Idioma tsez
{{Ficha d'idioma |nome =
Tsez, dido 
|nativu = ' цез мец / ''cez mec'' [{{IPA|ʦez meʦ}}] '
|familia madre = Llingües caucásiques
|países={{RUS}}<br> {{bandera2|Xeorxa}}
|zona=
|h1=|h2=
|rank=
|familia=[[Llingües caucásiques septentrionales|Caucásicu septentrional]]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Llingües caucásiques nororientales|Caucásicu nororiental]]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tsez-Khvarshi<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Tsez'''
|oficial=
|axencia=
|iso1=|iso2=|iso3=|sil=
}}
'''Tsez''', tamién conocíu como '''Dido''' (цез мец ''cez mec'' en tsez; დიდო (dido) en [[idioma xeorxanu|xeorxanu]]) ye un [[Llingües caucásiques nororientales|llingua caucásica nororiental]] qu'utilicen unes 15,000 persones del pueblu [[pueblu Tsez|tsez]], un grupu [[musulmán]] nos montes [[Tsunta]] distritos del sur y oeste de [[Daguestán]] en [[Rusia]]. El términu xeorxanu ''dido'' derivar de ''didi'' "grande".

El tsez nun tener una tradición lliteraria y ta ruinamente representáu tocantes a les sos formes escrites. L'[[idioma avar|avar]] y [[idioma rusu|rusu]] úsense como llinguaxes lliterarios nel ámbitu llocal, entá nes escueles. Sicasí, realizáronse dellos intentos por desenvolver una ortografía estable pal idioma tsez como pa los llinguaxes acomuñaos a él principalmente col propósitu de recoyer y rexistrar el folclor tradicional; por ello, de cutiu utilízase l'[[alfabetu cirílicu]] basáu nel usáu nel avar. Polo xeneral los homes tienen más fluidez nel avar que les muyeres, y la xente nuevo tiende a tener más fluidez nel rusu qu'en tsez, que probablemente se deba a la falta d'educación en y sobre el llinguaxe.
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Tsez is not taught in school and instead Avar is taught for the first five years, and Russian afterwards. The vocabulary shows many traces of influences of Avar, Georgian, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and Russian, mainly through loanwords and, in the case of Russian, even in grammar and style. These factors will eventually lead to the torne of use of the Tsez language, as it is more and more replaced by Avar and Russian, partly due to loss of traditional culture among the people and the adoption of a Western clothing, technology and architecture.<ref>[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/didos.shtml The Didos] from The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, retrieved August 12, 2006</ref>

Tsez grammar was first analyzed by the Georgian linguist [[Davit Imnaishvili]] in [[1963]]. Currently, a collection of Tsez folclor texts (written in the Mokok dialect) is in production.
-->
== Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales ==
=== Dialeutos ===
L'idioma tsez estremar nos siguientes [[dialeutu|dialeutos]], colos sos nomes tsez ente paréntesis:
* Asakh ''(Asaq)''
**Tsebari ''(Ceboru)''
* Mokok ''(Newo)''
* Kidero ''(Kidiro)''
* Sagada ''(Soƛʼo)''

El dialeutu tsebari ye utilizáu nos exemplos daos nesti artículu. El dialeutu sagada destacar poles sos notables diferencies al respective de los otros dialeutos.

El [[Bezhta language|bezhta]], l'[[Hinukh language|hinukh]], l'[[Hunzib language|hunzib]] y el [[Khvarshi language|khvarshi]] d'antiguo considerar tamién dialeutos del idioma tsez, anque anguaño considerar como idiomes distintos anque de la mesma familia.

== Descripción llingüística ==
=== Fonoloxía ===
<!--
Cada fonema Each phoneme is listed with its [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] (brackets), [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], and [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] representations.
-->
=== Numberales ===
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Numerals come in two different forms: in the absolutive case and as an oblique stem (always ending in ''-a'') to which other case endings are attached when the numerals are used nonattributively. The oblique form is also used when it refers to a non-absolutive noun, as in ''sida ˁaƛār'' ("to one/a village"). When counting objects, the counted objects always stay in the singular form.

{| {{tablaguapa}}
! &nbsp; !! Absolutive !! Oblique
|-
! '''1'''
| sis || sida
|-
! '''2'''
| qʼˁanu || qʼˁuna
|-
! '''3'''
| łˁono || łˁora
|-
! '''4'''
| uyno || uyra
|-
! '''5'''
| łeno || łyera
|-
! '''6'''
| iłnon || iłłroxura
|-
! '''7'''
| ˁoƛnon || ˁoƛƛora
|-
! '''8'''
| biƛnon || biƛƛroxura
|-
! '''9'''
| očʼčʼino || očʼčʼroxura
|-
! '''10'''
| ocʼcʼino || ocʼcʼroxura
|-
! '''11'''
| ocʼcʼino sis / siyocʼi || ocʼcʼira sida
|-
! '''12'''
| ocʼcʼino qʼˁanu / qʼˁayocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura qʼˁuna
|-
! '''13'''
| ocʼcʼino łˁono / łˁoyocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura łˁora
|-
! '''14'''
| ocʼcʼino uyno / uwocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura uyra
|-
! '''15'''
| ocʼcʼino łeno / łewocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura łyera
|-
!'''16'''
| ocʼcʼino iłnon / iłocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura iłłroxura
|-
! '''17'''
| ocʼcʼino ˁoƛnon / ˁoƛocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura ˁoƛƛora
|-
! '''18'''
| ocʼcʼino biƛnon / biƛocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura biƛƛroxura
|-
! '''19'''
| ocʼcʼino očʼčʼino / yčʼocʼi || ocʼcʼroxura očʼčʼroxura
|-
! '''20'''
| quno || qura
|-
! '''100'''
| bišon || bišonra
|-
! '''1,000'''
| ˁazar || ˁazarra
|}

* There are two ways of forming the numbers 11 through 19, but only the first way also exists in oblique form. The second form with the suffix ''-ocʼi'' cannot be declined.
* Above 20, numbers are formed on the basis of multiples of 20: ''qʼˁanoqu'' (40), ''łˁonoqu'' (60) and ''uynoqu'' (80). For the oblique forms, the suffix ''-ra'' is added for all items. 
* The numberal for 100 has an alternative form ''bišom'' used before the suffix ''-non'' in compound numerals.
* The numberal for 1000, ''ˁazar'', seems to be loan to [[Persian language|Persian]] هزار (''hezār'', thousand).
* Higher hundreds and thousands are expressed simply by juxtaposition, the multiplyer preceding the larger number.
* Compound numerals are formed by attaching the suffix ''-non'' (''and'') to the higher number and placing the lower one right after it. For example, 47 would be ''qʼˁanoquno ˁoƛnon'' in Tsez. A number like 72 would be expressed as "sixty-twelve" (''łˁonoquno qʼˁayocʼi'' or ''łˁonoquno ocʼcʼino qʼˁanu'').

-->
== Referencies ==
{{llistaref}}
=== Bibliografía ===
* {{cita publicación| autor=Alekseev, Mikhail Y. & Rajabov, Ramazan N. | títulu=Prerequisites to the formation of Tsez writing system | revista=Caucasian perspectives | añu=1993 | páxines=372-376}}
* {{cita publicación| autor=Alekseev, Mikhail Y. & Rajabov, Ramazan N. | títulu=Tsez language | revista=Indigenous languages of the Caucasus | volume=3}}
* Khalilov, Majid Sh. (1999). ''Цезско-русский словарь'' (Tsez-Russian dictionary). Moscow, Academia. ISBN 5-87444-086-0
* {{cita publicación| autor=Polinsky, Maria & Comrie, Bernard | títulu=Agreement in Tsez | revista=Folia Linguistica | númberu=Studies in Agreement | añu=1999 | volume=33.2 | páxines=109–130}}

=== Enllaces esternos ===
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ddo Ethnologue report on Tsez (Dido)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830055257/http://ling.ucsd.edu/~polinsky/pubs/BLS25.pdf A paper about the verb "to begin" in Tsez] (by Maria Polinsky)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129003404/http://ling.ucsd.edu/~polinsky/tsez.html Glossed sample texts with audiu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101222821/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl26.pdf Tsez morphonology] (by Ramazan Rajabov)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212124/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl27.pdf The class category in Tsez] (by Ramazan Rajabov)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929204635/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/2270/gl28.pdf The double-absolutive construction in Tsez] (by Ramazan Rajabov)



{{Tradubot|Idioma tsez}}

{{control d'autoridaes}}
[[Categoría:Llingües caucásiques nororientales|Tsez]]
[[Categoría:Llingües de Rusia|Tsez]]
Tsez, tamién conocíu como Dido (цез мец cez mec en tsez; დიდო (dido) en xeorxanu) ye un llingua caucásica nororiental qu'utilicen unes 15,000 persones del pueblu tsez, un grupu musulmán nos montes Tsunta distritos del sur y oeste de Daguestán en Rusia. El términu xeorxanu dido derivar de didi "grande".

El tsez nun tener una tradición lliteraria y ta ruinamente representáu tocantes a les sos formes escrites. L'avar y rusu úsense como llinguaxes lliterarios nel ámbitu llocal, entá nes escueles. Sicasí, realizáronse dellos intentos por desenvolver una ortografía estable pal idioma tsez como pa los llinguaxes acomuñaos a él principalmente col propósitu de recoyer y rexistrar el folclor tradicional; por ello, de cutiu utilízase l'alfabetu cirílicu basáu nel usáu nel avar. Polo xeneral los homes tienen más fluidez nel avar que les muyeres, y la xente nuevo tiende a tener más fluidez nel rusu qu'en tsez, que probablemente se deba a la falta d'educación en y sobre el llinguaxe.

 Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales 
 Dialeutos 
L'idioma tsez estremar nos siguientes dialeutos, colos sos nomes tsez ente paréntesis:
 Asakh (Asaq)
Tsebari (Ceboru)
 Mokok (Newo)
 Kidero (Kidiro)
 Sagada (Soƛʼo)

El dialeutu tsebari ye utilizáu nos exemplos daos nesti artículu. El dialeutu sagada destacar poles sos notables diferencies al respective de los otros dialeutos.

El bezhta, l'hinukh, l'hunzib y el khvarshi d'antiguo considerar tamién dialeutos del idioma tsez, anque anguaño considerar como idiomes distintos anque de la mesma familia.

 Descripción llingüística 
 Fonoloxía 

 Numberales 

 Referencies 

 Bibliografía 
 
 
 Khalilov, Majid Sh. (1999). Цезско-русский словарь (Tsez-Russian dictionary). Moscow, Academia. ISBN 5-87444-086-0
 

 Enllaces esternos 
 Ethnologue report on Tsez (Dido)
 A paper about the verb "to begin" in Tsez (by Maria Polinsky)
 Glossed sample texts with audiu
 Tsez morphonology (by Ramazan Rajabov)
 The class category in Tsez (by Ramazan Rajabov)
 The double-absolutive construction in Tsez (by Ramazan Rajabov)

Tsez
Tsez