Sarawak Brego
[[Ymele:Coat of arms of the Raj of Sarawak.svg|right|thumb|200px|Sarawakes Breges scild]]
[[Ymele:Sir James Brooke (1847) by Francis Grant.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Iacobus Brooke Brego]]
Se '''Sarawak Brego''' ricsode fram 1841 on [[Sarawak]]e þæm lande þæt is land on [[Borneo]] þære īege norþdæle, and hie hatton þā '''Hwītan Rajan''' forþæm þe þās Bregas wæron Bretcynn onmang [[Dægacas|Dægacum]] and [[Malægware|Malægum]].  Þrie bregas ricsodon hēr and hiera æþelingas ēac, of þæm Brookecynne. Hiera cynedōm endode þan Carl Brego ageaf his rīce to [[Georgius VI Bretta Cyning|Georgie VI Bretta Cyning]] in 1946.

Se forma brego was [[Iacobus Brooke]], se wæs in Bandel (nēah [[Caligardamana]]) in [[Bengal]] geboren. He wæs fānaþegn in þæm [[Bengalhere]] þære [[Ēastindea Tēoh]] oððæt ðe dem in 1825 sended him to [[Breten]] and in 1930 forlæt he his þegnes gewrit.  In 1838 seglode Iacobus Brooke in his agnum scipe to Borneo þær he geaf his fultum to þæm [[Brunei Cyning]]e and campede wiþ wicingum and unrǣd onmang þæm Dægacum.  For his mēde, geaf him se Cyning Sarawakburg (se is nū [[Kucing]]) and micel land ymbe þære byrig and ēac geaf Brooke se Cyning coronbeag swa 'Rajah', se is 'Brego'.  In 1841 fang Iacobus Brooke to rīce in his nīwum bregodōme.

Iacobus Brego wæs bearnlēas.  Be his [[irfegewrit]]a wæs Iohannes, Iacobes sweostorsunu, his ierfa and æfetrwearde Iohannes sunu, Carl.  Carl Brego fand his cynedōm hrēorig æfter þæm Iapaniscan insettunge and ageaf eall his riht in þæm lande þæm [[Bryttisce Rīce|Bryttiscan Rīce]] in 1946. His nefa se wæs his agen iefa wiþspræc be þissum tīþe, and mid him wæron þæt hēafodgerīm þāra stefna þæs rīces gemōtes.

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==Bregas==
{| style="text-align:center" class="wikitable"
! width=15% | Name !! width=105px | Portrait !! width=15% | Birth !! width=15% | Death !! width=25% | Marriages !! width=25% | Succession right !! width=25% | Note
|-
| '''[[Iacobus Brooke|Iacobus Brooke]]'''<br>(1841–1868)|| [[Ymele:James Brooke photo.jpg|90px|Iacobus Brooke Sarawak Brego]] || 29 Ēastermonaþ 1803, on Indean || 11 Seremonaþ 1868 on Defnum || unbeweddod || Forma Brego, his binaman gegiefen of þæm [[Brunei Cyning]] || 
|-
| '''[[Iohannes Brooke Johnson Brooke|John Brooke Johnson/Brooke, Ierfabrego of Sarawak]]'''<br>(1859–1863)|| [[Ymele:John Brooke ,Rajah Mudah of Sarawak.jpg|90px]] ||  1823, on Englum || 1 Gēolmonaþ 1868, on Englum || Anne Grant, bearn: Basil, Iohannes Evelyn Hope<br>Julia Welstead, bearn: Matilda Agnes|| His uncle James regarded him as heir from at least 1848, formally installed him as Rajah Mudah in 1859, but disinherited him for swīcdōme ||
|-
| '''[[Carl Brooke Sarawak Brego|Carl Johnson Brooke]]'''<br>(1868–1917)|| [[Ymele:Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.jpg|90px|HH Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak]] || 3 June 1829, Burnham, Sumorsǣte  || 17 May 1917, Cirneceaster, Gleawceaterscīr || Dayang Mastiah, one illegitimate son, Esca (sent to Canada and received an allowance)<br>[[Margaret Brooke|Margaret Alice Lili de Windt]], with whom he had siexe bearn þærof oferlibbedon þrēo hiera cildhād || His uncle James named Carl swa hs ierfa in 1865||
|-
| '''[[Carl Vyner Brooke|Vyner Brego (Carl Vyner Brooke)]]'''<br>(1917–1946)|| || 26 September 1874, Grenewic, Cent || 9 May 1963, Lunden || [[Sylvia Brett]], with whom he had three daughters || son of the preceding, inherited the title ||
|-
| '''[[Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke|Bertram of Sarawak (Bertram Brooke)]]'''<br>Tuan Muda of Sarawak <br>(1917–1946)||  || 8 August 1876, Kucing, Sarawak || 15 September 1965, Weybrycg, Sūþrig || [[Gladys Palmer]], with whom he had three daughters and one son || brother of the preceding ||
|-
| '''[[Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke|Anthony of Sarawak (Anthony Brooke)]]'''<br> Rajah Muda of Sarawak <br>(1939–1946)||  || 10 December 1912, England || 2 March 2011, New Zealand|| [[Kathleen Hudden]], with whom he had two daughters and one son || son of the preceding. Disinherited as Rajah Muda in 1946 by the British Government ||
|}

[[Ymele:Brooke rajahs graves at Sheepstor.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Graves of the White Rajahs at St Leonard's Church, [[Sheepstor]] on Defnum]]

James and Charles had short grammar school educations, Vyner, Bertram, and Anthony went to public schools and Cambridge University (but without taking degrees). All but Anthony died in England and are buried at [[Sheepstor#Sheepstor Church|Sheepstor parish church]], Devon. Anthony Brooke had his ashes interred at Sheepstor as well as at the Brooke Family graveyard in Kuching, as per his last wish.

The White Rajahs pursued a policy of [[paternalism]], with the goal of protecting the "native peoples" (indigenous peoples) from "capitalist exploitation". While James Brooke laid much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, his nephew Charles, the second Rajah, was the great builder. He constructed public buildings to serve welfare, such as a hospital, in addition to forts. He worked to extend the borders of the state.

Vyner Brooke instituted significant political reforms during his tenure. He ended the [[political absolutism|absolute rule]] of the Rajah in 1941, before the Japanese invasion of World War II, by granting new powers to the Council Negri (the parliament). Bertram co-ruled with his elder brother, taking turns of 6 – 8 months in charge of the country each year. By 1939 Bertram's son Anthony had taken the reins of government, and it was with a considerable controversy that Vyner attempted to cede Sarawak to Britain secretly in 1946 in what gave rise to the [[anti-cession movement of Sarawak]].

==Titles==
The Sovereign: His Highness The Rajah of Sarawak<br /> The consort of the ruling prince: Her Highness The Ranee of Sarawak<br />
The Heir Apparent: His Highness The Rajah Muda of Sarawak<br />
Wife of the Heir Apparent: Her Highness The Ranee Muda of Sarawak<br />
The Heir Presumptive: His Highness The Tuan Muda of Sarawak<br />
Wife of the Heir Presumptive: Her Highness The Dayang Muda of Sarawak<br />
Daughters of the Sovereign and his heirs: Dayang (personal name).<ref>http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/sarawak.htm</ref>

==Line of Succession==
In accordance with the Will of the first Rajah, Sir James Brooke, the line of succession to the 'sovereignty of Sarawak and all the rights and privileges whatsoever thereto belonging,' was to the heirs male lawfully begotten of the Rajah's nephew Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. Charles inherited under the Will in 1868, and confirmed the succession in his own will of 1913. On his accession in 1918, his son Vyner (later Sir Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak) swore to uphold the Will 'as forming the constitution of the state'. This unique testamentary trust became known as 'The Sarawak Sovereignty Trust'.

[[Ymele:Brooke Tree.png|thumb|The Brooke Dynasty Tree]]

==Lēodweard==
[[Ymele:Brooke Memorial Kuching.jpeg|thumb|Brooke Memorial outside the [[Kuching Old Courthouse|Old Courthouse]] at [[Kuching]] showing relief of Iban warrior]]

Þan Iacobus Brooke fang to rīce in Sarawak þæt land wæs underrīce þæs [[Brunei]] Cynedōmes and his lēodweard wæs based on the Bruneian model. Iacobus Brego reorganised the government according to be þæm Bryttiscan endebyrdnesse and rās rīces þegndōm. It recruited [[Europe]]an, chiefly [[United Kingdom|British]], þegnas to run ūtwicum in hiera læppum. The Sarawak Service was continually reformed by Rajah James and his successors.

Iacobus Brego retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy, and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. Se Brego wrohtede riht in his rīce and wæs ealdordēmere in his dōmærne in [[Kucing]]e.

The White Rajahs were determined to prevent the indigenous peoples of Sarawak from being exploited by Western business interests. They allowed the [[Borneo Company Limited]] (the Borneo Company) to assist in managing the economy. The core of the early Sarawak economy was antimony, later followed by gold, which was mined in [[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]] by Chinese syndicates who imported numerous workers from China.<ref name="Kaur">{{cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Amarjit |date=February 1995 |title=The Babbling Brookes: Economic Change in Sarawak 1841–1946 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=0026-749X |pages=65–109, 73 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012634}}</ref> After the local Chinese uprising in 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Chew |first=Daniel |year=1990 |title=Chinese Pioneers on the Sarawak Frontier 1841–1941 |location=Singapore |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-588915-0}}</ref> the mining operations were gradually taken over by the Borneo Company; it bought out the last Chinese syndicate in 1884.<ref name="Kaur"/> The Borneo Company provided military support to the White Rajahs during crises such as the Chinese uprising. One of the company steamships, the ''Sir James Brooke'', helped recapture Kuching.

Carl Brego staþolede lytel wæpned þrēat, þā [[Sarawak Rangers]], to police and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts around the country, acted as the Rajahs' personal guard, and performed ceremonial duties.

==Cession to the United Kingdom==
After the [[World War II|Second World War]], during which Sarawak and Borneo had been [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|occupied by Japanese forces]], the third rajah, Vyner Brooke, ceded his life interest in Sarawak to the [[Colonial Office]]. Unclear as to the legality of cession, the British Government simultaneously passed a Bill of Annexation. Rajah Vyner's nephew and legal heir, [[Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke|Anthony Brooke]], initially opposed annexation by the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Council Negri]].

Because of his opposition to the cession, Anthony Brooke was considered a suspect when [[Duncan Stewart (British diplomat)|Duncan Stewart]], the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by two people that were believed to be members of a group dedicated to restoring him as Rajah.<ref name="BBCStabbedGov"/> In fact, they were from a political group agitating for union with newly independent [[Indonesia]].<ref name="BBCStabbedGov"/>  He was never prosecuted. Documents released in the late 20th century indicate that the British Government knew that Brooke was not involved, but chose not to reveal the truth of the matter so not to provoke Indonesia. It had recently won its [[Indonesian National Revolution|war of independence]] from the [[Netherlands]], and the UK was already dealing with the [[Malayan Emergency]] to the north-west.<ref name="BBCStabbedGov">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17299633 |title=The stabbed governor of Sarawak |author=Mike Thomson |publisher=BBC News |website=bbc.co.uk |date=14 March 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref name="BBCStabbedGov02">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01d0rjc |title=Radio 4's investigative history - The stabbed governor of Sarawak |author=Mike Thomson |publisher=BBC News |website=bbc.co.uk |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref> Since those events, there has been no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy, although under the Will of Sir James Brooke any member of the Brooke family is eligible to be appointed heir.

The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak, and in recent times the government has accepted the importance of their legacy for its social, cultural, and touristic value.

Se Brooke cynn still maintains strong ties to Sarawak and his folce.  Þone cynn speleþ se Brooke Trust@ and by Anthony Brookes grandson [[Jason Desmond Anthony Brooke]], æt manigum rīces functions and in hiera fultum for heritage projects.

==Legacy==
[[Ymele:Fort Margherita Kuching.JPG|thumb|Fort Margherita was erected by Rajah Charles and named after his wife, the Ranee Margaret.]]
*The [[coaling station]] of [[Brooketon]] in [[Brunei]] was named after the Brooke family.
*The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's 19th-century and colonial heritage buildings. In [[Kuching]] these include the [[The Astana, Sarawak|Astana]], or governor's residence; the [[Sarawak Museum]], the [[Kuching Old Courthouse|Old Courthouse]], [[Fort Margherita]], the Square Fort, and Brooke Memorial. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original [[Sarawak Museum]]. Several key buildings from the Brooke period, such as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company, have been demolished for more recent developments.

Modern Kuching has many businesses and attractions that refer to the era of the White Rajahs:
*The James Brooke Café and the [[Royalist (schooner)|Royalist]], a [[public house|pub]] named after James Brooke's schooner, refer to the history of the Brookes.
*The Brooke Gallery which showcases belongings from the Brooke family and artifacts during their time as the White Rajah. The gallery is located in Fort Margherita. 

Sarawak has a diverse population with a large proportion of indigenous tribal peoples, such as the [[Iban people|Iban]] and other [[Dyaks]]. In addition, it received numerous Chinese and [[India]]n immigrants, whose businesses and labour were encouraged at various times by the White Rajahs.
-->

==Fāna and tācnas==
[[Ymele:Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg|right|thumb|200px|Sarawakes cynelic fana]]
Se Brooke cynecynnes wæpnas wæron gwrōhten of Iacobes Brookes agnum wæpnas. Se scild wæs gylden mid rōde in rēade and swearte. His camb wæs [[broc]], of hiera cynnnaman.

==Frūman==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite book |author=Ranee Margaret of Sarawak |title=My Life in Sarawak |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-582663-9}}
*{{cite book |author=Sylvia, Lady Brooke |year=1970 |title=Queen of the Headhunters |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Eade |first=Philip |year=2007 |title=Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak |location=London |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Reece |first=R.H.W. |year=1993 |title=The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |year=1960 |title=The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Schutte |first=O |year=1981 |chapter=M. R. H. Calmeyer, de Wind, de Windt, de Wint |title=De Nederlandsche Leeuw |location= |publisher= |page=23}}
*{{cite book |year=1996 |chapter=Quast |title=Nederlandse Genealogieen |volume=11 |location=Den Haag |publisher=Koninklijk Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde |isbn=}} (Literature regarding Broek-De Wind)

==Ūtwearda hlencas==
*[http://www.brooketrust.org brooketrust.org]
*[http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/sarawak.htm Sarawak on ‘’royalark.net’’]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17299633 bbc.co.uk]
*[http://www.rajahofsarawakfund.com The Rajah of Sarawak Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003128/http://rajahofsarawakfund.com/ |date=2020-09-24 }}

[[Flocc:Sarawak]]
[[Flocc:Malægsie bregas]]
right|thumb|200px|Iacobus Brooke Brego
Se Sarawak Brego ricsode fram 1841 on Sarawake þæm lande þæt is land on Borneo þære īege norþdæle, and hie hatton þā Hwītan Rajan forþæm þe þās Bregas wæron Bretcynn onmang Dægacum and Malægum.  Þrie bregas ricsodon hēr and hiera æþelingas ēac, of þæm Brookecynne. Hiera cynedōm endode þan Carl Brego ageaf his rīce to Georgie VI Bretta Cyning in 1946.

Se forma brego was Iacobus Brooke, se wæs in Bandel (nēah Caligardamana) in Bengal geboren. He wæs fānaþegn in þæm Bengalhere þære Ēastindea Tēoh oððæt ðe dem in 1825 sended him to Breten and in 1930 forlæt he his þegnes gewrit.  In 1838 seglode Iacobus Brooke in his agnum scipe to Borneo þær he geaf his fultum to þæm Brunei Cyninge and campede wiþ wicingum and unrǣd onmang þæm Dægacum.  For his mēde, geaf him se Cyning Sarawakburg (se is nū Kucing) and micel land ymbe þære byrig and ēac geaf Brooke se Cyning coronbeag swa 'Rajah', se is 'Brego'.  In 1841 fang Iacobus Brooke to rīce in his nīwum bregodōme.

Iacobus Brego wæs bearnlēas.  Be his irfegewrita wæs Iohannes, Iacobes sweostorsunu, his ierfa and æfetrwearde Iohannes sunu, Carl.  Carl Brego fand his cynedōm hrēorig æfter þæm Iapaniscan insettunge and ageaf eall his riht in þæm lande þæm Bryttiscan Rīce in 1946. His nefa se wæs his agen iefa wiþspræc be þissum tīþe, and mid him wæron þæt hēafodgerīm þāra stefna þæs rīces gemōtes.

Fāna and tācnas
right|thumb|200px|Sarawakes cynelic fana
Se Brooke cynecynnes wæpnas wæron gwrōhten of Iacobes Brookes agnum wæpnas. Se scild wæs gylden mid rōde in rēade and swearte. His camb wæs broc, of hiera cynnnaman.

Frūman

 (Literature regarding Broek-De Wind)

Ūtwearda hlencas
brooketrust.org
Sarawak on ‘’royalark.net’’
bbc.co.uk
The Rajah of Sarawak Fund 

Flocc:Sarawak
Flocc:Malægsie bregas