Mexico
Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit (Spain sowal: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), o pangangan Mexico (Spain sowal: México), o ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a cecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit a cisakowanay kitakit, o ka’amis ato Amilika masasiingir, katimol ato kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, o kawali o Belize, Guatemala ato Caribbean riyar, kawali o Mexico sangoso’ [9]. O adahal no sera ira ko 180 ’ofad pinfang kongli[10], no Amilika safaniyot o saka lima dadahalay kitakit ato saka 14 ta’akay kitakit no hekal. O polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.28 walwalan, o saka mo^etep ’alomanay tamdaw no hekal, ono Spain a sowal saka cecay ta’akay tamdaw kitakit ato Latin Amilika safaniyot saka tosa ta’akay tamdaw kitakit. Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit, halo 32 ko kanatal; o tadamaci  atota’akay maci o Mexico niyaro’ o cecay kanatal.

I ’ayaway ni Columbus a to’asan a Mexico adihay ko tala’ayway i tenokay ca Amilika safaniyot a palamitan no maro’ay a tamdaw, tinako Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya ato Aztec. I 1521 miheca, o Spain hongti kitakit i Mexico a Tenochtitlan ko kaitiraan milowid a micingcing to itiniay sa’etal, patireng to telek a New Spain songto a mikowan. I 1821 miheca, ikor a pisiiked a kalalood Mexico pisiikedan, onini a sa’etal mihapiw to pisiiked mihayda to Mexico. 

Iko no Mexico a misiiked pakataneng to kararawan, caay katomenek ko kicay ato sici. Ikor no Amilika ato Mexico a kalalood (1846-48), o tangic malitosaay no ka’amisay a sera mapapecih to Amilika. I 19 sici, o Mexico mataneng ko pastry lalood, France Mexico lalood, laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood, tosaay hongti kitakit ato 30 mihecaan a nisateked a pikowan a to’asan no likisi. I 1910 miheca miteka ko Mexico to sapifelih to nisateked a pikowan, saikor i 1917 miheca mapasetek ko kimpo ato fa^elohay sapidemak tosici a telek ko patireng. 

O ngangan no Mexico a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o saka 15 ta’akay i hekal, i kasakitakit misanga’an kinaira (o malalenay ko pi’acaay ) o saka 11 ta’akay i hekal. O Mexico a kicay ato ka’amisay Amilika pakoniraay kalali’aca katatelekan (NAFTA) kalali’aca lakapot makakedecay, mangalef to saki Amilika[11][12].  I 1994 miheca, o Mexico mala kakomodan no kicay ato kacomahadan a sakapot a sa’ayaway a Latin Amilika safaniyot sakapotan. No hekal a kingko pala tenokay takaraway cimicomoday a kitakit[13], misaheciay a tamdaw sacisowal sa o cecay fa’elohay katayalan a kitakit[14][15][16][17]. Mipasasa to romi’ad tangasa i 2050 miheca, o Mexico mala Osaka 5 ano eca saka 7 ta’akay sakino kicay i polong no cikiw[18][19]. 

Onini a kitakit o mala sa’etalay a ta’akay kitakit ato sasifo’an ci’icelay kitakit[20][21][22][23], mararid mala o fa’elohay ci’icelay kitakit[24]. O kadofahay ko ponka likisi nalacolan no Mexico, ira i Amilika safaniyot a sakacecay adihayay ato saka 7 adihayay no helal a nalacolan a kiwiko ponka sakapotan i Linhoko[25][26]. 2015 miheca, o nai hekalay a mihomongay tayni a tamdaw o saka 10 a kitakit, o mihomongay nai kasakitakit tamdaw tayni mirarakat ira ko 2910 ’ofad[27][28]. O nano Linhoko, Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, G20 a lomaoc ato malacecayay lekaop ko Mexico, 2014 miheca miteka mala o France a liyokan kasakitakit sakapot a mihiningay. 

== Lakisi (歷史) ==
O Mexico o tatapangan no sakacomahad no adihayay Amilika safaniyot, nao palahaday to Maya, Toltec ato Aztec a sakacomahad, ikoray mangalef o kacowatan i Columbus a to’asan i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot ta’akay kitakit Aztec hongti kitakit. I 16 sici o Spain tamdaw ci Hernan Cortez micalap ko Mexico, i 1521 miheca loodan ko itiniay a Aztec tamdaw, nanoya o Mexico macingcing to no Spain, mala o fa’elohay to a Spain. 

I 1810 miheca, o Mexico mihapiw to pisiiked, i 1821 miheca kalaloodan to sapisiiked no Mexico mapatireng ko saka cecay Mexico hongti kitakit. I 1823 miheca, oni hongti kitakit mafelih no hitay, itiya mapatireng ko nipatatekoan a kitakit i 1824 miheca.

Ikor no pisiikedan, o sera no Mexico kitakit nanoya sa a maromot, o pinapina a sera mapakelac tahada’oc ko Amilika. I 1836 miheca, kawali ka’amisay a Texas mihapiw miliyas to Mexico misiiked, patireng to Texas Nikapolongan Kitakit, I 1823 miheca ato 1841 miheca, Yucatan kinatosa mihapiw to sapisiiked, i 1853 miheca mida’oc miteko to Mexico a nipatatekoan a kitakit. I 1838 miheca, o kitakit macowat ko ^epang a lalood. Itiya i 1848 miheca o Amillika Mexico lalood a mapidah, Mexico mapatodong to ka’amisay a ta’akay sera mapa’aca ko Amilika (o dadahal matiya aniniay 7 katimolay a kanatal).

I 1853 miheca a Gadsden pi’aca malasawad ko 7 ’ofad pinfang kongki a sera. I 1860 mihecaan, Mexico macalap no hitay no France, mapatireng ko tawataw a mikowanay a sakatosa hongti kitakit. I pikerid ni Juarez congtong itiya, o malaplap ko micalapay a France. Ci Juarez nai 1858 miheca tangasa 1872 miheca ko pikowan, ikor no kapatay ningra, o ci Porfirio Dias Porter ko mikowanay. 

Nano ni Porfirio Dias Porter 35 miheca ko halafin pitekedan mikowan, i 1910 miheca malenak ko pifelih lalood no Mexico. O mapidah no mifelihay ko nipatatekoan a kitakit a hitay, nika itiya marari’ang ko laloma’an, talahenot i 10 miheca ko lalod i lalomaan kitakit no Mexico. I 1929 miheca, paherek ko lalood no laloma’ no kitakit, o nifalicay a mirikecay a sician a kasarekad ko mikowanay, mala o mikowanay to no Mexico. I 2000 miheca, o miliyangay a Mexico kitakit dademakay sarekad ato kangdaway paratan a kasarekad malekapot to “mifalicay a nipatatekoan” a milifetay congtong ci Vicente Fox Quesada, itiya i 2000 miheca 7 folad a pisingkiwan a malacongtong, toya miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad mapatireng, 6 miheca ko lekad. Onini a pifelih to satelek nai 1929 miheca ko pikowan ikor no 71 mihecaan, o mifelihay a kasarekad sa’ayaway sakina cecay pakalowid, milaheci to nai 1929 mihecaan sa’ayaway rihadayay ko kafafalic no mikowanay, orasaka malo satadamaanay i likisi no Mexico ko nia singkiw.

I 2006 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o Mexico congtong ato kalomaocan a singkiw misitapang a mitopa[29]. I 9 folad 5 romi’ad, Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit pisingkiw a hoying mihapiw, o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad congtong ci Felipe Calderon Hinojosa i pisingkiwan to congtong pakalowiday to, malacongtong no Mexico sato[30], o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad padoedo sato ko sapikowan. 

I 2012 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyangay mifalicay mitelekay a kasarekad misingkiway to congtong ci Enrique Pena Pinto. O todong no sapisingkiw a pafaloco’an i “o pifalic” saan ko laloma’an – mipalalan to roma kitakit a tayni i kitakit to pisasimalay kosi a mitekeday to misasimal a tayal, pacakat to kinaira a sata mafalic ko kadademakan no icifa, masakapahay ho ko tireng ningra, pasayra i cingraan ko picoker no finawlan maki’ayaw ko roma tatoloay a sakalalifet to congtong. Ikor 38.21% ko paya maala to congtong a singkiw, saka 2 lekad rihadayay ko kafafalic no nipikowan, Mifalicay pitelek a kasarekad 12 miheca ko ka eca pikowan miliyaw heca mikowan. O pipaini no misaheciay tamdaw sowal sa, o karari’ang no malali’acaay to cisawarakay a karari’ang ato caayay ka lalen no syakay o sasi’ayawen ni Pinto ko nian[31]. 

== Sacian (政治) ==
I 1917 miheca a kimpo no Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit a salongoc sakowan malitoloay kasiikedan: midemakay, patirengay to rikec ato hoying. Pakaynien i likisi i, o midemakay citodongay o sata’akay solongoc sakowan, o salongoc sakowan no congtong sata’akay. O congtong citodong midemak to no kalomaocan no kitakit (Congreso de la Unión) mihapiwan a sarikec.

Nai 1997 miheca misatapang, mido’edo to miliyangay a kasarekad itiya pakalowid to singkiw, kalomaocan mangilay ko ’icel mangalef a mangalef. Ira i sakikicay ato sakipayso a sofal, mihayda ko congtong mihapiw to sapidemak a mipatireng to rikec, nika kantoken no kalomaocan. O congtong nai finawlan a nisingkiwan, 6 miheca ko lekad, caay kanga’ay pado’edo. Caay patireng to micokeray a congtong ko Mexico, tona mapaterep ko kalacongtong ano eca caay kanga’ay midemak to sakitayal i, o kalomaocan ko misingkiway to linsi a congtong.

O kalomaocan midemak to tosaay a lomaoc, halo Fafa'eday pikaykian (Cámara de Senadores) ato Kararemay pikaykian (Cámara de Diputados). O Fafa'eday pikaykian 6 miheca ko lekad, Kararemay pikaykian 3 miheca ko lekad. Fafa'eday pikaykian 128 ko lomaocay ira ko caayay kasa’etal ato sa’etalay a lomaocay sakapot. O Kararemay pikaykian ira ko 500 lomaocay, o 300 a lomaocay o nai kasa’etal nisingkiwan, roma a 200 lomaocay nai 5 ta’akay sa’etal patodongan ko taypiaw. O nia 200 lomaocay sapadang to mimingay a kasarekad micomod i kalomaocan.

O satadamaanay a kasarekad o kitakit malowaday onto, mifelihay rikec kasarekad ato kitakit dademakay kasarekad.

=== Safitay (軍事) ===

O sofitay no Mexico o caayay ko misarocoday ko sapisimaw to sakihitay, i 20 sician, o ka’amis a kitakit no Amilika a ’icel tata’ang ko sasiroma, orasaka caay ko sapilifet to Amilika ko pihirateng to sapipatireng to sofitay, o sapipatihi to pitena’ to cisawarakay ato mitakaway malali’aca ko kalalood.

== O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) ==

Polong no kitakit malaliyad 32 ko kanatal.
{| class="wikitable"
|Kanatal  
|Tadamaci  
|Kanatal  
|Tadamaci  
|-
|Aguascalientes
|Aguascalientes
|Morelos
|Cuernavaca
|-
|Baja California
|Mexicali
|Nayarit
|Monterrey
|-
|Baja california sur
|La Paz
|Nuevo León
|Monterey
|-
|Campeche
|Campeche
|Oaxaca
|Oaxaca
|-
|Chiapas
|Campeche
|Puebla
|Puebla
|-
|Chihuahua
|Tuxtla Gutiérrez
|Querétaro
|Santiago de Querétaro
|-
|Coahuila
|Chihuahua City
|Quintana Roo
|Chactemàal
|-
|Colima
|Saltillo
|San Luis Potosí
|San Luis Potosí
|-
|Durango
|Colima
|Sinaloa
|Culiacán
|-
|Guanajuato
|Durango
|Sonora
|Hermosillo
|-
|Guerrero
|Guanajuato
|Tabasco
|Villahermosa
|-
|Hidalgo (HD)
|Pachuca
|Tamaulipas
|Ciudad Victoria
|-
|Jalisco
|Guadalajara
|Tlaxcala (TL)
|Tlaxcala (city)
|-
|Estado de México (EM)
|Toluca de Lerdo
|Veracruz
|Jalapa
|-
|Ciudad de México
|Ciudad de México
|Yucatán
|Mérida
|-
|Michoacán
|Morelia
|Zacatecas
|Zacatecas
|}

== Palapalaan (地理) ==

O Mexico kaetip misi’ayaw to Taypinyang, o kawali miingir to Mexico ’apocok ato Caribbean riyar, pasiTasiyang, itira i na’amisan a konis 14 - 33˚ ato kaetip sakonis 86 - 119˚. Mililisay ato lawac no riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o takaraway lotok a dafdafan, halo adihayay namal lotok. O kaetip kakaya’ay i Baja California a kanatal, pao Taypinyang ato California a sangoso’an malacidek, kawali katimolan o panahalay tangasa i Yucatán sangoso’an. O satakaraway no Mexico o Pico de Orizaba lotok, ira ko 5700m ko takaraw nai riyar, o Sierra Madre lotok o tadalotok no Mexico. O Mexico sahetoay o no Amilika safaniyot a ’apelad padeyac, o Baja California sangoso’ itiraay i Taypinyang ato Cocos a ’apelad padeyac, itini i palaan, ira ko nai palaan mikingkiway a sowal o Istmo de Tehuantepec satano’ kawalian (ira macalap ko 12% dadahal) o no sifo’an Amilika safaniyot[32]; dengan o sakisicianan, Mexico ato Amilika ato Canada o malecaday no ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot[33].

O masasiromaay ko romi’ad no Mexico, ka’amisay o fa’edetay tafotafokay a romi’ad, katimol o fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad. O tada ’alo no Mexico ira o Rio Grande ’alo, Balthus’alo, Río Yaqui’alo. 

I Mexico adihay ko cactus (sasaycar), palafalo (hana) no fayfay no kitakit.

== Kicay (經濟) ==
O Mexico ira ko aniniay mihecaan a misanga’ay to dafong ato maomahay, ono tekedan a kicay miraraay a matongal, I 90 a mihecaan no Mexico a mararan lalan pala o finawlan ko citodongay. O nano kitakit a tayal nai 1982 mihecaan o cecayay cicing a laloma’an tangasa 1999 miheca caay to pakatahira i tosa a so’ot laloma’an. Micokeroh ko sifo to paitekedan a kicay, mipatoror i minatoay, mararay lalan, tingwa calay, tingki, parapatan a lahod ato hikokiciw a padamaay o kalalifetan.

O ta’akay sacoker no kicay ko maomahay no Mexico a tamdaw. Lemon, kangdaway damdam, ’ariray, avocado, kidafes, naniwac, tefos ko ta’akay pinaloma. Mangalef o avocado mapa’aca tayra i Amilika.

I 1994 miheca ka’amisay Amilika a masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca a sa’etal i, o Mexico ato kalo hekal sata’akay kicay a kitakit Amilika kalali’aca ato mipacefongay ranikay ko kasacofel, tadamaan picekeroh to Mexico to kacowat no kicay ato kacakat no kinaira no finawlan. Nawhani mingataay to Amilika ko mili’acaay a icifa, o adihayay no papotalay a kalomaamaan, saikoray itini i Mexico mitafo, tinako o tosiya. Nikawrira o maamaan no tosiya, o nai Asiaay misanga’an ko pipacomod. 

Sakalalifet ko pipasadak mapadang ko Mexico mita’elif to 1995 mihecaan katalawan a kicay, itiya i 1996 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan misitapang a macowat ko kicay. No tekedan a kali’aca mala’icel a sakacomahad ko kicay, matongal to ko kalingadan, macakat ko saka’orip. Nanoya o Mexico oya to ko pilifet ko kacango’otan no kicay, tinako caay kalalen ko kinaira no tamdaw, polong no kitakit o kadofahay cidafongay 20% ko tamdaw cikinaira to 55% no polong no kitakit a kinaira, ato pakinali ko cisawarakay ato 122 tamdawan a makoracay a sa’osian.   

I 1986 miheca o Mexico mikapot to kacacofel mafafalic to lalosidan kapolongan katatelek, misitapang to nai laloma’an micowat pasayra papotal ko nikafali. Nanoya o Mexico a sifo misa’icel micokeroh miselic, mifalic, paitekedan, pasipapotal mifohat ko pidemak, saka i ’ayaw no 1995 mihecaan kicay no Mexico pado’edo to pinapina a mihecaan pakilaenoay macowat, kasakitakit misoped patada ato patalapotal matongal a matongal, o sakamoleto no dafong makeror tayra i cecayay ko sa’osi, o sakidafongan nao masiponay mala o matiwtiway to, nao citadahay mala o mo’ecelay to, micomoday masadakay matongalay to; oroma a demak, adihay ko micomoday, militado to pacena’ay a sihong no papotalay ko sapipalalen milecad to cango’ot no kicay.  

I 1994 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Mexico masongila ko pikapot to ka’amisay Amilika masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca sa’etal, oya miheca 12 folad Mexico nai mikowanay a kasarekad laloma’an cikacalemceman, rarawraw to ko sici, nanoya mangiyangi ko faloco’ no papotalay malali’acaay, dado’edo sato miliyas ko pidefong, malasakaserer no payso, macelal ko katalawan no payso. I 1996 miheca Cedillo a sifo i Amilika ato kasakitakit no paysoan citodongay mala o palefoday a micoker, mi’imeray ko pidemak to dafongan, misongila’ to dademaken no payso, misarocod mipatodong to misolek to kicay ato misalalan to maraayay dademakaen no sakacowat no kicay a halaka, manga’ay aca ko palefoday misalof to kararimaan no kicay no Mexico. O paysoan a icifa pado’edo a manga’ay, o sakisarar a lisok masereray to, macekal ko kalali’aca no icifa, kapolongan a dafongan masapinang malalen ko pasadak to rafas, papotalay a pipacefong matongal to, kasakitakit a iraay masadakay masapinang ko kafalic, o tadah i papotalay makacalay ko patiko, papotalay a nisopedan masapingan ko katongal.  

== Tamdaw (人口) ==
Midotoc to fa’elohay nisa’osian no Mexico kitakit tamdawan wiyyinhuy, tangasa i 2013 mihecaan o Mexico polong no tamdaw tangasa i 118,395,054 ko tamdaw, tonian i o fafahiyan ira ko 51%, solongan 60,584,099 tamdaw, o fainayan salongan 57,810,955 tamdaw. Midotoc to polong no kitakit finawlan wiyyinhuy a fa’elohay pisa’osian, polong ira ko tamdaw 1 walwalan 1840 ’ofad tamdaw, o saka 11 polong no cikiw. O sa’alomanay tamdaw no Spain sowal a kitakit[34], o saka 2 ta’akay tamdaw no Latin Amilika safaniyotan kitakit, aikor no Brazil. Polong no kitakit salongan 60% a tamdaw o Indian Europe camel a tamdaw, ira ko 30% o Indian tamdaw a teloc, 9% o Europe a teloc.

Indian tamdaw dadahal to ko pilayap to no etipay (Europe) ponka, o nai Oaxaca kanatal a Indian yincumina niyaro’, ’alomanay a sakapot mihatasiay ko kalalifet to wa’ay mali o enemay lalifet pakalowiday a pakalayap to 2013 miheca 10 folad itira i Argentina a midemak to kasakitakit mimingay cadada a mali a kompay[35].

== Kiwiko (教育) ==

== Ponka (文化) ==

== Pakayraan (宗教) ==
Midotoc to 2010 mihecaan a pipangangan to tamdaw a masaheci, o Loma Tingsokiw ko todong pakayraan, calap 82.7%, oya 9.7% o roma a Kritokiw a kiwha, halo fokoyin (5.2%), Pentecost (1.6%), roma a fa’elohay kiwha (0.7%), Ihofa pawacayay tamdaw (1.4%), Kristo miliyaway ma’orip Sabbath (Pahanhanan) (0.6%), Yis Krito ikoray tarokos kiwkay (0.3%). Caayay ka tangasa 0.2% o nano romaroma a caayay ko Kristokiw a pakayraan; 4.7% miwacay to awaayay ko pakayraan;2.7% caay ko kafana’an. 

O Mexico o saka 2 ta’akay Tingsokiw a kitakit i hekal, ira ko salongan 9000 ’ofad ko tamdaw Tingsokiw a mitooray, ikor no Brazil kitakit. Laloma’an 47% mikihatiya to lipay no kiwkay a misa. No mihecaan 12 folad 12 romi’ad, Mexico a Tapang a tadamaanay tamdaw—Guadalupe a ina—a romi’ad o Mexico kitakit satadamaanay a pakayraan romi’ad.

== Onto (體育) ==

O satadamaanay onto no Mexico o nowa’ayan mali, wa’ayan mali no Mexico kitakit saki’emelay i hakal, mapalahad ci Jorge Campos, Cuautmoque Brando, Hugo Sanchez, Rafael Marquis, Luis Hernandez, Javier Hernandez a malawama satadamaanay mimaliay i hekal. Nai 1930 miheca tangasa anini polongen 16 micomod i saikoray kalalifet, 1070 miheca ato 1986 miheca i niyah a kalalifetan itiya micomod i sakafalo a ki’emelay, tenokay ka’amis Amilika safaniyot ato Caribbean riyar wa’ayan mali a kalalifetan, o saadihayay pakaalaay to kompay caira, milecad to costa rica wa’ayan mali no kitakit.

Masowal ko Mexico wa’ayan mali a satadamanay i Amilika safaniyot ko kalalifet, polongen ko nisa’icelan ka’ayaw no 15 i hekal. I ka’amis Amilika o maanan to a matayalay ontoan a nipatatekoan o saka 3 ko ngangan, aikor no kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan ato Amilika matayalay yakiw nipatatekoan. 

Nai 2017 miheca 1 folad o Sportingintelligence (kacitaneng no onto) mihapiw to cecay a misaopoan tilid i hekal, matilid i caayay kalecad a kalalifet ato no Clup a nisa’osian. I 2015/2016 a kalalifet sa’alomanay micomoday tamdaw i kalalifetan a polongan i, o satadamanay kalalifetan no nipatatekoan i polong no cikiw mikihatiyaan miki’araw a tamdaw o saka 4 i nipatatekoan, kasacecay no kalalifet ira ko 26,151 ko tamdaw a micomod miki’araw, o dengan i Europe wa’ayan mali nipatatekoan sa’alomanay ko tamdaw.

Tadamaan ko kalalifet no tosiya i Mexico, ci Rodriguez malikaka a kalalifetan midemak i Formula one (cecayay mata’elifay sa’osien) a kalalifet kompay no Mexico.

== Kacedengan romi’ad (節慶) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Romi’ad'''
|'''Kacedengan'''
|'''Niyaro’'''
|'''Saheci''' 
|-
|1 folad 1 romi’ad
|Fa’elohay romi’ad miheca
|Año Nuevo
|Kapolongan miheca romi’ad
|-
|2 folad 5 romi’ad
|Patirengan to kimpo
|Día de la Constitución Mexicana
|1917 miheca Mexico patireng 

tokimpo a kalomaocan.
|-
|2 folad 24 romi’ad
|Pafayafayan romi’ad no kitakit
|Día de la Bandera
|Pafayafayan romi’ad no kitakit
|-
|3 folad 21 romi’ad
|Kasofocan ni Juárez romi’ad
|Natalicio de Benito Juárez
|Maolahay to kitakit no Mexico ci

Benito Juárez a kasofocan 

romi’ad, o kacanglahan.
|-
|4 folad 6 romi’ad
|Tadamaanay lipay romi’ad
|Viernes Santo
|Kasemseman ni Yis romi’ad, nai 3 

folad 1 romi’ad miteka to 40 

romi’ad a sakalima.
|-
|5 folad 1 romi’ad
|Malingaday romi’ad
|Día del Trabajo
|Malingaday romi’ad
|-
|5 folad 5 romi’ad
|5 folad 5 romi’ad a kacedengan
|La Batalla de Puebla
|I 1862 miheca o pipidahan to France  piheratengan romi’ad. itira: Puebla. 
|-
|9 folad 16 romi’ad
|O pisiikedan kitakit no Mexico a lalood.
|Grito de Dolores
|I 1810 miheca nai Spain masadak 

misiiked. 
|-
|11 folad 2 romi’ad
|No mapatayay salo’afang romi’ad
|Día de Muertos
|Spain a sowal
|-
|11 folad 20 romi’ad
|Pifelihan romi’ad
|Día de la Revolución Mexicana
|Mihirateng 1816 miheca no Spain a pikowanan  a misiiked. 
|-
|12 folad 12 romi’ad
|Guadalupe tadamaanay ina
|Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe
|Guadalupe tadamaanay ina
|-
|12 folad 25 romi’ad
|Kristmas
|Navidad
|Kasofocan ni Yis.
|}

== Kakaenen (飲食) ==

．Milolodan ’epang no Mexico— satadamaanay kakaenen no Mexico.

．Kihepicay ’epang no Mexico— I saka’amis no Mexico saheto o komaenay to ^mi tamdaw, nawhani o roma a niyaro’ o ’ariray ko nikama’enay.

．No ’ariray ’apelad no Mexico – o ’ariray datengan simal, odax, cilah ato nanom nisanga’an mimingay ’apelad no Mexico.

== Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) ==

1.Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Inali.gob.mx. [2014-07-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-08）.

2.Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 (PDF). MX Q: SCJN. [2010-08-14]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-05-11）.

3. Rafaela Castro. Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans. Oxford University Press. 2000: 83 [2016-03-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-514639-4</nowiki>. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-03）.

4. Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos (PDF). INEGI: 1, 77. [2015-12-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2015-12-10）.

5. Mexico. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2022 [2022-11-05] （Inkiris a sowal）.

6. Gini Index. World Bank. [2015-12-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-05-11）.

7. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2020-04-16）.

8. INALI. General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples (PDF). 2003-03-13 [2010-11-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-07-22）.

9. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, Merriam-Webster; p. 733.

10. “kacipinangan no hekal” kacitodongan Mexico kamok no tilid.

11. Mexico (05/09). US Department of State. 2012-06-25 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-15）.

12. CRS Report for Congress (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 2008-11-04 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2017-12-12）.

13. Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. [2011-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-18）.

14. Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275

15.Paweł Bożyk. Newly Industrialized Countries. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing. 2006: 164. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7546-4638-6</nowiki>.

16. Mauro F. Guillén. Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor. The Limits of Convergence. Princeton University Press. 2003: 126 (table 5.1). <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-11633-4</nowiki>.

17. David Waugh. Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22). Geography, An Integrated Approach 3rd. Nelson Thornes. 2000: 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. <nowiki>ISBN 0-17-444706-X</nowiki>.

18.N. Gregory Mankiw. Principles of Economics 4th. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 0-324-22472-9</nowiki>.

19. Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy. :. 2010-03-17 [2013-07-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-07-25）.

20. World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities (PDF). PwC Economics. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2013-02-22）.

21. James Scott; Matthias vom Hau; David Hulme. Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence. The University of Manchester. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-25）.

22. How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics (PDF). British International Studies Association. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2012-11-30）.

23. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (PDF). [2012-05-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2018-11-13）.

24. Oxford Analytica. Wayback.archive.org. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-04-24）.

25. G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power. ipsnews.net. 2007-06-05 [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-08-16）.

26. UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List. UNESCO. [2012-05-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-02）.

27. Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters. whc.unesco.org. [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-05）.

28. RapidxHTML. Mexico Once Again Ranked Among the World's Ten Most Visited Countries. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-01）.

29. 10 Most Visited Countries in the World 2015. Wild Junket. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-22）.

30. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-07-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-07-05）.

31. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-09-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-14）.

32. Papotalay sinpon: Mexico fa’elohay congtong misa’ayaw to sakisawarak ato karawrawan no kicay a demak, pinengnengan to ratoh calay. 2012-07-02 [2013-01-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-20）.

33.Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana Portuguese Web Archive a nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2016-05-15

34.Parsons, Alan; Schaffer, Jonathan. Geopolitics of oil and natural gas. Economic Perspectives. U.S. Department of State. May 2004.

35. Spanish Language History. Today Translations. [2007-10-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2005-04-17）.

36. Shoeless Trique Indian Kids From Mexico Win International Basketball Tournament In Argentina. Huffington Post. 2013-10-16 [2014-06-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-01-04）.












































































































Mexico（墨西哥）

[[Faylo:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Flag of Mexico|alt=File:Mexican States Standard.svg]]
[[Faylo:MEX orthographic.svg|thumb|Location of Mexico]]

Itini i 23 00 N, 102 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko [[Mexico]].
Polong no sekalay i 1,964,375 sq km “saka 14 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 1,943,945 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,430 sq km ” 
Polong i 123,166,749 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 11.80%.

siyoto(首都)
O [[Mexico City]](墨西哥城) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 16 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Enrique Peña Nieto]](恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad. 

Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
 

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Mexico]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit (Spain sowal: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), o pangangan Mexico (Spain sowal: México), o ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a cecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit a cisakowanay kitakit, o ka’amis ato Amilika masasiingir, katimol ato kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, o kawali o Belize, Guatemala ato Caribbean riyar, kawali o Mexico sangoso’ [9]. O adahal no sera ira ko 180 ’ofad pinfang kongli[10], no Amilika safaniyot o saka lima dadahalay kitakit ato saka 14 ta’akay kitakit no hekal. O polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.28 walwalan, o saka mo^etep ’alomanay tamdaw no hekal, ono Spain a sowal saka cecay ta’akay tamdaw kitakit ato Latin Amilika safaniyot saka tosa ta’akay tamdaw kitakit. Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit, halo 32 ko kanatal; o tadamaci  atota’akay maci o Mexico niyaro’ o cecay kanatal.

I ’ayaway ni Columbus a to’asan a Mexico adihay ko tala’ayway i tenokay ca Amilika safaniyot a palamitan no maro’ay a tamdaw, tinako Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya ato Aztec. I 1521 miheca, o Spain hongti kitakit i Mexico a Tenochtitlan ko kaitiraan milowid a micingcing to itiniay sa’etal, patireng to telek a New Spain songto a mikowan. I 1821 miheca, ikor a pisiiked a kalalood Mexico pisiikedan, onini a sa’etal mihapiw to pisiiked mihayda to Mexico. 

Iko no Mexico a misiiked pakataneng to kararawan, caay katomenek ko kicay ato sici. Ikor no Amilika ato Mexico a kalalood (1846-48), o tangic malitosaay no ka’amisay a sera mapapecih to Amilika. I 19 sici, o Mexico mataneng ko pastry lalood, France Mexico lalood, laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood, tosaay hongti kitakit ato 30 mihecaan a nisateked a pikowan a to’asan no likisi. I 1910 miheca miteka ko Mexico to sapifelih to nisateked a pikowan, saikor i 1917 miheca mapasetek ko kimpo ato fa^elohay sapidemak tosici a telek ko patireng. 

O ngangan no Mexico a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o saka 15 ta’akay i hekal, i kasakitakit misanga’an kinaira (o malalenay ko pi’acaay ) o saka 11 ta’akay i hekal. O Mexico a kicay ato ka’amisay Amilika pakoniraay kalali’aca katatelekan (NAFTA) kalali’aca lakapot makakedecay, mangalef to saki Amilika[11][12].  I 1994 miheca, o Mexico mala kakomodan no kicay ato kacomahadan a sakapot a sa’ayaway a Latin Amilika safaniyot sakapotan. No hekal a kingko pala tenokay takaraway cimicomoday a kitakit[13], misaheciay a tamdaw sacisowal sa o cecay fa’elohay katayalan a kitakit[14][15][16][17]. Mipasasa to romi’ad tangasa i 2050 miheca, o Mexico mala Osaka 5 ano eca saka 7 ta’akay sakino kicay i polong no cikiw[18][19]. 

Onini a kitakit o mala sa’etalay a ta’akay kitakit ato sasifo’an ci’icelay kitakit[20][21][22][23], mararid mala o fa’elohay ci’icelay kitakit[24]. O kadofahay ko ponka likisi nalacolan no Mexico, ira i Amilika safaniyot a sakacecay adihayay ato saka 7 adihayay no helal a nalacolan a kiwiko ponka sakapotan i Linhoko[25][26]. 2015 miheca, o nai hekalay a mihomongay tayni a tamdaw o saka 10 a kitakit, o mihomongay nai kasakitakit tamdaw tayni mirarakat ira ko 2910 ’ofad[27][28]. O nano Linhoko, Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, G20 a lomaoc ato malacecayay lekaop ko Mexico, 2014 miheca miteka mala o France a liyokan kasakitakit sakapot a mihiningay. 

 Lakisi (歷史) 
O Mexico o tatapangan no sakacomahad no adihayay Amilika safaniyot, nao palahaday to Maya, Toltec ato Aztec a sakacomahad, ikoray mangalef o kacowatan i Columbus a to’asan i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot ta’akay kitakit Aztec hongti kitakit. I 16 sici o Spain tamdaw ci Hernan Cortez micalap ko Mexico, i 1521 miheca loodan ko itiniay a Aztec tamdaw, nanoya o Mexico macingcing to no Spain, mala o fa’elohay to a Spain. 

I 1810 miheca, o Mexico mihapiw to pisiiked, i 1821 miheca kalaloodan to sapisiiked no Mexico mapatireng ko saka cecay Mexico hongti kitakit. I 1823 miheca, oni hongti kitakit mafelih no hitay, itiya mapatireng ko nipatatekoan a kitakit i 1824 miheca.

Ikor no pisiikedan, o sera no Mexico kitakit nanoya sa a maromot, o pinapina a sera mapakelac tahada’oc ko Amilika. I 1836 miheca, kawali ka’amisay a Texas mihapiw miliyas to Mexico misiiked, patireng to Texas Nikapolongan Kitakit, I 1823 miheca ato 1841 miheca, Yucatan kinatosa mihapiw to sapisiiked, i 1853 miheca mida’oc miteko to Mexico a nipatatekoan a kitakit. I 1838 miheca, o kitakit macowat ko ^epang a lalood. Itiya i 1848 miheca o Amillika Mexico lalood a mapidah, Mexico mapatodong to ka’amisay a ta’akay sera mapa’aca ko Amilika (o dadahal matiya aniniay 7 katimolay a kanatal).

I 1853 miheca a Gadsden pi’aca malasawad ko 7 ’ofad pinfang kongki a sera. I 1860 mihecaan, Mexico macalap no hitay no France, mapatireng ko tawataw a mikowanay a sakatosa hongti kitakit. I pikerid ni Juarez congtong itiya, o malaplap ko micalapay a France. Ci Juarez nai 1858 miheca tangasa 1872 miheca ko pikowan, ikor no kapatay ningra, o ci Porfirio Dias Porter ko mikowanay. 

Nano ni Porfirio Dias Porter 35 miheca ko halafin pitekedan mikowan, i 1910 miheca malenak ko pifelih lalood no Mexico. O mapidah no mifelihay ko nipatatekoan a kitakit a hitay, nika itiya marari’ang ko laloma’an, talahenot i 10 miheca ko lalod i lalomaan kitakit no Mexico. I 1929 miheca, paherek ko lalood no laloma’ no kitakit, o nifalicay a mirikecay a sician a kasarekad ko mikowanay, mala o mikowanay to no Mexico. I 2000 miheca, o miliyangay a Mexico kitakit dademakay sarekad ato kangdaway paratan a kasarekad malekapot to “mifalicay a nipatatekoan” a milifetay congtong ci Vicente Fox Quesada, itiya i 2000 miheca 7 folad a pisingkiwan a malacongtong, toya miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad mapatireng, 6 miheca ko lekad. Onini a pifelih to satelek nai 1929 miheca ko pikowan ikor no 71 mihecaan, o mifelihay a kasarekad sa’ayaway sakina cecay pakalowid, milaheci to nai 1929 mihecaan sa’ayaway rihadayay ko kafafalic no mikowanay, orasaka malo satadamaanay i likisi no Mexico ko nia singkiw.

I 2006 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o Mexico congtong ato kalomaocan a singkiw misitapang a mitopa[29]. I 9 folad 5 romi’ad, Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit pisingkiw a hoying mihapiw, o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad congtong ci Felipe Calderon Hinojosa i pisingkiwan to congtong pakalowiday to, malacongtong no Mexico sato[30], o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad padoedo sato ko sapikowan. 

I 2012 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyangay mifalicay mitelekay a kasarekad misingkiway to congtong ci Enrique Pena Pinto. O todong no sapisingkiw a pafaloco’an i “o pifalic” saan ko laloma’an – mipalalan to roma kitakit a tayni i kitakit to pisasimalay kosi a mitekeday to misasimal a tayal, pacakat to kinaira a sata mafalic ko kadademakan no icifa, masakapahay ho ko tireng ningra, pasayra i cingraan ko picoker no finawlan maki’ayaw ko roma tatoloay a sakalalifet to congtong. Ikor 38.21% ko paya maala to congtong a singkiw, saka 2 lekad rihadayay ko kafafalic no nipikowan, Mifalicay pitelek a kasarekad 12 miheca ko ka eca pikowan miliyaw heca mikowan. O pipaini no misaheciay tamdaw sowal sa, o karari’ang no malali’acaay to cisawarakay a karari’ang ato caayay ka lalen no syakay o sasi’ayawen ni Pinto ko nian[31]. 

 Sacian (政治) 
I 1917 miheca a kimpo no Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit a salongoc sakowan malitoloay kasiikedan: midemakay, patirengay to rikec ato hoying. Pakaynien i likisi i, o midemakay citodongay o sata’akay solongoc sakowan, o salongoc sakowan no congtong sata’akay. O congtong citodong midemak to no kalomaocan no kitakit (Congreso de la Unión) mihapiwan a sarikec.

Nai 1997 miheca misatapang, mido’edo to miliyangay a kasarekad itiya pakalowid to singkiw, kalomaocan mangilay ko ’icel mangalef a mangalef. Ira i sakikicay ato sakipayso a sofal, mihayda ko congtong mihapiw to sapidemak a mipatireng to rikec, nika kantoken no kalomaocan. O congtong nai finawlan a nisingkiwan, 6 miheca ko lekad, caay kanga’ay pado’edo. Caay patireng to micokeray a congtong ko Mexico, tona mapaterep ko kalacongtong ano eca caay kanga’ay midemak to sakitayal i, o kalomaocan ko misingkiway to linsi a congtong.

O kalomaocan midemak to tosaay a lomaoc, halo Fafa'eday pikaykian (Cámara de Senadores) ato Kararemay pikaykian (Cámara de Diputados). O Fafa'eday pikaykian 6 miheca ko lekad, Kararemay pikaykian 3 miheca ko lekad. Fafa'eday pikaykian 128 ko lomaocay ira ko caayay kasa’etal ato sa’etalay a lomaocay sakapot. O Kararemay pikaykian ira ko 500 lomaocay, o 300 a lomaocay o nai kasa’etal nisingkiwan, roma a 200 lomaocay nai 5 ta’akay sa’etal patodongan ko taypiaw. O nia 200 lomaocay sapadang to mimingay a kasarekad micomod i kalomaocan.

O satadamaanay a kasarekad o kitakit malowaday onto, mifelihay rikec kasarekad ato kitakit dademakay kasarekad.

 Safitay (軍事) 

O sofitay no Mexico o caayay ko misarocoday ko sapisimaw to sakihitay, i 20 sician, o ka’amis a kitakit no Amilika a ’icel tata’ang ko sasiroma, orasaka caay ko sapilifet to Amilika ko pihirateng to sapipatireng to sofitay, o sapipatihi to pitena’ to cisawarakay ato mitakaway malali’aca ko kalalood.

 O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) 

Polong no kitakit malaliyad 32 ko kanatal.
Kanatal  Tadamaci  Kanatal  Tadamaci  AguascalientesAguascalientesMorelosCuernavacaBaja CaliforniaMexicaliNayaritMonterreyBaja california surLa PazNuevo LeónMontereyCampecheCampecheOaxacaOaxacaChiapasCampechePueblaPueblaChihuahuaTuxtla GutiérrezQuerétaroSantiago de QuerétaroCoahuilaChihuahua CityQuintana RooChactemàalColimaSaltilloSan Luis PotosíSan Luis PotosíDurangoColimaSinaloaCuliacánGuanajuatoDurangoSonoraHermosilloGuerreroGuanajuatoTabascoVillahermosaHidalgo (HD)PachucaTamaulipasCiudad VictoriaJaliscoGuadalajaraTlaxcala (TL)Tlaxcala (city)Estado de México (EM)Toluca de LerdoVeracruzJalapaCiudad de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoYucatánMéridaMichoacánMoreliaZacatecasZacatecas

 Palapalaan (地理) 

O Mexico kaetip misi’ayaw to Taypinyang, o kawali miingir to Mexico ’apocok ato Caribbean riyar, pasiTasiyang, itira i na’amisan a konis 14 - 33˚ ato kaetip sakonis 86 - 119˚. Mililisay ato lawac no riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o takaraway lotok a dafdafan, halo adihayay namal lotok. O kaetip kakaya’ay i Baja California a kanatal, pao Taypinyang ato California a sangoso’an malacidek, kawali katimolan o panahalay tangasa i Yucatán sangoso’an. O satakaraway no Mexico o Pico de Orizaba lotok, ira ko 5700m ko takaraw nai riyar, o Sierra Madre lotok o tadalotok no Mexico. O Mexico sahetoay o no Amilika safaniyot a ’apelad padeyac, o Baja California sangoso’ itiraay i Taypinyang ato Cocos a ’apelad padeyac, itini i palaan, ira ko nai palaan mikingkiway a sowal o Istmo de Tehuantepec satano’ kawalian (ira macalap ko 12% dadahal) o no sifo’an Amilika safaniyot[32]; dengan o sakisicianan, Mexico ato Amilika ato Canada o malecaday no ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot[33].

O masasiromaay ko romi’ad no Mexico, ka’amisay o fa’edetay tafotafokay a romi’ad, katimol o fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad. O tada ’alo no Mexico ira o Rio Grande ’alo, Balthus’alo, Río Yaqui’alo. 

I Mexico adihay ko cactus (sasaycar), palafalo (hana) no fayfay no kitakit.

 Kicay (經濟) 
O Mexico ira ko aniniay mihecaan a misanga’ay to dafong ato maomahay, ono tekedan a kicay miraraay a matongal, I 90 a mihecaan no Mexico a mararan lalan pala o finawlan ko citodongay. O nano kitakit a tayal nai 1982 mihecaan o cecayay cicing a laloma’an tangasa 1999 miheca caay to pakatahira i tosa a so’ot laloma’an. Micokeroh ko sifo to paitekedan a kicay, mipatoror i minatoay, mararay lalan, tingwa calay, tingki, parapatan a lahod ato hikokiciw a padamaay o kalalifetan.

O ta’akay sacoker no kicay ko maomahay no Mexico a tamdaw. Lemon, kangdaway damdam, ’ariray, avocado, kidafes, naniwac, tefos ko ta’akay pinaloma. Mangalef o avocado mapa’aca tayra i Amilika.

I 1994 miheca ka’amisay Amilika a masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca a sa’etal i, o Mexico ato kalo hekal sata’akay kicay a kitakit Amilika kalali’aca ato mipacefongay ranikay ko kasacofel, tadamaan picekeroh to Mexico to kacowat no kicay ato kacakat no kinaira no finawlan. Nawhani mingataay to Amilika ko mili’acaay a icifa, o adihayay no papotalay a kalomaamaan, saikoray itini i Mexico mitafo, tinako o tosiya. Nikawrira o maamaan no tosiya, o nai Asiaay misanga’an ko pipacomod. 

Sakalalifet ko pipasadak mapadang ko Mexico mita’elif to 1995 mihecaan katalawan a kicay, itiya i 1996 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan misitapang a macowat ko kicay. No tekedan a kali’aca mala’icel a sakacomahad ko kicay, matongal to ko kalingadan, macakat ko saka’orip. Nanoya o Mexico oya to ko pilifet ko kacango’otan no kicay, tinako caay kalalen ko kinaira no tamdaw, polong no kitakit o kadofahay cidafongay 20% ko tamdaw cikinaira to 55% no polong no kitakit a kinaira, ato pakinali ko cisawarakay ato 122 tamdawan a makoracay a sa’osian.   

I 1986 miheca o Mexico mikapot to kacacofel mafafalic to lalosidan kapolongan katatelek, misitapang to nai laloma’an micowat pasayra papotal ko nikafali. Nanoya o Mexico a sifo misa’icel micokeroh miselic, mifalic, paitekedan, pasipapotal mifohat ko pidemak, saka i ’ayaw no 1995 mihecaan kicay no Mexico pado’edo to pinapina a mihecaan pakilaenoay macowat, kasakitakit misoped patada ato patalapotal matongal a matongal, o sakamoleto no dafong makeror tayra i cecayay ko sa’osi, o sakidafongan nao masiponay mala o matiwtiway to, nao citadahay mala o mo’ecelay to, micomoday masadakay matongalay to; oroma a demak, adihay ko micomoday, militado to pacena’ay a sihong no papotalay ko sapipalalen milecad to cango’ot no kicay.  

I 1994 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Mexico masongila ko pikapot to ka’amisay Amilika masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca sa’etal, oya miheca 12 folad Mexico nai mikowanay a kasarekad laloma’an cikacalemceman, rarawraw to ko sici, nanoya mangiyangi ko faloco’ no papotalay malali’acaay, dado’edo sato miliyas ko pidefong, malasakaserer no payso, macelal ko katalawan no payso. I 1996 miheca Cedillo a sifo i Amilika ato kasakitakit no paysoan citodongay mala o palefoday a micoker, mi’imeray ko pidemak to dafongan, misongila’ to dademaken no payso, misarocod mipatodong to misolek to kicay ato misalalan to maraayay dademakaen no sakacowat no kicay a halaka, manga’ay aca ko palefoday misalof to kararimaan no kicay no Mexico. O paysoan a icifa pado’edo a manga’ay, o sakisarar a lisok masereray to, macekal ko kalali’aca no icifa, kapolongan a dafongan masapinang malalen ko pasadak to rafas, papotalay a pipacefong matongal to, kasakitakit a iraay masadakay masapinang ko kafalic, o tadah i papotalay makacalay ko patiko, papotalay a nisopedan masapingan ko katongal.  

 Tamdaw (人口) 
Midotoc to fa’elohay nisa’osian no Mexico kitakit tamdawan wiyyinhuy, tangasa i 2013 mihecaan o Mexico polong no tamdaw tangasa i 118,395,054 ko tamdaw, tonian i o fafahiyan ira ko 51%, solongan 60,584,099 tamdaw, o fainayan salongan 57,810,955 tamdaw. Midotoc to polong no kitakit finawlan wiyyinhuy a fa’elohay pisa’osian, polong ira ko tamdaw 1 walwalan 1840 ’ofad tamdaw, o saka 11 polong no cikiw. O sa’alomanay tamdaw no Spain sowal a kitakit[34], o saka 2 ta’akay tamdaw no Latin Amilika safaniyotan kitakit, aikor no Brazil. Polong no kitakit salongan 60% a tamdaw o Indian Europe camel a tamdaw, ira ko 30% o Indian tamdaw a teloc, 9% o Europe a teloc.

Indian tamdaw dadahal to ko pilayap to no etipay (Europe) ponka, o nai Oaxaca kanatal a Indian yincumina niyaro’, ’alomanay a sakapot mihatasiay ko kalalifet to wa’ay mali o enemay lalifet pakalowiday a pakalayap to 2013 miheca 10 folad itira i Argentina a midemak to kasakitakit mimingay cadada a mali a kompay[35].

 Kiwiko (教育) 

 Ponka (文化) 

 Pakayraan (宗教) 
Midotoc to 2010 mihecaan a pipangangan to tamdaw a masaheci, o Loma Tingsokiw ko todong pakayraan, calap 82.7%, oya 9.7% o roma a Kritokiw a kiwha, halo fokoyin (5.2%), Pentecost (1.6%), roma a fa’elohay kiwha (0.7%), Ihofa pawacayay tamdaw (1.4%), Kristo miliyaway ma’orip Sabbath (Pahanhanan) (0.6%), Yis Krito ikoray tarokos kiwkay (0.3%). Caayay ka tangasa 0.2% o nano romaroma a caayay ko Kristokiw a pakayraan; 4.7% miwacay to awaayay ko pakayraan;2.7% caay ko kafana’an. 

O Mexico o saka 2 ta’akay Tingsokiw a kitakit i hekal, ira ko salongan 9000 ’ofad ko tamdaw Tingsokiw a mitooray, ikor no Brazil kitakit. Laloma’an 47% mikihatiya to lipay no kiwkay a misa. No mihecaan 12 folad 12 romi’ad, Mexico a Tapang a tadamaanay tamdaw—Guadalupe a ina—a romi’ad o Mexico kitakit satadamaanay a pakayraan romi’ad.

 Onto (體育) 

O satadamaanay onto no Mexico o nowa’ayan mali, wa’ayan mali no Mexico kitakit saki’emelay i hakal, mapalahad ci Jorge Campos, Cuautmoque Brando, Hugo Sanchez, Rafael Marquis, Luis Hernandez, Javier Hernandez a malawama satadamaanay mimaliay i hekal. Nai 1930 miheca tangasa anini polongen 16 micomod i saikoray kalalifet, 1070 miheca ato 1986 miheca i niyah a kalalifetan itiya micomod i sakafalo a ki’emelay, tenokay ka’amis Amilika safaniyot ato Caribbean riyar wa’ayan mali a kalalifetan, o saadihayay pakaalaay to kompay caira, milecad to costa rica wa’ayan mali no kitakit.

Masowal ko Mexico wa’ayan mali a satadamanay i Amilika safaniyot ko kalalifet, polongen ko nisa’icelan ka’ayaw no 15 i hekal. I ka’amis Amilika o maanan to a matayalay ontoan a nipatatekoan o saka 3 ko ngangan, aikor no kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan ato Amilika matayalay yakiw nipatatekoan. 

Nai 2017 miheca 1 folad o Sportingintelligence (kacitaneng no onto) mihapiw to cecay a misaopoan tilid i hekal, matilid i caayay kalecad a kalalifet ato no Clup a nisa’osian. I 2015/2016 a kalalifet sa’alomanay micomoday tamdaw i kalalifetan a polongan i, o satadamanay kalalifetan no nipatatekoan i polong no cikiw mikihatiyaan miki’araw a tamdaw o saka 4 i nipatatekoan, kasacecay no kalalifet ira ko 26,151 ko tamdaw a micomod miki’araw, o dengan i Europe wa’ayan mali nipatatekoan sa’alomanay ko tamdaw.

Tadamaan ko kalalifet no tosiya i Mexico, ci Rodriguez malikaka a kalalifetan midemak i Formula one (cecayay mata’elifay sa’osien) a kalalifet kompay no Mexico.

 Kacedengan romi’ad (節慶) 
Romi’adKacedenganNiyaro’Saheci 1 folad 1 romi’adFa’elohay romi’ad mihecaAño NuevoKapolongan miheca romi’ad2 folad 5 romi’adPatirengan to kimpoDía de la Constitución Mexicana1917 miheca Mexico patireng 

tokimpo a kalomaocan.2 folad 24 romi’adPafayafayan romi’ad no kitakitDía de la BanderaPafayafayan romi’ad no kitakit3 folad 21 romi’adKasofocan ni Juárez romi’adNatalicio de Benito JuárezMaolahay to kitakit no Mexico ci

Benito Juárez a kasofocan 

romi’ad, o kacanglahan.4 folad 6 romi’adTadamaanay lipay romi’adViernes SantoKasemseman ni Yis romi’ad, nai 3 

folad 1 romi’ad miteka to 40 

romi’ad a sakalima.5 folad 1 romi’adMalingaday romi’adDía del TrabajoMalingaday romi’ad5 folad 5 romi’ad5 folad 5 romi’ad a kacedenganLa Batalla de PueblaI 1862 miheca o pipidahan to France  piheratengan romi’ad. itira: Puebla. 9 folad 16 romi’adO pisiikedan kitakit no Mexico a lalood.Grito de DoloresI 1810 miheca nai Spain masadak 

misiiked. 11 folad 2 romi’adNo mapatayay salo’afang romi’adDía de MuertosSpain a sowal11 folad 20 romi’adPifelihan romi’adDía de la Revolución MexicanaMihirateng 1816 miheca no Spain a pikowanan  a misiiked. 12 folad 12 romi’adGuadalupe tadamaanay inaDía de la Virgen de GuadalupeGuadalupe tadamaanay ina12 folad 25 romi’adKristmasNavidadKasofocan ni Yis.

 Kakaenen (飲食) 

．Milolodan ’epang no Mexico— satadamaanay kakaenen no Mexico.

．Kihepicay ’epang no Mexico— I saka’amis no Mexico saheto o komaenay to ^mi tamdaw, nawhani o roma a niyaro’ o ’ariray ko nikama’enay.

．No ’ariray ’apelad no Mexico – o ’ariray datengan simal, odax, cilah ato nanom nisanga’an mimingay ’apelad no Mexico.

 Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) 

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2.Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 (PDF). MX Q: SCJN. [2010-08-14]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-05-11）.

3. Rafaela Castro. Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans. Oxford University Press. 2000: 83 [2016-03-22]. ISBN 978-0-19-514639-4. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-03）.

4. Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos (PDF). INEGI: 1, 77. [2015-12-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2015-12-10）.

5. Mexico. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2022 [2022-11-05] （Inkiris a sowal）.

6. Gini Index. World Bank. [2015-12-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-05-11）.

7. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2020-04-16）.

8. INALI. General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples (PDF). 2003-03-13 [2010-11-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-07-22）.

9. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, Merriam-Webster; p. 733.

10. “kacipinangan no hekal” kacitodongan Mexico kamok no tilid.

11. Mexico (05/09). US Department of State. 2012-06-25 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-15）.

12. CRS Report for Congress (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 2008-11-04 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2017-12-12）.

13. Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. [2011-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-18）.

14. Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275

15.Paweł Bożyk. Newly Industrialized Countries. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing. 2006: 164. ISBN 0-7546-4638-6.

16. Mauro F. Guillén. Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor. The Limits of Convergence. Princeton University Press. 2003: 126 (table 5.1). ISBN 0-691-11633-4.

17. David Waugh. Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22). Geography, An Integrated Approach 3rd. Nelson Thornes. 2000: 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. ISBN 0-17-444706-X.

18.N. Gregory Mankiw. Principles of Economics 4th. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. 2007. ISBN 0-324-22472-9.

19. Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy. :. 2010-03-17 [2013-07-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-07-25）.

20. World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities (PDF). PwC Economics. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2013-02-22）.

21. James Scott; Matthias vom Hau; David Hulme. Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence. The University of Manchester. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-25）.

22. How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics (PDF). British International Studies Association. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2012-11-30）.

23. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (PDF). [2012-05-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2018-11-13）.

24. Oxford Analytica. Wayback.archive.org. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-04-24）.

25. G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power. ipsnews.net. 2007-06-05 [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-08-16）.

26. UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List. UNESCO. [2012-05-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-02）.

27. Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters. whc.unesco.org. [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-05）.

28. RapidxHTML. Mexico Once Again Ranked Among the World's Ten Most Visited Countries. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-01）.

29. 10 Most Visited Countries in the World 2015. Wild Junket. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-22）.

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36. Shoeless Trique Indian Kids From Mexico Win International Basketball Tournament In Argentina. Huffington Post. 2013-10-16 [2014-06-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-01-04）.

Mexico（墨西哥）

thumb|Flag of Mexico|alt=File:Mexican States Standard.svg
thumb|Location of Mexico

Itini i 23 00 N, 102 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko Mexico.
Polong no sekalay i 1,964,375 sq km “saka 14 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 1,943,945 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,430 sq km ” 
Polong i 123,166,749 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 11.80%.

siyoto(首都)
O Mexico City(墨西哥城) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 16 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Enrique Peña Nieto(恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad. 

Pi’arawan to lakaw
 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government
 

Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Kasasiwasiw:Mexico
Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika
Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit