Significant
Significant
[A girl with a black ponytail runs up to Cueball, who subsequently points off-panel where there are presumably scientists.] Girl with black ponytail: Jelly beans cause acne! Cueball: Scientists! Investigate! Scientist (off screen): But we're playing Minecraft! Scientist (off screen): ...Fine.
[Two scientists. The man has safety goggles on, Megan has a sheet of notes.] Scientist with goggles: We found no link between jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
[Back to the original two.] Cueball: That settles that. Girl with black ponytail: I hear it's only a certain color that causes it. Cueball: Scientists! Scientist (off screen): But Miiiinecraft!
[20 identical small panels follow, 4 rows 5 columns. The exact same picture as in panel 2 above. The scientist with goggles are stating the results and Megan holds some notes in her hand. The only difference from panel to panel is the color and then in the 14th panel where the result is positive and there is an exclamation from off screen.] Scientist with goggles: We found no link between purple jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between brown jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between pink jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between blue jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between teal jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between salmon jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between red jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between turquoise jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between magenta jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between yellow jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between grey jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between tan jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between cyan jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found a link between green jelly beans and acne (p < 0.05). Voice (off screen): Whoa!
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between mauve jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between beige jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between lilac jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between black jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between peach jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between orange jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
[Newspaper front page with a picture with three green jelly beans. There are several sections with unreadable text below each of the last three readable sentences.] News Green Jelly Beans Linked To Acne! 95% Confidence Only 5% chance of coincidence! Scientists...

This comic is about data dredging (aka p -hacking), and the misrepresentation of science and statistics in the media. A girl with a black ponytail comes to Cueball with her claim that jelly beans cause acne and Cueball then commission two scientists (a man with goggles and Megan ) to do some research on the link between jelly beans and acne. They find no link, but in the end the real result of this research is bad news reporting!
First some basic statistical theory. Let's imagine you are trying to find out if jelly beans cause acne. To do this you could find a group of people and randomly split them into two groups - one group who you get to eat lots of jelly beans and a second group who are banned from eating jelly beans. After some time you compare whether the group that eat jelly beans have more acne than those who do not. If more people in the group that eat jelly beans have acne then you might think that jelly beans cause acne. However, there is a problem.
Some people will suffer from acne whether they eat jelly beans or not and some will never have acne even if they do eat jelly beans. There is an element of chance in how many people prone to acne are in each group. What if, purely by chance, all the group we selected to eat jelly beans would have had acne anyway while those who didn't eat jelly beans were the lucky sort of people who never get spots? Then, even if jelly beans did not cause acne, we would conclude that jelly beans did cause acne. Of course it is very unlikely that all the acne prone people end up in one group by chance, especially if we have enough people in each group. However, to give more confidence in the result of this type of experiment, scientists use statistics to see how likely it is that the result they find is purely by chance. This is known as statistical hypothesis testing . Before we start the experiment, we choose a threshold known as the significance level. In the comic the scientists choose a threshold of 5%. If they find that more of the people who ate jelly beans had acne and the chance it was a purely random result is less than 1 in 20, they will say that jelly beans do cause acne. If however, the chance that their result was purely by random chance is greater than 5% they will say they have found no evidence of a link. The important point is this – there could still be a 1 in 20 chance that this result was purely a statistical fluke .
At first the scientists do not want to stop playing the addictive game Minecraft , but they do eventually start. Minecraft was previously referenced in 861: Wisdom Teeth .
The scientists find no link between jelly beans and acne (the probability that the result is by chance is more than 5% i.e. p > 0.05) but then Megan and Cueball ask them to see if only one colour of jelly beans is responsible. They test 20 different colors each at a significance level of 5%. If the probability that each trial gives a false positive result is 1 in 20, then by testing 20 different colors it is now likely that at least one jelly bean test will give a false positive. To be precise, the probability of having no false positive in 20 tests is 0.95 20 = 35.85%. Probability of having no false positive in 21 tests (counting the test without color discrimination) is 0.95 21 = 34.06%.
This leads to a big newspaper headline saying Green Jelly Beans Linked To Acne where it is said that they have 95 percent confidence with only a 5% chance of a coincidence.  Unfortunately, although this number has been reported by the scientists' stats package and would be true if green jelly beans were the only ones tested, it is also seriously misleading.  If you roll just one die, one time, you aren't very likely to roll a six... but if you roll it 20 times you are very likely to have at least one six among them.  This means that you cannot just ignore the other 19 experiments that failed.
There are good methods for handling this problem, notably Bayesian inference , but they can be difficult to use and explain, and complexity does not sell newspapers.
In the title text we find out that the scientists repeated the experiment (another key part of the scientific method), but now they no longer find any evidence for the link between acne and green jelly beans. They try to tell the reporter something, maybe that it was probably a coincidence, but the reporters are not interested since that is not news. So they do not listen to what the scientist has to say and instead uses the information they have to make another major headline saying Research conflicted and recommend more study on the link. But that was just what the scientist already did.
This is (sadly) often an issue with more serious matters than jelly beans and acne – at any one time there are many studies about possible links between substances (e.g. red wine) and illness (e.g. cancer). Because only the positive results get reported, this limits the value any single study has - especially if the mechanism linking the two things is not known.
In 2015 some journalists demonstrated the same problem: just how gullible other news outlets are with the same sort of flawed "experimental design": How, and why, a journalist tricked news outlets into thinking chocolate makes you thin - The Washington Post
[A girl with a black ponytail runs up to Cueball, who subsequently points off-panel where there are presumably scientists.] Girl with black ponytail: Jelly beans cause acne! Cueball: Scientists! Investigate! Scientist (off screen): But we're playing Minecraft! Scientist (off screen): ...Fine.
[Two scientists. The man has safety goggles on, Megan has a sheet of notes.] Scientist with goggles: We found no link between jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
[Back to the original two.] Cueball: That settles that. Girl with black ponytail: I hear it's only a certain color that causes it. Cueball: Scientists! Scientist (off screen): But Miiiinecraft!
[20 identical small panels follow, 4 rows 5 columns. The exact same picture as in panel 2 above. The scientist with goggles are stating the results and Megan holds some notes in her hand. The only difference from panel to panel is the color and then in the 14th panel where the result is positive and there is an exclamation from off screen.] Scientist with goggles: We found no link between purple jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between brown jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between pink jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between blue jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between teal jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between salmon jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between red jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between turquoise jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between magenta jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between yellow jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between grey jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between tan jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between cyan jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found a link between green jelly beans and acne (p < 0.05). Voice (off screen): Whoa!
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between mauve jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between beige jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between lilac jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between black jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between peach jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
Scientist with goggles: We found no link between orange jelly beans and acne (p > 0.05).
[Newspaper front page with a picture with three green jelly beans. There are several sections with unreadable text below each of the last three readable sentences.] News Green Jelly Beans Linked To Acne! 95% Confidence Only 5% chance of coincidence! Scientists...
