فيرنر بوتشولز
{{يتيمة|تاريخ=أبريل 2019}}
{{صندوق معلومات شخص}}
'''فيرنر بوتشولز''' ([[اللغة الإنجليزية|بالإنجليزية]]: Werner Buchholz؛ [[اللغة الألمانية|بالألمانية]]: Werner Buchholz) هو [[عالم حاسوب]] [[الولايات المتحدة|أمريكي]] و[[ألمانيا|ألماني]]، ولد في [[24 أكتوبر]] [[1922]] في [[دتمولد]] في [[ألمانيا]].<ref name="Buchholz_1956">{{استشهاد بكتاب |عنوان=The Link System |الفصل=7. The Shift Matrix |مؤلف-الأول=Werner |مؤلف-الأخير=Buchholz |مؤلف-وصلة=Werner Buchholz |تاريخ=1956-06-11 |المعرف=[[IBM Stretch|Stretch]] Memo No. 39G |ناشر=[[آي بي إم]] |صفحات=5-6 |مسار=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf |تاريخ الوصول=2016-04-04 |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404152534/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf |تاريخ أرشيف=2017-04-04 |اقتباس=[…] Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.<br/>Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit [[كلمة (بنية الحاسوب)|word]], coming from Memory in parallel, into [[محرف (حوسبة)|رمز (حوسبة)s]], or "[[بايت]]s" as we have called them, to be sent to the [[جامع تسلسلي]] serially. The 60 bits are dumped into [[magnetic core]]s on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits.<br/>Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit [[رقم]]s, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.<br/>It is just as easy to use all six bits in [[ألفبارقميات|الأبجدية الرقمية]] work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder. […]|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404142729/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf |date=4 أبريل 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bemer_2000">{{استشهاد ويب |عنوان=Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it? |مؤلف-الأول=Robert William |مؤلف-الأخير=Bemer |مؤلف-وصلة=Robert William Bemer |تاريخ=2000-08-08 |عمل=Computer History Vignettes |مسار=https://www.bobbemer.com/BYTE.HTM |تاريخ الوصول=2017-04-03 |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403130829/http://www.bobbemer.com/BYTE.HTM |تاريخ أرشيف=2017-04-03 |اقتباس=[…] I came to work for [[آي بي إم]], and saw all the confusion caused by the 64-character limitation. Especially when we started to think about word processing, which would require both upper and lower case. […]<!-- Add 26 lower case letters to 47 existing, and one got 73 -- 9 more than 6 bits could represent.--> I even made a proposal (in view of [[IBM Stretch|STRETCH]], the very first computer I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of [[بطاقة مثقبة]] character codes to 256 […].<!-- [1]. Some folks took it seriously. I thought of it as a spoof. --> So some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the man who DID coin the term "[[بايت]]" for an 8-bit grouping). […]<!-- [2] --> It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8-bit character set, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was "powers of 2 are magic". And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal […]<!-- [3]. That was a little too much progress when presented to the standards group that was to formalize ASCII, so they stopped short for the moment with a 7-bit set, or else an 8-bit set with the upper half left for future work. --> The [[IBM System 360|IBM 360]] used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the [[tape drive]]s. I exposed this 9-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for [[BULL]] in France in 1965-66, I insisted that "byte" be deprecated in favor of "[[ثمانية (حوسبة)]]". […]<!-- You can notice that my preference then is now the preferred term. It is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16, 32, 64, and even 128 bits in parallel. But some foolish people now refer to a "16-bit byte" because of this parallel transfer, which is visible in the UNICODE set. I'm not sure, but maybe this should be called a "[[hextet]]". But you will notice that I am still correct. Powers of 2 are still magic! -->|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz_bio">{{استشهاد ويب |عنوان=Werner Buchholz |ناشر=Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit in Lippe e. V. |مكان=Detmold, Germany |لغة=German |مسار=http://www.r-schleysing.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114:werner-buchholz&catid=35:kurzbiographien-ehemaliger-juedischer-buerger-aus-lippe&Itemid=65 |تاريخ الوصول=2017-04-03 |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403125652/http://www.r-schleysing.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114:werner-buchholz&catid=35:kurzbiographien-ehemaliger-juedischer-buerger-aus-lippe&Itemid=65 |تاريخ أرشيف=2017-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{شريط بوابات|الولايات المتحدة|ألمانيا|أعلام}}
{{بذرة عالم حاسوب أمريكي}}
{{بذرة عالم حاسوب ألماني}}

[[تصنيف:أمريكيون من أصل يهودي ألماني]]
[[تصنيف:علماء حاسوب أمريكيون]]
[[تصنيف:مهاجرون ألمان إلى الولايات المتحدة]]
[[تصنيف:مواليد 1922]]
فيرنر بوتشولز (بالإنجليزية: Werner Buchholz؛ بالألمانية: Werner Buchholz) هو عالم حاسوب أمريكي وألماني، ولد في 24 أكتوبر 1922 في دتمولد في ألمانيا. 

 مراجع 

تصنيف:أمريكيون من أصل يهودي ألماني
تصنيف:علماء حاسوب أمريكيون
تصنيف:مهاجرون ألمان إلى الولايات المتحدة
تصنيف:مواليد 1922