وجود المسيح السابق
مفهوم '''وجود المسيح السابق''' يؤكد وجود [[يسوع|المسيح]] قبل [[سر التجسد|تجسده]] بصورة [[يسوع]]. أحد مقاطع [[الكتاب المقدس]] ذات الصلة هي {{Bibleref2|John|1:1-18|NRSV|John 1:1–18}}، حيث يتم تعريف المسيح (في التفسير [[ثالوث|الثالوثي]]) بأنه [[أقنوم]] إلهي موجود مسبقًا (حقيقة موضوعية) يسمى [[كلمة الله|لوجوس]] أو الكلمة. هناك وجهات نظر [[لاثالوثية]] تشكك في جانب الوجود الشخصي السابق أو جانب الألوهية أو كليهما.

هذه العقيدة مدعومة في يوحنا 17:5 عندما يشير يسوع إلى المجد الذي كان لديه مع الآب «قبل وجود العالم» خلال خطاب الوداع.<ref name="Endo3">''Creation and Christology'' by Masanobu Endo 2002</ref> يوحنا 17:24 يشير أيضا إلى الآب الذي أحب يسوع «قبل تأسيس العالم».<ref name="Endo3" />

== المسيحية النيقية ==
[[ملف:Monreale_god_resting_after_creation.jpg|تصغير| ''الله يستريح بعد الخلق'' - المسيح يصور بأنه خالق العالم في [[فسيفساء|فسيفساء بيزنطية]] في [[مونريالي|مونريلي]]، [[صقلية]]. أصبحت صور الله الآب سائدة فقط في القرن الخامس عشر، وكان يسوع يظهر في كثير من الأحيان كبديل قبل ذلك.<ref>George Ferguson, 1996 ''Signs & symbols in Christian art'' {{ردمك|0-19-501432-4}} page 92</ref> ]]

== وجهات النظر اللاثالوثية ==

== إنكار العقيدة ==
على مر التاريخ، كان هناك العديد من المجموعات والأفراد الذين يعتقدون أن وجود يسوع بدأ عندما تم ميلاده.<ref>[[Eckhard J. Schnabel]] ''Early Christian Mission: Paul & the early church'' 2004 Page 1041 "A Christian community is documented for Bostra for a.d. 250 at the latest: Eusebius mentions Beryllos, the "bishop [episkopos] of the Arabs in Bostra," who denied the preexistence of Christ and who was the subject of discussion at a synod in ..."</ref> أولئك الذين يعتبرون أنفسهم مسيحيين بينما ينكرون وجود المسيح مسبقًا، يمكن تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين.

أولاً، هناك من يقبل مع ذلك [[ولادة عذرية|الولادة العذرية]]. وهذا يشمل [[العقيدة التجديدية السوسنية|السوسيينيين]]،<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Trinity &#x3E; Unitarianism]: "This [[Racovian Catechism]] identifies the God of Israel with the Father of Christ... Both the Trinity and the doctrine of two natures (divine and human) in Christ are argued to be both contradictory and unsupported by the Bible. It is argued that Christ is a man who did not pre-exist his miraculous conception in Mary, though he's denied to be 'merely' a man, but affirmed to be the unique Son of God, the Messiah, worthy of worship and a proper recipient of prayer." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809185856/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html |date=9 أغسطس 2019}}</ref> [[توحيدية (مسيحية)|والموحدين]] الأوائل مثل جون بيدل،<ref>J. Biddle ''[http://home.pacific.net.au/~amaxwell/biddle/part01.htm#04 A Twofold Catechism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612091345/http://home.pacific.net.au/~amaxwell/biddle/part01.htm|date=12 June 2011}}'', chap. 4: "How was Jesus Christ born?" as well as "How many Lords of Christians are there, by way of distinction from the one God?" and "Doth the Scripture avouch Christ to be the Son of God because he was eternally begotten out of the Divine essence; or for other reasons agreeing to him only as a man?"</ref> وناثانييل لاردنر.<ref>Lardner N. ''Letter on the Logos'' (1759) in The works of Nathaniel Lardner in five volumes, Volume 5, p. 380–3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 Online]: "All these texts seem to me sufficient to satisfy us, that by 'the Word,' which St. John says, 'was in the beginning, and was with God, and was God,' he does not mean a being separate from God, and inferior to him, but God himself, or the wisdom and power of God, which is the same as God, even the Father, who alone is God, nor is there any other." as well as "Jesus is the Son of God, upon account of his miraculous conception and birth. Luke i. 31–35." (pp. 82–3) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117141859/http://books.google.com/books?id=PZsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 |date=17 يناير 2015}}</ref> اليوم وجهة النظر هذه يحتفظ بها في المقام الأول [[إخوة مسيحية|الإخوة المسيحية]].<ref>Alan Hayward, ''[http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org/english/hayward_didjesusreallycomedownfromheaven.htm Did Jesus Really Come Down from Heaven?]'', pamphlet from the Christadelphian Auxiliary Lecturing Society, 1975: "The third view is held by Christadelphians and some others. According to this view Jesus did not live personally in heaven before he was born on earth; and the verses which refer to his heavenly origin must be understood figuratively.... The birth of the Lord Jesus Christ was the result of a mighty miracle. His mother was a young unmarried woman of excellent character. She was a virgin." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131160422/http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org:80/english/hayward_didjesusreallycomedownfromheaven.htm |date=31 يناير 2019}}</ref> هذه المجموعات تعتبر عادة أن المسيح قد نبئ به في العهد القديم، لكنه لم يكن موجودا قبل ولادته.<ref>Tennant, H. [http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christinot.html ''Christ in the Old Testament''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830151844/http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christinot.html|date=30 August 2010}}, CMPA, Birmingham 1996 {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>

ثانياً، هناك من ينكرون الولادة العذرية. وهذا يشمل [[إبيونية|الإبيونية]] والموحدين اللاحقين، مثل [[جوزيف بريستلي]]،<ref>Joseph Priestley ''An history of early opinions concerning Jesus Christ'' 1786 Vol3 Chapter 3 "Of the Conduct of our Saviour himself, with respect to his own supposed Pre-existence and Divinity." p64: "He never told his disciples that he had pre-existed, or that he had had any thing to do before he came into the world ; much less that he had made the world" ''The Corruptions of Christianity''</ref><ref>Sanford, Charles B. ''The religious life of Thomas Jefferson'' 1984 p112 "The question of the virgin birth occupied a good part of Priestley's book The Corruptions of Christianity [1782]. .. The account of the miraculous birth of Christ is only found in the first chapters of Matthew and Luke. Priestley suggested that the earliest copies of Matthew and Luke did not have these introductions, writings of Marcion of the second century as evidence"</ref><ref>Priestley, J., 1791c [1783], A General View of the Arguments for the Unity of God; and against the Divinity and Pre-Existence of Christ; from Reason, from the Scriptures, and from History, in Tracts. Printed and Published by the Unitarian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Practice of Virtue. Vol. 1, London: The Unitarian Society, pp. 179–214. [Reprint: in Three Tracts by Joseph Priestley, Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu.com, 2007.]</ref> [[توماس جفرسون|وتوماس جيفرسون]].<ref>Smith, Gary Scott ''Faith and the presidency: from George Washington to George W. Bush'' 2006 p463 "In his letter to Priestley, Jefferson identified four possible views of Christ's person: "a member of the God-head," "a being of eternal pre-existence," "a man divinely inspired," "the Herald of truths reformatory of the religions of mankind.". He argued that all views of Jesus should be tolerated but clearly preferred the latter." (Smith truncates the original final sentence: "the religions of mankind [in general, but more immediately of that of his countrymen]")</ref><ref>Steven Waldman ''Founding faith: providence, politics, and the birth of religious freedom in America'' 2008 p72 "In 1819, he started over and created a new version called 'The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth,' often referred to now as the [[Jefferson Bible]]. In Jefferson's version, Jesus was not divine. The virgin birth — gone."</ref> غالبًا ما يوصف هذا الرأي بـ«التبنوي»، وفي القرن التاسع عشر كان يطلق عليه أيضًا اسم psilanthropism. وصف [[صامويل تايلر كولريدج|صموئيل تايلور كولريدج]] نفسه بأنه كان ذات يوم من أتباع تلك العقيدة، ويعتقد أن يسوع هو «الابن الحقيقي [[يوسف النجار|ليوسف]]».<ref>Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ''Biographia Literaria'', Vol. I (1817), chapter 10: "For I was at that time and long after... yet a zealous Unitarian in religion; more accurately, I was a Psilanthropist, one of those who believe our Lord to have been the real son of Joseph" Later, however, Coleridge changed his mind (chapter 24): "But this I have said, and shall continue to say: that if the doctrines, the sum of which I believe to constitute the truth in Christ, be Christianity, then Unitarianism is not, and vice versa" </ref> [[فريدريك شلايرماخر|كان فريدريك شلايرماخر]]، الذي يُطلق عليه أحيانًا «والد [[مسيحية ليبرالية|اللاهوت الليبرالي]]»،<ref name="L74">Robert Paul Lightner, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XkuJ-5iZL4kC&pg=PA74 Handbook of Evangelical Theology: A historical, Biblical, and contemporary survey and review]'', Kregel Publications, 1995, {{ردمك|0-8254-3145-X}}, pp. 74–75. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053502/https://books.google.com/books?id=XkuJ-5iZL4kC&pg=PA74 |date=17 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref> أحد اللاهوتيين الألمان الذين تركوا فكرة الوجود الشخصي الوجودي السابق للمسيح، حيث علّموا أن «المسيح لم يكن إلهًا ولكن تم خلقه كرجل مثالي شكلت عصمته ألوهيته».<ref name="L74" /> بالمثل، رفض ألبريشت ريتشل وجود المسيح المسبق، مؤكدًا أن المسيح كان «ابن الله» فقط بمعنى أن «الله قد كشف عن نفسه في المسيح» <ref name="L74" /> وأنجز المسيح «عملًا دينيًا وأخلاقيًا فينا الله وحده كان يمكن أن يفعله».<ref name="L74" /> في وقت لاحق، وصف [[رودولف بولتمان]] وجود المسيح السابق بأنه «ليس فقط غير منطقي ولكن بلا معنى تمامًا».<ref>[[رودولف بولتمان|Rudolf Bultmann]], "New Testament and Mythology," in Craig A. Evans (ed), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=79eUl6_MrpIC&pg=PA328 The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 1]'', Routledge, 2004, {{ردمك|0-415-32751-2}}, p. 328. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005195117/https://books.google.com/books?id=79eUl6_MrpIC&pg=PA328 |date=5 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref>

== انظر أيضا ==

* [[لوغوس|لوجوس]]

== المراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

== بيبلوجرافيا ==
{{بداية المراجع}}
* Borgen, Peder. ''Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism''. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996.
* Brown, Raymond. ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. New York: Doubleday. 1997.
* [[جيمس دان (أستاذ جامعي)|جيمس دان]]، ''Christology in the Making'', London: SCM Press. 1989.
* Ferguson, Everett. ''Backgrounds in Early Christianity''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993.
* Greene, Colin J. D. ''Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons''. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003.
* [[روجر هايت]]. ''Jesus Symbol of God''. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. 1999.
* Holt, Bradley P. ''Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality''. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005.
* Letham, Robert. ''The Work of Christ''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1993.
* [[Donald Macleod (theologian)|Macleod, Donald]]. ''The Person of Christ''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1998.
* [[ليستر ماكغراث]]. ''Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1998.
* [[John Macquarrie|Macquarrie, J.]]. ''Jesus Christ in Modern Thought''. London: SCM Press. 1990.
* Norris, Richard A. Jr. ''The Christological Controversy''. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980.
* [[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins, Gerald]]. ''Salvation for All: God's Other Peoples''. Oxford: [[دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد]]. 2008.
* {{long dash}} ''[[Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus]].'' Oxford: [[دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد]]. 2009.
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena''. London: Yale University Press. 1969.
* {{long dash}} ''The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600)''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1971.
* Tyson, John R.'' Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.
* Wilson, R. Mcl. ''Gnosis and the New Testament''. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1968.
* Witherington, Ben III. ''The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1995.
{{نهاية المراجع}}
{{يسوع المسيح}}
{{شريط بوابات|المسيحية|فلسفة}}

{{ضبط استنادي}}

[[تصنيف:إنجيل يوحنا]]
[[تصنيف:توحيدية مسيحية]]
[[تصنيف:ثالوثية الأقانيم]]
[[تصنيف:مصطلحات مسيحية]]
[[تصنيف:كرستولوجيا]]
[[تصنيف:منهج لاهوتي]]
مفهوم وجود المسيح السابق يؤكد وجود المسيح قبل تجسده بصورة يسوع. أحد مقاطع الكتاب المقدس ذات الصلة هي ، حيث يتم تعريف المسيح (في التفسير الثالوثي) بأنه أقنوم إلهي موجود مسبقًا (حقيقة موضوعية) يسمى لوجوس أو الكلمة. هناك وجهات نظر لاثالوثية تشكك في جانب الوجود الشخصي السابق أو جانب الألوهية أو كليهما.

هذه العقيدة مدعومة في يوحنا 17:5 عندما يشير يسوع إلى المجد الذي كان لديه مع الآب «قبل وجود العالم» خلال خطاب الوداع.Creation and Christology by Masanobu Endo 2002 يوحنا 17:24 يشير أيضا إلى الآب الذي أحب يسوع «قبل تأسيس العالم».

 المسيحية النيقية 
تصغير| الله يستريح بعد الخلق - المسيح يصور بأنه خالق العالم في فسيفساء بيزنطية في مونريلي، صقلية. أصبحت صور الله الآب سائدة فقط في القرن الخامس عشر، وكان يسوع يظهر في كثير من الأحيان كبديل قبل ذلك.George Ferguson, 1996 Signs & symbols in Christian art  page 92 

 وجهات النظر اللاثالوثية 

 إنكار العقيدة 
على مر التاريخ، كان هناك العديد من المجموعات والأفراد الذين يعتقدون أن وجود يسوع بدأ عندما تم ميلاده.Eckhard J. Schnabel Early Christian Mission: Paul & the early church 2004 Page 1041 "A Christian community is documented for Bostra for a.d. 250 at the latest: Eusebius mentions Beryllos, the "bishop [episkopos] of the Arabs in Bostra," who denied the preexistence of Christ and who was the subject of discussion at a synod in ..." أولئك الذين يعتبرون أنفسهم مسيحيين بينما ينكرون وجود المسيح مسبقًا، يمكن تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين.

أولاً، هناك من يقبل مع ذلك الولادة العذرية. وهذا يشمل السوسيينيين،Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Trinity > Unitarianism: "This Racovian Catechism identifies the God of Israel with the Father of Christ... Both the Trinity and the doctrine of two natures (divine and human) in Christ are argued to be both contradictory and unsupported by the Bible. It is argued that Christ is a man who did not pre-exist his miraculous conception in Mary, though he's denied to be 'merely' a man, but affirmed to be the unique Son of God, the Messiah, worthy of worship and a proper recipient of prayer."  والموحدين الأوائل مثل جون بيدل،J. Biddle A Twofold Catechism , chap. 4: "How was Jesus Christ born?" as well as "How many Lords of Christians are there, by way of distinction from the one God?" and "Doth the Scripture avouch Christ to be the Son of God because he was eternally begotten out of the Divine essence; or for other reasons agreeing to him only as a man?" وناثانييل لاردنر.Lardner N. Letter on the Logos (1759) in The works of Nathaniel Lardner in five volumes, Volume 5, p. 380–3. Online: "All these texts seem to me sufficient to satisfy us, that by 'the Word,' which St. John says, 'was in the beginning, and was with God, and was God,' he does not mean a being separate from God, and inferior to him, but God himself, or the wisdom and power of God, which is the same as God, even the Father, who alone is God, nor is there any other." as well as "Jesus is the Son of God, upon account of his miraculous conception and birth. Luke i. 31–35." (pp. 82–3)  اليوم وجهة النظر هذه يحتفظ بها في المقام الأول الإخوة المسيحية.Alan Hayward, Did Jesus Really Come Down from Heaven?, pamphlet from the Christadelphian Auxiliary Lecturing Society, 1975: "The third view is held by Christadelphians and some others. According to this view Jesus did not live personally in heaven before he was born on earth; and the verses which refer to his heavenly origin must be understood figuratively.... The birth of the Lord Jesus Christ was the result of a mighty miracle. His mother was a young unmarried woman of excellent character. She was a virgin."  هذه المجموعات تعتبر عادة أن المسيح قد نبئ به في العهد القديم، لكنه لم يكن موجودا قبل ولادته.Tennant, H. Christ in the Old Testament , CMPA, Birmingham 1996 

ثانياً، هناك من ينكرون الولادة العذرية. وهذا يشمل الإبيونية والموحدين اللاحقين، مثل جوزيف بريستلي،Joseph Priestley An history of early opinions concerning Jesus Christ 1786 Vol3 Chapter 3 "Of the Conduct of our Saviour himself, with respect to his own supposed Pre-existence and Divinity." p64: "He never told his disciples that he had pre-existed, or that he had had any thing to do before he came into the world ; much less that he had made the world" The Corruptions of ChristianitySanford, Charles B. The religious life of Thomas Jefferson 1984 p112 "The question of the virgin birth occupied a good part of Priestley's book The Corruptions of Christianity [1782]. .. The account of the miraculous birth of Christ is only found in the first chapters of Matthew and Luke. Priestley suggested that the earliest copies of Matthew and Luke did not have these introductions, writings of Marcion of the second century as evidence"Priestley, J., 1791c [1783], A General View of the Arguments for the Unity of God; and against the Divinity and Pre-Existence of Christ; from Reason, from the Scriptures, and from History, in Tracts. Printed and Published by the Unitarian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Practice of Virtue. Vol. 1, London: The Unitarian Society, pp. 179–214. [Reprint: in Three Tracts by Joseph Priestley, Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu.com, 2007.] وتوماس جيفرسون.Smith, Gary Scott Faith and the presidency: from George Washington to George W. Bush 2006 p463 "In his letter to Priestley, Jefferson identified four possible views of Christ's person: "a member of the God-head," "a being of eternal pre-existence," "a man divinely inspired," "the Herald of truths reformatory of the religions of mankind.". He argued that all views of Jesus should be tolerated but clearly preferred the latter." (Smith truncates the original final sentence: "the religions of mankind [in general, but more immediately of that of his countrymen]")Steven Waldman Founding faith: providence, politics, and the birth of religious freedom in America 2008 p72 "In 1819, he started over and created a new version called 'The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth,' often referred to now as the Jefferson Bible. In Jefferson's version, Jesus was not divine. The virgin birth — gone." غالبًا ما يوصف هذا الرأي بـ«التبنوي»، وفي القرن التاسع عشر كان يطلق عليه أيضًا اسم psilanthropism. وصف صموئيل تايلور كولريدج نفسه بأنه كان ذات يوم من أتباع تلك العقيدة، ويعتقد أن يسوع هو «الابن الحقيقي ليوسف».Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, Vol. I (1817), chapter 10: "For I was at that time and long after... yet a zealous Unitarian in religion; more accurately, I was a Psilanthropist, one of those who believe our Lord to have been the real son of Joseph" Later, however, Coleridge changed his mind (chapter 24): "But this I have said, and shall continue to say: that if the doctrines, the sum of which I believe to constitute the truth in Christ, be Christianity, then Unitarianism is not, and vice versa"  كان فريدريك شلايرماخر، الذي يُطلق عليه أحيانًا «والد اللاهوت الليبرالي»،Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology: A historical, Biblical, and contemporary survey and review, Kregel Publications, 1995, , pp. 74–75.  أحد اللاهوتيين الألمان الذين تركوا فكرة الوجود الشخصي الوجودي السابق للمسيح، حيث علّموا أن «المسيح لم يكن إلهًا ولكن تم خلقه كرجل مثالي شكلت عصمته ألوهيته». بالمثل، رفض ألبريشت ريتشل وجود المسيح المسبق، مؤكدًا أن المسيح كان «ابن الله» فقط بمعنى أن «الله قد كشف عن نفسه في المسيح»  وأنجز المسيح «عملًا دينيًا وأخلاقيًا فينا الله وحده كان يمكن أن يفعله». في وقت لاحق، وصف رودولف بولتمان وجود المسيح السابق بأنه «ليس فقط غير منطقي ولكن بلا معنى تمامًا».Rudolf Bultmann, "New Testament and Mythology," in Craig A. Evans (ed), The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 1, Routledge, 2004, , p. 328. 

 انظر أيضا 

 لوجوس

 المراجع 

 بيبلوجرافيا 

 Borgen, Peder. Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996.
 Brown, Raymond. An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday. 1997.
 جيمس دان، Christology in the Making, London: SCM Press. 1989.
 Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds in Early Christianity. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993.
 Greene, Colin J. D. Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003.
 روجر هايت. Jesus Symbol of God. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. 1999.
 Holt, Bradley P. Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005.
 Letham, Robert. The Work of Christ. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1993.
 Macleod, Donald. The Person of Christ. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1998.
 ليستر ماكغراث. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1998.
 Macquarrie, J.. Jesus Christ in Modern Thought. London: SCM Press. 1990.
 Norris, Richard A. Jr. The Christological Controversy. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980.
 O'Collins, Gerald. Salvation for All: God's Other Peoples. Oxford: دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. 2008.
  Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus. Oxford: دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. 2009.
 Pelikan, Jaroslav. Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena. London: Yale University Press. 1969.
  The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1971.
 Tyson, John R. Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.
 Wilson, R. Mcl. Gnosis and the New Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1968.
 Witherington, Ben III. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1995.

تصنيف:إنجيل يوحنا
تصنيف:توحيدية مسيحية
تصنيف:ثالوثية الأقانيم
تصنيف:مصطلحات مسيحية
تصنيف:كرستولوجيا
تصنيف:منهج لاهوتي