><ref name="Another conjugation party"/><ref name="Conjugation party"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''limagon'', "to cry")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="3" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Present tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Perfect (grammar)|Perfect tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Imperfect|Imperfect tense]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | First person
| llimen
| limī
| limaon
| limaoty
| limatan
| limati
| limaton
| limatoty
| limēlen
| limēlin
| limēlon
| limēloty
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Second person
| limā
| limāt
| llimaō
| llimaōt
| limatā
| limatāt
| limatō
| limatōt
| limēlē
| limēlēt
| limēapondero |
limēloot
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Third person
| llimes
| limasi
| llimáivos
| limaosy
| limatas
| limatasi
| limatos
| limatosy
| limē-yos
| limēlliriu |
limēlos
| limēlosy
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| limās
| limātās
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Infinitive]]
| colspan="2" | limagon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="2" | limatagon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Participle]]
| colspan="2" | llimara, limarior
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|}

{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Vowel verbs <span style="font-weight: normal;">(stem ending -y)</span><ref name="Another conjugation party"/><ref name="Conjugation party"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''sōvegon'', "to fly")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="3" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Present tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Perfect (grammar)|Perfect tense]]
| rowspan="9" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Imperfect|Imperfect tense]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Indicative|Indicative mood]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | [[Subjunctive mood]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" | [[Plural]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | First person
| sōven
| sōvī
| sōvion
| sōvioty
| sōveten
| sōveti
| sōveton
| sōvetoty
| sovīlen
| sovīlin
| sovīlon
| sovīloty
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Second person
| sōvē
| sōvēt
| sōviō
| sōviōt
| sōvetā
| sōvetāt
| sōvetō
| sōvetōt
| sovīlē
| sovīlēt
| sovīlō
| sovīlōt
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | Third person
| sōves
| sōvesi
| sōvios
| sōviosy
| sōvetes
| sōvetis
| sōvetos
| sōvetosy
| sovī-yos
| sovīli
| sovīlos
| sovīlosy
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| sōvēs
| sōvētēs
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Infinitive]]
| colspan="2" | sōvegon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="2" | sōvetagon
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Participle]]
| colspan="2" | sōvere, sōverior
| colspan="2" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background: #f5f5f5;" |
|}

==== Adjectives ====
Adjectives have three declension classes.<ref name="Adjectives">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/07/valyrian-adjectives/ |títulu=Valyrian Adjectives |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=1 de xunetu de 2013 |fechaaccesu=6 de xunetu de 2013 }}</ref> Like verbs, adjectives only have two number forms — a singular, which is also used for the collective, and a plural, also used for paucal numbers.<ref name="Adjectives"/> Adjectives may be both prepositive (e.g. "the ''white'' shoe") or [[post-positive adjective|post-positive]] (e.g. "the body ''politic''"); when prepositive some further rules apply.<ref name="Adjectives"/>

Several forms of [[elision]] and [[assimilation (linguistics)|consonant assimilation]] occur with prepositive adjectives:

* With inflections of two syllables (such as ''kast'''oti''''' in several class {{rn|I}} plurals), the second syllable is often lost to elision; word-final ''-t'' is also lost before consonants — compare ''ader'''ot''' ābrot'' ("to the quick woman") with ''ader'''o''' Dovaogēdot'' ("to the quick Unsullied").<ref name="Adjectives"/>
* When such elision causes a word-final ''-z'' (such as with the class {{rn|I}} ''kasta'' becoming ''kastyzy'' ([[nominative case|nom.]]) and ''kastyzys'' ([[vocative case|voc.]]) in the llunar plurals, below), the final ''-z'' is [[consonant voicing and devoicing|devoiced]] to ''-s'' when it preciedes a voiceless consonant — compare ''kast'''ys''' hobresse'' ("blue goats") with ''kast'''yz''' dāryssy'' ("blue kings"), both forms from ''kastyzy'', the llunar nominative plural.<ref name="Adjectives"/>
* If the syllable in question is vowel–consonant–vowel, then only the final vowel is elided — compare ''ānogro ēl'''ȳro''''' ("of the first blood") to ''ēl'''ȳr''' ānogro'' ("of the first blood").<ref name="Adjectives"/>
* Whereas [[instrumental case|instrumental]] forms are generally listed as containing ''-s-'' or ''-ss-'' and [[comitative case|comitative]] forms generally contain ''-m-'' or ''-mm-'', some nouns use only the ''s''-forms in both cases and some nouns use the ''m''-forms for both. When this occurs, the consonant in question experiences [[consonant harmony]], causing the use of what might otherwise be a comitative form for an instrumental and vice trata, {{citation needed span|such as with the examples given of class {{rn|III}} vowel mutations below, |fecha=July 2013}} where the forms appear to be instrumental ("by means of the ... men", "by means of the ... rains"), despite being comitative ("accompanying the ... man", "accompanying the ... rains").<ref name="Adjectives"/>
* Finally, word-final ''-m'' is decreasingly common in High Valyrian. Contracted inflections that end in ''-m'' will often assimilate to ''-n'' unless the next word begins with a vowel or a [[llabial consonant]].<ref name="Adjectives"/>

===== Class I adjectives =====
Class {{rn|I}} adjectives torne differently for each of the four noun classes.<ref name="Adjectives"/> The exemplar is ''kasta'', meaning "[[distinction of blue and green in various languages|blue and green]]".<ref name="Adjectives"/> As before, in the following tables, adjacent case conflations are merged into the same table cell; other cases that share a form with another are underlined.

{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Class {{rn|I}} adjectives<ref name="Adjectives"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''kasta'', "[[distinction of blue and green in various languages|blue and green]]")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
| rowspan="12" style="width: 1px;" |
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Plural]]
! rowspan="2" |
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Llunar
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Cortil
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Terrestrial
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Aquatic
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Llunar
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Cortil
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Terrestrial
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Aquatic
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | kasta
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | kastys
| rowspan="2" | kaston
| rowspan="2" | kastor
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | kasti
| kastyzy
| rowspan="2" style="text-decoration: underline;" | kasta
| rowspan="2" | kastra
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nom.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| kaste
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | kasti
| colspan="2" style="text-decoration: underline;" | kastī
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Acc.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| colspan="3" | kasto
| kastro
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; text-decoration: underline;" | kastoti
| rowspan="3" | kastroti
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Xen.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| colspan="3" style="border-bottom: none !important; text-decoration: underline;" | kastot
| rowspan="2" | kastrot
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dat.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa;" | kastā
| style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa;" | kastȳ
| style="border-top: none !important; text-decoration: underline;" | kastot
| style="border-top: none; text-decoration: underline;" | kastoti
| style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa; text-decoration: underline;" | kastī
| style="border-top: none; text-decoration: underline;" | kastoti
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Loc.]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]{{smallsup|a}}
| kastosa
| kastosy
| kastoso
| kastroso
| colspan="3" | kastossi
| kastrossi
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instr.]]{{smallsup|a}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]{{smallsup|a}}
| kastoma
| kastomy
| kastomo
| kastromo
| colspan="3" | kastommi
| kastrommi
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Com.]]{{smallsup|a}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Vocative]]
| kastus
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | kastys
| colspan="2" | kastos
| kastis
| kastyzys
| colspan="2" | kastas
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Voc.]]
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Llunar
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Cortil
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Terrestrial
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Aquatic
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Llunar
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Cortil
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Terrestrial
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | Aquatic
! rowspan="2" |
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[Plural]]
|}
{{ref begin}}
Notes:<ref name="Adjectives"/>
:a. See note about [[consonant harmony]] [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] above.
{{ref end}}

===== Class II and III adjectives =====
Adjective classes {{rn|II}} and {{rn|III}} both conflate rather more forms, failing to distinguish between solar and llunar nouns and failing to distinguish between terrestrial and aquatic nouns.<ref name="Adjectives"/> Class {{rn|II}} also has some subclasses, that have not yet been detailed.<ref name="Adjectives"/> The exemplars used here are the class {{rn|II}} adjective ''adere'' ("sleek, smooth, slippery, fast, quick") and the class {{rn|III}} adjective ''ēlie'' ("first").<ref name="Adjectives"/>

Class {{rn|III}} adjectives also experience vowel changes when subject to the elision described above. When a llunar or solar form is elided to a syllable containing ''-ȳ-'' (such forms are highlighted in the table below), this ''-ȳ-'' mutates to ''-io-''; this does not occur with terrestrial or aquatic forms. Compare:<ref name="Adjectives"/>

: ''valosa ēl'''ȳse''''' — "with the first man" (''vala'' is a llunar noun of the first declension)<ref name="Declension party"/>
: ''ēl'''ios''' valosa'' — "with the first man"
: ''daomȳssi ēl'''ȳssi''''' — "with the first rains" {{citation needed span|(''daomio'' is a llunar noun of the third declension) |fecha=July 2013}}
: ''ēl'''ȳs''' daomȳssi'' — "with the first rains"

<div style="float: left; width: auto; margin-right: 2em;">
{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Class {{rn|II}} adjectives<ref name="Adjectives"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''adere'', "sleek, smooth, slippery, fast, quick")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cortil / Llunar
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Terrestrial / Aquatic
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Plural]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| rowspan="2" | adere
| rowspan="2" | aderi
| rowspan="2" | aderior
| rowspan="2" | aderiar
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| adero
| rowspan="3" | aderoti
| rowspan="3" | aderȳro |
rowspan="3" | aderȳti
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| aderot
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| aderē
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]{{smallsup|a}}
| aderose
| aderossi
| aderȳso |
aderȳssi
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]{{smallsup|a}}
| aderome
| aderommi
| aderȳmo
| aderȳmmi
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Vocative]]
| aderes
| aderis
| aderios
| aderīs
|}
</div>
<div style="float: left; width: auto; margin-left: 2em;">
{| {{tablaguapa}} style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"
|+ style="font-style: normal;" | Class {{rn|III}} adjectives<ref name="Adjectives"/><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">(''ēlie'', "first")</span>
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! rowspan="2" |
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cortil / Llunar
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Terrestrial / Aquatic
|- style="font-style: normal;"
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Plural]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Singular number|Singular]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" | [[Plural]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| rowspan="2" | ēlie
| rowspan="2" | ēlī
| rowspan="2" | ēlior
| rowspan="2" | ēenguedeyar
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| ēlio
| rowspan="3" | <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ēlȳti</span>{{smallsup|b}}
| ēlȳro |
rowspan="3" style="text-decoration: underline;" | ēlȳti
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| ēliot
| rowspan="2" | ēlȳrot
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| ēliē
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]{{smallsup|a}}
| ēlȳse{{smallsup|b}}
| <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ēlȳssi</span>{{smallsup|b}}
| ēlȳso |
style="text-decoration: underline;" | ēlȳssi
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]{{smallsup|a}}
| ēlȳme{{smallsup|b}}
| <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ēlȳmmi</span>{{smallsup|b}}
| ēlȳmo
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | ēlȳmmi
|-
! scope="row" style="font-style: normal;" | [[Vocative case|Vocative]]
| ēlies
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | ēlīs
| ēlios
| style="text-decoration: underline;" | ēlīs
|}
</div>
{{-}}
{{ref begin}}
Notes:<ref name="Adjectives"/>
:a. See note about [[consonant harmony]] [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] above.
:b. See note about vowel changes in elision above.
{{ref end}}

== Derivative languages ==
In the world of the novel and TV series, the [[World of Cantar de xelu y fueu#Free Cities and vicinity|Nine Free Cities of Essos]] speak variants of High Valyrian, described by the character [[List of Cantar de xelu y fueu characters#Tyrion Lannister|Tyrion]] in ''[[A Dance with Dragons]]'' as "not so much a [[dialect]] as nine dialects on the way to becoming separate tongues".<ref>''A Dance with Dragons'', Tyrion I.</ref> The cities of [[World of Cantar de xelu y fueu#Slaver's Bay|Slaver's Bay]] speak related languages, baxái from High Valyrian with the substrate of the local Ghiscari languages.

Peterson described the relationship between High Valyrian and the Free Cities languages as being similar to that between [[classical Latin]] and the [[Romance languages]], or more accurately between [[Classical Arabic]] and the [[varieties of Arabic|modern varieties of Arabic]], in that High Valyrian is intelligible, with some difficulty, to a speaker of a local Essoan language.<ref name="Dothraki.com 22 April 2013" />

=== Astapori Valyrian ===
{{Quote box
|quote = ''Si kizy vasko v’uvar ez zya gundja yn files.''

“And this because I like the curve of her ass.”
|source = — Astapori Valyrian, ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', season 3, [[Walk of Punishment|episode 3]]<ref name="Vulture 23 April 2013">{{cita publicación |apellíu=Martin |nome=Denise |títulu=Learn to speak Dothraki and Valyrian from the man who invented them for ''Game of Thrones'' |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/game-of-thrones-dothraki-language-inventor.html |fechaaccesu=24 d'abril de 2013 |newspaper=Vulture |fecha=23 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>
|width = 33%
}}
The first derivative Valyrian language to be featured in the series was Astapori Valyrian, a variety from the city of [[World of Cantar de xelu y fueu#Astapor|Astapor]] in Slaver's Bay. It appeared in the third season premiere episode "[[Valar Dohaeris]]". Peterson created the Astapori dialogue by first writing the text in High Valyrian, then applying a series of regular grammar and sound changes to simulate the changes in natural languages over a long period of time.<ref name="CNN What's Next">{{cita web |nome=David |apellíu=Peterson |authorlink=David J. Peterson |url=http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/29/david-peterson-and-the-languages-of-game-of-thrones/ |títulu=David Peterson and the languages of ''Game of Thrones'' |work=[[CNN]] What's Next |fechaaccesu=4 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>

For example, Astapori Valyrian has lost all long vowels (designated with a [[macron]]) and most [[diphthong]]s, such that an "Unsullied" is rendered as ''Dovaogēdy'' {{IPA|[do.vao.ˈɡyː.dy]}} in High Valyrian, but as ''Dovoghedhy'' {{IPA|[do.vo.ˈɣy.ði]}} in Astapori.<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/> Similarly, Astapori Valyrian has lost the [[grammatical case|case system]] of High Valyrian, so the [[word order]] is more reliably [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO) and the four genders of High Valyrian have been reduced to two, with two [[definite article]]s: ''ji'' and ''vi''.<ref name="Dothraki.com 8 April 2013"/> [[Stress (linguistics)|Word stress]] is less predictable than in High Valyrian, but commands are stressed word-finally (for example: ''ivetrá'').<ref name="Dothraki.com 15 April 2013">{{cita web |apellíu=Peterson |nome=David J. |authorlink=David J. Peterson |títulu=Qilōnario Geron |url=http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/qilonario-geron/ |publicación=Dothraki.com |fecha=15 d'abril de 2013 |fechaaccesu=27 d'abril de 2013 }}</ref>
-->

== Referencies ==
{{llistaref|2}}

== Enllaces esternos ==
* {{URL|www.dothraki.com}} — A site managed by David J. Peterson, where he blogues about the languages he's constructed for ''Game of Thrones.''
* [http://wiki.dothraki.org/Main_Page Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301054725/https://wiki.dothraki.org/Main_Page |date=2021-03-01 }} — fan wiki collating information about the constructed languages in ''Game of Thrones.''
** [http://wiki.dothraki.org/Learning_High_Valyrian Learning High Valyrian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112040837/https://wiki.dothraki.org/Learning_High_Valyrian |date=2020-11-12 }} on the Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki.
** [http://wiki.dothraki.org/Learning_Astapori_Valyrian Learning Astapori Valyrian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929005615/https://wiki.dothraki.org/Learning_Astapori_Valyrian |date=2019-09-29 }} on the Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki.
* [http://forum.dothraki.org Tongues of Ice and Fire forums], including Valyrian-specific discussion threads (for [http://forum.dothraki.org/beginners-11/ beginners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092711/http://forum.dothraki.org/beginners-11/ |date=2018-03-23 }} and about [http://forum.dothraki.org/language-updates-12/ language updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092700/http://forum.dothraki.org/language-updates-12/ |date=2018-03-23 }}).

{{Tradubot|Lenguas valyries}}
{{control d'autoridaes}}
[[Categoría:Llingües ficticies]]
[[Categoría:Cantar de xelu y fueu]]
Les llingües valyries son una familia de ideolenguas (llingües ficticies) usaes na serie de noveles fantástiques Cantar de xelu y fueu de George R. R. Martin, y la so adautación televisiva Game of Thrones.

Nes noveles, méntense frecuentemente l'altu valirio y les llingües descendientes d'él, anque la so estructura llingüística y el so vocabulariu nun se desenvuelve más allá d'unes poques pallabres. Pa l'adautación televisiva, el llingüista David J. Peterson desenvolvió un vocabulariu y dellos paradigmes gramaticales pal «altu valirio», según pa la llingua derivada conocida como «valirio de Astapor», inspirándose en dellos fragmentos d'estes llingües reflexaos nes noveles.

 Alto valirio 

Nel mundu ficticiu de Cantar de xelu y fueu, l'altu valirio ocupa un llugar cultural asemeyáu al llatín na Europa medieval. Les noveles describir como una llingua clásica que nun s'usa na comunicación cotidiana, sinón que s'emplega como llingua culta na educación y ye conocida pola nobleza d'Essos y Westeros (Poniente), esistiendo una importante tradición lliteraria y bárdica en valirio.

 Desenvolvimientu 
Coles mires de crear el dothraki y les llingües valirias na forma falada qu'apaez en Game of Thrones, HBO escoyó al llingüista David J. Peterson per mediu d'una competición ente ideolingüistas (conlangers). Los productores concedieron amplia llibertá a Peterson pa desenvolver estes llingües, yá que según Peterson, el mesmu autor de les noveles George R. R. Martin nun taba demasiáu comenenciudu nos aspeutos lingüisticos del trabayu del desarrollador. Les noveles yá publicaes namái inclúin un puñáu de pallabres en «altu valirio», incluyendo'l célebre valar morghulis ('tolos homes tienen de morrer'), valar dohaeris ('tolos homes tienen de sirvir') o dracarys ('fueu de dragón'). Pa la novela futura The Winds of Winter, Peterson apurrió a Martin delles traducciones al valirio que van ser usaes pol autor.

Les frases valar morghulis y valar dohaeris, convertir na base de delles terminaciones gramaticales de la llingua. Otra pallabra, trēsy, que significa 'fíu', foi acuñada a partir del nome del siguidor númberu 3000 de Peterson en twitter.

 Escritura y vocabulariu 
Per otra parte, Peterson nun creó inda un sistema d'escritura específicu pal altu valirio, pero comentó que tuvo considerando la posibilidá de crear daqué similar al sistema xeroglíficu exipciu, non n'apariencia pero sí en términos funcionales. Sicasí, na tercer temporada nel episodiu L'osu y la doncella, amosar a Talisa escribiendo una carta en valirio por aciu alfabetu llatín, yá que acordies con Peterson, «nun merez la pena crear tou un sistema d'escritura pa lo que ye namái una instatánea momentanea».

A principios de xunu de 2013, el vocabulariu creáu del altu valirio constaba de 667 pallabres.

 Descripción llingüística 

 Fonoloxía 
El cuadru de fonemes consonánticos del altu valirio ta formáu poles siguiente unidaes:

+ Consonantes Llabial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glotal Oclusiva p /p/, b /b/ t /t/, d /d/ j /dʒ~j~ʒ/alj /ʎ/ k /k/, g /ɡ/ q /q/ Fricativa v /v~w/a s /s/, z /z/th /θ/b gh /ɣ~ʁ̝/ckh /x~ɣ~h/b h /h/ Aproximante r /r/, rh /r̥/, l /l/ Nasal m /m/ n /n~ŋ~ɴ/d ñ /ɲ/ n /n~ŋ~ɴ/d
Notes:
a. < v > y < j > varien alofónicamente ente una aproximante y una fricativa dependiente del falantes y del contestu fonéticu.
b. < th > and < kh > nun apaecen en pallabres natives valirias, sinón solo en dalgunos préstamos, como'l términu dothraki arakh.
c. < gh > puede ser una velar fuerte pa dellos falantes, o una uvular pa otros, respondiendo a variantes rexonales y non a diferencies fonémicas.
d. < n > asimilar de manera natural al llugar d'articulación de la siguiente consonante cuando ye velar o uvular.

Tocantes a los fonemes vocálicos estrémesse les siguientes unidaes:
+ Vocales Anterior Central Posterior Zarrada ī, i [‌iː, i]ȳ, y [‌yː, y] ū, o [‌oː, o] Media ē, y [‌yː, y] ō, o [‌oː, o] Abierta ā, a [‌aː, a]

Les vocales con un macrón sobre elles (ī, ȳ, ū, ē, ō y ā) son vocales llargues, polo que la so duración ye doble que les vocales curties (ensin macrón). N'alto valirio, delles pallabres estrémense namái pola cantidá vocálica (como asocede en llatín o griegu clásicu). Les vocales arrondaes < ȳ > y < y > pueden elidirse n'alto valirio modernu, y de fechu sumieron en toles llingües descendientes modernes. Como resultancia, anque'l primer nome en Daenerys Targaryen articular xeneralmente como  na versión televisiva afecha de Game of Thrones, la pronunciación completa n'alto valiria ye más cercana a , con un diptongu na primera sílaba y una vocal reondeada na postrera. 

 Referencies 

 Enllaces esternos 
  — A site managed by David J. Peterson, where he blogues about the languages he's constructed for Game of Thrones.
 Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki  — fan wiki collating information about the constructed languages in Game of Thrones.
 Learning High Valyrian  on the Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki.
 Learning Astapori Valyrian  on the Tongues of Ice and Fire wiki.
 Tongues of Ice and Fire forums, including Valyrian-specific discussion threads (for beginners  and about language updates ).

Categoría:Llingües ficticies
Categoría:Cantar de xelu y fueu