Fǣmneland
{{otheruses}}
{{Cyþþubox USA rīce}}
'''Fǣmneland''' ({{lang-en|Virginia}}) is ān þāra [[13 colonies|frumra 13]] [[U.S. States|rīca]] þāra [[Geānlǣht Rīcu American|Geānlǣhtra Rīca]] þe ongēan Brytta geƿealde ūpārās on þǣre [[American Revolution|American Oferƿeorpennesse]]. Hēo biþ gemǣnelice geteald tō dǣle þæs [[U.S. Southern States|Sūðdǣles]].  His ambihtlica nama is þæt '''Gemǣngestrēon Fǣmnelande'''; hēo is ān fēoƿer [[Gemǣngestrēon]]a of þǣm fīftig Geānlǣhtum Rīcum.

[[Centuccīg]]e and [[Westfǣmland|Ƿestfǣmland]]e ƿǣron dǣlas Fǣmneland æt þǣre tīde þǣre staðelunge þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca, ac se ǣrra ƿearþ underfangen in þā Geānlǣcunge sƿā sundorrīce in [[1792]] and se ōðer oþbærst of Fǣmnelande in þǣm [[Americanisc Ingefeoht|Americaniscan Ingefeohte]].

Fǣmneland is gecƿeden "Foresittenda Mōdor" for þǣm þe ƿǣron mā U.S. Foresittendra (8) on þissum rīce geboren þonne on ǣnigum ōðrum. Fīf þāra ƿǣron geedcoren tō ōðerre ambihttīde: [[George Washington|Georgius Hƿæsingatūn]], [[Thomas Jefferson|Þomas Gefferson]], [[James Madison|Iames Mædeȳsūn]], [[James Monroe|Iames Monroe]], ond [[Woodrow Wilson|Ƿoodroƿ Ƿilson]]. Þā ōðre Fǣmnelande Foresittend sindon [[William Henry Harrison|Ƿillames Heanrig Harrieson]], [[John Tyler|Iohannes Tylier]], ond [[Zachary Taylor|Zachariah Taillour]].

==Stǣr==
Betwēonan [[Gewīnlandisc]] folce wunigende on þǣre stōwe þe nū Fǣmneland is, wǣron þā [[Powhatan]], [[Nottawæġ]], [[Meherrin]], [[Pohicæ]], [[Monacan]], [[Saponi]], and [[Ceorauuī]].

On ende þǣre 16th centurie þāra Engla ongunnon tō becuman Norðland Amerīcā, "Fǣmneland
" wæs sēo noma þe Hlǣfdīg [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I of England]] (þe wæs gehāten sēo "Gemeowlige Hlǣfdīg" for þā þe hēo nǣfre nǣnne hūsbonde næfde) tō wiðencan þāre eallan stōwe þe þǣre [[1584]] fēran Þānes [[Walter Raleigh|Walter Raleigh]] be þǣre nēowolcēast. Se [[Lunden Fǣmneland Scīrung]] wæs ġeworden sēo ǣresta þurh þæs cyninges ċartan þe gesceapen wæs on [[April 10]], [[1606]]. Hēo hrǣdlice fēondode þā ǣreste ǣcende Engliscan setlunge in þǣre Nīwan Wīsan þe wæs æt [[Gēmestūn Scīrung|Gēmestūne]] on þǣre [[Fǣmneland Ġerēfaþēod]] on [[1607]]. Hīo ǣfterlīc wæs hālgod on [[May 23]], [[1609]].

Fǣmneland wæs gehāten his byname "Þæt Ēalda Rīce" fram Cyninge [[Charles II of England]] on þǣre ācennednes tīd æt þǣre Hwīle for þām þe hit gelēofode þā crūna bēon hālig wiðinnan þǣre [[Englisce Cynewīse Geard|Engliscan Cynewīsan Gēard]] on þǣre [[Englisce Ċynewīse Gēardisc Waru|Engliscan Cynewīsan Gēardiscre Gūðe]]. [[Patrick Henry]] wæs sēo ǣresta Gerefa Fǣmnelandes fram 1776 oð 1779, and ēft fram 1784 oð 1786. On [[June 12]], [[1776]], se [[Fǣmneland Ġeþēod]] underfēng þone [[Fǣmneland Rīhtsǣd]] þæt wæs handgewitod fram [[Bill of Rights]] þe wæs æfterfērend tō þǣre [[Gemǣnan Rīces Gescōdnesse]]. On [[June 29]], [[1776]], þæt gemynd þing underfēng ēac ā setnys þe gesētte Fǣmneland swā þæt hit wǣre gemǣneð þām Ċynewīse swīðe tōbryrd of þǣre Brintiscan Rīce. On [[1790]] begeondan Fǣmneland and [[Mǣrcland]] forgeafan land tō wyrcenne [[Distric of Columbia]], ac on āne ċyninglican setnys fram [[9. Hlūdmōnað]] [[1846]], þæt land þe fram Fǣmnelande wæs forgifen, wæs ġeafniged, and nū is [[Arlingtonscīre on Fǣmnelande|Arlingtonscīr]] and dǣl þǣre [[Alexandria on Fǣmneland|Cittie of Alexandria]]."

Fǣmneland is ān of þām lēodum þe of þǣre Þēodwīsan geswicon tō wīcennenne þone [[Gemyndrīca Rīce Amerīca|Gemyndrīce]] under þǣre [[Americisc Civil War|Civil War]]. Þā þæt dyde, sume scīrunga wurdon ġetreoȝode swā [[Westfǣmland]], sēo wæs ġebunden þurh þā Þā Unīedrīce Gemyndrīcē Rīce set 1870 Fǣmneland rǣdlice ġeǣned tō þǣre Þēodwīsan on [[January 26]], [[1870]], æfter ānre fǣrlican tīde þǣre æfterwīgescipes mīlitiscan rīcere.

On [[January 13]], [[1990]], [[Douglas Wilder]] wearþ sēo fruma Āfroamerices biscop ealles US rīces þæt tō þǣre [[Wīgescīpu]] þegnode, þā þā hē wæs gecoren tō Gerefan Fǣmnelande.
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== Lagu and lēodweard ==
The capital is [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]: the current [[List of Virginia Governors|Governor]] is [[Mark R. Warner|Mark Warner]], a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]].  Previous capitals included [[Jamestown]] (1609-1699) and [[Williamsburg]] (1699-1780). The [[Virginia State Capitol]] building in Richmond was designed by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and the cornerstone was laid by Governor [[Patrick Henry]] in [[1785]].  

In colonial Virginia, the lower house of the legislature was called the House of Burgesses.  Together with the Governor's Council, the House of Burgesses made up the '''General Assembly'''.  The Governor's Council was composed of 12 men appointed by the [[British Monarch]] to advise the Governor.  The Council also served as the '''General Court''' of the colony, a colonial equivalent of a [[Supreme Court]].  Members of the House of Burgesses were chosen by all those who could vote in the colony.  Each county chose two people or burgesses to represent it, while the [[College of William and Mary]] and the cities of [[Norfolk]], [[Williamsburg]], and [[Jamestown]] each chose one burgess.  The Burgesses met to make laws for the colony and set the direction for its future growth; the Council would then review the laws and either approve or disapprove them.  The approval of the Burgesses, the Council, and the Governor was needed to pass a law.  The idea of electing burgesses was important and new.  It gave Virginians a chance to control their own government for the first time.  At first the burgesses were elected by all free men in the colony.  Women, indentured servants, and [[Native American]]s could not vote.  Later the rules for voting changed, making it necessary for men to own at least fifty acres (200,000 m&sup2;) of land in order to vote.  Founded in 1619, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere.  Today, the '''General Assembly''' is made up of the ''Senate'' and the ''House of Delegates''.

Like many other states, by the 1850s Virginia featured a [[state legislature]], several executive officers, and an independent judiciary.  By the time of the Constitution of 1901, which lasted longer than any other state constitution, the '''General Assembly''' continued as the legislature, the '''Supreme Court of Appeals''' acted as the judiciary, and the eight elected executive officers were the '''Governor''', '''Lieutenant Governor''', '''Attorney General''', '''Secretary of the Commonwealth''', '''State Treasurer''', '''Auditor of Public Accounts''', '''Superintendent of Public Instruction''', and '''Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration.'''  The Constitution of 1901 was amended many times, notably in the 1930s and 1950s, before it was abandoned in favour of more modern government, with fewer elected officials, reformed local governments, and a more streamlined judiciary.

Virginia currently functions under the 1971 '''Constitution of Virginia'''.  It is the state's ninth [[constitution]].  Under the Constitution, the State Government is comprised of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The '''legislative branch''' or [[state legislature]] is the [[Virginia General Assembly]], a [[bicameral]] body whose 140 members make all state laws.  Members of the [[Virginia House of Delegates]] serve two-year terms, while members of the [[Virginia Senate]] serve four-year terms.  The General Assembly also selects the state's Auditor of Public Accounts

The '''executive branch''' is comprised of the [[Governor of Virginia]], the [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]], and the state [[Attorney General]].  All three officers are separately elected to four-year terms in years following Presidential elections (1997, 2001, 2005, etc).  

The [[Governor]] serves as chief executive officer of the Commonwealth and as Commander-in-Chief of the State Militia.
The [[Lieutenant Governor]] serves as President of the [[Senate of Virginia]] and is first in the line of succcession to the Governor.
The Attorney General is chief legal advisor to the Governor and the General Assembly, chief prosecutor of the state, and the head of the Department of Law.  The Attorney General is second in the line of succession to the Governor.

The Office of the Governor's Secretaries helps manage the Governor's Cabinet, comprised of the following individuals, all appointed by the Governor:
*Governor's Chief of Staff
*Secretary of Administration 
*Secretary of Agriculture and Forestry 
*Secretary of Commerce and Trade 
*Secretary of the Commonwealth 
*Secretary of Education
*Secretary of Finance
*Secretary of Health and Human Resources 
*Secretary of Natural Resources
*Secretary of Public Safety
*Secretary of Technology
*Secretary of Transportation
*Assistant to the Governor for Commonwealth Preparedness

The '''judicial branch''' is comprised of the [[Supreme Court]] of Virginia, the Virginia Court of Appeals, the General District Courts and the Circuit Courts.  The Virginia Supreme Court, composed of the [[chief justice]] and six other judges is the highest court in the Commonwealth, with only the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] outranking it.  The Chief Justice and the Virginia Supreme Court also serve as the administrative body for the entire Virginia court system.

Þá 95 [[scíra]] and the 39 [[independent cities]] all have their own governments, usually a county [[board of supervisors]] or [[city council]] which choose a [[city manager]] or county administrator to serve as a professional, non-political chief administrator under the [[council-manager]] form of government.  There are exceptions, notably [[Richmond, Virginia]], which has a popularly-elected [[Mayor]] who serves as chief executive separate from the [[city council]].

== Geography ==

[[Image:National-atlas-virginia.PNG|left|thumb|Map of Virginia]]

''See also: [[List of Virginia counties]], [[List of Virginia rivers]], [[Lost Counties, Cities and Towns of Virginia]]''  

Virginia is bordered by [[West Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and the [[District of Columbia]] (across the [[Potomac River]]) to the north, by [[Chesapeake Bay]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east, by [[North Carolina]] and [[Tennessee]] to the south, and by [[Kentucky]] and [[West Virginia]] to the west.  

Chesapeake Bay divides the state, with the eastern portion (called 'the [[Eastern Shore of Virginia]]'), a part of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]], completely separate (an [[exclave]]) from the rest of the state.


Virginia is divided into the following 3 regions:</br>
Tidewater - Stretching from the Atlantic coast to the [[fall line]]</br>
Piedmont - East of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to the Tidewater Region</br>
Ridge and Valley - West of the Appalachian Mountains</br>

[[Image:virginia topographic.jpg|thumb|500px|centre|Virginia - topographic map]]

== Demographics ==

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of [[2003]], Virginia's population was estimated at 7,386,330 people.

The racial makeup of the state is:
*70.2% [[Whites|White]] non-Hispanic
*19.6% [[African American|Black]]
*4.7% [[Hispanic American|Hispanic]]
*3.7% [[Asian American|Asian]]
*0.3% [[American Indian]]
*2% mixed race

The 5 largest ancestry groups in Virginia are [[African American]] (19.6%), [[German-American|German]] (11.7%), [[United States|American]] (11.2%), [[England|English]] (11.1%), [[Ireland|Irish]] (9.8%).

6.5% of Virginia's population were reported as under 5, 24.6% under 18, and 11.2% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51% of the population.
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===Wiðercweðu===

Fǣmnelandum ǣwisc hæfð leng bēon hēalden swā ān þā beteran ġewihteðelum on þǣre Gemǣnan Rīce mid manigfealdum innfeondum, þæt is, forþmǣt þā mīlitrīgan onwealdan gesamnodon on þǣre [[Hāmptūn Rodas]] stōwe, tæbaccu and hrēawena æcerbrēowung swā þēah swā swā þurh [[Sūþsið Fǣmneland]], wǣre and ǣrende, and [[Norðerne Fǣmneland]] þǣre bēdhwǣlmbyrig tō þǣre rīciscan rīce and his bǣron. Mǣstes dǣles Fǣmnelande is on innan 11 [[Mǣþlīce Gereordnes Bū]]m.

=== Gelyfedǣd ===
Þā gelyfetdǣda gegēara Fǣmnelandburga sind:

*Protestanctēaw – 74%
*Rōmānisc Crīsten – 12%
*Ōðer Crīsten – 2%
*Ōðer lēohtwīgendōm – 2%
*Unlēohtwīgend – 7%

Þā þrīo mǣstan Protestanctēawas on Fǣmnelande: [[Baptisc]] (31% þæs gesāmnyssan landes folces), [[Mǣðodisc]] (13%), [[Presbiterisc]] (4%).

== Miscegenlīc ġecwissnes ==

* [[List of U.S. state mottos|Lands ġecwyssa]]: "[[Sic semper tyrannis]]." (Þus ā āweg mid þēodþrēowum.)
* [[Lands bridd]]: [[Norðerne Rēadhēafod|Rēadhēafod]]
* Lands docga: [[Americisc Foxhound]]
* [[Lands blōma]]: [[Dogwudu]]
* [[Lands trēow]]: [[Dogwudu]]
* Lands insecga: [[Eastlandisc Tīger Swaluw-stybb]]
* [[Lands sang]]: ''nān''; sē ǣrra lands sang, "Ċarian mē Bæc tō Eald Virginian," wæs ġeswīced for rāsiscum wordum on 1997.
* [[USS Fǣmneland|USS ''Fǣmneland'']] wæs genemned on wuldre þisse landes.

Fǣmneland is sēo lǣsta ǣ on þǣre landes cyneƿises, þā on 1916, þæt heora yrðlinges stefna wæs tō dǣlan.

== Ōðere stedas ==

Þā sind ēac stedas þe hāttaþ '''Fǣmneland''' þāra Rica [[Illinois]] and [[Minnesota]]: sēo
* [[Fǣmneland on Illinoise]].
* [[Fǣmneland on Minnesotan]].

==  Ūtanƿearde bindas  ==
* [http://www.virginia.gov Underrīces Lēodƿearde ƿebbstede]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/raleigh.htm Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh : 1584] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825130510/http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/raleigh.htm |date=2005-08-25 }}
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va01.htm The First Charter of Virginia; April 10, 1606] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301092128/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va01.htm |date=March 1, 2005 }}
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va02.htm The Second Charter of Virginia; May 23, 1609] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724220755/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va02.htm |date=July 24, 2008 }}
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va03.htm The Third Charter of Virginia; March 12, 1611] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419050706/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va03.htm |date=April 19, 2009 }}
* [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51000.html U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802190154/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51000.html |date=2012-08-02 }}

{{Virginie}}
{{Geānedu Rīcu American}}
{{aganflocc}}
Fǣmneland () is ān þāra frumra 13 rīca þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca þe ongēan Brytta geƿealde ūpārās on þǣre American Oferƿeorpennesse. Hēo biþ gemǣnelice geteald tō dǣle þæs Sūðdǣles.  His ambihtlica nama is þæt Gemǣngestrēon Fǣmnelande; hēo is ān fēoƿer Gemǣngestrēona of þǣm fīftig Geānlǣhtum Rīcum.

Centuccīge and Ƿestfǣmlande ƿǣron dǣlas Fǣmneland æt þǣre tīde þǣre staðelunge þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca, ac se ǣrra ƿearþ underfangen in þā Geānlǣcunge sƿā sundorrīce in 1792 and se ōðer oþbærst of Fǣmnelande in þǣm Americaniscan Ingefeohte.

Fǣmneland is gecƿeden "Foresittenda Mōdor" for þǣm þe ƿǣron mā U.S. Foresittendra (8) on þissum rīce geboren þonne on ǣnigum ōðrum. Fīf þāra ƿǣron geedcoren tō ōðerre ambihttīde: Georgius Hƿæsingatūn, Þomas Gefferson, Iames Mædeȳsūn, Iames Monroe, ond Ƿoodroƿ Ƿilson. Þā ōðre Fǣmnelande Foresittend sindon Ƿillames Heanrig Harrieson, Iohannes Tylier, ond Zachariah Taillour.

Stǣr
Betwēonan Gewīnlandisc folce wunigende on þǣre stōwe þe nū Fǣmneland is, wǣron þā Powhatan, Nottawæġ, Meherrin, Pohicæ, Monacan, Saponi, and Ceorauuī.

On ende þǣre 16th centurie þāra Engla ongunnon tō becuman Norðland Amerīcā, "Fǣmneland
" wæs sēo noma þe Hlǣfdīg Elizabeth I of England (þe wæs gehāten sēo "Gemeowlige Hlǣfdīg" for þā þe hēo nǣfre nǣnne hūsbonde næfde) tō wiðencan þāre eallan stōwe þe þǣre 1584 fēran Þānes Walter Raleigh be þǣre nēowolcēast. Se Lunden Fǣmneland Scīrung wæs ġeworden sēo ǣresta þurh þæs cyninges ċartan þe gesceapen wæs on April 10, 1606. Hēo hrǣdlice fēondode þā ǣreste ǣcende Engliscan setlunge in þǣre Nīwan Wīsan þe wæs æt Gēmestūne on þǣre Fǣmneland Ġerēfaþēod on 1607. Hīo ǣfterlīc wæs hālgod on May 23, 1609.

Fǣmneland wæs gehāten his byname "Þæt Ēalda Rīce" fram Cyninge Charles II of England on þǣre ācennednes tīd æt þǣre Hwīle for þām þe hit gelēofode þā crūna bēon hālig wiðinnan þǣre Engliscan Cynewīsan Gēard on þǣre Engliscan Cynewīsan Gēardiscre Gūðe. Patrick Henry wæs sēo ǣresta Gerefa Fǣmnelandes fram 1776 oð 1779, and ēft fram 1784 oð 1786. On June 12, 1776, se Fǣmneland Ġeþēod underfēng þone Fǣmneland Rīhtsǣd þæt wæs handgewitod fram Bill of Rights þe wæs æfterfērend tō þǣre Gemǣnan Rīces Gescōdnesse. On June 29, 1776, þæt gemynd þing underfēng ēac ā setnys þe gesētte Fǣmneland swā þæt hit wǣre gemǣneð þām Ċynewīse swīðe tōbryrd of þǣre Brintiscan Rīce. On 1790 begeondan Fǣmneland and Mǣrcland forgeafan land tō wyrcenne Distric of Columbia, ac on āne ċyninglican setnys fram 9. Hlūdmōnað 1846, þæt land þe fram Fǣmnelande wæs forgifen, wæs ġeafniged, and nū is Arlingtonscīr and dǣl þǣre Cittie of Alexandria."

Fǣmneland is ān of þām lēodum þe of þǣre Þēodwīsan geswicon tō wīcennenne þone Gemyndrīce under þǣre Civil War. Þā þæt dyde, sume scīrunga wurdon ġetreoȝode swā Westfǣmland, sēo wæs ġebunden þurh þā Þā Unīedrīce Gemyndrīcē Rīce set 1870 Fǣmneland rǣdlice ġeǣned tō þǣre Þēodwīsan on January 26, 1870, æfter ānre fǣrlican tīde þǣre æfterwīgescipes mīlitiscan rīcere.

On January 13, 1990, Douglas Wilder wearþ sēo fruma Āfroamerices biscop ealles US rīces þæt tō þǣre Wīgescīpu þegnode, þā þā hē wæs gecoren tō Gerefan Fǣmnelande.

Wiðercweðu

Fǣmnelandum ǣwisc hæfð leng bēon hēalden swā ān þā beteran ġewihteðelum on þǣre Gemǣnan Rīce mid manigfealdum innfeondum, þæt is, forþmǣt þā mīlitrīgan onwealdan gesamnodon on þǣre Hāmptūn Rodas stōwe, tæbaccu and hrēawena æcerbrēowung swā þēah swā swā þurh Sūþsið Fǣmneland, wǣre and ǣrende, and Norðerne Fǣmneland þǣre bēdhwǣlmbyrig tō þǣre rīciscan rīce and his bǣron. Mǣstes dǣles Fǣmnelande is on innan 11 Mǣþlīce Gereordnes Būm.

 Gelyfedǣd 
Þā gelyfetdǣda gegēara Fǣmnelandburga sind:

Protestanctēaw – 74%
Rōmānisc Crīsten – 12%
Ōðer Crīsten – 2%
Ōðer lēohtwīgendōm – 2%
Unlēohtwīgend – 7%

Þā þrīo mǣstan Protestanctēawas on Fǣmnelande: Baptisc (31% þæs gesāmnyssan landes folces), Mǣðodisc (13%), Presbiterisc (4%).

 Miscegenlīc ġecwissnes 

 Lands ġecwyssa: "Sic semper tyrannis." (Þus ā āweg mid þēodþrēowum.)
 Lands bridd: Rēadhēafod
 Lands docga: Americisc Foxhound
 Lands blōma: Dogwudu
 Lands trēow: Dogwudu
 Lands insecga: Eastlandisc Tīger Swaluw-stybb
 Lands sang: nān; sē ǣrra lands sang, "Ċarian mē Bæc tō Eald Virginian," wæs ġeswīced for rāsiscum wordum on 1997.
 USS Fǣmneland wæs genemned on wuldre þisse landes.

Fǣmneland is sēo lǣsta ǣ on þǣre landes cyneƿises, þā on 1916, þæt heora yrðlinges stefna wæs tō dǣlan.

 Ōðere stedas 

Þā sind ēac stedas þe hāttaþ Fǣmneland þāra Rica Illinois and Minnesota: sēo
 Fǣmneland on Illinoise.
 Fǣmneland on Minnesotan.

  Ūtanƿearde bindas  
 Underrīces Lēodƿearde ƿebbstede
 Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh : 1584 
 The First Charter of Virginia; April 10, 1606 
 The Second Charter of Virginia; May 23, 1609 
 The Third Charter of Virginia; March 12, 1611 
 U.S. Census Bureau