Nelson Mandela
[[Biliþ:Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mandela (sƿīðre) on þǣm 1993. gēare]] 
'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''', ([[18 Mǣdmōnaþ]], [[1918]] – [[5 Gēolmōnaþ]], [[2013]]) ƿæs gēara [[Foresittend Sūþafrican]], ƿæs hēah gēanbyrdend ƿiþ [[apartheid]], and ēac ƿǣs [[saboteur]] and [[guerrilla]] lāttēoƿ ƿiþ apartheid. Todæg man him besēoþ -lȳtesne eallīce sƿā [[frēodōmfeohtend]]. Æfter his cildhāda in þǣm [[Thembu]] rīce, hē nōm folgoþ in [[laga]]n.
   
Se nama '''Madiba''' is ārtītul for ieldran in Mandelan mǣgþe, þēah man in [[Sūþafrica]]n brūcþ þisne naman for Nelson Mandela ānum.
   
== Early life ==
Nelson Mandela is in Mvezo in þǣm [[Transkei]] on 18 Mǣdmōnaþ 1918 geboren. Hē hrerode tō Qunu and hēr ƿunode oþ hē ƿæs nigon gēaru. His fæder ƿæs [[Hendry Mphakanyiswa Gadla]], hēafodmann [[Mvezo]]n, smæl tūn on stæþ þǣm [[Mbashe strēam]]. Se sēofongēare Rolihlahla Mandela ƿierþ ǣrest his cynn gān tō scole, hƿær him geaf [[Methodist]] lærere þone Engliscan name "Nelson". His fæder sƿealt hƿonne hē ƿæs tīengēare, and Nelson man āsende tō Ƿesleyan mission scole next door to the palace of the Regent. Tō folgienne [[Xhosa]] custom ƿæs hē [[initiation|initiated]] at age 16, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute, learning about Western culture. Hē geendode his Junior Certificate æfter tƿǣm gēarum on stale þrēora. 

<!-- To be translated
   At age 19, in [[1934]], Mandela moved to the Wesleyan College in Fort Beaufort, which most Thembu royalty attended, and took an interest in boxing and running. After matriculating, he began a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at the [[Fort Hare University]], where he met [[Oliver Tambo]], who became a lifelong friend and colleague.   
   
At the end of his first year he became involved in a boycott of the Students' Representative Council against the university policies, and was asked to leave Fort Hare. He left for [[Johannesburg]], where he completed his degree at the [[University of South Africa]] (UNISA) via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at [[The University of Witwatersrand]].

== Political activity ==   
   
Swā geong leornere, Mandela became involved in political opposition to the white minority government's denial of political, social and economic rights to South Africa's black majority. Joining the [[African National Congress]] in [[1942]], he founded its more dynamic Youth League two years later together with [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Oliver Tambo]] and others.   
		 
After the [[1948]] election victory of the [[Afrikaner]]-dominated [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] with its [[apartheid]] policy of [[racial segregation]], Mandela was prominent in the ANC's [[1952]] [[Defiance Campaign]] and the [[1955]] [[Congress of the People]], whose adoption of the [[Freedom Charter]] provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause.	
During this time Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of [[Mandela and Tambo]], providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would have been otherwise entirely without legal representation.	 
		 
Initially committed to non-violent mass struggle he and 150 others were arrested on [[5 December]] [[1956]] and charged with treason. The marathon Treason Trial of [[1956]]-[[1961]] followed, and all were acquitted. Mandela and his colleagues accepted the case for armed action after the [[Sharpeville Massacre|shooting of unarmed protesters at Sharpeville]] in March [[1960]] and the subsequent banning of the ANC and other anti-apartheid groups.

== Arrest and imprisonment ==	 
		 
In [[1961]] he became the commander of the ANC's armed wing ''[[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]'' ("Spear of the Nation", or MK), which he co-founded. He coordinated a [[sabotage]] campaign against [[military]], [[government]] and [[civilian]] targets and made plans for possible [[guerrilla war]] if [[sabotage]] failed to end [[apartheid]]. He also fundraised for [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|MK]] abroad, and arranged for [[paramilitary]] training, visiting various [[Africa|African]] governments.

On [[August 5]], [[1962]] he was arrested after the [[CIA]] tipped off the police, after living on the run for seventeen months and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. Three days later the charges of leading workers to strike in [[1961]] and leaving the county illegally were read to him during a court appearance.  On [[October 25]], [[1962]], Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison.  Two years later on [[June 11]], [[1964]] a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the [[African National Congress]].

While Mandela was in prison, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on [[11 July]] [[1963]] at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia. Mandela was brought in, and at the [[Rivonia Trial]], Mandela, [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Andrew Mlangeni]], [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Elias Motsoaled]], [[Walter Mkwayi]] (escaped during trial), [[Arthur Goldreich]] (escaped from prison before trial), [[Dennis Goldberg]] and [[Lionel Bernstein|Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein]] were charged with sabotage and crimes equivalent to treason (but which were easier for the government to prove). [[Joel Joffe]], [[Arthur Chaskalson]] and [[George Bizos]] were part of the defence team that represented the accused. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment on [[12 June]], [[1964]]. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular [[sabotage]] (which Mandela admits to) and a [[conspiracy]] to help other countries invade South Africa (which Mandela denies). Over the course of the next twenty-six years, Mandela became increasingly associated with opposition to apartheid to the point where the slogan "Free Nelson Mandela" became the rallying cry for all anti-apartheid campaigners around the world.	 
		 
While in prison, Mandela was able to send a statement to the ANC who in turn published it on [[10 June]], [[1980]] which said in part:	 
		 
<blockquote>'Unite! Mobilise! Fight on! Between the anvil of united mass action and the hammer of the armed struggle we shall crush apartheid!'[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-90/anvil.html</blockquote>	 
		 
Refusing an offer of conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle (February [[1985]]), Mandela remained in prison until February [[1990]], when sustained ANC campaigning and international pressure led to his release on [[11 February]], on the orders of state president [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] and the ending of the ban on the ANC. He and de Klerk shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in [[1993]]. Mandela had already been awarded the [[Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought]] in [[1988]].

== ANC presidency and presidency of South Africa ==	 
		 
As president of the ANC (July [[1991]] - December [[1997]]) he ran a largely ceremonial and uncompetitive campaign against de Klerk for the new office of [[President of South Africa]]. Mandela won, becoming the nation's first black [[Head of State]]. De Klerk was appointed [[deputy president]]. 	 
		 
As president, (May [[1994]] - June [[1999]]), Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. Some radicals were disappointed with the social achievements of his term of office, however, particularly the government's ineffectiveness in stemming the [[AIDS]] crisis.	 
		 
Indeed Mandela himself admitted after he [[retirement|retired]] that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] epidemic. This was especially tragic in view of the fact that the reason he was there was to improve the lives of the majority of black South Africans, and yet he may be partially responsible for millions of their deaths.	 
		 
Mandela was also criticized for his close friendship with leaders such as [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Moammar Al Qadhafi]], whom he called his "comrades in arms." His decision to [[South African Invasion of Lesotho (1998)|commit]] South African troops to defeat the 1998 coup in [[Lesotho]] also remains a topic of some controversy. 	 
		 
Mandela has been married three times. His first marriage to Evelyn Ntoko Mase ended in divorce in [[1957]] after 13 years, and his 38-year marriage to [[Winnie Mandela|Winnie Madikizela]] in separation (April [[1992]]) and divorce (March [[1996]]) fuelled by political estrangement. On his 80th birthday he married [[Graça Machel]], widow of [[Samora Machel]], the former Mozambican president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 15 years earlier.

==Retirement==	 
		 
[[Image:AlGoreVPMandla.jpg|right|thumb|200px|United States Vice President Al Gore meets with Mandela.]]	 
     
After his retirement as President in [[1999]], Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organizations. He received many foreign honours, including the [[Order of St. John]] from [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] from [[George W. Bush]]. 	 
		 
He is one of the only two persons of non-Indian origin ([[Mother Teresa]] being the other) to be awarded the ''[[Bharat Ratna]]'', India's highest civilian award, in [[1990]].	 
		 
As an example of his popular acclaim, in his tour of [[Canada]] in [[1998]], he included a speaking engagement in the [[Skydome]] in the city of [[Toronto]] where he spoke to 45,000 school children who greeted him with intense adulation. In [[2001]], he was the first foreigner to be made an honourary Canadian citizen as well as being one of the few foreign leaders to receive the [[Order of Canada]].	 
		 
In [[2003]], Mandela made some controversial speeches, attacking the foreign policy of the [[George W. Bush]] administration, going so far as calling Bush a [[racist]] for not following the [[UN]] and its secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]] (who is [[African]]) on the issue of the [[War in Iraq]]. "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man? They never did that when secretary-generals were white," Mandela said.[http://kdka.com/topstories/topstories_story_031073341.html]	 

Later that same year, he lent his support to the [[46664]] AIDS fundraising campaign, named after his prison number.	 
		 
In [[June 2004]] at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health has been declining in recent years and he wants to enjoy time with his family as long as his health allows it. He has made an exception, however, for his commitment to the fight against [[AIDS]]. In [[July 2004]] he flew to [[Bangkok]] to speak at the [[XV International AIDS Conference, 2004|XV International AIDS Conference]]. His eldest son, [[Makgatho Mandela]], died of AIDS on [[January 6]] [[2005]] [http://wireservice.wired.com/wired/story.asp?section=Breaking&storyId=971337&tw=wn_wire_story]
-->	
		 
On [[23 July]], [[2004]] se stede [[Iohannesburg]]es gelācode his hīehstan āre on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando]], [[Soweto]].

== Orders and decorations ==

* [[Order of Merit|OM]]
* [[Lenin Peace Prize]]

== Rǣd ēac ==	 
* [[Anthony Sampson]]; <cite>Mandela: the authorized biography</cite>; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999) 
* Nelson Mandela; <cite>Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela</cite>; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)

==Sēo ēac==	 
* [[Getalu of awards bestowed on Nelson Mandela]]	 
* [[Getalu Africaniscra wrītera|Getalu Africaniscra ƿrītera]]	 
* [[Getalu Sūþafricena]] - Nelson Mandela voted number one in Top 100 South Africans	 
		 
==  Ūtanƿearde bendas  ==

* [http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html ANC profile of Mandela]	 
* [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422130012/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html |date=2009-04-22 }} 	 
		 
<table width = 75% border = 2 align="center"><tr><td width = 35% align="center">	 
Preceded by:<br />'''[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]'''<br /> ''([[State Foresittend Sūþafrican]])''</td>	 
<td width = 30% align="center">'''1st [[Foresittend Sūþafrican]]'''</td>	 
<td width = 35% align="center">	 
Succeeded by:<br />'''[[Thabo Mbeki]]'''<br /> </td></tr></table>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}}

{{cleanup}}
[[Flocc:Lēode]]
[[Flocc:Geboren in 1918]]
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (18 Mǣdmōnaþ, 1918 – 5 Gēolmōnaþ, 2013) ƿæs gēara Foresittend Sūþafrican, ƿæs hēah gēanbyrdend ƿiþ apartheid, and ēac ƿǣs saboteur and guerrilla lāttēoƿ ƿiþ apartheid. Todæg man him besēoþ -lȳtesne eallīce sƿā frēodōmfeohtend. Æfter his cildhāda in þǣm Thembu rīce, hē nōm folgoþ in lagan.
   
Se nama Madiba is ārtītul for ieldran in Mandelan mǣgþe, þēah man in Sūþafrican brūcþ þisne naman for Nelson Mandela ānum.
   
 Early life 
Nelson Mandela is in Mvezo in þǣm Transkei on 18 Mǣdmōnaþ 1918 geboren. Hē hrerode tō Qunu and hēr ƿunode oþ hē ƿæs nigon gēaru. His fæder ƿæs Hendry Mphakanyiswa Gadla, hēafodmann Mvezon, smæl tūn on stæþ þǣm Mbashe strēam. Se sēofongēare Rolihlahla Mandela ƿierþ ǣrest his cynn gān tō scole, hƿær him geaf Methodist lærere þone Engliscan name "Nelson". His fæder sƿealt hƿonne hē ƿæs tīengēare, and Nelson man āsende tō Ƿesleyan mission scole next door to the palace of the Regent. Tō folgienne Xhosa custom ƿæs hē initiated at age 16, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute, learning about Western culture. Hē geendode his Junior Certificate æfter tƿǣm gēarum on stale þrēora. 

	
		 
On 23 July, 2004 se stede Iohannesburges gelācode his hīehstan āre on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in Orlando, Soweto.

 Orders and decorations 

 OM
 Lenin Peace Prize

 Rǣd ēac 	 
 Anthony Sampson; Mandela: the authorized biography; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999) 
 Nelson Mandela; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)

Sēo ēac	 
 Getalu of awards bestowed on Nelson Mandela	 
 Getalu Africaniscra ƿrītera	 
 Getalu Sūþafricena - Nelson Mandela voted number one in Top 100 South Africans	 
		 
  Ūtanƿearde bendas  

 ANC profile of Mandela	 
 Time 100 profile  	 
		 
	 
Preceded by:Frederik Willem de Klerk (State Foresittend Sūþafrican)	 
1st Foresittend Sūþafrican	 
	 
Succeeded by:Thabo Mbeki 

Flocc:Lēode
Flocc:Geboren in 1918