Idioma timucua
{{Ficha d'idioma |nome=
Timucua
|nativu= ''Timukwa'' {{IPA|[tiˈmuːkwa]}}
|familia madre = llingües muskogui
|oficial=
|países= {{USA}}
|zona= [[Florida]], SE. [[Georgia (Estaos Xuníos)|Georgia]], Y. [[Alabama]]
|llingua_muerta= [[sieglu XVIII]]
|familia=[[Llingua aisllada]]
|mapa = [[Image:Timucua lang.png|center|280px]]
|mapa_lleenda = Distribución de la llingua timucua antes del contautu colos europeos.
|axencia=
|iso1= |iso2= nai |iso3= tjm
}}
El '''timucua''' ye una [[llingües indíxenes d'América|llingua indíxena]] [[llingua muerta|estinguida]] falada hasta'l sieglu XVIII nel norte y centru de [[Florida]], el sureste de [[Georgia (Estaos Xuníos)|Georgia]], y l'este d'[[Alabama]] polos [[timucua|timucues]]. Conócense once dialeuto distintos, que coincidíen coles fronteres tribales y que les sos diferencies son llixeres.

== Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales ==
=== Historia ===
El timicua foi la llingua principal usada nesa rexón a la llegada de los españoles. La evidencia llingüístico y arqueolóxico suxer que los timucuas taríen asitiaos na zona dende siquier el [[2000 e.C.]].

Namái se caltienen nueve fuentes primaries sobre'l timucua, incluyendo una carta de [[1688]] dirixida a la corona española, traducida del timucua al español, y dos catecismos escritos en timucua pol sacerdote español [[Gregorio de Movilla]] en 1635. La principal fonte d'información sobre la llingua son les obres del sacerdote [[Francisco Pareja]] (1595), un misioneru [[franciscanu]] procedente de San Agustín. Esti relixosu vivió ente los timucua mientres 31 años y escribió munchos [[catecismu|catecismos]] español-timucua, según una gramática de la llingua.

En 1763, los pocos timucua sobrevivientes fueron treslladaos a [[Cuba]], cerca de [[L'Habana]], la llingua non sobrevió más allá del sieglu XVIII.

=== Dialeutos ===
El padre Pareja noma nes sos obres nueve o diez dialeuto cada unu falada por una o más [[timucua#tribus|tribus timucuas]] nel nordeste de Florida y el sureste de Georgia:
#'''Timicua''' (puramente dichu), faláu pola tribu Utina septentrional, ente'l baxu ríu Saint Johns y el ríu Suwannee, al norte del ríu Santa Fe en Fliorida y al sur de Georgia.
#'''Potano''', faláu polos Potano, los Yustaga y posiblemente los Ocale, ente los ríos Aucilla y Suwannee en Florida estendiéndose al sur de Georgia, pero non a lo llargo de la mariña del [[golfu de Méxicu]] (cola posible esceición de la desaguada del Suwannee), ente los ríos Suwannee y Oklawaha, estendiéndose al áreaa ente'l Oklawaha y el ríu Withlacoochee.
#'''Itafi''' (o Icafui), faláu polos Icafui/Cascange y los Ibi, nel sureste de Georgia, a lo llargo de la mariña norte de la [[isla de Cumberland]] al norte del ríu Altamaha y nel interior al oeste de la tribu Yufera.
<!-- 
#''Yufera'' - Yufera tribe, in southeast Georgia, on the mainland west of Cumberland Island.
#''Mocama'' (Timucua for 'ocean') (called ''Agua Salao'' in Hahn 1996) - [[Mocama]], including the [[Tacatacuru]] (on [[Cumberland Island]] in Georgia) and the [[Saturiwa tribe|Saturiwa]] (in what is now [[Jacksonville]]) tribes, along the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of Florida from the [[St. Marys River (Florida/Georgia)|St. Marys River]] to below the mouth of the St. Johns River, including the lowest part of the St. Johns River.
#''Agua Salao'' (Spanish for 'salt water' (''Maritime'' in Hahn 1996) - tribal affiliation unclear, the Atlantic coast in the vicinity of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] and inland to the adjacent stretch of the St. Johns River.
#''Tucururu'' - uncertain, possibly in south-central Florida (a village called ''Tucuru'' was "forty [[league (unit)|leagues]] from St. Augustine").
#''Agua Fresco'' (or ''Agua Duce''; Spanish for "fresh water") - [[Utina]] (Agua Fresco or Agua Duce) tribe, along the lower St. Johns River, north of [[Lake George (Florida)|Lake George]].
#''Acuera'' - [[Acuera]] tribe, on the upper reaches of the [[Oklawaha River]] and around [[Lake Weir]].
#''Oconi'' - Oconi tribe (not to be confused with the [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] speaking Oconee tribe), "three days travel" from Cumberland Island, possibly around the [[Okefenokee Swamp]].<ref>Milanich 1995:80-82.<br>Hahn 1996:.<br>Granberry 1993:3-8</ref>

Most of the linguistic documentation is from Mocama and Potano.

[[John R. Swanton]] identified the language spoken by the Tawasa of [[Alabama]] as a dialect of Timucua. This identification was based on a 60-word vocabulary list collected from an [[Informant (linguistics)|informant]] named Lamhatty who appeared in Virginia in 1708. Although Lamhatty did not speak any language known in the area, he was said to have related that he had been kidnapped by [[Tuscarora|Tuscarores]] nine months earlier from a town called Towasa. Lamhatty was a Timucuan speaker, but John Hahn calls the evidence of his origin as a Tawasa "tenuous".<ref>Hahn 1996 Pp. 6, 131-134.</ref>
-->

== Clasificación ==
Nun se probó nengún parentescu [[filoxénesis|filoxenéticu]] ente timucua y nenguna otra llingua d'América del Norte, nin tampoco esisten demasiáu préstamos léxicos ente'l timucua y otres llingües. Sicasí, propunxéronse dellos parentescos posibles con llingües de Norteamérica como les [[llingües muskogui]], les [[llingües algonquinas]], les [[llingües siux]] ya inclusive con llingües del Caribe y norte de Suramérica como les [[llingües arawak]] y les [[llingües caribe]], anque nenguna d'estes propuestes resulta demasiáu convincente y polo xeneral fueron refugaes.

Más apocayá, el llingüista Julian Granberry propunxo cierta evidencia en favor del parentescu col [[idioma warao|warao]], una [[llingua aisllada]] de Venezuela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022221/http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/mchibflh.htm#Timucua Timucuan-Warao proposal]</ref> Esta propuesta sigue en bancia ente los especialistes,<ref>[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/ArchaeologyandEarlyHistory/CultureofGeorgiaIndians&id=h-2752 ''Languages of Georgia Indians''] (New Georgia Encyclopedia)</ref> anque Lyle Campbell considerar bien pocu convincente.<ref>Campbell (1997:150)</ref>
<!-- ==Linguistic relations==
[[Joseph Greenberg]], in his much-debated proposal of the overarching Native American language super-family of [[Amerind languages|Amerind]], has suggested that Timucua belongs to the [[Paezan languages|Paezan]] family, along with several other languages from Colombia, Ecuador, and other regions of South America. In his Amerind Dictionary, he cites 93 Timucua words—however, while he uses only Granberry's 1993 book "A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language," there are several discrepancies between the two works.
-->

== Descripción llingüística ==

=== Fonoloxía ===
L'antigüedá de les fontes sobre'l timucua, nun dexen un analís fonolóxicu seguru de la llingua, y los soníos de la llingua namái pueden ser conxeturaos sobre la base de les fontes esistentes, particularmente a partir de la obra de Pareja. Nos cuadros que siguen les unidaes fonémicas conxeturaes asitiar ente barres /·/ ente que la ortografía usada orixinalmente indicar en cursiva.

El inventrio consonánticu constaría de les siguientes unidaes:
{| class=wikitable
|- align=center
! 
! [[consonante billabial|Biabial]]
! [[consonante labiodental|Llabiu-<br>dental]]
! [[consonante alveolar|Alveolar]]
! [[consonante palatoalveolar|Palato-<br>alveolar]]
! [[consonante velar|Velar]]
! [[consonante labiovelar|Llabiu-<br>velar]]
! [[consonante glotal|Glotal]]
|- align=center
! [[Oclusiva]]
| style="font-size:larger;" |''p'' /{{IPA|p}}/
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''t'' /{{IPA|t}}/
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''c, q'' /{{IPA|k}}/
| style="font-size:larger;" |''qu'' /{{IPA|kʷ}}/
|
|- align=center
! [[Africada]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''ch'' /{{IPA|tʃ}}/
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align=center
! [[Fricativa]]
| style="font-size:larger;" |''b'' /{{IPA|β}}/
| style="font-size:larger;" |''f'' /{{IPA|f}}/({{IPA|φ}}?)
| style="font-size:larger;" |''s'' /{{IPA|s}}/
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''h'' /{{IPA|h}}/
|- align=center
! [[consonante nasal|Nasal]]
| style="font-size:larger;" |''m'' /{{IPA|m}}/
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''n'' /{{IPA|n}}/
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align=center
! [[consonante vibrante simple alveolar|Vibrante]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''r'' /{{IPA|ɾ}}/
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align=center
! [[Aproximante]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="font-size:larger;" |''l'' /{{IPA|l}}/
| style="font-size:larger;" |''y'' /{{IPA|j}}/
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
* /k/ representar por aciu ''c'' cuando va siguida de /a/, /o/, o /o/; y por aciu ''qu'' ante /y/ o /i/.
* Nun paez haber nenguna oclusiva sonora, [d] apaez namái como [[alófonu]] de /t/ tres /n/
* El fonema /g/ esistió namái en préstamos del español como ''gatu''.
* L'estatus fonémico de /f/ y /b/ ye dudosu.
* Los únicos grupos consonánticos posibles son /nt/ y /st/.
* Nun apaecen [[xeminación (fonoloxía)|consonantes geminadas]].
<!-- ===Vowels===
Timucua had 5 [[vowel]]s, which could be long or short:

{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; font-family: Doulos SIL, GentiumAlt, Llucida Sans Unicode, Gentium, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Arial Unicode MS, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Llucida Grande; font-size: 110%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;"
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
| &nbsp;
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- 
! style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left;" | [[Close vowel|High]]
| '''i''' [i]
| '''o''' [o]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left;" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| '''y''' [y]
| '''o''' [o]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left;" | [[Open vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2" | '''a''' [a]
|}

* Vowel clusters were limited to intersyllabic /iu/, /ia/, /ua/, /ai/
* Timucua had no true [[diphthong]]s

===Syllable structure===
Syllables in Timucua were of the form CV, V, and occasionally VC (which never occurred in word-final position).

===Stress===
Words of one, two, or three syllables have primary stress on the first syllable. In words of more than three syllables, the first syllable receives a primary stress while every syllable after receives a secondary stress, unless there was an [[enclitic]] present, which normally took the primary stress.

Examples:
* ''yobo'' [yóbò] 'stone'
* ''nipita'' [nípìtà] 'mouth'
* ''atimucu'' [átìmûkù] 'frost'
* ''holatamaquí'' [hôlàtâmàkʷí] 'and the chief'

===Phonological processes===
There are two phonological processes in Timucua: automatic alteration and reduplication.

====Alteration====
There are two types of alteration, both of which only involve vowels: assimilation and substitution.
* Assimilations occur across morpheme boundaries when the first morpheme ends in a vowel and the second morpheme begins with a vowel. Examples: ''tera'' 'good' + ''encola'' 'very' > ''teracola'' 'very good'; ''coloma'' 'here' + ''uqua'' 'not' > ''colomaqua'' 'not here.'

* Substitutions also occur across morpheme boundaries. Regressive substitutions involve only the "low" vowels (/y/, /a/, and /o/) in the first-morpheme position, and can occur even if there is a consonant present between the vowels. The last vowel of the first morpheme is then either raised or backed. Other regressive substitutions involve the combination of suffixes, and their effects on the vowels vary from pair to pair. Non-regressive substitutions, on the other hand, affect the ''second vowel'' of the morpheme pair. Examples: ''ite'' 'father' + ''-ye'' 'your' > ''itaye'' 'your father' (regressive); ''ibine'' 'water' + ''-ma'' 'the' + ''-la'' 'proximate time' > ''ibinemola'' 'it is the water' (regressive, suffix combination); ''ucu'' 'drink' + ''-non'' 'action designator' > ''ucunu'' 'to drink' (non-regressive).

These can in turn be either regressive or non-regressive. In regressive alterations, the first vowel of the second morpheme changes the last vowel of the first morpheme. Regressive assimilations are only conditioned by phonological factors while substitutions take into account semantic information.

Non-regressive alterations are all substitutions, and involve both phonological and semantic factors.

====Reduplication====
Reduplication repeats entire morphemes or lexemes to indicate the intensity of an action or to place emphasis on the word.

Example: ''noro'' 'devotion' + ''mo'' 'do' + ''-ta'' 'durative' > ''noronoromota'' 'do it with great devotion.'

==Morphology==

Timucua was a [[synthetic language]].

===Bases===
These morphemes contained both [[Semantics|semantic]] and [[semiotics|semiological]] information (non-base morphemes only contained semiological information). They could occur as either free bases, which did not need [[affix]]es, and bound bases, which ''only'' occurred with affixes. However, free bases could be designated different parts of speech (verbs, nouns, etc.) based on the affixes attached, and sometimes can be used indifferently as any one with non change.

===Affixes===
Timucua had three types of [[Bound morpheme|bound]] affix morphemes: prefixes, suffixes, and [[enclitic]]s.

====Prefixes====
Timucua only had five prefixes: ''nin-'' and ''ho-'', '1st person,' ''ho-'' 'pronoun,' ''chi-'' '2nd person,' and ''na-'' 'presea noun'

====Suffixes====
Timucua used suffixes far more often, and it is the primary affix used for derivation, part-of-speech designation, and inflection. Most Timucua suffixes were attached to verbs.

====Enclitics====
Enclitics were also used often in Timucua. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, they were not required to fill a specific slot, and enclitics usually bore the primary stress of a word.

===Pronouns===
Only the 1st and 2nd person singular are independent pronouns—all other pronominal information is given in particles or nouns. There is non gender distinction or grammatical case. The word ''oqe'', for example, can be 'she, her, to her, he, him, to him, it, to it,' etc. without the aid of context.

===Nouns===
There are nine morphemic slots within the "noun matrix":
* 1 - Base *
2 - Possessive Pronoun
* 3 - Pronoun Plural
* 4A Base Plural
* 4B - Combining Form
* 5 - 'The'
* 6 - [[Grammatical particle|Particles]]
* 7 - Enclitics
* 8 - Reflexive

Only slot 1 and 4A ''must'' be filled in order for the [[lexeme]] to be a noun.

===Verbs===
Timucua verbs contain many subtleties not present in English or even in other indigenous languages of the United States. Interestingly, there is non temporal aspect to Timucua verbs &mdash; there is no past tense, no future tense, etc. Verbs have 13 morphemic slots, but it is rare to find a verb with all 13 filled, although those with 8 or 9 are frequently used.
* 1 - Subject pronoun
* 2 - Object pronoun
* 3- Base (verb)
* 4 - Transitive-Causative
* 5 - Reflexive/Reciprocal
* 6 - Action designation
* 7 - Subject pronoun plural
* 8 - Aspect (Durative, Bounded, Potential)
* 9 - Status ([[perfective aspect|Perfective]], [[Conditional mood|Conditional]])
* 10 - Emphasis (Habitual, Punctual-Intensive)
* 11 - Locus (Proximate, Distant)
* 12 - Mode (Indicative, [[Optative]], [[Subjunctive]], [[imperative mood|Imperative]])
* 13 - Subject pronouns (optional and rare - found only in questions)

===Particles===
Particles are the small number of free bases that occur with either non affixes or only with the pluralizer ''-ca''. They function as nominals, adverbials, prepositions, and demonstratives. They are frequently added onto one another, onto enclitics, and onto other bases. A few examples are the following:
* ''amiro'' 'much, many'
* ''becha'' 'tomorrow'
* ''ocho'' 'behind'
* ''na'' 'this'
* '' michu'' 'that'
* ''tulu'' 'immediately'
* ''quana'' 'for, with'
* ''pu'', ''o'', ''yá'' 'non'

==Syntax==
According to Granberry, "Without fuller data ... it is of course difficult to provide a thorough statement on Timucua syntax."<ref name="Granberry 1993:13-17"/>

Timucua was an SOV language; that is, the phrasal word order was Subject-Object-Verb, unlike the English order of Subject-Verb-Object. There are six parts of speech: [[verb]]s, [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[grammatical modifier|modifiers]] (there is non difference between [[adjective]]s and [[adverb]]s in Timucua), [[demonstrative]]s, and [[grammatical conjunction|conjunctions]]. As these are not usually specifically marked, a word's part of speech is generally determined by its relationship with and location within the phrase.

===Phrases===
Phrases typically consist of two [[lexeme]]s, with one acting as the "head-word," defining the function, and the other performing a [[syntax|syntactic]] operation. The most frequently-occurring lexeme, or in some cases just the lexeme that occurs first, is the "head-word." All phrases are either verb phrases (e.g. Noun + Finite Verb, Pronoun + Non-Finite Verb, etc.) or noun phrases (e.g. Noun + Modifier, Determiner + Noun, etc.). If the non-head lexeme occurs ''after'' the "head-word," then it modifies the "head-word." If it occurs ''before'', different operations occur depending on the lexeme's part of speech and whether it is located in a verb or noun phrase. For example, a particle occurring before the "head-word" in a noun phrase becomes a demonstrative, and a non-finite verb in a verb phrase becomes a modifier.

===Clauses===
Clauses in Timucua are: [[subject (grammar)|subjects]], [[complement (linguistics)|complements]] (direct or indirect object), [[predicate (grammar)|predicates]], and clause [[grammatical modifier|modifiers]].

===Sentences===
Timucua sentences typically contained a single independent clause, although they occasionally occurred with subordinate clauses acting as modifiers.

==Sample vocabulary==
{| border="1"
|+ '''Vocabulary'''<ref>[http://www.native-languages.org/timucua_words.htm Vocabulary Words in Native American Languages: Timucua]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/http://volusiahistory.com/beliefs.htm Timucua Language and Beliefs: Sample Words]</ref>

 {{ref|vocab2}}
! English !! Timucua 
|-
! one
| yaha 
|-
! two
| yucha
|-
! three
| hapu
|-
! man
| biro
|-
! woman
| nia
|-
! dog
| efa
|-
! sun
| ela
|-
! moon
| acu
|-
! water
| ibi
|-
! door 
| unuchua
|-
! fire
| taca
|-
! tobacco
| hinino
|-
! bread
| pesolo
|-
! drink
| ucu
|-
|}

===Sample text===
Here is a sample from a priest's interview of Timucua speakers preparing for conversion:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/http://volusiahistory.com/beliefs.htm Timucua Language and Beliefs]</ref>
::''Hachipileco, cacaleheco, chulusi eyolehecote, nahebuasota, caquenchabequestela, llixu unu yaruru catemate, caquenihabe, quintela cobertor bohobicho?''
::Do you believe that when the blue jay or another bird sings and the body is trembling, that is a signal that people are coming or something important is about to happen?
-->

== Referencies ==
{{llistaref}}
=== Bibliografía ===
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
* Crawford, James. (1975). ''Southeastern Indian languages''. In J. Crawford (Ed.), ''Studies in southeastern Indian languages'' (pp.&nbsp;1–120). Athens, GA: University of Georgia.
* Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, Xeneral Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
* Granberry, Julian. (1990). "A grammatical sketch of Timucua", ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''56'', 60-101.
* Granberry, Julian. (1993). ''A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language'' (3rd ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. (1st edition 1984).
* Hahn, John H. (1996) ''A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions'', Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7
* Milanich, Jerald T. (1995) ''Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe'', Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7
* Milanch, Jerald T. (2004). "Timucua", In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), ''Southeast'' (p.&nbsp;219-228). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 17) (W. C. Sturtevant, Xen. Ed.). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Mooney, James. (1910). "Timucua", Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin (Non. 30.2, p.&nbsp;752).
* Pareja, Fray Francisco. (1614). ''Arte y pronunciación en llingua timvquana y castellana''. Méxicu: Emprenta de Ioan Ruyz.
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
* Swanton, John R. (1946). ''The Indians of the southeastern United States''. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (Non. 137). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
* Granberry, Julian. (1956). "Timucua I: Prosodics and Phonemics of the Mocama Dialect", ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''22'', 97-105.
== Enllaces esternos ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111102213427/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=tjm Ethnologue: Timucua]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630071754/http://web.wm.edu/news/archive/index.php?id=5291 Linguists research Timucua, a language with non speakers]
*[http://www.native-languages.org/timucua.htm Timucua Language Resources]

{{ORDENAR:Timucua}}



{{Tradubot|Idioma timucua}}

{{control d'autoridaes}}
[[Categoría:Llingües aisllaes d'América]]
[[Categoría:Llingües muertes d'Estaos Xuníos]]
[[Categoría:Llingües amerindies d'Estaos Xuníos]]
El timucua ye una llingua indíxena estinguida falada hasta'l sieglu XVIII nel norte y centru de Florida, el sureste de Georgia, y l'este d'Alabama polos timucues. Conócense once dialeuto distintos, que coincidíen coles fronteres tribales y que les sos diferencies son llixeres.

 Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales 
 Historia 
El timicua foi la llingua principal usada nesa rexón a la llegada de los españoles. La evidencia llingüístico y arqueolóxico suxer que los timucuas taríen asitiaos na zona dende siquier el 2000 e.C..

Namái se caltienen nueve fuentes primaries sobre'l timucua, incluyendo una carta de 1688 dirixida a la corona española, traducida del timucua al español, y dos catecismos escritos en timucua pol sacerdote español Gregorio de Movilla en 1635. La principal fonte d'información sobre la llingua son les obres del sacerdote Francisco Pareja (1595), un misioneru franciscanu procedente de San Agustín. Esti relixosu vivió ente los timucua mientres 31 años y escribió munchos catecismos español-timucua, según una gramática de la llingua.

En 1763, los pocos timucua sobrevivientes fueron treslladaos a Cuba, cerca de L'Habana, la llingua non sobrevió más allá del sieglu XVIII.

 Dialeutos 
El padre Pareja noma nes sos obres nueve o diez dialeuto cada unu falada por una o más tribus timucuas nel nordeste de Florida y el sureste de Georgia:
Timicua (puramente dichu), faláu pola tribu Utina septentrional, ente'l baxu ríu Saint Johns y el ríu Suwannee, al norte del ríu Santa Fe en Fliorida y al sur de Georgia.
Potano, faláu polos Potano, los Yustaga y posiblemente los Ocale, ente los ríos Aucilla y Suwannee en Florida estendiéndose al sur de Georgia, pero non a lo llargo de la mariña del golfu de Méxicu (cola posible esceición de la desaguada del Suwannee), ente los ríos Suwannee y Oklawaha, estendiéndose al áreaa ente'l Oklawaha y el ríu Withlacoochee.
Itafi (o Icafui), faláu polos Icafui/Cascange y los Ibi, nel sureste de Georgia, a lo llargo de la mariña norte de la isla de Cumberland al norte del ríu Altamaha y nel interior al oeste de la tribu Yufera.

 Clasificación 
Nun se probó nengún parentescu filoxenéticu ente timucua y nenguna otra llingua d'América del Norte, nin tampoco esisten demasiáu préstamos léxicos ente'l timucua y otres llingües. Sicasí, propunxéronse dellos parentescos posibles con llingües de Norteamérica como les llingües muskogui, les llingües algonquinas, les llingües siux ya inclusive con llingües del Caribe y norte de Suramérica como les llingües arawak y les llingües caribe, anque nenguna d'estes propuestes resulta demasiáu convincente y polo xeneral fueron refugaes.

Más apocayá, el llingüista Julian Granberry propunxo cierta evidencia en favor del parentescu col warao, una llingua aisllada de Venezuela.Timucuan-Warao proposal Esta propuesta sigue en bancia ente los especialistes,Languages of Georgia Indians (New Georgia Encyclopedia) anque Lyle Campbell considerar bien pocu convincente.Campbell (1997:150)

 Descripción llingüística 

 Fonoloxía 
L'antigüedá de les fontes sobre'l timucua, nun dexen un analís fonolóxicu seguru de la llingua, y los soníos de la llingua namái pueden ser conxeturaos sobre la base de les fontes esistentes, particularmente a partir de la obra de Pareja. Nos cuadros que siguen les unidaes fonémicas conxeturaes asitiar ente barres /·/ ente que la ortografía usada orixinalmente indicar en cursiva.

El inventrio consonánticu constaría de les siguientes unidaes:
  Biabial Llabiu-dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Velar Llabiu-velar Glotal Oclusivap //  t //  c, q //qu // Africada      ch //       Fricativab //f //(?)s //      h // Nasalm //  n //         Vibrante    r //         Aproximante    l //y //      
 /k/ representar por aciu c cuando va siguida de /a/, /o/, o /o/; y por aciu qu ante /y/ o /i/.
 Nun paez haber nenguna oclusiva sonora, [d] apaez namái como alófonu de /t/ tres /n/
 El fonema /g/ esistió namái en préstamos del español como gatu.
 L'estatus fonémico de /f/ y /b/ ye dudosu.
 Los únicos grupos consonánticos posibles son /nt/ y /st/.
 Nun apaecen consonantes geminadas.

 Referencies 

 Bibliografía 
 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
 Crawford, James. (1975). Southeastern Indian languages. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Studies in southeastern Indian languages (pp. 1–120). Athens, GA: University of Georgia.
 Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, Xeneral Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
 Granberry, Julian. (1990). "A grammatical sketch of Timucua", International Journal of American Linguistics, 56, 60-101.
 Granberry, Julian. (1993). A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language (3rd ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. (1st edition 1984).
 Hahn, John H. (1996) A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7
 Milanich, Jerald T. (1995) Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7
 Milanch, Jerald T. (2004). "Timucua", In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), Southeast (p. 219-228). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 17) (W. C. Sturtevant, Xen. Ed.). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
 Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
 Mooney, James. (1910). "Timucua", Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin (Non. 30.2, p. 752).
 Pareja, Fray Francisco. (1614). Arte y pronunciación en llingua timvquana y castellana. Méxicu: Emprenta de Ioan Ruyz.
 Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
 Swanton, John R. (1946). The Indians of the southeastern United States. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (Non. 137). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
 Granberry, Julian. (1956). "Timucua I: Prosodics and Phonemics of the Mocama Dialect", International Journal of American Linguistics, 22, 97-105.
 Enllaces esternos 
Ethnologue: Timucua
Linguists research Timucua, a language with non speakers
Timucua Language Resources

Categoría:Llingües aisllaes d'América
Categoría:Llingües muertes d'Estaos Xuníos
Categoría:Llingües amerindies d'Estaos Xuníos