Llingües kam-sui
{{Ficha de familia de llingües |zona =
 Y. [[Guizhou]], W. [[Hunan]], N. [[Guangxi]]
|países = {{CHN}}
|falantes =
|familia = [[llingües tai-kadai|Tai-Kadai]]<br>
Kam-Sui
|familia madre = Llingües tai-kadai
|sub1 = Kam-sui
septentrional |sub2 = Lakkja-kam
|tamañu = 
|mapa_descripción =
}}
Les '''llingües kam-sui''' ({{zh|c=侗水語支|p='''Dòng-Shǔi'''}}) son una subfamilia de les [[llingües tai-kadai]] falaes polos [[pueblos kam-sui]]. Fálense principalmente nes provincies chines de [[Guizhou]] (al este), al oeste de [[Hunan]] y nel norte [[Guangxi]], toes elles asitiaes en [[China central meridional|China meridional]]. Amás hai delles poques bolses de falantes de llingües kam-sui nel norte de [[Vietnam]] y [[Laos]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html |títulu=Archived copy |urlarchivu=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207074151/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html |fechaarchivu=2012-02-07 }}</ref>

==Clasificación==
Les llingües kam-sui inclúin una docena de llingües. El [[idioma lakkja|lakkja]] y el [[idioma biao|biao]] dacuando considérase que formen una caña hermana de les llingües kam-sui dientro de l'agrupación "be-kam-tai" caña de les [[llingües kradai]], pero esta clasificación considérase más encontada.

Les llingües kam-sui meyor conocíes y documentaes son el [[idioma dong|dong]] (kam), con cerca d'un millón de falantes, el [[idioma mulam|mulam]], el [[idioma maonan|manonan]] y el [[idioma sui|sui]]. Otres llingües son l'[[idioma ai-cham|ai-cham]], el [[idioma mak|mak]], el [[idioma t’en|t’en]] y el [[idioma chadong|chadong]], que ye la una llingua apocayá identificada. Yang (2000) considera'l ai-cham y el mak como dialeutos de la mesma llingua.<ref>杨通银 / Yang Tongyin. 莫语研究 / Mo yu yan jiu (A Study of Mak). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 2000.</ref>

[[Graham Thurgood]] (1988) presentó una "clasificación interna" tentativa pa les llingües kam-sui.<ref name="Thurgood, Graham 1988">Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.</ref> El chadong, una llingua que namái s'hai documentáu reciemente per parte del llingüista chinu Jinfang Li, tamién s'inclúi no que sigue. Esta llingua paez más cercanamente rellacionada col maonan.<ref name="Li">Li, Jinfang. 2008. "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed. The Tai–Kadai languages, 596-620. New York: Routledge.</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Kam–Sui'''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
 |1={{clade
 |1=[[idioma mulam|Mulam]]
 |2=[[idioma kam (China)|Kam]] (Dong)
 }}
 |2={{clade
 |1=[[idioma t’en|Then]]
 |2={{clade
 |1={{clade
 |1=[[idioma maonan|Maonan]]
 |2=[[idioma chadong|Chadong]]<ref name="Li"/>
 }}
 |2=[[idioma sui|Sui]]
 |3={{clade
 |1=[[idioma mak|Mak]]
 |2=[[idioma ai-cham|Ai-Cham]]<ref>Lin, Shi and Cui Jianxin. 1988. "An investigation of the Ai-Cham language." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 59-85. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.</ref>
 }}
 }}
 }}
 }}
}}
El [[idioma biao|biao]] y el [[idioma lakkja|lakkja]], que la so clasificación ye inda incierta, podríen formar una caña cercana a la caña kam-sui; ya inclusive el biao podría ser una llingua diverxente de la caña kam-sui.

== Falantes ==
Casi tolos falantes de llingües kam-sui son orixinarios de les [[Prefeutura autónoma de China|prefeutures autónomes]] de [[Prefeutura autónoma miao y dong de Qiandongnan|Qiandongnan]] (dong) y [[Prefeutura autónoma buyei y miao de Qiannan|Qiannan]] (sui, then, mak, ai-cham) na provincia de [[Guizhou]], según les prefeutures urbanes de [[Hechi]] (mulam y maonan) y [[Guilin]] (chadong) en norte de [[Guangxi]]. Tamién munchos falantes de kam-sui migraron muncho más allá escontra zones urbanes de [[Guangzhou]].

Dellos pequeños grupos de falantes de kam y sui residien na porvincia de [[Tuyên Quang (provincia)|Tuyên Quang]] en Vietnam, nes aldegues de Đồng Mộc y Hồng Quang, respeutivamente.

<!--===By language===
*[[Mulam language|Mulam]] 佬 – [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County]] 罗城仫佬族自治县, [[Hechi]], northern [[Guangxi]]; [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture|Qiandongnan Prefecture]], southeastern [[Guizhou]]
*[[Kam language|Dong]] 侗 – [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture|Qiandongnan Prefecture]], southeastern [[Guizhou]]
*[[Then language|Then]] 佯僙/佯爷 – [[Pingtang County]] 平塘县, [[Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Qiannan Prefecture]], southern [[Guizhou]]
*[[Maonan language|Maonan]] 毛南 – [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County]] 环江毛南族自治县, [[Hechi]], northern [[Guangxi]]
*[[Chadong language|Chadong]] 茶洞 – Chadong Township, [[Lingui County]] 临桂县, [[Guilin]], northeastern [[Guangxi]]
*[[Sui language|Sui]] 水 – [[Sandu Shui Autonomous County]] 黔南布依族苗族自治州, [[Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Qiannan Prefecture]], southern [[Guizhou]]
*[[Mak language|Mak]] 莫 – [[Libo County]] 荔波县, [[Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Qiannan Prefecture]], southern [[Guizhou]]
*[[Ai-Cham language|Ai-Cham]] 锦 – [[Libo County]] 荔波县, [[Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Qiannan Prefecture]], southern [[Guizhou]]

===By location===
(''Listed counterclockwise: east to north to west to south'')

*[[Guizhou]]
**[[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture|Qiandongnan]] – [[Kam language|Dong]]; 1,500,000 speakers
**[[Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Qiannan]]
***[[Sandu Shui Autonomous County|Sandu County]] – [[Sui language|Sui]]; 300,000 speakers
***[[Pingtang County]] – [[Then language|Then]]; 15,000 speakers
***[[Libo County]] – [[Mak language|Mak]] and [[Ai-Cham language|Ai-Cham]]; 10,000 and 2,700 speakers
*[[Guangxi]]
**[[Hechi]]
***[[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County|Luocheng County]] – [[Mulam language|Mulam]]; 86,000 speakers
***[[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang County]] – [[Maonan language|Maonan]]; 30,000 speakers
**[[Guilin]] ([[Lingui County]]) – [[Chadong language|Chadong]]; 20,000 speakers

===By population===
There is a total of about 2 million Kam–Sui speakers.

The four largest Kam–Sui ethnic groups, the Dong, Shui, Mulao, and Maonan, are officially recognized by the Chinese government. Non-recognized Kam–Sui ethnic groups (Chadong, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) who can still speak their own languages number less than 50,000.

#[[Kam language|Dong]]: about 1,500,000 speakers; 1.7 million in 1995
#[[Sui language|Sui]]: 300,000 speakers
#[[Mulam language|Mulam]]: 86,000 speakers (ethnic population: 200,000)
#[[Maonan language|Maonan]]: 30,000 speakers (ethnic population: 100,000)
#[[Chadong language|Chadong]]: 20,000 speakers
#[[Then language|Then]]: 15,000 speakers
#[[Mak language|Mak]]: 10,000 speakers
#[[Ai-Cham language|Ai-Cham]]: 2,700 speakers

==Other languages==
{{see also|List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou}}

The following peoples may also speak Kam–Sui languages.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/</ref>
*'''Mjuniang 谬娘''' or '''[[Cao Miao language|Cao Miao]] 草苗''' (ISO 639-3: [http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cov cov]): 60,000 (1991) in Liping, Tongdao, and Sanjiang; closely related to Dong.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Mjuniang.pdf</ref> Speakers are classified as ethnic Miao.
*'''[[Naxi Yao language|Naxi Yao]] 那溪瑶''' (autonym: ''mu2 ɲiu1'') is spoken by 2,500 people in Naxi Township 那溪瑶族乡, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China.<ref>Shi Lin [石林]. 2015. ''Three language varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi border region'' [湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [中国社会科学出版社]. ISBN 9787516164945</ref>
*'''Diao 调''' (刁人): 2,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou around Liping and Congjiang; may speak Chinese or Dong.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/D/Diao.pdf</ref> Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong.
*'''Sanqiao 三锹''' (三橇): 5,000 (1999) in Liping and Jinping counties, Guizhou; may be a subgroup of Mjuniang {{sc|aka}} Cao Miao, and thus related to Dong.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/S/Sanqiao.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.zghuamiao.com/nd.jsp?id=180</ref> Speakers are classified as either ethnic Miao or Dong.
*'''Xialusi 下路司''': 3,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou; classified as Dong, but their linguistic affiliation is unknown (possibly Kam-Sui)<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xialusi.pdf</ref> Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong.
*'''Suantang 酸汤''': A Sinitic language spoken by about 80,000 ethnic Miao in Baibu 白布, Dihu 地湖, Dabaozi 大堡子, and Sanqiao 三锹 in Tianzhu, Huitong, and Jing counties. (Chen Qiguang 2013:35)<ref>Chen, Qiguang [陈其光] (2013). ''Miao and Yao language'' [苗瑶语文]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.</ref>
*'''Shui of Yunnan''': 6,800 (1990) in Huangnihe 黃泥河 and Gugan 古敢水族乡,<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69595</ref> [[Fuyuan County, Yunnan|Fuyuan County]], Yunnan; 490 (1990) in Dahe and Long'an of [[Yiliang County, Zhaotong|Yiliang County]].<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/S/ShuiYunnan.pdf</ref> In Gugan, there is a village cluster known as the "Five Shui Villages" 水五寨,<ref>http://file.lw23.com/5/54/542/5426d856-8bbb-4108-a310-96caa7bace36.pdf</ref> consisting of Buzhang 补掌,<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69611</ref> Dongla 咚喇,<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=69619&classid=727513</ref> Reshui 热水,<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69618</ref> Dazhai 大寨,<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69621</ref> and Duzhang 都章.<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69609</ref> It is still spoken in Xinbao Village 新堡村, Laochang Township 老厂乡, [[Fuyuan County, Yunnan|Fuyuan County]], Yunnan.<ref>Hai Zuoliang [海佐良] (2006). [http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/Search/MCGZ200604008.html 云南水族语言最后的余音. 《今日民族》2006年第04期.]</ref><ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=92314</ref> Also in Dacunzi 大村子, Geyi Township 格宜镇, [[Xuanwei]] City.<ref>http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=34677</ref><ref>[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/69084y8ad0d233d4b14y699b.html 曲靖民族源流概述]</ref> However, these are actually all [[Northern Tai languages]] ([[Bouyei language|Bouyei]]) according to Hsiu (2013).<ref>Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/5211681/_Shui_varieties_of_western_Guizhou_and_Yunnan “Shui” varieties of western Guizhou and Yunnan].</ref>
*'''Tayten''': 300 (1995) in the 2 villages of Ban Phia and Ban Tenngiou in Pakxeng District, Luang Prabang Province, Laos; may be related to the Then (Yanghuang) of southern Guizhou, China.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/Laos/Tayten.jpg</ref> It could also possibly be a [[Khmuic languages|Khmuic]] or [[Tai languages|Tai]] language.

There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam-Sui languages, such as [[Bendi language (China)|Bendihua]] 本地话, a [[Pinghua]] lect spoken in [[Tongdao Dong Autonomous County]], [[Hunan]].<ref name="Peng2010">Peng Jianguo [彭建国]. 2010. [http://wenku.baidu.com/view/4d6bdbf1856a561252d36f61.html 湖南通道侗族“本地话”的语音系统及其归属]. Journal of Yunmeng 云梦学刊, Vol. 31, Non. 4.</ref>

The Sanqiao are distributed in the following locations of [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture|Qiandongnan Prefecture]], [[Guizhou]].<ref>邓刚. 三锹人与清水江中下游的山地开发——以黔东南锦屏县岑梧村为. http://www.docin.com/p-361267415.html</ref>
*[[Liping County]]
**Pingdi Township 平底乡, Shangchong District 尚重区: Cendun 岑趸, Wushan 乌山, Bijie 俾嗟, Yanpi 眼批, Dongweng 董翁, Guidou 归斗, Guiya 归雅, Wule 乌勒, Pingdi 平底, Wupeng 乌碰, Tangtu 塘途, Gaoliang 高练, Biyazhai 俾雅寨
**Dajia Township 大稼乡: Cennuzhai 岑努寨
*[[Jinping County, Guizhou|Jinping County]]
**Pinglüe 平略 and Qimeng 启蒙 townships: Zhaizao 寨早, Wendou 文斗, Shengli 胜利, Guben 固本, Xinming 新明, Felicidad 地茶, Qimeng 启蒙, Yuhe 玉河

[[Cao Miao language|Cao Miao]] locations include:<ref>http://www.caomiao.net/</ref>
*[[Liping County]], Guizhou
**Tangbi Village 塘婢村, Leidong Township 雷洞乡
**Jiujue Village 九厥村, Hongzhou Township 洪州镇
**Guigong 归公, Diping Township 地坪乡
**Guibai 归白, Diping Township 地坪乡
**Pingsong 平松, Shuikou Township 水口镇
**Bashan 八善, Shuikou Township 水口镇
**Gaoze Village 高泽村, Shunhua Township 顺化乡
*[[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County]], Guangxi
**Fenshui 汾水, Bajiang Township 八江乡
**Gaoya 高亚, Dudong Township 独峒乡
*[[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County]], Guangxi<ref>http://comonca.org.cn/lh/doc/A13.pdf</ref>
**Rongtang Village 荣塘村, Sirong Township 四荣乡

==Reconstruction==
{{expand section|date=December 2010}}

A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood.<ref name="Thurgood, Graham 1988"/>
Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros, as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which he accomplished without taking the Kra languages in account.<ref name="Peiros, Ilia 1998">Peiros, Ilia, 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia", Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>
-->

== Referencies ==
{{llistaref|2}}

=== Bibliografía ===
*''Tai–Kadai Languages''. (2007). Curzon Pr. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
* Diller, A. (2005). ''The Tai–Kadai languages''. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
* Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (1988). ''Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai''. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, non. 86. [Arlington, Tex.]: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
* Peiros, Ilia. 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia". Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
* Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

=== Enllaces esternos ===
* [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=715 ABVD: Proto-Kam–Sui word list]

{{ORDENAR:Kam-Sui}}



{{Tradubot|Lenguas kam-sui}}

{{control d'autoridaes}}
[[Categoría:Llingües kra-dai|Kam-sui]]
[[Categoría:Llingües kam-sui| ]]
[[Categoría:Llingües de China|Kam-Sui]]
Les llingües kam-sui () son una subfamilia de les llingües tai-kadai falaes polos pueblos kam-sui. Fálense principalmente nes provincies chines de Guizhou (al este), al oeste de Hunan y nel norte Guangxi, toes elles asitiaes en China meridional. Amás hai delles poques bolses de falantes de llingües kam-sui nel norte de Vietnam y Laos.

Clasificación
Les llingües kam-sui inclúin una docena de llingües. El lakkja y el biao dacuando considérase que formen una caña hermana de les llingües kam-sui dientro de l'agrupación "be-kam-tai" caña de les llingües kradai, pero esta clasificación considérase más encontada.

Les llingües kam-sui meyor conocíes y documentaes son el dong (kam), con cerca d'un millón de falantes, el mulam, el manonan y el sui. Otres llingües son l'ai-cham, el mak, el t’en y el chadong, que ye la una llingua apocayá identificada. Yang (2000) considera'l ai-cham y el mak como dialeutos de la mesma llingua.杨通银 / Yang Tongyin. 莫语研究 / Mo yu yan jiu (A Study of Mak). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 2000.

Graham Thurgood (1988) presentó una "clasificación interna" tentativa pa les llingües kam-sui.Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. El chadong, una llingua que namái s'hai documentáu reciemente per parte del llingüista chinu Jinfang Li, tamién s'inclúi no que sigue. Esta llingua paez más cercanamente rellacionada col maonan.Li, Jinfang. 2008. "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed. The Tai–Kadai languages, 596-620. New York: Routledge.

El biao y el lakkja, que la so clasificación ye inda incierta, podríen formar una caña cercana a la caña kam-sui; ya inclusive el biao podría ser una llingua diverxente de la caña kam-sui.

 Falantes 
Casi tolos falantes de llingües kam-sui son orixinarios de les prefeutures autónomes de Qiandongnan (dong) y Qiannan (sui, then, mak, ai-cham) na provincia de Guizhou, según les prefeutures urbanes de Hechi (mulam y maonan) y Guilin (chadong) en norte de Guangxi. Tamién munchos falantes de kam-sui migraron muncho más allá escontra zones urbanes de Guangzhou.

Dellos pequeños grupos de falantes de kam y sui residien na porvincia de Tuyên Quang en Vietnam, nes aldegues de Đồng Mộc y Hồng Quang, respeutivamente.

 Referencies 

 Bibliografía 
Tai–Kadai Languages. (2007). Curzon Pr. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
 Diller, A. (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
 Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, non. 86. [Arlington, Tex.]: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
 Peiros, Ilia. 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia". Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
 Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

 Enllaces esternos 
 ABVD: Proto-Kam–Sui word list

Kam-sui
 
Kam-Sui