Herelic munucregol
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'''Herelic munucregol''' is Cristen [[cnihthād]] gestaðoled for fare wiþ hæðenum oþþe oðrum fēondum. Þā ǣrrestan herelican munucregolas fuhton in þǣm [[Hālige Land|Hāligan Lande]], in [[Spēonland]]e, and in þāra Ostsǣrīmlandum. <!--Manige wearþ [[secularization|secularized]] later.

==History==
Roman Catholic '''military [[Religious order|orders]]''' appeared following þæt [[First Fare]]. The foundation of the [[Cnihtas þæm Temple|Cnihta þæm Temple]] in 1118 provided the first in a series of tightly organized military forces which protected the Christian colonies in the [[Outremer]], as well as fighting non-Christians in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Eastern Europe]].

The principal feature of the military order is the combination of military and [[Consecrated life|religious]] ways of life. Some of them, like the [[Knights of St John]] and the [[Knights of St Thomas]], also cared for the sick and poor. However, they were not purely male institutions, as [[nun]]s could attach themselves as [[convent]]s of the orders. One significant feature of the military orders is that clerical brothers could be, and indeed often were, subordinate to non-ordained brethren.

*[[Joseph von Hammer]] in 1818 compared the Roman Catholic military orders, in particular the Templars, with certain Islamic models such as the [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] sect of [[Hashshashin|Assassins]]. In 1820 [[José Antonio Conde]] has suggested they were modelled on the [[ribat]], a fortified religious institution which brought together a religious way of life with fighting the enemies of Islam. However popular such views may have become, others have criticised this view suggesting there were no such ribats around [[Palestine]] until after the military orders had been founded. Yet the innovation of fighting [[Monk|monks]] was something new to the church.

*The role and function of the military orders has sometimes been obscured by the concentration on their military exploits in [[Syria]], [[Palestine]], [[Prussia (Baltic)|Prussia]], and [[Livonia]]. In fact they had extensive holdings and staff throughout [[Western Europe]]. The majority were laymen. They provided a conduit for cultural and technical innovation, for example the introduction of [[fulling]] into [[England]] by the Knights of St John, or the banking facilities of the Templars.

Because of the necessity to have a standing army, the military orders were created, being adopted as the fourth [[monasticism|monastic]] [[Religious vows|vow]].

==List of military orders==

===Orders founded in [[Outremer]]===
* [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of the Hospital of St. John]] or The Hospitallers - Founded c.1070. Papal Order 1113 
* [[Knights Templar| Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon]] or Knights Templar - Founded c.1118. Papal Order 1128 - the first purely military order.
* [[Order of Saint Lazarus|Knights of St Lazarus]] - Founded early 12th Century. Militarised c.1123. Most likely an offshoot of the Hospitallars.
* [[Order of Montjoie]] - Founded c.1180.
* [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights of the Hospital of St Mary of Jerusalem]] or The Teutonic Knights - Founded 1190. Papal Order 1198.
* [[Knights of St Thomas|Hospitallers of St Thomas of Canterbury at Acre]] or Knights of St Thomas Acon - Founded 1191. Militarised c.1217.

===Orders founded within Europe===
====Iberia====
* [[Order of Encina]]&mdash;founded 870-882.
* [[Order of Terraza]]&mdash;founded 1040.
* [[Order of Calatrava]]&mdash;founded 1158.
* [[Order of Santiago]]&mdash;founded 1170.
* [[Order of Alcántara]]&mdash;founded 1177.
* [[Order of Aviz]]&mdash;Portuguese. Founded 1176.
* [[Order of Monfragüe]]&mdash;founded 1196.
* [[Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama]]&mdash;Order of St. George of Alfama was amalgamated with the Aragonese [[Order of Montesa]]&mdash;founded 1201.
* [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy]]&mdash;founded 1261.
* [[Order of Santa Maria de España]]&mdash;a Spanish seafaring military order. Founded 1275.
* [[Order of Montesa]] - first members comes from [[Order of Calatrava]]; [[Knights Templar]]'s assets in [[Kingdom of Valencia]]. Founded 1317  
* [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] (''Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ'') - Portuguese. Founded in 1318 from the assets of the [[Knights Templar]] in that country; first Grand master from [[Order of Aviz]]

====Prussia====
* [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]]&mdash;founded in 1202. In 1237 it joined the [[Teutonic Order]] and thereafter became known as the [[Livonian Order]]
* [[Order of Dobrzyń]]&mdash;order absorbed by the Teutonic Order in 1228. Founded 1216.

====Occitania====
* [[Militia of the Faith of Jesus Christ]]&mdash;founded 1221 in [[Languedoc]].
* [[Order of the Faith and Peace]]&mdash;founded 1231 in [[Gascony]].

====Italy====
* [[Militia of Jesus Christ]]&mdash;founded 1233 in [[Lombardy]].
* [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]&mdash;founded 1261 in [[Lombardy]].

===Later orders (14th&ndash;16th centuries)===
* [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] - a military confraternity, rather than an order. Founded 1342  
* [[Order of the Dragon]] (''Ordo Draconis'') Founded 1408  
* [[Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem]] Founded 1459  
* [[Knights of St. George]] - Austria. Founded 1464  
* [[Knights of St. Stephen|Order of St. Stephen]] - a Tuscan seafaring military order intended to augment the Knights of St John. Founded 1561  
* [[Order of the Holy Spirit]] -France. Founded 1578

==Other use==
It is possible for a non-crusading order to be founded explicitly as a military order.
This is the case of the ''Orden Militar de la Constancia'' ('the Military Order of Loyalty'), founded by the authorities in the Spanish protectorate zone of [[Morocco]] on 18 August 1946. Awarded to military officers and men, Moroccan and Spanish, in a single class. Obsolete 1956.
It was in the military orders, where the perfect fusion of the religious and the military spirit was realized, that chivalry reached its apogee. It was during this apogee when the secular brotherhood was created.

The Dutch [[Military Order of William]] and the Austrian Military [[Order of Maria-Theresia]] are not military orders although they use that name. They are orders of merit, not societies of knights or warrior-monks like the original military orders.

There are some [[self-styled orders]], that claim to be military orders.

==References==

*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10304d.htm "Military Orders" in Catholic Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Morocco/morocco15.htm RoyalArk- here Morocco]
*Forey, Alan John, ''The military orders: from the twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries'', Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1992.
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[[Flocc:Herelican munucregolas]]
Herelic munucregol is Cristen cnihthād gestaðoled for fare wiþ hæðenum oþþe oðrum fēondum. Þā ǣrrestan herelican munucregolas fuhton in þǣm Hāligan Lande, in Spēonlande, and in þāra Ostsǣrīmlandum. 
Flocc:Herelican munucregolas