Lundenbyrig
Sēo '''Lundenbyrig''' sind þā currenta 32 [[districts of England|ġemǣnra hīrƿīsendestowa]] þe samod mid þǣre [[City of London|Cēastre Lunden]] ġecȳþað þæt administrative āre of [[Greater London|Mǣrelunden]], Englaþēod; ǣlċ is ġehīredstōl bī Lunden burh hīrƿīsan. Sēo nūwīlende Lundenbyrig wǣron ealle ġesett æt þǣm ilcan tīman swā Mǣrelunden on 1 April 1965 þurh þone [[London Government Act 1963|Lunden Rīcscipe Æðelu 1963]] (c. 33) and sind ān gecynd of ġemǣnlic rīcscipe hīrƿīsendestowa. Twelf wǣron ġeġeornode swā Innera Lundenbyrig and twentig swā [[Outer London|Uttera]] Lundenbyrig. Sēo [[City of London|Cēastre Lunden]], þæt hīstorica midleard, is ān sundorġesett hlāforddōmscir and {{Lang|la|[[sui generis]]}} ġemǣnlic rīcscipe hīrƿīsendestow þæt ġeƿyrceþ swiþe oþerlic fram Lundenbyrig. Hwæðere, þā tū scīra samod becumaþ þæt administrative āre of [[Greater London|Mǣrelunden]] swāwel swā þæt Lunden [[Regions of England|Gecynde]], eall þæt is ēac ġehīredstōl bī þǣm [[Greater London Authority|Mǣrelunden Hēafodġewald]], under þǣm [[Burgealdor Lundenes]].

Sēo Lundenbyrig hæfþ buendan betwux 150,000 and 400,000. Innera Lundenbyrig offriþ tō bēon smǣlran, on bǣm buendum and ǣre, and mā þīeclice ġebūged þonne Uttera Lundenbyrig. Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣron ġesette þurh ġeġeadorung flocca formerra ġemǣnlicra rīcscipe endemesta. Ān ġehīerednes ġeworht betwux 1987 and 1992 ġelǣdde tō ġehwilcum smǣlum andgytum on burh ġemǣru. Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum ġesylþ þā māndrihten þāra ġemǣnlicra rīcscipe þeowunga (lēornernunge, wǣstem weorc, ġesibþe þeowunga, bōcgaderunga), on ongēan þone foresprecan [[Greater London Authority|Mǣrelunden Hēafodġewald]], þē hæfþ ġemǣnedne anweald ofer eall Mǣrelunden.

Sēo hīrƿīsanum wǣre first [[1964 London local elections|elected on 1964]], and acted as shadow authorities until 1 April 1965. Ǣlċ burh is divided into [[List of electoral wards in Greater London|electoral wards]], subject to periodic review, for þe purpose of electing hīrƿīsanlors. Þēodġerȳne gecēosungas take place every four years, wiþ þe [[2022 London local elections|most recent gecēosungas]] on 2022, and þe [[2026 London local elections|next gecēosungas]] due on 2026. Sēo [[political make-up of London borough councils|political make-up of Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum]] is dominated bī þē [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] parties. Tƿentig ond eahta hīrƿīsanum follow þē [[leader and cabinet]] model of executive governance, while five have [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales|directly elected burgealdors]] ([[Croydon]], [[Directly elected mayor of Hackney|Hackney]], [[Directly elected mayor of Lewisham|Lewisham]], [[Directly elected mayor of Newham|Newham]], and [[Directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]]). Sēo City of Lunden is instead gehīredstōlum bī þe [[City of London Corporation|City of Lunden Corporation]] (and þe Innera and [[Middle Temple|Middel]] Tempels, which are not gehīredstōlum bī þē City of Lunden Corporation).

== Burhas ==
{{Main|Underbyrig of Lunden}}

{| style="width=100%;"
| {{Lundenbyrig ymelecarte}}
| <ol>
<li>[[Lundenceaster]] (nāht ān Lundenburh)</li>
<li>[[Westmynsterceaster]]</li>
<li>[[Cynelīċburh of Chenesitone and Celchȳþ|Chenesitone and Celchȳþ]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Hæmarsmyðe and Fulehām|Hæmarsmyðe and Fulehām]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Wandesorde|Ƿandesorde]]</li>

<li>[[Lundenburh of Lambeth|Lambeth]]</li>

<li>[[Lundenburh of Southwark|Southwark]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Hackney|Hackney]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Islington|Islington]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Camden|Camden]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Brent|Brent]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Ealing|Ealing]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Hounslow|Hounslow]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]]</li>
<li>[[Cynelīċburh of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Merton|Merton]]</li>
</ol>
|<ol start=18>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Sutton|Sutton]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Croydon|Croydon]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Bromley|Bromley]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Lewisham|Lewisham]]</li>
<li>[[Cynelīċburh of Greenwich|Greenwich]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Bexley|Bexley]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Havering|Havering]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Redbridge|Redbridge]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Newham|Newham]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Haringey|Haringey]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Enfield|Enfield]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Barnet|Barnet]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Harrow|Harrow]]</li>
<li>[[Lundenburh of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]]</li>
</ol>
|}

Sēore are four bīrig þæt do not have "Lunden Borough" on their official namas: þe [[city status in the United Kingdom|City]] of Westminster, and þe [[List of UK place names with royal patronage|Royal Boroughs]] of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington and Chelsea, and Greenwich.

== Ġemyndlār==
=== Wyrċan ===
From þe mid-1930s, þe Greater Lunden area comprised four types of local rīcscipe authorities. Sēore wǣre [[scirburh]]as, [[municipal borough|municipal bīrig]], [[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|urban geādlondes]] and [[Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London|metropolitan bīrig]]. Sēo large scirbyrig provided eall local rīcscipe services and held þe powers usually invested on scir hīrƿīsanum. Sēo municipal burh and urban geādlond authorities had fewer powers. Sēo situation wæs made more complex because scir hīrƿīsanum could delegate functions swelċ as elementary education and bōcgaderian provision to þe municipal burh and geādlond hīrƿīsanum, and þēos wæs implemented piecemeal. Reform of Lunden local rīcscipe sought to regularise þēos arrangement.

Sēo [[Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London|Royal Commission on Local Rīcscipe on Greater Lunden]] wæs established on 1957 and þāra report wæs published on 19 October 1960. It proposed 52 "Greater Lunden Boroughs" wiþ a buenda range of 100,000 to 250,000.<ref>{{cite book |title = The Report of The Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London |year = 1961 |last = Sharpe |first = LJ }}</ref> Þis wæs made up of a mixture of hāl existing units, mergers of two or three areas, and two bīrig formed as þē result of a split. In December 1961 þē rīcscipe proposed þæt there would be 34 bīrig rather þanne 52, and detailed þǣre boundaries. Sēo proposed number wæs further reduced to 32 on 1962.

An 1 Ēastermōnað 1965, þǣm 32 Lundenbyrig and [[Greater London|Greater Lunden]] wǣre created bī þǣm ''[[London Government Act 1963|Lunden Rīcscipe Act 1963]]''. Tƿelf bīrig on þe former Scir of Lunden area wǣre designated Innera Lundenbyrig and þǣm 20 others wǣre designated [[Outer London|Uttera]] Lundenbyrig. Uttera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum wǣre [[Local education authority|local education authorities]], but Innera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum wǣre so designated primarily to continue þǣm existence of an Innera [[Inner London Education Authority|Lunden Education Authority]], praised bī official Opposition and rīcscipe who further noted þæt unusually þē former Scir of Lunden's moniġ smæl local authorities had no history of providing education. Sēo [[City of London|City of Lunden]] continued to be geforemǣþel bī þē [[City of London Corporation|City of Lunden Corporation]], and þǣm Innera and [[Middle Temple|Middel]] Tempels continued to govern their own areas. Note þæt, local rīcscipe legislation makes special provision for þǣm City of Lunden Corporation, Innera Tempel and Middel Tempel to perform þe functions of Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum on their areas.

Elections wǣre held on [[1964 Lundenburh hīrwīsan ġecēosunga|7 Þrimilcemōnað 1964]], wiþ þǣm niwe hīrƿīsanum acting as shadow authorities before coming into þǣre powers þæt following year.

=== Former authorities ===
Þā burgscaīras wǣron gesceapen swā þus. Fela lāþlīċe lȳtle onġewyrhtinga sind ġeworhte tō þǣm gemǣru of burhas þǣm 1965, and tƿā hǣfēþ ġewended heora namas.

[[File:Greater London composite parts.PNG|600px|thumb|center|Former local authorities on þe Greater Lunden area
* [[Scirburh]]s
* [[Ġebȳrdaburhs of Lundenscir|Ġebȳrdaburhs]]<!--Metropolitan boroughs-->
* [[Ceastraburh]]s<!--Municipal boroughs-->
* [[Ġeādlondburh (Great Britain and Ireland)|Ġeādlondburhas]]<!--Urban districts-->
]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|-
! Lundenburh
! Flocc
! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | Former areas
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Campasdene|Campasdene]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Hāmstede|Hāmstede]] (11a) || [[Ceastraburh of Sanct Pancras|Sanct Pancras]] (11b) || [[Ceastraburh of Holhbrūce|Holhbrūce]] (11c) || ||
|- 
| [[Cynelīċburh of Gronewic|Groneƿic]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Gronewic|Groneƿic]] (22a) || [[Ceastraburh of Wullwīc|Ƿullƿīc]] (part) (22b) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Hacanīeġ|Hacanīeġ]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Hacanīeġ|Hacanīeġ]] (9a) || [[Ceastraburh of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]] (9b) || [[Ceastraburh of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]] (9c) || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Hæmarsmyðe and Fulehām|Hæmarsmyðe]] 
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Hammersmith|Hammersmith]] (4a) || [[Ceastraburh of Fulham|Fulham]] (4b) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Yllinges|Yllinges]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Yllinges|Yllinges]] (10a) || [[Ceastraburh of Finsbury|Finsbury]] (10b) || || ||
|-
| [[Cynelīċburh of Chenesitone and Celchȳþ|Chenesitone and Celchȳþ]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Chenesitone|Kensington]] (3a) || [[Ceastraburh of Celchȳþ|Celchȳþ]] (3b) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Lambehiþa|Lambehiþa]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Lambeth|Lambeth]] (6a) || [[Ceastraburh of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] (part) (6b) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Leofshema|Leofshema]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Leofshema|Leofshema]] (21a) || [[Ceastraburh of Deptford|Deptford]] (21b) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Suþriganaweorc|Suþriganaƿeorc]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Bermondsey|Bermondsey]] (7b) || [[Ceastraburh of Camberwell|Camberwell]] (7c) || [[Ceastraburh of Suþriganaweorc|Suþriganaƿeorc]] (7a) || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Tūrþorpes|Tūrþorpes]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Bethnal Green|Bethnal Green]] (8a) || [[Ceastraburh of Poplar|Poplar]] (8c) || [[Ceastraburh of Stepney|Stepney]] (8b) || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Wandesorde|Ƿandesorde]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Battersea|Battersea]] (5b) || [[Ceastraburh of Wandesorde|Ƿandesorðe]] (part) (5a) || || ||
|-
| [[Lundenburh of Westmynster|Ƿestmynster]]
| Innera
| [[Ceastraburh of Paddington|Paddington]] (2c) || [[Ceastraburh of Sanct Marianburna|Sanct Marianburna]] (2b) || [[Ceastraburh of Westmynster|Ƿestmynster]] (2a) || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Berchingae and Dæccanhaam|Berchingae]]
| Uterra
| [[Ceastraburh of Berchingae|Berchingae]] (part) (25a) || [[Ceastraburh of Dæccanhaam|Dæccanhaam]] (part) (25b) || || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Bærnet|Bærnet]]
| Uterra
|[[Bærnet Ġeādlondburh|Bærnet]] (31a)|| [[Eastbærnet Ġeādlondburh|Eastbærnet]] (31b) ||[[Ceastraburh of Finchley|Finchley]] (31d)||[[Ceastraburh of Hēahdūn|Hēahdūn]] (31c)|| [[Brōþorbærnet Ġeādlondburh|Brōþorbærnet]] (31e)
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Byxeleah|Byxeleah]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Byxeleah|Byxeleah]] (23b)  || [[Ceastraburh of Ærrehyðe|Ærrehyðe]] (23a) || [[Crecganford Ġeādlondburh|Crecganford]] (23c) || [[Chislehurst and Sidcup Ġeādlondburh|Chislehurst and Sidcup]] (part) (23d)  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Brant|Brant]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Wembley|Wembley]] (12a) || [[Ceastraburh of Willesden|Willesden]] (12b) || || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Bromleag|Bromleag]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Bromley|Bromley]] (20c) || [[Ceastraburh of Beckenham|Beckenham]] (20b) || [[Orpington Ġeādlondburh|Orpington]] (20e) || [[Penge Ġeādlondburh|Penge]] (20a) || [[Chislehurst and Sidcup Ġeādlondburh|Chislehurst and Sidcup]] (part) (20d)
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Crohdene|Crohdene]]
| Uterra
|[[Scirburh of Croydon|Croydon]] (19a) || [[Coulsdon and Purley Ġeādlondburh|Coulsdon and Purley]] (19b)  || || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Ealing|Ealing]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Acton|Acton]] (13b) || [[Ceastraburh of Ealing|Ealing]] (13a) || [[Ceastraburh of Southall|Southall]] (13c) ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Enfelde|Enfelde]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Edmonton|Edmonton]] (30c) || [[Ceastraburh of Enfield|Enfield]] (30a) ||[[Ceastraburh of Southgate|Southgate]] (30b)  ||   ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Hæringeshege|Hæringeshege]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Hornsey|Hornsey]] (29b) || [[Ceastraburh of Tottenham|Tottenham]] (29c) || [[Ceastraburh of Wood Green|Wood Green]] (29a) || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Hearg|Hearg]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Harrow|Harrow]] (32)  ||  || ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Haueringas|Haueringas]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Romford|Romford]] (24a) || [[Hornchurch Ġeādlondburh|Hornchurch]] (24b)  ||  ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Hillendone|Hillendone]]
| Uterra
|[[Hayes and Harlington Ġeādlondburh|Hayes and Harlington]] (33c) || [[Ruislip Northwood Ġeādlondburh|Ruislip Northwood]] (33b) || [[Ceastraburh of Uxbridge|Uxbridge]] (33a) || [[Yiewsley and West Drayton Ġeādlondburh|Yiewsley and West Drayton]] (33d)  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Brentford and Chiswick|Brentford and Chiswick]] (14c) || [[Feltham Ġeādlondburh|Feltham]] (14a) || [[Ceastraburh of Heston and Isleworth|Heston and Isleworth]] (14b)  ||  ||
|-
|[[Cynelīċburh of Cyningestūn uppan Temes|Cyningestūn uppan Temes]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] (16a) ||[[Ceastraburh of Malden and Coombe|Malden and Coombe]] (16b) ||[[Ceastraburh of Surbiton|Surbiton]] (16c) ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Merantūn|Merantūn]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Mitcham|Mitcham]] (17c) || [[Merton and Morden Ġeādlondburh|Merton and Morden]] (17b) || [[Ceastraburh of Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] (17a) ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Nīwehām|Nīƿehām]]
| Uterra
|[[Scirburh of West Ham|West Ham]] (27a) ||[[Scirburh of East Ham|East Ham]] (27b) ||[[Ceastraburh of Barking|Barking]] (part) (27c) ||[[MCeastraburh of Wullwīc|Ƿullƿīc]] (part) (27d)  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Rēadbrycġ|Rēadbrycġ]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Ilford|Ilford]] (26a) || [[Ceastraburh of Wanstead and Woodford|Wanstead and Woodford]] (26b) || [[Ceastraburh of Dagenham|Dagenham]] (part) (26c) || [[Chigwell Ġeādlondburh|Chigwell]] (part) (26d)  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Rīċemund uppan Thames|Rīċemund uppan Temes]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Barnes|Barnes]] (15a) || [[Ceastraburh of Richmond (Surrey)|Richmond]] (15b) || [[Ceastraburh of Twickenham|Twickenham]] (15c) ||  ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Sūþtūn|Sūþtūn]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Beddington|Beddington]] (18c) || [[Carshalton Ġeādlondburh|Carshalton]] (18b) || [[Ceastraburh of Sutton and Cheam|Sutton and Cheam]] (18a)  || ||
|-
|[[Lundenburh of Wealdhām|Ƿealdhām]]
| Uterra
|[[Ceastraburh of Chingford|Chingford]] (28a) || [[Ceastraburh of Leyton|Leyton]] (28c) || [[Ceastraburh of Walthamstow|Walthamstow]] (28b)  || ||
|}

===Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne===
Between 1965 and 1986 þe bīrig wǣre part of a two-tier system of rīcscipe and shared power wiþ þe [[Greater London Council|Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne]] (GLC). Sēo split of powers and functions meant þæt þe Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne wæs responsible for "wide area" services swelċ as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; wiþ þe Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum responsible for "personal" services swelċ as social care, bōcgaderianes, grafgeardes and þreaxhord. Several Lundenbyrig hīrƿīsanum and þe GLC wǣre involved on þe [[rate-capping rebellion]] of 1985. On 1 April 1986 þe GLC wæs abolished and þe burh hīrƿīsanum gained responsibility for sum services þæt had been provided bī þe Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne, swelċ as [[Waste disposal authorities in London|wæste disposal]]. Sēo Innera [[Inner London Education Authority|Lunden Education Authority]] continued to exist as an {{Lang|la|ad hoc}} authority. In 1990 hit wæs abolished and þe Innera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum also became local education authorities.

=== Name and gemǣru changes ===
Sēo [[Local Government Act 1972|Local Rīcscipe Act 1972]] provided a mechanism for se nama of a Lunden burh and its hīrƿīsan to be changed. Þis wæs used bī þe Lunden Borough of Hammersmith (changed to Hammersmith and Fulham) on 1 April 1979 and se Lunden Borough of Barking (changed to Barking and Dagenham) on 1 January 1980. Borough namas formed bī combining two locality namas had been discouraged when se bīrig wǣre created.

Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣre created bī combining hāl existing units of local rīcscipe and hit wæs realised þæt þēos might provide arbitrary boundaries on sum placum. Sēo Lunden Rīcscipe Act 1963 provided a mechanism for communities on þē edge of Greater Lunden to petition for transfer fram Lundenbyrig to a neighbouring scir geādlond.<ref>London Government Act 1963 Section 6 (4)</ref> Þis wæs used on 1969 on þē transfers of [[Knockholt]] on Bromley to Kent, and of [[Farleigh, Surrey|Farleigh]] and [[Hooley]] on Croydon to Surrey. Sēo Act also provided for transfers between Lundenbyrig and neighbouring counties where there wæs consensus for þe change between eall þe relevant local authorities. Þis provision wæs used to exchange two islands on þe [[River Thames]] between Richmond upon Thames and Surrey. (See [[List of Greater London boundary changes|List of Greater Lunden gemǣru changes]].)

Sēo [[Local Government Boundary Commission for England|Local Rīcscipe Boundary Commission for England]] wæs established bī þe Local Rīcscipe Act 1972 to review periodically þe boundaries of Greater Lunden and þe Lundenbyrig. Sēo first review of boundaries commenced on 1 April 1987 and reported on 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Local Government Boundary Commission for England, The Boundaries of Greater London and The London Borough, Report 627 |date = 1992 |url = https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/11419/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf |website = Lgbce.org.uk |access-date = 21 December 2017 |accessdate = 24 December 2024 |archivedate = 15 December 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215171752/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/11419/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf }}</ref> Following þe review a series of relatively minor adjustments wǣre made to burh boundaries, for example uniting þe hāl þāra [[Becontree]] estate on [[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]]. Sēo commission noted þæt moniġ of its recommendations wǣre strongly opposed and wǣre not implemented. Sēo gemǣru þāra City of Lunden wiþ adjacent bīrig wæs adjusted to remove sum anomalies.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1445/made |title = The City and London Borough Boundaries Order 1993 |website = Legislation.gov.uk |access-date = 22 December 2017 }}</ref>

Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣre incorporated using þe provisions þāra [[Municipal Corporations Act 1882]].<ref>{{cite web |title=London Government Act 1963 (as amended) |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=15 February 2024 |quote=The Municipal Corporations Act 1882 shall apply to every London borough}}</ref> In þe Lundenbyrig þe legal entity is not þe hīrƿīsan, as elsewhere on þe country, but þe inhabitants incorporated as a legal entity bī [[royal charter]] (a process abolished elsewhere on England and Wales under þe [[Local Government Act 1972|Local Rīcscipe Act 1972]]). Thus, a Lunden authority's official legal title is "Sēo Burgealdor and [[Burgess (title)|Burgess]]es þāra Lunden Borough of X" (or "Sēo Lord Burgealdor and Citizens þāra City of Westminster").<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Government Act 1933 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1933/51/pdfs/ukpga_19330051_en.pdf |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=15 February 2024 |quote=The municipal corporation of a borough shall [...] (a) in the case of a borough being a city, the mayor of which is entitled to bear the title of lord mayor, bear the name of the lord mayor, aldermen and citizens of the city; (b) in the case of any other borough being a city, bear the name of the mayor, aldermen and citizens of the city; and (c) in the case of any other borough, bear the name of the mayor,' aldermen and burgesses of the borough.}}</ref>

=== Greater Lunden Authority ===
In 2000 þē [[Greater London Authority|Greater Lunden Authority]] wæs created, comprising þe [[Mayor of London|Burgealdor of Lunden]] and þe [[London Assembly|Lunden Assembly]]. As a strategic authority, hit absorbed only limited powers, swelċ as major heahwegs and plannung strategy, fram þē burh hīrƿīsanum.

== Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum ==
<!-- [[London borough councils]] redirects here -->
{{Politics of London}}

Sēo Lundenbyrig are geforemǣþel bī Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum (sometimes abbreviated LBCs), which are elected every four years. Sēoy are þe principal [[local government in England|local authorities]] on Lunden and are responsible for running most local services, swelċ as schools, social services, wæste collection and roads. Some Lunden-wide services are run bī þe [[Greater London Authority|Greater Lunden Authority]], and sum services and lobbying of rīcscipe are pooled within [[London Councils|Lunden Þēodġerȳnes]]. Some hīrƿīsanum flocca together for services swelċ as [[Waste disposal authorities in London|wæste collection and disposal]]. Sēo bīrig are [[Districts of England|local rīcscipe geādlondes]] and have similar functions to [[metropolitan borough|metropolitan bīrig]]. ǣlċ burh hīrƿīsan is a [[local education authority]].

{{London local authority functions}}

=== Shared services ===
[[Shared services]] are burh hīrƿīsan services shared between two or more bīrig. Shared services wǣre previously resisted due to hīrƿīsanum guarding their authority. However, as þe need for budget cuts on þe late 2000s became apparent sum hīrƿīsanum have sought service mergers.<ref>Jane Dudman (20 October 2010) [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/oct/20/public-service-cuts-back-office Public sector cuts will not hit 'back office' hardest], ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> Westminster and Hammersmith & Fulham wǣre due to merge their education services, including school admissions and transport, bī 2011.<ref>Jaimie Kaffash (7 July 2010) [http://www.publicfinance.co.uk/news/2010/07/london-boroughs-to-share-education-services/ London boroughs to share education services], Public Finance</ref> In October 2010, [[Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council|Hammersmith & Fulham]], [[Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council|Kensington & Chelsea]] and [[Westminster City Council|Westminster]] announced [[Tri-borough shared services|plans to merge eall their services]] to create a "super-hīrƿīsan". ǣlċ would retain its own political identity, leadership and hīrƿīsanlors but staff and budgets would be combined for cost savings.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11603545 Pickles backs plan to merge Tory councils], BBC News, 22 October 2010</ref> Lambeth and Southwark likewise expressed an interest on sharing services.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/4456 |title=Lambeth and Southwark councils to merge some services under Labour plan |website=London-se1.co.uk |access-date=22 December 2017 }}</ref>

Sēo management thinker and inventor þāra [[the Vanguard Method|Vanguard Method]], Professor [[John Seddon]], claims þæt shared service projects based on ættempts to achieve [[economies of scale]] are a mix of a) þe plausibly obvious and b) a little hard data{{clarify|date=May 2015}}, brought together to produce two broad assertions, for which there is little hard factual evidence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesystemsthinkingreview.co.uk/index.php?pg=18&utwkstoryid=266 |title=Why do we believe in economy of scale? |access-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008081545/http://www.thesystemsthinkingreview.co.uk/index.php?pg=18&utwkstoryid=266 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |accessdate=24 December 2024 |archivedate=8 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008081545/http://www.thesystemsthinkingreview.co.uk/index.php?pg=18&utwkstoryid=266 }}</ref> He argues þæt shared service projects fail (and often end up costing more þanne they hoped to save) because they cause a disruption to þe service flow bī moving þe work to a central location, creating wæste on hand-offs, rework and duplication, lengthening þe time hit takes to deliver a service and consequently creating [[failure demand]] (demand caused bī a failure to do something or do something right for a customer).<ref>Systems Thinking in the Public Sector, John Seddon, Page 57.</ref> Seddon referred directly to þe so-called [[tri-borough shared services]] on an article on 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://opinion.publicfinance.co.uk/2012/07/shared-illusions/ |title = Shared illusions &#124; Public Finance Opinion |access-date = 13 July 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130421042212/http://opinion.publicfinance.co.uk/2012/07/shared-illusions/ |archive-date = 21 April 2013 |accessdate = 24 December 2024 |archivedate = 21 April 2013 |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130421042212/http://opinion.publicfinance.co.uk/2012/07/shared-illusions/ }}</ref>

== Gallery of Lunden-wide gecēosung results ==
{{Gallery
|title = Results across Greater London Boroughs at ward level.
|align = centre |width=200 |height=200
|Citywide ward results of the 2002 London local elections.svg|2002 results map
|Citywide ward results of the 2006 London local elections.svg|2006 results map
|Citywide ward results of the 2010 London local elections.svg|2010 results map
|Citywide ward results of the 2014 London local elections.svg|2014 results map
|Citywide ward results of the 2018 London local elections.svg|2018 results map
|Citywide ward results of the 2022 London local elections.svg|2022 results map
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|London}}
* [[Borough]]
* [[ISO 3166-2:GB]], subdivision codes for þe United Kingdom
* [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Political make-up of local hīrƿīsanum on þe United Kingdom]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== Furmanums ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/who-runs-london/essential-guide-london-local-government Lunden Þēodġerȳnes' page on þe Boroughs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406212109/https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/who-runs-london/essential-guide-london-local-government |date=2023-04-06 }}
* [http://citymayors.com/local-government/london-boroughs.html Directory of current Borough Leaders and Burgealdors]

{{-}}
{{London}}
{{Subdivisions of England}}
{{Borough status in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:London Borough}}
[[Category:London boroughs| ]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]
[[Category:Interested parties in planning in England]]
[[Category:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Boroughs in England|*]]
Sēo Lundenbyrig sind þā currenta 32 ġemǣnra hīrƿīsendestowa þe samod mid þǣre Cēastre Lunden ġecȳþað þæt administrative āre of Mǣrelunden, Englaþēod; ǣlċ is ġehīredstōl bī Lunden burh hīrƿīsan. Sēo nūwīlende Lundenbyrig wǣron ealle ġesett æt þǣm ilcan tīman swā Mǣrelunden on 1 April 1965 þurh þone Lunden Rīcscipe Æðelu 1963 (c. 33) and sind ān gecynd of ġemǣnlic rīcscipe hīrƿīsendestowa. Twelf wǣron ġeġeornode swā Innera Lundenbyrig and twentig swā Uttera Lundenbyrig. Sēo Cēastre Lunden, þæt hīstorica midleard, is ān sundorġesett hlāforddōmscir and  ġemǣnlic rīcscipe hīrƿīsendestow þæt ġeƿyrceþ swiþe oþerlic fram Lundenbyrig. Hwæðere, þā tū scīra samod becumaþ þæt administrative āre of Mǣrelunden swāwel swā þæt Lunden Gecynde, eall þæt is ēac ġehīredstōl bī þǣm Mǣrelunden Hēafodġewald, under þǣm Burgealdor Lundenes.

Sēo Lundenbyrig hæfþ buendan betwux 150,000 and 400,000. Innera Lundenbyrig offriþ tō bēon smǣlran, on bǣm buendum and ǣre, and mā þīeclice ġebūged þonne Uttera Lundenbyrig. Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣron ġesette þurh ġeġeadorung flocca formerra ġemǣnlicra rīcscipe endemesta. Ān ġehīerednes ġeworht betwux 1987 and 1992 ġelǣdde tō ġehwilcum smǣlum andgytum on burh ġemǣru. Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum ġesylþ þā māndrihten þāra ġemǣnlicra rīcscipe þeowunga (lēornernunge, wǣstem weorc, ġesibþe þeowunga, bōcgaderunga), on ongēan þone foresprecan Mǣrelunden Hēafodġewald, þē hæfþ ġemǣnedne anweald ofer eall Mǣrelunden.

Sēo hīrƿīsanum wǣre first elected on 1964, and acted as shadow authorities until 1 April 1965. Ǣlċ burh is divided into electoral wards, subject to periodic review, for þe purpose of electing hīrƿīsanlors. Þēodġerȳne gecēosungas take place every four years, wiþ þe most recent gecēosungas on 2022, and þe next gecēosungas due on 2026. Sēo political make-up of Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum is dominated bī þē Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat parties. Tƿentig ond eahta hīrƿīsanum follow þē leader and cabinet model of executive governance, while five have directly elected burgealdors (Croydon, Hackney, Lewisham, Newham, and Tower Hamlets). Sēo City of Lunden is instead gehīredstōlum bī þe City of Lunden Corporation (and þe Innera and Middel Tempels, which are not gehīredstōlum bī þē City of Lunden Corporation).

 Burhas 

  Lundenceaster (nāht ān Lundenburh)
Westmynsterceaster
Chenesitone and Celchȳþ
Hæmarsmyðe and Fulehām
Ƿandesorde

Lambeth

Southwark
Tower Hamlets
Hackney
Islington
Camden
Brent
Ealing
Hounslow
Richmond upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames
MertonSutton
Croydon
Bromley
Lewisham
Greenwich
Bexley
Havering
Barking and Dagenham
Redbridge
Newham
Waltham Forest
Haringey
Enfield
Barnet
Harrow
Hillingdon

Sēore are four bīrig þæt do not have "Lunden Borough" on their official namas: þe City of Westminster, and þe Royal Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington and Chelsea, and Greenwich.

 Ġemyndlār
 Wyrċan 
From þe mid-1930s, þe Greater Lunden area comprised four types of local rīcscipe authorities. Sēore wǣre scirburhas, municipal bīrig, urban geādlondes and metropolitan bīrig. Sēo large scirbyrig provided eall local rīcscipe services and held þe powers usually invested on scir hīrƿīsanum. Sēo municipal burh and urban geādlond authorities had fewer powers. Sēo situation wæs made more complex because scir hīrƿīsanum could delegate functions swelċ as elementary education and bōcgaderian provision to þe municipal burh and geādlond hīrƿīsanum, and þēos wæs implemented piecemeal. Reform of Lunden local rīcscipe sought to regularise þēos arrangement.

Sēo Royal Commission on Local Rīcscipe on Greater Lunden wæs established on 1957 and þāra report wæs published on 19 October 1960. It proposed 52 "Greater Lunden Boroughs" wiþ a buenda range of 100,000 to 250,000. Þis wæs made up of a mixture of hāl existing units, mergers of two or three areas, and two bīrig formed as þē result of a split. In December 1961 þē rīcscipe proposed þæt there would be 34 bīrig rather þanne 52, and detailed þǣre boundaries. Sēo proposed number wæs further reduced to 32 on 1962.

An 1 Ēastermōnað 1965, þǣm 32 Lundenbyrig and Greater Lunden wǣre created bī þǣm Lunden Rīcscipe Act 1963. Tƿelf bīrig on þe former Scir of Lunden area wǣre designated Innera Lundenbyrig and þǣm 20 others wǣre designated Uttera Lundenbyrig. Uttera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum wǣre local education authorities, but Innera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum wǣre so designated primarily to continue þǣm existence of an Innera Lunden Education Authority, praised bī official Opposition and rīcscipe who further noted þæt unusually þē former Scir of Lunden's moniġ smæl local authorities had no history of providing education. Sēo City of Lunden continued to be geforemǣþel bī þē City of Lunden Corporation, and þǣm Innera and Middel Tempels continued to govern their own areas. Note þæt, local rīcscipe legislation makes special provision for þǣm City of Lunden Corporation, Innera Tempel and Middel Tempel to perform þe functions of Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum on their areas.

Elections wǣre held on 7 Þrimilcemōnað 1964, wiþ þǣm niwe hīrƿīsanum acting as shadow authorities before coming into þǣre powers þæt following year.

 Former authorities 
Þā burgscaīras wǣron gesceapen swā þus. Fela lāþlīċe lȳtle onġewyrhtinga sind ġeworhte tō þǣm gemǣru of burhas þǣm 1965, and tƿā hǣfēþ ġewended heora namas.

600px|thumb|center|Former local authorities on þe Greater Lunden area
 Scirburhs
 Ġebȳrdaburhs
 Ceastraburhs
 Ġeādlondburhas

 Lundenburh Flocc Former areas Campasdene Innera Hāmstede (11a)  Sanct Pancras (11b)  Holhbrūce (11c)   Groneƿic Innera Groneƿic (22a)  Ƿullƿīc (part) (22b)    Hacanīeġ Innera Hacanīeġ (9a)  Shoreditch (9b)  Stoke Newington (9c)   Hæmarsmyðe  Innera Hammersmith (4a)  Fulham (4b)    Yllinges Innera Yllinges (10a)  Finsbury (10b)    Chenesitone and Celchȳþ Innera Kensington (3a)  Celchȳþ (3b)    Lambehiþa Innera Lambeth (6a)  Wandsworth (part) (6b)    Leofshema Innera Leofshema (21a)  Deptford (21b)    Suþriganaƿeorc Innera Bermondsey (7b)  Camberwell (7c)  Suþriganaƿeorc (7a)   Tūrþorpes Innera Bethnal Green (8a)  Poplar (8c)  Stepney (8b)   Ƿandesorde Innera Battersea (5b)  Ƿandesorðe (part) (5a)    Ƿestmynster Innera Paddington (2c)  Sanct Marianburna (2b)  Ƿestmynster (2a)  Berchingae Uterra Berchingae (part) (25a)  Dæccanhaam (part) (25b)   Bærnet UterraBærnet (31a) Eastbærnet (31b) Finchley (31d)Hēahdūn (31c) Brōþorbærnet (31e)Byxeleah UterraByxeleah (23b)   Ærrehyðe (23a)  Crecganford (23c)  Chislehurst and Sidcup (part) (23d)  Brant UterraWembley (12a)  Willesden (12b)   Bromleag UterraBromley (20c)  Beckenham (20b)  Orpington (20e)  Penge (20a)  Chislehurst and Sidcup (part) (20d)Crohdene UterraCroydon (19a)  Coulsdon and Purley (19b)    Ealing UterraActon (13b)  Ealing (13a)  Southall (13c)   Enfelde UterraEdmonton (30c)  Enfield (30a) Southgate (30b)     Hæringeshege UterraHornsey (29b)  Tottenham (29c)  Wood Green (29a)  Hearg UterraHarrow (32)       Haueringas UterraRomford (24a)  Hornchurch (24b)      Hillendone UterraHayes and Harlington (33c)  Ruislip Northwood (33b)  Uxbridge (33a)  Yiewsley and West Drayton (33d)  Hounslow UterraBrentford and Chiswick (14c)  Feltham (14a)  Heston and Isleworth (14b)    Cyningestūn uppan Temes UterraKingston upon Thames (16a) Malden and Coombe (16b) Surbiton (16c)   Merantūn UterraMitcham (17c)  Merton and Morden (17b)  Wimbledon (17a)   Nīƿehām UterraWest Ham (27a) East Ham (27b) Barking (part) (27c) Ƿullƿīc (part) (27d)  Rēadbrycġ UterraIlford (26a)  Wanstead and Woodford (26b)  Dagenham (part) (26c)  Chigwell (part) (26d)  Rīċemund uppan Temes UterraBarnes (15a)  Richmond (15b)  Twickenham (15c)   Sūþtūn UterraBeddington (18c)  Carshalton (18b)  Sutton and Cheam (18a)   Ƿealdhām UterraChingford (28a)  Leyton (28c)  Walthamstow (28b)   

Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne
Between 1965 and 1986 þe bīrig wǣre part of a two-tier system of rīcscipe and shared power wiþ þe Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne (GLC). Sēo split of powers and functions meant þæt þe Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne wæs responsible for "wide area" services swelċ as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; wiþ þe Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum responsible for "personal" services swelċ as social care, bōcgaderianes, grafgeardes and þreaxhord. Several Lundenbyrig hīrƿīsanum and þe GLC wǣre involved on þe rate-capping rebellion of 1985. On 1 April 1986 þe GLC wæs abolished and þe burh hīrƿīsanum gained responsibility for sum services þæt had been provided bī þe Greater Lunden Þēodġerȳne, swelċ as wæste disposal. Sēo Innera Lunden Education Authority continued to exist as an  authority. In 1990 hit wæs abolished and þe Innera Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum also became local education authorities.

 Name and gemǣru changes 
Sēo Local Rīcscipe Act 1972 provided a mechanism for se nama of a Lunden burh and its hīrƿīsan to be changed. Þis wæs used bī þe Lunden Borough of Hammersmith (changed to Hammersmith and Fulham) on 1 April 1979 and se Lunden Borough of Barking (changed to Barking and Dagenham) on 1 January 1980. Borough namas formed bī combining two locality namas had been discouraged when se bīrig wǣre created.

Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣre created bī combining hāl existing units of local rīcscipe and hit wæs realised þæt þēos might provide arbitrary boundaries on sum placum. Sēo Lunden Rīcscipe Act 1963 provided a mechanism for communities on þē edge of Greater Lunden to petition for transfer fram Lundenbyrig to a neighbouring scir geādlond.London Government Act 1963 Section 6 (4) Þis wæs used on 1969 on þē transfers of Knockholt on Bromley to Kent, and of Farleigh and Hooley on Croydon to Surrey. Sēo Act also provided for transfers between Lundenbyrig and neighbouring counties where there wæs consensus for þe change between eall þe relevant local authorities. Þis provision wæs used to exchange two islands on þe River Thames between Richmond upon Thames and Surrey. (See List of Greater Lunden gemǣru changes.)

Sēo Local Rīcscipe Boundary Commission for England wæs established bī þe Local Rīcscipe Act 1972 to review periodically þe boundaries of Greater Lunden and þe Lundenbyrig. Sēo first review of boundaries commenced on 1 April 1987 and reported on 1992. Following þe review a series of relatively minor adjustments wǣre made to burh boundaries, for example uniting þe hāl þāra Becontree estate on Barking and Dagenham. Sēo commission noted þæt moniġ of its recommendations wǣre strongly opposed and wǣre not implemented. Sēo gemǣru þāra City of Lunden wiþ adjacent bīrig wæs adjusted to remove sum anomalies.

Sēo Lundenbyrig wǣre incorporated using þe provisions þāra Municipal Corporations Act 1882. In þe Lundenbyrig þe legal entity is not þe hīrƿīsan, as elsewhere on þe country, but þe inhabitants incorporated as a legal entity bī royal charter (a process abolished elsewhere on England and Wales under þe Local Rīcscipe Act 1972). Thus, a Lunden authority's official legal title is "Sēo Burgealdor and Burgesses þāra Lunden Borough of X" (or "Sēo Lord Burgealdor and Citizens þāra City of Westminster").

 Greater Lunden Authority 
In 2000 þē Greater Lunden Authority wæs created, comprising þe Burgealdor of Lunden and þe Lunden Assembly. As a strategic authority, hit absorbed only limited powers, swelċ as major heahwegs and plannung strategy, fram þē burh hīrƿīsanum.

 Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum 

Sēo Lundenbyrig are geforemǣþel bī Lunden burh hīrƿīsanum (sometimes abbreviated LBCs), which are elected every four years. Sēoy are þe principal local authorities on Lunden and are responsible for running most local services, swelċ as schools, social services, wæste collection and roads. Some Lunden-wide services are run bī þe Greater Lunden Authority, and sum services and lobbying of rīcscipe are pooled within Lunden Þēodġerȳnes. Some hīrƿīsanum flocca together for services swelċ as wæste collection and disposal. Sēo bīrig are local rīcscipe geādlondes and have similar functions to metropolitan bīrig. ǣlċ burh hīrƿīsan is a local education authority.

 Shared services 
Shared services are burh hīrƿīsan services shared between two or more bīrig. Shared services wǣre previously resisted due to hīrƿīsanum guarding their authority. However, as þe need for budget cuts on þe late 2000s became apparent sum hīrƿīsanum have sought service mergers.Jane Dudman (20 October 2010) Public sector cuts will not hit 'back office' hardest, The Guardian Westminster and Hammersmith & Fulham wǣre due to merge their education services, including school admissions and transport, bī 2011.Jaimie Kaffash (7 July 2010) London boroughs to share education services, Public Finance In October 2010, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster announced plans to merge eall their services to create a "super-hīrƿīsan". ǣlċ would retain its own political identity, leadership and hīrƿīsanlors but staff and budgets would be combined for cost savings.Pickles backs plan to merge Tory councils, BBC News, 22 October 2010 Lambeth and Southwark likewise expressed an interest on sharing services.

Sēo management thinker and inventor þāra Vanguard Method, Professor John Seddon, claims þæt shared service projects based on ættempts to achieve economies of scale are a mix of a) þe plausibly obvious and b) a little hard data, brought together to produce two broad assertions, for which there is little hard factual evidence. He argues þæt shared service projects fail (and often end up costing more þanne they hoped to save) because they cause a disruption to þe service flow bī moving þe work to a central location, creating wæste on hand-offs, rework and duplication, lengthening þe time hit takes to deliver a service and consequently creating failure demand (demand caused bī a failure to do something or do something right for a customer).Systems Thinking in the Public Sector, John Seddon, Page 57. Seddon referred directly to þe so-called tri-borough shared services on an article on 2012.

 Gallery of Lunden-wide gecēosung results 

 See also 

 Borough
 ISO 3166-2:GB, subdivision codes for þe United Kingdom
 Political make-up of local hīrƿīsanum on þe United Kingdom

 Notes 

 Furmanums 

 External links 
 Lunden Þēodġerȳnes' page on þe Boroughs 
 Directory of current Borough Leaders and Burgealdors

 
Category:Local government in London
Category:Interested parties in planning in England
Category:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
*