Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandwic Īegland
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[[Ymele:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands location detail.svg|right|thumb|200px|Suþgeorgie and þara Sūþsandwicieglanda stede]]
'''Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland''' sindon [[Bryttisc landbūnes|Bryttisc ofersǣ landscipe]] in þæm sūðernum Garsecge. Hie sindon feorr and unƿæstmbǣre flocc of īegena, hƿǣrin sindon '''Sūþgeorgia''' and ƿrǣsen of lǣssa īega,  þā '''Sūþsandƿic Īegland'''.  Mǣst þāra īegena, þā astigað steāpe of brime, sind dynige. On dūne sindon þās īega mid īse and snaƿe āƿā beƿrægode.

Sūþgeorgia is 104 mīla lang and 23 mīla brād and is þæs landscipes mǣste īeg.

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland licað ymbe 323 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie. Eall þære landscipes land is 1,507 feoƿerscite-mīla.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html CIAs ‘’World Factbook’’ 2002]</ref>

Þās īege nabbaþ ne landfolc and hiera begengan sind sē Bryttisc Leodƿeard Gerēfa, Underærendþegnung Gerēfa, ūþƿitan, and folgeras þæs [[Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge|Bryttisca Antarctisca Geondsceaƿung]] þā gehealdaþ ūþƿitena ƿicu æt [[Fugolīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Fugolīege]] and æt [[Ēadweard Cyning Næss|Ēadƿeard Cyning Næss]] (þæm hēafodstōl), and ēac [[boldæfþēcræften]] bigengeras æt nēam [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]].

Þæt [[Geānede Cynerīce]] onsprǣc rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1775 and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande in 1908. Sē landscipe "Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland" gestaþolde man in 1985.  Ǣr ƿæron þās īege dǣlas þāra [[Folcland Īegland]] Gerēflanda.

[[Argentina]]þēod macode crafinge ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1927, and ofer þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum in 1938.  Hie getimbrodon scipheresƿic on [[Thila-īeg]]e in þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande of 1976 oð 1982 þær sē [[Cynelica Sciphere]] flīemede hit. Argentinisc dǣdas on Sūþgeorgie begann þā [[Folcland Gewinn|Folcland Geƿinn]]e in 1982, hƿǣrin Argentinisc þrēat scorte ofersæt þæt Īegland. Oððæt ðe Argentina ƿæs in þæm ƿige sigeleas, noþylǣs giet onspricð hē rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum.

== Sūþgeorgia ==
[[Biliþ:Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Middel Sūþgeorgia: [[Cumbraland Byht]]; [[Geþacasteort]] mid [[Ēadweard Cyning Cofa|Ēadƿeard Cyning Cofa]]n ([[Grytviken]]); [[Allardycebeorgas]] mid [[Pagetbeorg]]e topp (NASA biliþ).]]

Sūþgeorgia līþ æt {{Coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|display=inline,title}} and hiere stōƿ is 1,450 mīla<Sup>2</Sup>. Hēo is dynig and unƿæstmbǣre. Endleofon muntas standað to ofer 6,500 fōtum hēah, hiera beorhliþ gegrufen mid dēopum īsēa, hƿǣrof is [[Fortuna Īsflōd]] sēo mǣste. Hiere hēasta topp is [[Pagetbeorg]] in þæm [[Allardycebeorgas|Allardycebeorgflocce]] æt 9,626 fōtum.

Hƿælhuntena ƿicu ƿeorcodon under bōcum gegiefen be þæm Ealdormenn þæm [[Folcland Īegland]]um. Seofon ƿicu ƿæron on þæm īege, ealle in hæfnum on þæm norðrīman:

* [[Anlafes Æþelinges Hæfen]] (1911–1931)
* [[Leþ Hæfen]] (1909–1965)
* [[Stromnæss, Sūþgeorgia|Stromnæss]] (1907–1931, scipbōtgeard oð 1960/1961)
* [[Husvik]] (1907 on scipe, landfæst ƿic 1910–1960, ne ƿeocode 1930–1945)
* [[Grytviken]] (1904–1964)
* [[Godthul]] (1908–1929, nīƿung landfæstes ƿices, mægenƿeorc on scipe)
* [[Garsecg Hæfen, Sūþgeorgia|Garsecg Hæfen]] (1909–1920)

Þær endede hƿælhuntoþ þās ƿicu forlāt man. Būton fēa gebeogode boldas, to bysene þæt boldæfþēcræften and sēo cirice æt Grytvikne, eall is nū hrēorige.

=== Lǣssa Īega ===
Lǣssa īega be Sūþgeorgieīege sind:
[[Biliþ:1989 Grytvikken hg.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Grytviken]].]]

* [[Annenkovīeg]]
* [[Fugolīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Fugolīeg]]
* [[Cooperīeg]]
* [[Gærsīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Gærsīeg]]
* [[Pickersgillīega]]
* [[Wilcumanīega|Ƿilcumanīega]]
* [[Willisīega|Ƿillisīega]]
* [[Þrīnesīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Þrīnesīeg]]

Ēac sind þās lytlan clūdas mid Sūþgeorgie flocce:

* [[Scræf Clūdas, Sūþgeorgia|Scræf Clūdas]] 119 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege
* [[Blæc Clūd, Sūþgeorgia|Blæc Clūd]] 105 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege and 10 mīla be sūþēastan Scræf Clūdum
* [[Clerke Clūdas]] 35 mīla be ēast-sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie þære īege.

==  Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland  ==
[[Biliþ:Montagu Island Satellite Photograph.jpg|thumb|right| Montaguīeg on NASA biliþe]] 

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sind 11 īega (būton lytla ūtƿearda īega and clūdas), hƿǣrof mæst sind dūnas þe mid fyre aspringaþ. Be norþƿestan Zavodovski-Īege is Geborga Sceald, undersǣ berstendu beorg. Hie sind boga sē arecceþ of norþan to sūþan betƿuh 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, ymbe 350 mīla to 500 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie.

Þā norþernmestan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda sind þā "[[Traversayīega]]" and "[[Candelmæssanīega]]". Þā sūþernmestan sind [[Sūþern Thila]]. Þā þrie mǣstan īegland, [[Saundersīeg]], [[Montaguīeg]] and [[Brycgstōwīeg|Brycgstōƿīeg]], licað betƿux þæm tƿǣm. Þās Īegslanda hēasta stede is Belindabeorg (4,495 fēt) on Montaguīege.

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sindon ābūrod. Selfƿeorcende geƿiderƿicu sind on Thila-īege and Zavodovski-īege.

=== Īega ===
Þā mægnan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda of norðan oð sūðan sind:

''[[Traversayīega]]:''

* [[Zavodovski-īeg]] 56°18′S 27°34′W 
* [[Leskovīeg]] 56°40′S 28°08′W 
* [[Visokoi-īeg]] 56°42′S 27°13′W 

''[[Candelmæssanīega]]:''

* [[Candelmæssanīeg]] 57°05′S 26°39′W 
* [[Vindicationīeg]] 57°06′S 26°47′W

''[[Middle Īega, Sūþsandwic Īegland|Middle Īega]]:

* [[Saundersīeg]] 57°48′S 26°28′W 
* [[Montaguīeg]] 58°25′S 26°23′W 
* [[Brycgstōwīeg|Brycgstōƿīeg]] 59°03′S 26°30′W 

''[[Sūþern Thila]]:''

* [[Bellingshausenīeg]] 59°25′S 27°05′W
* [[Cōcīeg, Sūþsandwic Īegland|Cōcīeg]] 59°26′S 27°09′W
* [[Thila-īeg]] 59°27′S 27°18′W
* [[Vysokaya Balc]] 59°43′S 27°58′W

== Stǣr ==

=== Sūþgeorgia ===
[[Biliþ:Cook-1777.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Landscite be Iacobus Cook (1777, sūð æt þæm heafde)]]

Sūþgeorgia þæt īegland secgþ man ƿæs ærrest in 1675 geseon be Anthony de la Roché, [[Lunden]] mangere, and manig ealde landscitas nemnaþ hit ''Roche Īegland''.

In 1775 ymbeseglode [[Iacobus Cook]] Sciphlāford þā īege and lendede (sē ƿæs sē ǣrrsta mann sē on þære īege lendede).  He bespæc þā īege for [[Grēate Bryten Cynerīce|Brytene]] and nemnde hie Georgiaīege ("the Isle of Georgia") for [[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|Georgie III]] Cyninge.

Bryttisc gerec ƿæs in Sūþgeorgie gestaðoled in 1843 under bēc.

[[Biliþ:South georgia Islands map-en.svg|thumb|350px|right|Stǣrlice and todæges tūnas on Sūþgeorgie]]

Geond þæm 19. gearhundrede ƿæs Sūþgeorgia seolchuntan ƿic.  In þæm 20. gearhundrede ƿæs is hƿælhuntan ƿic oð hƿælhuntoð endede in 1965. Sēo ǣrrste landfæste hƿælhuntena ƿic, and sēo ǣrrste ƿonung, ƿæs æt [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]] gestaðolede in 1904 be Norþmann Carl Anton Larsen. Þis ƿic ƿeorced oð 1965.   Æfter tīde ƿæron seofon hƿælhuntena ƿicu on þæm īeglande.

Þær hƿeorfede [[Uenus]] fore þaere Sunnan in 1882, sæt Germanisc færeld æt Cynelic Byht on þære īege sūþēasternum ecge.

Of 1905 ƿeorcede þæt [[Argentinisce Gewidere Ambihthūs|Argentinisce Geƿidere Ambihthūs]] mid þæm gerēfan to heoldenne þæt geƿiderhaƿunghūs æt [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]] under Bryttiscum landbōc niedum þæs hƿælhuntoþƿices, oð 1949. 

In 1908 geaf Ēadƿeard VII Cyning furðru bōc to gestaðolienne ƿeardlage for his agnungum in þæm sūþernum Garsecge. Þeos bōc ƿæs be Sūþgeorgie, [[Sūþorcanege|Sūþorcanegum]], [[Sūþhjaltland]]um, þǣm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum, and [[Grahamland]]. (Þēs onspræc ƿæs in 1917 geastrecced ēac to dāl [[Antarctica|Antarctice]] oþ þone [[Sūþende þære eaxe]].) 

Of 1909 þegnungƿic and ƿonung ƿæron getimbrod æt Ēadƿeard Cyning Næsse on Sūþgeorgie, nēah [[Grytviken]] hƿælhuntoþƿic. Hēahfæstu stōƿlicu Bryttiscu toþegnung and onƿondend burgealdor hæfde lahgeƿrit of ealla þinga in þæm landscipe, þæt ƿæs þær geraced sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland.

Ymbe 1912 feng man þone mæstan hrān, sƿa secgþ man, þe ā feng man, sē ƿæs [[hæwenhwæl|hæƿenhƿæl]] 110 fēt lang, and ƿæs gebrohted to lande æt Grytvikne.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 Sūþgeorgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 |date=2011-05-16 }}, Hwælhuntoþ Boldæfþēcræften, Sandefjord, Norþweg</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm |date=2009-12-12 }}, Sūþgeorgia Befæstscipe</ref>

In Eastermōnaþ 1916 ƿeardon [[Ernest Shackleton]] and his menn þæs [[Woruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færeld|Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færeld]] aseten on [[Elpendīeg]]e, ymbe 800 mīla be sūþƿestan Sūþgeorgie. Shackleton and fīf gesiþas selglodon ūt in lyltum bāte to findenne fullæst, and on 10 Þrimilcemōnaþ, æfter miclum yðfare, hie lendedon æt Hacunes Cyninges Byht on Sūþgeorgie sūþrīman. Þrīe bād æt þæm Byht, hƿilum Shacketon and tƿegen gisiþas astigodon ofer þāra beorgum 22 mīla to aræccenne fullæst æt [[Stromnæs, Sūþgeorgia|Stromnæsse]] hƿælhuntena ƿice. Þæs færeldes lāf, tƿegen and tƿeontig menn þā hæfde abād on Elpendīege, eall āhreddede hē. In þæm Æfterrum Gēola 1922, during his later [[Shackleton–Rowett Færeld|Shackleton–Roƿett Færeld]], forþferde Shackleton on his scipe be Sūþgeorgie. He līþ gebyged æt Grytvikne.

Argentinacynn macode crafing for Sūþgeorgie in 1927.<ref>R.K. Headland, ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref>

Binnan þæm [[Ōðru Woruldgūþ|Ōðrum Ƿoruldgūþe]], sendede sē [[Cynelica Sciphere]] ƿæpned mangeres scip to Sūþgeorgie and Antarctisce gesunde ƿið [[Germania|Germaniscum]] flotmenn, and ēac onsteallode tƿegen feoƿer-ynce staþ gunnas (þā bitt) þe beorgedon Cumbraland Byht and Stromnæs Byht, mid Norðmenn of þæm hƿælhuntum sƿa ƿerod. Þæt ƿic æt Ēadƿaerd Cyning Næsse ƿeax sƿa āspyrungƿic in 1949/1950 under þære [[Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge|Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung]] (sē ƿæs oþ 1962 þāra Folcland Īegland Gerēflanda Geongsceaƿung).

[[Biliþ:Grytviken church.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Cirice æt Grytvikne.]]

Þā forman dǣdas þære [[Folcland Gewinn|Folcland Geƿinn]]e ālumpon on 19 Hreþmōnaþ 1982 þær [[Argentina|Argentinisc]] feðaflocc, þā gebrudgon þe hie ƿæron īsernspilling mangeras, ofersæton þæt eald hƿælhuntoþƿic æt Leþ Hæfne on Sūþgeorgie.  On 3 Eastermōnaþ þās feðan onfeahton and ofersæton Grytviken.

Bryttisc þrēat eftfōn þā īege on 25 Eastermōnaþ.

Of 1985, Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland aƿurþon sƿa Folcland Īeglanda Gerēfland and ƿurdon ætgædre nīƿ landscipe. Þæt Ēadƿeard Cyning Gāra ƿic hæfde gebeon gemannod æfter þæm gūðe, ac sē ƿerod abeag in 2001 and on þæm stede timbrode sēo [[Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceawung|Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung]] hiere āgan ƿicstōƿ, and þes abitt.

===  Sūþsandƿic Īegland  ===
[[Biliþ:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Biliþ geƿeorced be Frank Hurley on þæm [[Woruldrīces Geondantarctiscan Færeld|Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færelde]] ]]

Þā sūþernan eahta īega þæs Sandƿic Īegena flocc afūnden [[Iacobus Cook]] Sciphere in 1775, oððæt ðe hē hogode ðe þā sūþernmestan þreo īega ƿæron ān, genemned [[Sūþern Thila]]; in 1820 [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] fūnd þe þās ƿæron ānlīpe īega <ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, p. 157], William James Mills, 2003</ref>). Bellingshausen fūnd ēac þā norþernan þrēo īega in 1819. Cook geaf þære īegum þone naman Sandƿicland (''Sandwich Land'') æfter þæm [[Iohannes Montagu, 4th Eorl of Sandwic|Feoƿerþan Eorl of Sandƿic]], Forma Hlāford þæs Scipheretoganern. Þæt ƿord "Sūþ" namon hie forþæm þe man mōt hie tōcnāƿan of þæm Sandƿic Īeglandum þæs [[Sericus Garsecg]]es se nū heteþ man [[Hawaii|Haƿaii]].

Þæt [[Geānede Cynerīce]] nam þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in his rīce be þære 1908 bēc, hƿǣrin þā īega mid oðrum īegum and Antarticiscum landum sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland.

Argentina onspræc þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in 1938, and beclypede Bryttisc onstinge in the Īegum. Of 25 Æfterra Gēola 1955 oþ sumer 1956 heald  [[Argentina]] hereƿic ''Teniente Esquivel'' æt Ferguson Bihte on Thila-īege sūþēasternan sǣrīman. Of 1976 oþ 1982, heald Argentina sciphereƿic ''Corbeta Uruguay'', in þære ilcan īege leoƿe. Oððæt ðe Bretƿare afūndon þis Argentinisc hereƿic in 1978, and sprǣc mid þæm Argentiniscan leodƿeard ƿiþ him, næfre mid sæcce cƿōm Bretenþeod ƿiþ þæm ƿice oþ æfter þæm [[Folcland Gūþ]]e. Þæt ƿic flīemed sē Cynelica Sciphere on 20 Seremōnaþ 1982.

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==Climate==
[[Biliþ:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|NASA satellite image of South Georgia Island covered with snow.]]
[[Biliþ:Wave Clouds from South Sandwich Islands.jpg|thumb|The South Sandwich Islands conspire with air currents to make wave patterns in clouds.]]

The permanently cold sea maintains a cold maritime climate on the islands, and the weather is very variable and harsh.{{Citation needed|date=Æfterra Gēola 2008}} Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around 0°C (32°F) in winter (Weodmōnaþ) and 8°C (46°F) in summer (Æfterra Gēola). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about −5°C (23°F) and rarely dip below −10°C (14°F). Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about 1500&nbsp;mm (59&nbsp;in), much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible in any month. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about 300m. 

Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a much more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. 

During [[foehn wind|mountain wind]] conditions, the winds blow straight up the western side and straight down the eastern side of the mountains and become much warmer and drier; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|23.5|C|0|abbr=on}} at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm Extreme Temperatures Around the World]</ref>

The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current|Antarctic Current]]. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and [[iceberg]]s are common.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm South Georgia official website – environment – ocean]</ref> Sea temperatures drop to {{convert|0|C|0|abbr=on}} in late Weodmōnaþ and rise to around {{convert|4|C|0|abbr=on}} only in early Eastermōnaþ. 

The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being further south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of Þrimilcemōnaþ to late Blotmōnaþ (even longer at their southern end).<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref>

==Politics==
Executive power is vested in [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|The Queen]] and is exercised by the [[Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[Nigel Haywood]]; he became Commissioner on 16 October 2010. A Senior Executive Officer (Martin Collins) deals with policy matters and is also Director of SGSSI Fisheries, responsible for the allocation of fishing licences. An Executive Officer (Richard McKee) deals with administrative matters relating to the territory. There is also an Environmental Officer (Darren Christie). The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' Government. 

As there are no permanent inhabitants on the islands, there is no [[legislative council]] and no elections are held. The UK Foreign Office manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[Liberation Day]] on Seremōnaþ 14.

The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 Winterfylleþ 1985), the manner in which its government is directed, and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations in 2001 to 2005; see in particular ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57.<ref>[http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 Winterfylleþ 2005)</ref> Although its government is entirely directed by the UK Foreign Office, it was held that its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department; thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply.

==Economy==
[[Biliþ:Stamp South Georgia 1963 4d.jpg|right|200px|thumb|This postage stamp depicting a [[fin whale]] was issued in 1963.]]
As there are no native inhabitants, economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of UK£3.9 million, 90% of which is derived from fishing licences (2002 figures).<ref>[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ Commonwealth Secretariat website]</ref> Other sources of revenue are the sale of [[postage stamps]] and coins, [[tourism]] and customs and harbour dues.

===Fiscoð===
Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[Patagonian toothfish]], [[Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. 

In 2001, the South Georgia government received a certificate from the [[Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, which certifies that they met the MSC's environmental standards and places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{cite |title="Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!" |author=[[Whole Foods Market]] |publisher=Whole Foods Market |date=2006}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Tourism has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the islands (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. Cruise ships often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the Antarctic Peninsula.  

Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbors of South Georgia and even the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. {{Citation needed|date=Blotmōnaþ 2007}} The island has also featured in the [[Warren Miller (director)|Warren Miller]] video 'Storm'.

===Postage stamps===
A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK.

A reasonable policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them very popular with [[Topical stamp collecting|topical stamp collectors]].

There are only four genuine first day cover sets from 16 Hreþmōnaþ 1982 available.  These stamps were stamped actually at the South Georgia Post Office, all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia.  These four sets were removed by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings.  Everything else was torched, but these four sets were saved and brought back to the UK by Dr Robert Headland, BAS, who kept a diary during his captivity.  Upon his return to the UK the diary was typed up and subsequently published, the typist of the manuscript was given the Insects set as payment.

===Currency===
The [[pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used swa swa in þæm [[Geānlǣhtan Cynerīce|Geānlǣhte Cynerīce]].

==Blōman and Dēor ==
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;" 
|
[[Biliþ:Giant petrel.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Southern Giant Petrel]] on South Georgia Island]]
|
[[Biliþ:Colony of aptenodytes patagonicus.jpg|200px|thumb|120,000 [[King Penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[Salisbury Plain, South Georgia|Salisbury Plain]].]]
|
[[Biliþ:Wonder albat.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Wandering Albatross]] at South Georgia Island]]
|}
The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[Scotia Sea]] Islands tundra [[ecoregion]]. Native vegetation on South Georgia is limited to [[grass]]es, [[moss]]es, [[lichen]]s, [[fern]]s and a few other small flowering plants. A number of other introduced species have become naturalised. There are no trees or shrubs.

South Georgia supports a great number of sea birds, including [[albatross]], a large colony of [[King Penguins]] and [[penguin]]s of various other species, along with [[petrel]]s, [[prion (bird)|prions]], [[shag (bird)|shags]], [[skua]]s, [[gull]]s and [[tern]]s. There is one songbird which is unique to the archipelago, the [[South Georgia Pipit]], and a duck, the [[South Georgia Pintail]].

[[Pinniped|Seal]]s are frequent on the islands, and [[whale]]s may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[reindeer]], introduced early in the 20th century, live on South Georgia, along with [[brown rat]]s and [[mouse|mice]]. The latter have destroyed tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks, and scientists plan to eradicate the rats over four years starting 2011. It will be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece |title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats |last1=Hastings |first1=Chris |date=7 Hreþmōnaþ 2010 |work=Times Online |accessdate=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html |title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt |last1=Connor |first1=Steve |date=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010 |work=The Independent |accessdate=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010}}</ref>

==Military==

Æfter þære [[Folcland Gūþ]]e in 1982, a full-time Brittisc herewic wæs gestaþoled æt [[Ēadweard Cyning Gāra]]n on Sūþgeorgie. This was scaled down during the 1990s, and @the last werod @left Sūþgeorgie in Hreþmōnaþ 2001, þær getimbrode sēo [[Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceawung]] nīw wic for selfe.

The main British military facility in the region is at [[RAF Mount Pleasant]] (and [[Mare Harbour]]) on [[Ēastfolcland]]e. Other than that, a handful of British naval vessels patrol the region. They visit South Georgia a few times each year, sometimes deploying small patrols of infantry. Flights by RAF [[C-130 Hercules]] and [[Vickers VC10]] aircraft occasionally patrol the territory.

[[HMS Endurance (A171)|HMS ''Endurance'']], þæt is@patrol scip þæs Brittiscan [[Cynelica Sciphere|Cynelican Scipheres]], operates in Sūþgeorgie brime during part of most sūþernan summer seasons. Hit dōþ hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for þære Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge, high-profile film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[BSES Expeditions]].

-->

== Glēsing ==
{{Reflist}}
* George Forster, ''A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.) '', London, 1777.
* R.K. Headland, ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984.

==  Ūtƿeard hlencas  ==
{{sisterlinks|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
;Leodweard
* [http://www.sgisland.gs/ South Georgia government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120912012714/http://www.sgisland.gs/ |date=2012-09-12 }}
; General information
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sx|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Polar_Regions/Antarctic/South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands}}
* {{wikiatlas|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
; Elleswis
* [http://www.southgeorgiaassociation.org/ South Georgia Association website]
* [http://www.sght.org/ South Georgia Heritage Trust]
* [http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28h%29South_Georgia_webcam?useskin= Live picture from the South Georgia webcam]
* [http://www.southgeorgia.ru/ South Georgia Information (Russian website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117102201/http://www.southgeorgia.ru/ |date=2009-11-17 }}
* [http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Operation-Paraquat.html Operation Paraquat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902204508/http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Operation-Paraquat.html |date=2014-09-02 }}
* [http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/South-Georgia.html Argentine invasion of South Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014125543/http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/South-Georgia.html |date=2007-10-14 }}
* [http://www.sgwiki.gs/ South Georgia Wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117151506/http://sgwiki.gs/ |date=2010-01-17 }}
{{kml}}
{{-}}
{{SGSSI}}

{{aganflocc}}
[[Flocc:Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]]
right|thumb|200px|Suþgeorgie and þara Sūþsandwicieglanda stede
Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sindon Bryttisc ofersǣ landscipe in þæm sūðernum Garsecge. Hie sindon feorr and unƿæstmbǣre flocc of īegena, hƿǣrin sindon Sūþgeorgia and ƿrǣsen of lǣssa īega,  þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland.  Mǣst þāra īegena, þā astigað steāpe of brime, sind dynige. On dūne sindon þās īega mid īse and snaƿe āƿā beƿrægode.

Sūþgeorgia is 104 mīla lang and 23 mīla brād and is þæs landscipes mǣste īeg.

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland licað ymbe 323 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie. Eall þære landscipes land is 1,507 feoƿerscite-mīla.CIAs ‘’World Factbook’’ 2002

Þās īege nabbaþ ne landfolc and hiera begengan sind sē Bryttisc Leodƿeard Gerēfa, Underærendþegnung Gerēfa, ūþƿitan, and folgeras þæs Bryttisca Antarctisca Geondsceaƿung þā gehealdaþ ūþƿitena ƿicu æt Fugolīege and æt Ēadƿeard Cyning Næss (þæm hēafodstōl), and ēac boldæfþēcræften bigengeras æt nēam Grytvikne.

Þæt Geānede Cynerīce onsprǣc rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1775 and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande in 1908. Sē landscipe "Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland" gestaþolde man in 1985.  Ǣr ƿæron þās īege dǣlas þāra Folcland Īegland Gerēflanda.

Argentinaþēod macode crafinge ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1927, and ofer þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum in 1938.  Hie getimbrodon scipheresƿic on Thila-īege in þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande of 1976 oð 1982 þær sē Cynelica Sciphere flīemede hit. Argentinisc dǣdas on Sūþgeorgie begann þā Folcland Geƿinne in 1982, hƿǣrin Argentinisc þrēat scorte ofersæt þæt Īegland. Oððæt ðe Argentina ƿæs in þæm ƿige sigeleas, noþylǣs giet onspricð hē rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum.

 Sūþgeorgia 
thumb|270px|right|Middel Sūþgeorgia: Cumbraland Byht; Geþacasteort mid Ēadƿeard Cyning Cofan (Grytviken); Allardycebeorgas mid Pagetbeorge topp (NASA biliþ).

Sūþgeorgia līþ æt  and hiere stōƿ is 1,450 mīla2. Hēo is dynig and unƿæstmbǣre. Endleofon muntas standað to ofer 6,500 fōtum hēah, hiera beorhliþ gegrufen mid dēopum īsēa, hƿǣrof is Fortuna Īsflōd sēo mǣste. Hiere hēasta topp is Pagetbeorg in þæm Allardycebeorgflocce æt 9,626 fōtum.

Hƿælhuntena ƿicu ƿeorcodon under bōcum gegiefen be þæm Ealdormenn þæm Folcland Īeglandum. Seofon ƿicu ƿæron on þæm īege, ealle in hæfnum on þæm norðrīman:

 Anlafes Æþelinges Hæfen (1911–1931)
 Leþ Hæfen (1909–1965)
 Stromnæss (1907–1931, scipbōtgeard oð 1960/1961)
 Husvik (1907 on scipe, landfæst ƿic 1910–1960, ne ƿeocode 1930–1945)
 Grytviken (1904–1964)
 Godthul (1908–1929, nīƿung landfæstes ƿices, mægenƿeorc on scipe)
 Garsecg Hæfen (1909–1920)

Þær endede hƿælhuntoþ þās ƿicu forlāt man. Būton fēa gebeogode boldas, to bysene þæt boldæfþēcræften and sēo cirice æt Grytvikne, eall is nū hrēorige.

 Lǣssa Īega 
Lǣssa īega be Sūþgeorgieīege sind:
thumb|250px|Grytviken.

 Annenkovīeg
 Fugolīeg
 Cooperīeg
 Gærsīeg
 Pickersgillīega
 Ƿilcumanīega
 Ƿillisīega
 Þrīnesīeg

Ēac sind þās lytlan clūdas mid Sūþgeorgie flocce:

 Scræf Clūdas 119 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege
 Blæc Clūd 105 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege and 10 mīla be sūþēastan Scræf Clūdum
 Clerke Clūdas 35 mīla be ēast-sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie þære īege.

  Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland  
thumb|right| Montaguīeg on NASA biliþe 

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sind 11 īega (būton lytla ūtƿearda īega and clūdas), hƿǣrof mæst sind dūnas þe mid fyre aspringaþ. Be norþƿestan Zavodovski-Īege is Geborga Sceald, undersǣ berstendu beorg. Hie sind boga sē arecceþ of norþan to sūþan betƿuh 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, ymbe 350 mīla to 500 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie.

Þā norþernmestan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda sind þā "Traversayīega" and "Candelmæssanīega". Þā sūþernmestan sind Sūþern Thila. Þā þrie mǣstan īegland, Saundersīeg, Montaguīeg and Brycgstōƿīeg, licað betƿux þæm tƿǣm. Þās Īegslanda hēasta stede is Belindabeorg (4,495 fēt) on Montaguīege.

Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sindon ābūrod. Selfƿeorcende geƿiderƿicu sind on Thila-īege and Zavodovski-īege.

 Īega 
Þā mægnan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda of norðan oð sūðan sind:

Traversayīega:

 Zavodovski-īeg 56°18′S 27°34′W 
 Leskovīeg 56°40′S 28°08′W 
 Visokoi-īeg 56°42′S 27°13′W 

Candelmæssanīega:

 Candelmæssanīeg 57°05′S 26°39′W 
 Vindicationīeg 57°06′S 26°47′W

Middle Īega:

 Saundersīeg 57°48′S 26°28′W 
 Montaguīeg 58°25′S 26°23′W 
 Brycgstōƿīeg 59°03′S 26°30′W Sūþern Thila: Bellingshausenīeg 59°25′S 27°05′W
 Cōcīeg 59°26′S 27°09′W
 Thila-īeg 59°27′S 27°18′W
 Vysokaya Balc 59°43′S 27°58′W

 Stǣr 

 Sūþgeorgia 
thumb|300px|right|Landscite be Iacobus Cook (1777, sūð æt þæm heafde)

Sūþgeorgia þæt īegland secgþ man ƿæs ærrest in 1675 geseon be Anthony de la Roché, Lunden mangere, and manig ealde landscitas nemnaþ hit Roche Īegland.

In 1775 ymbeseglode Iacobus Cook Sciphlāford þā īege and lendede (sē ƿæs sē ǣrrsta mann sē on þære īege lendede).  He bespæc þā īege for Brytene and nemnde hie Georgiaīege ("the Isle of Georgia") for Georgie III Cyninge.

Bryttisc gerec ƿæs in Sūþgeorgie gestaðoled in 1843 under bēc.

thumb|350px|right|Stǣrlice and todæges tūnas on Sūþgeorgie

Geond þæm 19. gearhundrede ƿæs Sūþgeorgia seolchuntan ƿic.  In þæm 20. gearhundrede ƿæs is hƿælhuntan ƿic oð hƿælhuntoð endede in 1965. Sēo ǣrrste landfæste hƿælhuntena ƿic, and sēo ǣrrste ƿonung, ƿæs æt Grytvikne gestaðolede in 1904 be Norþmann Carl Anton Larsen. Þis ƿic ƿeorced oð 1965.   Æfter tīde ƿæron seofon hƿælhuntena ƿicu on þæm īeglande.

Þær hƿeorfede Uenus fore þaere Sunnan in 1882, sæt Germanisc færeld æt Cynelic Byht on þære īege sūþēasternum ecge.

Of 1905 ƿeorcede þæt Argentinisce Geƿidere Ambihthūs mid þæm gerēfan to heoldenne þæt geƿiderhaƿunghūs æt Grytvikne under Bryttiscum landbōc niedum þæs hƿælhuntoþƿices, oð 1949. 

In 1908 geaf Ēadƿeard VII Cyning furðru bōc to gestaðolienne ƿeardlage for his agnungum in þæm sūþernum Garsecge. Þeos bōc ƿæs be Sūþgeorgie, Sūþorcanegum, Sūþhjaltlandum, þǣm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum, and Grahamland. (Þēs onspræc ƿæs in 1917 geastrecced ēac to dāl Antarctice oþ þone Sūþende þære eaxe.) 

Of 1909 þegnungƿic and ƿonung ƿæron getimbrod æt Ēadƿeard Cyning Næsse on Sūþgeorgie, nēah Grytviken hƿælhuntoþƿic. Hēahfæstu stōƿlicu Bryttiscu toþegnung and onƿondend burgealdor hæfde lahgeƿrit of ealla þinga in þæm landscipe, þæt ƿæs þær geraced sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland.

Ymbe 1912 feng man þone mæstan hrān, sƿa secgþ man, þe ā feng man, sē ƿæs hæƿenhƿæl 110 fēt lang, and ƿæs gebrohted to lande æt Grytvikne.Sūþgeorgia , Hwælhuntoþ Boldæfþēcræften, Sandefjord, NorþwegWhaling , Sūþgeorgia Befæstscipe

In Eastermōnaþ 1916 ƿeardon Ernest Shackleton and his menn þæs Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færeld aseten on Elpendīege, ymbe 800 mīla be sūþƿestan Sūþgeorgie. Shackleton and fīf gesiþas selglodon ūt in lyltum bāte to findenne fullæst, and on 10 Þrimilcemōnaþ, æfter miclum yðfare, hie lendedon æt Hacunes Cyninges Byht on Sūþgeorgie sūþrīman. Þrīe bād æt þæm Byht, hƿilum Shacketon and tƿegen gisiþas astigodon ofer þāra beorgum 22 mīla to aræccenne fullæst æt Stromnæsse hƿælhuntena ƿice. Þæs færeldes lāf, tƿegen and tƿeontig menn þā hæfde abād on Elpendīege, eall āhreddede hē. In þæm Æfterrum Gēola 1922, during his later Shackleton–Roƿett Færeld, forþferde Shackleton on his scipe be Sūþgeorgie. He līþ gebyged æt Grytvikne.

Argentinacynn macode crafing for Sūþgeorgie in 1927.R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.

Binnan þæm Ōðrum Ƿoruldgūþe, sendede sē Cynelica Sciphere ƿæpned mangeres scip to Sūþgeorgie and Antarctisce gesunde ƿið Germaniscum flotmenn, and ēac onsteallode tƿegen feoƿer-ynce staþ gunnas (þā bitt) þe beorgedon Cumbraland Byht and Stromnæs Byht, mid Norðmenn of þæm hƿælhuntum sƿa ƿerod. Þæt ƿic æt Ēadƿaerd Cyning Næsse ƿeax sƿa āspyrungƿic in 1949/1950 under þære Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung (sē ƿæs oþ 1962 þāra Folcland Īegland Gerēflanda Geongsceaƿung).

thumb|200px|left|Cirice æt Grytvikne.

Þā forman dǣdas þære Folcland Geƿinne ālumpon on 19 Hreþmōnaþ 1982 þær Argentinisc feðaflocc, þā gebrudgon þe hie ƿæron īsernspilling mangeras, ofersæton þæt eald hƿælhuntoþƿic æt Leþ Hæfne on Sūþgeorgie.  On 3 Eastermōnaþ þās feðan onfeahton and ofersæton Grytviken.

Bryttisc þrēat eftfōn þā īege on 25 Eastermōnaþ.

Of 1985, Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland aƿurþon sƿa Folcland Īeglanda Gerēfland and ƿurdon ætgædre nīƿ landscipe. Þæt Ēadƿeard Cyning Gāra ƿic hæfde gebeon gemannod æfter þæm gūðe, ac sē ƿerod abeag in 2001 and on þæm stede timbrode sēo Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung hiere āgan ƿicstōƿ, and þes abitt.

  Sūþsandƿic Īegland  
thumb|200px|left|Biliþ geƿeorced be Frank Hurley on þæm Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færelde 

Þā sūþernan eahta īega þæs Sandƿic Īegena flocc afūnden Iacobus Cook Sciphere in 1775, oððæt ðe hē hogode ðe þā sūþernmestan þreo īega ƿæron ān, genemned Sūþern Thila; in 1820 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen fūnd þe þās ƿæron ānlīpe īega Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 2, p. 157, William James Mills, 2003). Bellingshausen fūnd ēac þā norþernan þrēo īega in 1819. Cook geaf þære īegum þone naman Sandƿicland (Sandwich Land) æfter þæm Feoƿerþan Eorl of Sandƿic, Forma Hlāford þæs Scipheretoganern. Þæt ƿord "Sūþ" namon hie forþæm þe man mōt hie tōcnāƿan of þæm Sandƿic Īeglandum þæs Sericus Garsecges se nū heteþ man Haƿaii.

Þæt Geānede Cynerīce nam þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in his rīce be þære 1908 bēc, hƿǣrin þā īega mid oðrum īegum and Antarticiscum landum sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland.

Argentina onspræc þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in 1938, and beclypede Bryttisc onstinge in the Īegum. Of 25 Æfterra Gēola 1955 oþ sumer 1956 heald  Argentina hereƿic Teniente Esquivel æt Ferguson Bihte on Thila-īege sūþēasternan sǣrīman. Of 1976 oþ 1982, heald Argentina sciphereƿic Corbeta Uruguay, in þære ilcan īege leoƿe. Oððæt ðe Bretƿare afūndon þis Argentinisc hereƿic in 1978, and sprǣc mid þæm Argentiniscan leodƿeard ƿiþ him, næfre mid sæcce cƿōm Bretenþeod ƿiþ þæm ƿice oþ æfter þæm Folcland Gūþe. Þæt ƿic flīemed sē Cynelica Sciphere on 20 Seremōnaþ 1982.

 Glēsing 

 George Forster, A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.) , London, 1777.
 R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984.

  Ūtƿeard hlencas  

Leodweard
 South Georgia government website 
 General information
 
 
 
 Elleswis
 South Georgia Association website
 South Georgia Heritage Trust
 Live picture from the South Georgia webcam
 South Georgia Information (Russian website) 
 Operation Paraquat 
 Argentine invasion of South Georgia 
 South Georgia Wiki 

Flocc:Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas