ፑንት
[[ስዕል:NC Punt.jpg|300px|right|thumb|የፑንት ሥፍራ (አንድ አስተያየት)]]
'''ፑንት''' ('''ፕወነት''')<ref>Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, London. 1995, p.231.</ref> ከ[[ጥንታዊ ግብጽ]] ጋራ ንግድ ያካሄድ የነበረ ሀገር ነበር። ግብጻዊ ተጓዦችና መርከበኞች ከዚያ [[ወርቅ]]፣ [[ሙጫ]]፣ [[ቆጲ]]፣ [[የዝሆን ጥርስ]]፣ ባርያዎችና አውሬዎች ያመጡ ነበር። ፑንት ደግሞ አንዳንዴ «'''ታ ነጨር'''» (ሀገረ አምላክ) ይባላል።<ref>Breasted, John Henry (1906–1907), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary, p.433, vol.1</ref>

ፑንት በ[[ቀይ ባሕር]] ዳርቻ ወይም በ[[አፍሪቃ]] ወገን<ref>Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.</ref> ወይም በ[[አረቢያ]] ወገን<ref>Dimitri Meeks – Chapter 4 – “Locating Punt” from the book ''Mysterious Lands'' by David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirke</ref>ወይም ምናልባት በሁለቱም እንደ ተገኘ ይታሰባል።

በአንዳንድ ዘመናዊ መምህሮች ዘንድ ፑንት ከ[[ፉጥ]] (የ[[ካም]] ልጅ) ጋር መታወቂያ ሊኖረው ይችላል።<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sadler, Jr. |encyclopedia=The [[New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible]] |first=Rodney |editor=Katharine Sakenfeld |publisher=Abingdon Press |volume=4 |location=Nashville |pages=691–92|title=Put |year=2009 }}</ref>በተለመደው ልማድ ግን ይህ ፉጥ በቀይ ባሕር አካባቢ ሳይሆን በ[[ሊብያ]] ነበር የሠፈረው።

==የግብጽ ግንኙነት ከፑንት ጋር==
[[ስዕል:Relief of Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt by Σταύρος.jpg|thumb|left|በሃትሸፕሱት ፱ኛው አመት ወደ ፑንት የተጓዙት ግብጻውያን ሎሌዎች - ከመቃብርዋ ግድግዳ]]

* 2950 ዓክልበ. ግድም - በ[[ፈርዖን]] [[ኁፉ]] ዘመን የፑንት ወርቅ ይጠቀሳል።
* 2900 ዓክልበ. ግድም - ፈርዖን [[ሳሁሬ]] ጉዞ ወደ ፑንት ላከ።<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|p=161|Ref=none}}, vol. 1.</ref>

* 2003 ዓክልበ. ግድም - የ[[3 መንቱሆተፕ]] አለቃ [[ሃኑ]] የፑንት ጉዞ መራ።<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|pp=427–433|Ref=none}}, vol. 1.</ref>
* በ[[1 ሰኑስረት]]ና [[2 አመነምሃት]] ዘመኖች (1972-1905 ዓክልበ.) ደግሞ ጉዞዎች ወደ ፑንት ሄዱ።<ref name=p145>Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145</ref> በዚህ ዘመን ሥነ ጽሑፍ ''[[መርከቡ የጠፋበት መርከበኛ ተረት]]'' ፑንትን ይጠቅሳል። 
* 1478 ዓክልበ. ግድም - ንግሥት [[ሃትሸፕሱት]] ቋሚ የንግድ መርከቦች ኃይል አሠራች።<ref>Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.</ref> በመቃብርዋ ግድግዳ የአምሥት መርከቦች ጉዞ ይዘገባል።<ref name=p149>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.149</ref> የሃትሸፕሱት ተልእኮ [[ኔህሲ]] በፑንት ሲደርስ የፑንት መሪዎች ንጉሥ ፓራሁ እና ንግሥት አቲ<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|1906–07|pp=246–295|Ref=none}}, vol. 1.</ref> ሰላምታ ሰጡት።<ref name=p149/>«ፑንት» የሚለው ሥያሜ በግብጽኛ ከጥንታዊ መንግሥት መዝገቦች ከ1500 ዓመታት በፊት የተወረሰ ነበር እንጂ ኗሪዎቹ ያንጊዜ አገራቸውን «ፑንት» እንዳሉት አይሆንም። ግብጻውያን [[ዕጣን]]፣ ቆጲ፣ ከብት፣ ዝሆን ጥርስ ወዘተ. ከፑንት ገዙ።<ref>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147</ref>
* የሃትሸፕሱት ተከታዮች [[3 ቱትሞሲስ]]ና [[3 አመንሆተፕ]] ደግሞ የፑንት ንግድ አከታተሉ።<ref name=145-146>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, pp.145–146</ref>
* እስከ 1150 ዓክልበ. ግድም ድረስ በ[[3 ራሜሰስ]] ዘመን የፑንት ጉዞ ይዘገባል።<ref>K.A. Kitchen, Punt and how to get there, Orientalia 40 (1971), 184–207:190.</ref>

==ሥፍራ==


ከፑንት የተገኙት አውሬዎች [[ቀጭኔ]]፣ [[አንኮ]]፣ [[ጉማሬ]] እና [[ነብር]] ስለ ሆኑ፣ ከዚያም በላይ የንግድ ዕቃ ዞጲ እና የዝሆን ጥርስ ሆኖ፣ አብዛኛው ሊቃውንት ፑንት በተለይ በአፍሪቃዊው ዳርቻ ላይ መሆኑን ያስቡታል።<ref>Shaw & Nicholson, p.231</ref><ref>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jcpQqkHr328C&printsec=frontcover#PPA13,M1 | title = The Ethiopians: A history | isbn = 978-0-631-22493-8 | author1 = Pankhurst | first1 = Richard | year = 2001}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=YAnTJQWWnoAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA145,M1 Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahari By Frederick Monderson]</ref>

ከፑንት የደረሰ አንድ የአንኮ አስካሬን ቅርስ በግብጽ ተገኝቶ፣ በ[[2002]] ዓ.ም. ሊቃውንት የጄኔቲክ ምርመራ አድርገው አንኮው በተለይ ከ[[ኤርትራ]]ና [[ኢትዮጵያ]] አንኮዎች ጋራ እንደ ተዘመደ አስታወቁ።<ref name="independent.co.uk">Owen Jarus ,{{cite web|title= Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt |accessdate= 26 April 2010 |work= The Independent|date= 26 April 2010 |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| width="20%"| [[File:Pwenet.gif|150px]]<br /><br />«ፕወነት» በግብጽኛ አጻጻፍ
| width="30%"| [[File:Punt2.JPG|200px]]<br />የፑንት ጎጆ በግድግዳ እንደ ተቀረጸ
| width="30%"| [[File:Punthouse02.jpg|200px]]<br />የፑንት ጎጆዎች - ዘመናዊ አስተያየት
|-
|}

==ዋቢ ምንጮች==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Citation
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* Fattovich, Rodolfo. 1991. "The Problem of Punt in the Light of the Recent Field Work in the Eastern Sudan". In ''Akten des vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses, München 1985'', edited by Sylvia Schoske. Vol. 4 of 4 vols. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. 257–272.
* ———. 1993. "Punt: The Archaeological Perspective". In ''Sesto congresso internazionale de egittologia: Atti'', edited by Gian Maria Zaccone and Tomaso Ricardi di Netro. Vol. 2 of 2 vols. Torino: Italgas. 399–405.
* Herzog, Rolf. 1968. ''Punt''. Abhandlungen des Deutsches Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, Ägyptische Reihe 6. Glückstadt: Verlag J. J. Augustin.
* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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* O'Connor, David (1994), ''Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa'', University of Pennsylvania Press, pp.&nbsp;41–44.

* [[Johannes Dumichen]]: ''Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin'', Leipzig, 1868.
* [[Wilhelm Max Müller]]: ''Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern'', Leipzig, 1893.
* [[Adolf Erman]]: ''Life in Ancient Egypt'', London, 1894.
* [[Édouard Naville]]: "Deir-el-Bahri" in ''Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoirs XII, XIII, XIV, and XIX'', London, 1894 et seq.
* James Henry Breasted: ''A History of the Ancient Egyptians'', New York, 1908.

* [http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/punt.html The Land of Punt] with quotes from Breasted (1906) and Petrie (1939)
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt] {{Wayback|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html |date=20230506221249 }} by Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1891)
* [http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/hatshepsut_temple.html Deir el-Bahri: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]
* [http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/bauwerke/djeser/dj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm Hall of Punt] at Deir el-Bahri; and [http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/punt/puntlage.htm Where was Punt?] discussion by Dr. Karl H. Leser
* [http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/QUEEN.html Queen of Punt syndrome]

* [http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt] (Boston University Bridge, 18 March 2005).  Excavations at Wadi Gawasis, possibly the ancient Egyptian port Saaw.
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7190 Remains of ancient Egyptian seafaring ships discovered] (New Scientist, 23 March 2005).
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm Sailing to distant lands] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm |date=20120923020538 }} (Al Ahram, 2 June 2005).
* [https://archive.is/20121208231638/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1088919.php/Ancient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port Ancient ship remains are unearthed] (Deutsche Press Agentur, 26 January 2006).
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11705263/ 4,000-year-old shipyard unearthed in Egypt] (MSNBC, 6 March 2006).

[[መደብ:የአፍሪካ ታሪክ]]
[[መደብ:ጥንታዊ ግብፅ]]
[[መደብ:ታሪካዊ አገሮች]]
ፑንት (ፕወነት)Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, London. 1995, p.231. ከጥንታዊ ግብጽ ጋራ ንግድ ያካሄድ የነበረ ሀገር ነበር። ግብጻዊ ተጓዦችና መርከበኞች ከዚያ ወርቅ፣ ሙጫ፣ ቆጲ፣ የዝሆን ጥርስ፣ ባርያዎችና አውሬዎች ያመጡ ነበር። ፑንት ደግሞ አንዳንዴ «ታ ነጨር» (ሀገረ አምላክ) ይባላል።Breasted, John Henry (1906–1907), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary, p.433, vol.1

ፑንት በቀይ ባሕር ዳርቻ ወይም በአፍሪቃ ወገንSimson Najovits, Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2, (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258. ወይም በአረቢያ ወገንDimitri Meeks – Chapter 4 – “Locating Punt” from the book Mysterious Lands by David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirkeወይም ምናልባት በሁለቱም እንደ ተገኘ ይታሰባል።

በአንዳንድ ዘመናዊ መምህሮች ዘንድ ፑንት ከፉጥ (የካም ልጅ) ጋር መታወቂያ ሊኖረው ይችላል።በተለመደው ልማድ ግን ይህ ፉጥ በቀይ ባሕር አካባቢ ሳይሆን በሊብያ ነበር የሠፈረው።

የግብጽ ግንኙነት ከፑንት ጋር
thumb|left|በሃትሸፕሱት ፱ኛው አመት ወደ ፑንት የተጓዙት ግብጻውያን ሎሌዎች - ከመቃብርዋ ግድግዳ

 2950 ዓክልበ. ግድም - በፈርዖን ኁፉ ዘመን የፑንት ወርቅ ይጠቀሳል።
 2900 ዓክልበ. ግድም - ፈርዖን ሳሁሬ ጉዞ ወደ ፑንት ላከ።, vol. 1.

 2003 ዓክልበ. ግድም - የ3 መንቱሆተፕ አለቃ ሃኑ የፑንት ጉዞ መራ።, vol. 1.
 በ1 ሰኑስረትና 2 አመነምሃት ዘመኖች (1972-1905 ዓክልበ.) ደግሞ ጉዞዎች ወደ ፑንት ሄዱ።Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145 በዚህ ዘመን ሥነ ጽሑፍ መርከቡ የጠፋበት መርከበኛ ተረት ፑንትን ይጠቅሳል። 
 1478 ዓክልበ. ግድም - ንግሥት ሃትሸፕሱት ቋሚ የንግድ መርከቦች ኃይል አሠራች።Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN. በመቃብርዋ ግድግዳ የአምሥት መርከቦች ጉዞ ይዘገባል።Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.149 የሃትሸፕሱት ተልእኮ ኔህሲ በፑንት ሲደርስ የፑንት መሪዎች ንጉሥ ፓራሁ እና ንግሥት አቲ, vol. 1. ሰላምታ ሰጡት።«ፑንት» የሚለው ሥያሜ በግብጽኛ ከጥንታዊ መንግሥት መዝገቦች ከ1500 ዓመታት በፊት የተወረሰ ነበር እንጂ ኗሪዎቹ ያንጊዜ አገራቸውን «ፑንት» እንዳሉት አይሆንም። ግብጻውያን ዕጣን፣ ቆጲ፣ ከብት፣ ዝሆን ጥርስ ወዘተ. ከፑንት ገዙ።Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147
 የሃትሸፕሱት ተከታዮች 3 ቱትሞሲስና 3 አመንሆተፕ ደግሞ የፑንት ንግድ አከታተሉ።Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, pp.145–146
 እስከ 1150 ዓክልበ. ግድም ድረስ በ3 ራሜሰስ ዘመን የፑንት ጉዞ ይዘገባል።K.A. Kitchen, Punt and how to get there, Orientalia 40 (1971), 184–207:190.

ሥፍራ

ከፑንት የተገኙት አውሬዎች ቀጭኔ፣ አንኮ፣ ጉማሬ እና ነብር ስለ ሆኑ፣ ከዚያም በላይ የንግድ ዕቃ ዞጲ እና የዝሆን ጥርስ ሆኖ፣ አብዛኛው ሊቃውንት ፑንት በተለይ በአፍሪቃዊው ዳርቻ ላይ መሆኑን ያስቡታል።Shaw & Nicholson, p.231Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahari By Frederick Monderson

ከፑንት የደረሰ አንድ የአንኮ አስካሬን ቅርስ በግብጽ ተገኝቶ፣ በ2002 ዓ.ም. ሊቃውንት የጄኔቲክ ምርመራ አድርገው አንኮው በተለይ ከኤርትራና ኢትዮጵያ አንኮዎች ጋራ እንደ ተዘመደ አስታወቁ።Owen Jarus ,

 150px«ፕወነት» በግብጽኛ አጻጻፍ 200pxየፑንት ጎጆ በግድግዳ እንደ ተቀረጸ 200pxየፑንት ጎጆዎች - ዘመናዊ አስተያየት

ዋቢ ምንጮች

 .
 .
 Fattovich, Rodolfo. 1991. "The Problem of Punt in the Light of the Recent Field Work in the Eastern Sudan". In Akten des vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses, München 1985, edited by Sylvia Schoske. Vol. 4 of 4 vols. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. 257–272.
 ———. 1993. "Punt: The Archaeological Perspective". In Sesto congresso internazionale de egittologia: Atti, edited by Gian Maria Zaccone and Tomaso Ricardi di Netro. Vol. 2 of 2 vols. Torino: Italgas. 399–405.
 Herzog, Rolf. 1968. Punt. Abhandlungen des Deutsches Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, Ägyptische Reihe 6. Glückstadt: Verlag J. J. Augustin.
 
 .
 .
 .
 O'Connor, David (1994), Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 41–44.

 Johannes Dumichen: Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin, Leipzig, 1868.
 Wilhelm Max Müller: Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern, Leipzig, 1893.
 Adolf Erman: Life in Ancient Egypt, London, 1894.
 Édouard Naville: "Deir-el-Bahri" in Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoirs XII, XIII, XIV, and XIX, London, 1894 et seq.
 James Henry Breasted: A History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908.

 The Land of Punt with quotes from Breasted (1906) and Petrie (1939)
 Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt  by Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1891)
 Deir el-Bahri: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
 Hall of Punt at Deir el-Bahri; and Where was Punt? discussion by Dr. Karl H. Leser
 Queen of Punt syndrome

 Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt (Boston University Bridge, 18 March 2005).  Excavations at Wadi Gawasis, possibly the ancient Egyptian port Saaw.
 Remains of ancient Egyptian seafaring ships discovered (New Scientist, 23 March 2005).
 Sailing to distant lands  (Al Ahram, 2 June 2005).
 Ancient ship remains are unearthed (Deutsche Press Agentur, 26 January 2006).
 4,000-year-old shipyard unearthed in Egypt (MSNBC, 6 March 2006).

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መደብ:ጥንታዊ ግብፅ
መደብ:ታሪካዊ አገሮች