title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Dishes cooked in belarus

extracted_text:
dishes cooked in Belarus
Подготовил : Синкевич Максим 8 ”В”
Menu
Main dish:
pancakes
Salad:
olivier
Dessert:
tiramisu

Pancakes
potatoes - 6 pieces (700 g)
Onions - 2 pieces
Egg 1 pc,
flour - 2 tablespoons
vegetable oil,
salt
freshly ground pepper

olivier
Boiled beef - 200 g
Potatoes - 3 medium pieces.
Carrot - 1 large piece.
Eggs - 3 pcs.
Or pickled pickles - 2 pcs.
Canned green peas - 100 g
mayonnaise
sour cream
salt
pepper

tiramisu
Cocoa - 3 tbsp. liter.
Freshly brewed coffee black - 750 ml
Cookies - 300 g
Sugar - 150 g
Mascarpone cheese - 500 g
Eggs - 6 pcs.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Азербайджанская ССР (На английском)

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The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Prepared the pupil of the 9 class "D" Aliyev Eljan

AZ. SSR- is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. The Capital Baku, Is a major oil field, USSR. The Republic has 3 awards of the order of Lenin
The Republic Of Azerbaijan
The main nationality of the Republic of Azerbaijanis, Major cities: Baku, Kirovabad (Ganja), Yevlakh, Balang.
Population: 7 867 037
In Baku was opened on 1 oil rig in the world
Features Baku
Baku tourist town in the year it was visited by 300 thousand of Soviet citizens
Sports Azerbaijan
Baku sports capital of the Republic, there was a legendary team of the USSR "Neftyanik"
The Azerbaijanis on the front
During the Great Patriotic War Azerbaijanis fought proudly on the battlefields of the Caucasus. Not yielding to the Chechens, the Azerbaijani people defended the Soviet Motherland!

Thank you for your attention comrades!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Пословицы

extracted_text:
Моя любимая книга – Волшебник изумрудного города
Автор этой книги А.Волков
В этой книге девочка Элли и ее друг щенок Тотошка случайно попадают в волшебную страну. Помочь вернуться домой им может только Гудвин Великий и Ужасный - волшебник Изумрудного города.
По дороге в Изумрудный город Элли подружится со Страшилой, Железным Дровосеком и Трусливым Львом. Вместе они преодолеют все трудности, возникшие на их пути.
Мне очень понравилась эта книга и герои этой сказки!
Проект подготовил ученик 5 «Д» класса Киреев Никита
СПАСИБО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕ!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Презентационный страноведческий материал "Лимузен. Живописный край"

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типичный коррезианский дом
фестиваль Эдит Пиаф
Представители фауны
Лимож ( Limoges )
Тюль ( Tulle )
Обюссон ( Aubusson )
Беллак ( Bellac )

Сен-Леонар-де-Нобла ( Saint-Leonard-de-Noblat )

Эмутьер ( Eymoutiers)

Рошешуар ( Rochechouart )

Нексон ( Nexon )
Буссак ( Boussac )
Бор лез Орг ( Bort les Orgues )
F I N
http://www.region-limousin.fr/
http://foto-planeta.com/region/1294/2/limuzen.html
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousin

Интернет-ресурсы


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Indian Business Ethics and Culture

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Indian Business Ethics and Culture
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world and therefore all generalisations about Indian culture should be treated with caution. Try to research each client thoroughly before entering into any negotiations. Is it a traditional, family-run business or a more modern hi-tech operation working with western business methodology

Meeting and Greeting
Westerners may shake hands, however, greeting with 'namaste' (na-mas-TAY) (placing both hands together with a slight bow) is appreciated and shows respect for Indian customs.

Body Language

Corporate Culture
It is considered rude to plunge into business discussions immediately. Ask about your counterpart’s family, interests, hobbies, etc. before beginning business discussions.
You may be offered a sugary, milky tea, coffee or a soft drink. Don’t refuse. Note that your glass or cup may be refilled as soon as it is emptied.
Indian counterparts may not show up for scheduled meetings. Be prepared to reschedule.

Dining and Entertainment
Initial business entertainment is done in restaurants in prestigious hotels. Business can be discussed during meals. Allow your host to initiate business conversation.
Never flatly refuse an invitation to a home or dinner of a business counterpart; if you can’t make it, offer a plausible excuse.
Allow hosts to serve you. Never refuse food, but don’t feel obligated to empty your plate. Hindu hosts are never supposed to let their guests’ plates be empty.
Take food from communal dish with a spoon; never your fingers. Use chappati or poori (bread) torn into small chunks to scoop up food.

Dress
For business, men should wear suits and ties. During summer months, you may omit the jacket.
Women should wear conservative pantsuits or dresses

Gifts
Give gifts with both hands. Gifts are not normally opened in the presence of the giver.
Gifts from your country are appreciated (perfume, chocolates, small china or crystal objects).
Gifts are not normally expected at the first meeting. Gifts may be given once a relationship develops.

Especially for Women
India is a difficult place to do business, but particularly tough for women. India is a male-dominated society. Western women may be accepted, but must establish their position and title immediately to warrant acceptance.
Women might not be included in social events or conversation.
Western women may invite an Indian man to a business lunch and pay the tab without embarrassment.

THANK YOU FOR WATCHING!!!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Athletes

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Athletes
David BeckhamDavid Robert Joseph Beckham (born 2 May 1975) is an English former footballer. He has played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, Los Angeles Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player. He was the first English player to win league titles in four countries (which were England, Spain, the United States and France). He announced his intention to retire at the end of the 2012–13 Ligue 1 season on 16 May 2013 and, on 18 May 2013, played his final game of his storied 20-year career.
Wayne RooneyWayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Manchester United and the England national team. In September 2013, Rooney scored his 200th goal for United, making him the club's fourth-highest goalscorer of all time.
Virastyuk Vasyl Vasyl Y. Virastuk (* April 22, 1974, Ivano-Frankivsk) - Ukrainian strongman, the title of "strongest man in Ukraine" (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005) and "World's Strongest Man" (2004). Member of the Ukraine national team, which won the title of "most powerful nation in the world" in 2003 and 2004. Honored Master of Sports of Ukraine.
Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko Vitali Klitschko (born 19 July 1971) and Wladimir Klitschko (born 25 March 1976), collectively known as the Klitschko brothers are Ukrainian heavyweight boxers.
Cristiano RonaldoCristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born 5 February 1985) known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Portugal national team. He became the most expensive footballer in history when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth £80 million (€94 million/$132 million).
Kobe BryantKobe Bean Bryant (born August 23, 1978) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school, and has played for the Lakers his entire career, winning five NBA championships.
Alexander UsykOleksandr Oleksandrovich Usyk (born on 17 January 1987 in Simferopol) is a Ukrainian amateur boxer who won the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships at light-heavyweight, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships at heavyweight and the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics in the heavyweight division.
Roman MailovRoman "Thunder" Mailov (Ukrainian: Роман Майлов) is a Muay Thai kickboxer from Ukraine. He is World champion of kickboxing W-5 2011, World champion of WPKA 2008, 2011.
Daniel ConnDaniel William Conn (born 14 February 1986) is an Australian model and rugby league player of Greek and New Zealander descent. He played for the Sydney Roosters club in the National Rugby League (NRL).
The end 


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Mountains

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Mountains
About half of the US territory is covered by plateaus and mountains

The Eastern part of the country is occupied the Appalachian Mountains, which is in the North come close to the Atlantic coast and in the South are separated from it by the Atlantic lowland.
West to the Appalachians stretch to the Central plains in the West and the Mexican Lowland in the South.  This region is situated in the central part of the USA and considered to be the heart of the USA having good soil.
The Western part of the country is made up of High Mountain Ranges, tablelands and plateaus of the Cordilleras system, which accounts for 1/3 of the USA.

West of the Rockies lies vast plateaus and tablelands:
The Colombia plateau
The Colorado plateau
The Great Basin
A Dessert tablelands
Vegetation and wild life
In the North East of the country and the region Great Plateaus there are mixed forests of pine, lime, ash. Further south they are replaced by broadleaf forests of oak and maple; still further south there appear magnolia, laurel. In the Central Plains the tall-grass prairie vegetation can be found in the East, while in the West the soil is rather dry.
In the Great Basin there are desserts and semi desserts.  The vegetation in the Cordilleras is represented by coniferous forests and at the height meters are alpine meadows.
In the North-West Coast there are forests of huge sequoia.
The mixed forest zone is the home of the brown bear, lynx, glutton, marten.  In the forests of the Appalachians various Virginia deer, chipmunk, mole, bats.
The South-East is represented by alligator, turtle, opossum, coyote and many kinds of gopher and badgers.
The semi dessert  zones are inhabited by different rodents and reptiles. In the Cordillera region there is Rocky Mountain goat, Rocky Mountain Sheep, grizzly bear and further south jaguar and armadillo.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Морская свинья

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Harbour porpoises
The harbour porpoise is one of the six species of porpoises.
The harbour porpoises grow to 1.5m-2m. The females are heavier at about 76kg compared with males’ 61kg
The harbour porpoises live in coastal waters of the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the Black sea
 They eat small fish: herring and sprat
 Harbour porpoises were traditionally hunted for food. Thousands of them were caught there until the 19th century.  Dirty water, chemicals from the factories cause the death of the animals. The main threat to porpoises is static fishing techniques such as gill and tangle nets.
How can people save these wonderful animals?
People mustn’t use tangle nets and gill in areas where porpoises live

People mustn’t pollute water

People mustn’t hunt these animals
The harbour porpoises have a global population of 700.000. They are not extinct animals.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Animal world

extracted_text:
ANIMAL
WORLD
    tigers
 Tigers come from  Asia.
 They are red and black.
 Tigers can run very fast, swim very well and jump   five metres.
 They can climb the trees  but can’t fly.
 Baby tigers can’t see.
Tigers are very strong and
they eat other animals.

  penguins.Penguins live in Antarctica. Penguins are birds but theycan’t  fly.They can swim very well in cold water.They eat fish and drink sea water.Penguins can live  for 25 years.    A very big penguin  is a king penguin.  It is 120 cm tall.
  kangaroosKangaroos  live in  Australia.Kangaroos can’t walk and run, but  they can  jump very fast – 30 km per hour and 9  metres  long.

   Baby kangaroos are very
   small – only 3 centimetres
  long. They can see when they are 9 weeks old and they can jump when they are 8 months old.

 ToucansToucans are birds.They are from hot countries. They live in South America.                                                                          A toucan  nest is                                      in the tree.                                A toucan  can  fly                                     very well.
                                     B e a r s
Polar  bears       Brown  bears

They live in cold Antarctica.
Polar bears aren’t very big but adult bears are  very strong.
They can swim well and run very fast.
They eat fish and drink sea water.

They live  in  Europe and Asia.
Bears can run, jump, swim  but can’t fly.
 They can climb  trees very well.
Bears usually have  1, 2 or 3 baby bears.

      Panda                      Bears                  Panda bears live in China.They are big : 130 kilos.They are white and black.  Panda can climbthe trees. They eat bamboo.

Koala
bears
Koala bears
live in the
trees. They are from
Australia.  Koala is
small: 50 cm tall.
                  They climb
                  trees well.
                  They eat
                  eucaliptus
   ElephantsElephants  come from hot countries :Asia and Africa. They are very  big:  2,7 metres tall and  3  or  5  tons.Elephans  can swim very well. They can  walk  2-6 klm per hour and run very fast:  35 - 40  klm                                     per hour.                                                                           Elephants  sleep when they                                      stand.

 zebrasZebras come from  Africa.They are white and black.Zebras can walk and run.They can  swim very well.They can walk and run.Zebras  eat plants.They are 200 – 240 cm  long. Zebras live in big families.
flamingos
Flamingos come from many
countries.  They are pink in
colour. They have long legs.
They live near salt water.
                            Flamingos eat fish and they
                             can fly. Their nest is near
                             water.  It is on the ground.
                             Female flamingos sit on
                              two eggs.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Mahatma Gandhi

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Presentationstudent 10-A classAlyona Bondar

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi - a leader and ideologist of the national liberation movement of India

Mahatma Gandhi rejected violence in any form. For over 30 years, he constantly preached the philosophy and in the end proved to the world the effectiveness of non- violent politics, when in 1947, India welfare giving efforts Gandhi peacefully gained its independence from Britain

1947 for Gandhi ended a bitter disappointment. He continued to prove futility of violence, but it seemed that no one has heard of.

In January 1948, in a desperate attempt to stop international conflicts Mahatma Gandhi resorted to a hunger strike. He explained his decision as follows: "Death will be my miraculous deliverance.'d Rather die than be a helpless witness to self-destruction of India.

Sacrificial action Gandhi had the necessary influence on society. Leaders of religious groups agreed to a compromise.

Flushed with hope, Gandhi ended his hunger strike. However, the balance of power in the country was unstable. Soon a strong movement against the progressive leader of the young independent states started to gain momentum.

    Hindu militant preachers accused Gandhi of infringement of their religious rights. They called for armed intervention, even though we knew that as
long as Gandhi was alive, the use of violence will not let them. Remained "convince" stubborn force of arms.

His name is surrounded by India in the same reverence with which speaks the names of saints.

He enjoyed great trust Indians, came to him for help and advice, thousands of people, and get this help.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Внеклассная деятельность в процессе обучения иностранным языкам

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Внеклассная деятельность в процессе обучения иностранным языкам
Йошкар Ола
2011
Семенова Раисия Борисовна                                                                                учитель английского языка
МБОУ «Гимназия №4
им.А.С.Пушкина

Внеклассная работа решает несколько проблем:
Проблема практического применения знаний навыков и умений, полученных на занятии;
Дальнейшее совершенствование речевых навыков и умений во всех видах речевой деятельности;
Развитие интереса и создание положительной мотивации по овладению им;
Отличия от урочной работы проявляются:
в добровольном характере;
в большей самостоятельности и инициативности учащихся в выполнении внеурочных поручений;
в отсутствии строгой регламентации по времени, месту, форме проведения мероприятия;
в отсутствии учёта знаний, навыков и умений;

Принципы внеклассной работы:
Принцип научности.
Принцип добровольности.
Принцип увлекательности.
Принцип связи с уроком.
Принцип единства обучения, воспитания и развития.
Принцип системаичности и последовательности.
Принцип личной индивидуализации.
Принцип развития инициативы учащихся.
Принцип новизны (новизна форм, приёмов работы;ТСО;материалов)
Что актуально для ученика сегодня?
наглядность представления материала (использование цвета, иллюстраций, звука, видео, анимации и т.д.);
разнообразие видов деятельности;
быстрая обратная связь (встроенные тест-системы обеспечивают мгновенный контроль за усвоением материала);
интерактивный режим позволяет учащимся самим контролировать скорость прохождения учебного материала.
Основные направления внеурочной деятельности:
1)     прагматическом (формирование у учащихся коммуникативных умений и навыков);
2)   гносеологическом (сообщение учащимся сведений о стране изучаемого языка, о событиях в мире);
3)   аксеологическом (развитие у учащихся ценностных ориентаций и мотивов деятельности)


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Американская символика

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Учитель английского языка МОУ «ТСШ №9» г.ТираспольГроза Н.Д.
Автор
American Symbols
Цели:
Образовательные
	- закрепить и расширить знания учащихся об американских символах;
Развивающие
	- навыки монологической и диалогической речи;
	- закрепить навыки аудирования;
     - развивать навыки проектных исследований;
	- формировать навыки работы с дополнительными источниками информации (журналы, книги, интернет).
Воспитательные
	- прививать уважение к культуре, традициям и обычаям страны изучаемого языка и к культуре своей республики.
Ход урока
Организационный момент – 2 мин.
Фонетическая зарядка – 1мин.
	(Фронтальный опрос, хоровое повторение)
Лексическая зарядка – 3 мин.
	(Фронтальный опрос)
Речевая зарядка – 6 мин.
	(Индивидуальный опрос, фронтальный опрос)
Презентация проектов – 13 мин.
Физ.Минутка – 1 мин.
Аудирование – 5 мин.
Письмо (тест) – 7 мин.
Итоги урока – 2 мин).
PHONETIC  DRILL
[‘i:gl]	      [‘stætju:]		[‘dolə]

[ə‘fi ∫əl]	 [‘oliv]		[‘ailənd]

[‘fra:ns]	 [bra:nt∫]  	[streŋƟ]
LEXICAL  DRILLWhat is the Russian for:
The American flag                  an olive branch
The Stars and Stripes              a symbol of peace
Each state                                peaceful
The Statue of Liberty              a symbol of strength
France                                     a dollar bill
The Eagle
Newspapers                             an official song
Magazines                               own flag ?

LEXICAL DRILLWhat is the English for:
Американский флаг              оливковая ветвь
“Звезды и Полосы“                символ мира
Каждый штат			    мирный
Статуя Свободы                      символ силы
Франция                         долларовая банкнота
Орел
Газеты                                 официальная песня
Журналы                            собственный флаг?

The American flag

13 stripes
(7 red and 6 white)

50 stars
by Ksenia Albul
The Statue of Liberty
“The Statue of Liberty”
New words:
A torch – факел
A tablet – дощечка
Adoption – принятие
Design – дизайн
Bearing – здесь на которой высечена
The Statue of Liberty
It stands on Liberty Island in New York.
It represents a woman holding a torch in her raised right hand.
In her left hand the woman has  a tablet bearing the adoption date of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776).
The people of France gave the Statue to the people of the United States in 1886 as a symbol of friendship.
The French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi designed  the sculpture.
Tasks to the text

1. The statue of liberty is situated in __________________
2. It presents a  __________
3. The Statue has _________ in the right hand.
4. The Statue has _________ in the left hand.
5. This monument was presented to Americans
	as a _______.
6. The sculptor of the Statue is __________.

by Alexander Savkin and Maxim Yurchenko
American symbols
New words:
Toward– вперед
Salute - салют
Verses - стихи
A lawyer -  адвокат
Anthem – гимн
John Stafford Smith
Francis Scott Key

The verses were written by Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Baltimore.
John Stafford Smith was the author of the music for the anthem.
Answer the questions, please:
What is the name of the national song?
When did the “Star-Spangled Banner” become the national song?
Who is the author of the verses of the Star-Spangled Banner?
The Eagle became the official national symbol of the country in 1782.
It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength)
an olive branch
arrows
Answer the following questions, please:
What bird became an official symbol of the United States of America?
What does it have?
Where can we see it?

Audition

Audition
WORDBUILDINGSUFFIXES:                             PREFIX:
 -er, -or, -tion, -ful           un-

write – writer
collect – collector –collection
beauty – beautiful
kind – unkind

Liz usually _________ her house on Christmas herself. DECORATE
 Her mother says Liz is a great ________. DECORATE
 Her _________ is ________. DECORATE      BEAUTY

Liz usually  decorates her house on Christmas herself.
 Her mother says Liz is a great ________. DECORATE
 Her _________ is ________. DECORATE      BEAUTY

Liz usually decorates her house on Christmas herself.
Her mother says Liz is a great decorator.
 Her _________ is ________. DECORATE      BEAUTY

Liz usually decorates her house on Christmas herself.
Her mother says Liz is a great decorator.
 Her decoration is beautiful.

Test
1.Christopher Columbus was a great _____. DISCOVER
2. He _____ America in 1492. DISCOVER
3. Columbus had many ships and ______ with him. SAIL
4. The first ______ came to America in 1620. COLONY
5. Their life was full of danger. It was ______. EASY
6. Native Americans helped them a lot. Most Native Americans were very _____. PEACE

What new information have you learnt today?

Thank you for the lesson


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Основной английский словарь

extracted_text:
Family Words
http://prezentacija.biz/
Mommy

http://prezentacija.biz/
Daddy

Baby
Grammy

Grampie
Grandpa

Grandma
Self Words
eye
nose
ear
mouth
head
tongue
foot
hand
elbow
knee
thumb
finger
hair
lips
teeth
arm
toes
leg
bottom
shoulder
bellybutton
tummy
wrist
ankle
neck
cheek
face
eyebrow
Clothing
shirt
shoe
hat
pajamas
pants
jacket
sock
overalls
pocket
zipper
Eating Words
milk
bottle
hungry
food
spoon
bowl
juice
orange
bread
water
apple
banana
potato
egg
butter
strawberry
carrot
cereal
lunch
dinner
snack
breakfast
peach
yogurt
hot-dog
macaroni
cheese
cookie
Objects
chair
table
door
window
wall
bed
bathtub
stove
refrigerator
couch
television
toilet
computer
book
airplane
stroller
car seat
car
crib
dresser
blanket
rattle
Winnie
Pooh
worm
mirror
Jake
towel
Animal, Insect, Reptile Words
cat
dog
horse
cow
elephant
giraffe
hippo
whale
gorilla
dinosaur
spider
rhino
lion
snake
fox
monkey
frog
lizard
bear
mouse
bird
bug
duck
dragon
Outside Words
grass
tree
flower
leaf
dirt
sky
clouds
rain
sun
thunder
moon
lightning
stars
sunset
street
sidewalk
park
swing
slide
sand
pool
gym
snow
road
house
outside
wind
inside
Actions
kiss
kissing
carrying
driving
drinking
running
eating
sleeping
reading
walking
jumping
swimming
crawling
crying
singing
laughing
throwing
creeping
smiling
resting
talking
bouncing
Descriptive Words
hot
cold
soft
hard
happy
sad
mad
sleepy
grouchy
excited
red
blue
green
yellow
black
white
brown
pink
orange
purple
beautiful
ugly
nice
mean
wet
dry
messy
straight


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Fun Europe Quiz

extracted_text:
FUN EUROPE QUIZ
How much do you know about Europe?
What is the most widely spoken language in Europe?a) Germanb) Englishc) Italian

English
J.K Rowling, Stephen Hawking and Christian Bale are all from which European country?a) United Kingdomb) Irelandc) Portugal
United Kingdom
   Which river runs through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and Netherlands?
a) Rhine
b) Nile
c) Amazon

Rhine
Which famous sporting event started in Ancient Greece?a) Commonwealth Gamesb) Olympic Gamesc) World Cup

Olympic games
In which European city would you find the Eiffel Tower?
a)Paris, France
b)Warsaw, Poland
c) Budapest, Hungary

Fill in the gap: The Italian Christopher Columbus was a famous…a)Painterb)Football playerc)Explorer

Explorer
Which mountain range runs from Austria to Italy?a)Rocky Mountainsb)Himalayasc) Alps

Alps
Which country’s name literally means “Low Country”a)Spainb)Netherlandsc)Bulgaria

Текст надписи
Netherlands
English
United Kingdom
Rhine
Olympic Games
Paris, France
Explorer
Alps
Netherlands

Germany

Poland

France

Spain

5. Italy

6. Czech Republic

7. United Kingdom

8. Sweden


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект England

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England
Xasler.ru

England occupies the most favorable position (the central and southern parts). It’s bounded by Scotland in the North, Wales in the West and in the East it’s washed by the North Sea. In the South-West it’s washed by the Bristol Channel. The total area of the country is 130 km².
Bristol Channel
North Sea

The main regions are:
The north of England
The North-West of England(=the Lake district)
The Central region
The South of England
The South-West of England

The North of England is a country of factories (industrial), coal-mining, mashine-building, chemical, paper, aircraft and computer ingeneering. There are not many towns here, but all the towns are big. The climate is severe than in other parts. It snows much, the winds are strong. Some small rivers freeze.

The North-West (Cumberland) or the Lake District is very small and beautiful. It’s famous for electric and nuclear power stations. Besides, it’s a big centre of tourism and camping. It’s the region of moors and heather.

Eastern region is on the eastern coast. It consists of two parts: Lincolnshire and East Anglia. The 1st part is famous for farming (potato), a lot of fields of wild tulips. East Anglia is connected with history of England. It’s famous for beautiful historical monuments, Roman wells and roads. Tourism is the chief industry here.

The Central part is the largest. It’s called «the Black Country» because a lot of industries are concentrated here. Heavy and light industries are well-developed. Agriculture is also a great occupation.

The South of England is the country of farms. It’s flat-like land, mostly arable («The Garden of England»). Crop-farming and cattle-farming are two branches of agriculture. They grow wheat, barley, rye, roats, flax. Cattle farming is represented by dairy farming, ship and pig farming, bee farming etc.
The South West of England (Cornwell peninsula) – the most favorable region because the climate is very mild, the soil is very fertile, living conditions are high. Farming, fishing and tourism make-up the economy of this region. A lot of mountains, wild places make this region more attractive. Clouds of tourists try to have a rest in this place full of mystery and magic. Many writers, poets and other people collect the material for their works in this place.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Meat

extracted_text:
Meat…
A MAN who eats ALL.
meat

WHAT GOOD MEAT?
Useful properties of meat and meat products are undeniable. The proteins found in meat, its composition is very close to human. Many preachers food without meat offered to replace it with the consumption of soy, but it did not amount to replacing meat. In soy no such amino acids that are present in the meat. Meat products - a valuable source of iron, potassium, phosphorus. People who ate meat, does not know what is anemia - the companion of almost all vegetarians. Many people give their preference to products (liver, brain, and lungs), they have a lot of vitamins to the human body, but often they do not have, because they contain large amounts of cholesterol.
meat
LAURA.
My character likes meat and she finds that vegetarians are hypocrites because they do not eat meat, but they wear clothes made of skin or fur of mink WEAR AND SO ON.
meat

THANK YOU


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Мое увлечение

extracted_text:
Мои увлечения
УЧЕНИЦЫ 5В КЛАССА

МОРАЛИШВИЛИ МАРИАМ
Проводим время с друзьями
Путешествия с семьей
Я очень люблю гулять на природе

Плету браслеты


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект 30 ноября День святого Эндрю

extracted_text:
День святого Эндрю
30 ноября
Дополнительный иллюстративный материал к урокам английского языка. Трефилова И. Г.

Храм святого Эндрю

Это - День покровителя Шотландии. Суровость и упрямство шотландского характера как нельзя лучше и наглядней выражается в эмблеме национального флага Шотландии – чертополохе. Существует легенда, восходящая ко временам набегов викингов на Шотландию.

По основной легенде, Эндрю был братом Саймона Питера (Simon Piter) и был известен как "самый мягкий из всех апостолов". После смерти Иисуса Христа первые миссионеры - апостолы начали обращать язычников в христианскую веру. Неизвестно каким способом, но Эндрю удалось обратить в Христианство жену одного из высокопоставленных римлян. Узнав об измене, тот в бешенстве приказал арестовать и распять Эндрю. Приказ был приведен в исполнение. Однако, Апостол попросил распять его по диагонали, а не вертикально, т.к. считал себя недостойным умереть так же, как Иисус Христос.
Останки святого долго хранились в монастыре. Хранителем святых мощей Святого Эндрю был греческий монах Регулус. Как-то ночью божий глас приказал ему отправиться вместе с мощами в далекое плавание на запад. Он так и сделал и плыл до тех пор, пока его корабль не разбился о берег земли, которая теперь называется Шотландией.
В те времена это была дикая земля, населенная жестокими неуправляемыми кельтскими племенами. Святые мощи были захоронены, а это место стало местом паломничества всех христиан, населявших Шотландию. Со временем место захоронения назвали городом Святого Эндрю, и он превратился в религиозный центр Шотландии, а сам Св. Эндрю стал святым покровителем скоттов и пиктов.
Так, в IX в. викинги высадились на восточном побережье Шотландии с намерением захватить и ограбить страну. Скотты собрали все свои боевые силы и заняли расположение за рекой Тэй. Они прибыли к вечеру и разбили лагерь, расположились на отдых, считая, что враг не станет наступать до следующего дня. Однако викинги были рядом. Не обнаружив охраны и часовых вокруг лагеря скоттов, викинги пересекли Тэй с намерением внезапно захватить скоттов и зарезать их во сне. С этой целью они разулись, чтобы как  чтобы как можно меньше производить шума при передвижении к лагерю.
 можно меньше производить шума при передвижении к лагерю.

Но вдруг один из викингов наступил на чертополох. От внезапной и острой боли он вскрикнул. Услышав крик, скотты подняли в лагере тревогу. Викинги вынуждены были отступить, а чертополох, в знак признательности за своевременную и нежданную помощь, скотты выбрали в качестве своей национальной эмблемы.

Первым материальным доказательства использования чертополоха в качестве национального символа стало его появление на серебряных монетах, выпущенных в 1470 году во времена правления Джеймса III. В 1687 году был создан первый в Шотландии рыцарский орден, самый древний и знаменитый Орден Чертополоха. Его члены носили цепь, звенья которой представляли собой чертополох и были сделаны из золота. Кроме того, рыцари и леди Ордена Чертополоха носили на груди украшение в форме звезды с изображением чертополоха и девизом, связанным с этим символом Шотландии, гласившим: «Nemo Me Impune Lacessit» («Никто не обидит меня безнаказанно»).

Несколько сохранившихся судов викингов экспонируются в музеях скандинавских стран. Одно из самых известных, обнаруженное в 1880 в Гокстаде (Норвегия), относится примерно к 900 н.э. Оно достигает в длину 23,3 м и в ширину 5,3 м. Судно имело мачту и 32 весла, на нем было 32 щита. Местами сохранились нарядные резные украшения. Навигационные возможности такого судна демонстрировались в 1893, когда его точно изготовленная копия прошла под парусом из Норвегии до Ньюфаундленда за четыре недели. Эта копия теперь находится в Линкольн-Парке в Чикаго.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Halloween

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In the year 835 A. D. the Roman Catholic Church made November 1st a church holiday to honour all the saints. This day is called All Saints' Day. The Mass said on All Saints' Day was called Allhallowmass. The day before All Saints' Day was known all hallows' Eve or All Hallow e'en.
Since that time many years have passed. Some traditions are gone, new traditions appeared.
 I am going to tell you about the most popular customs of Halloween. In the United States children wear costumes and masks and go trick-or-treating. Many of them carve jack-o'-lantens out of pumpkins. Fortunetelling and storytelling about ghosts and witches are popular activities
1
The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food supplies often ran low and, many people afraid of the dark, the short days of winter were full of constant worry.
2
4
Examles of Halloween make-up and costumes
5
On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits.
On Halloween, people placed bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter their home.

3
Fire was very important to the Celts as it was to all early people. In the old days people lit bonfires to ward away evil spirits and in some places they used to     jump over the fire to bring good luck. Today, we light candles in pumpkin and then put them outside our homes to ward of evil spirits.
4
It has the roman origins. The Roman festival for remembering the dead was also in October. During this time, the Romans remembered their goddess, Pomona. She was the goddess of the trees and fruits, and when the Romans came to Britain, they began to hold these two festivals on the same day. Apples probably became associated with Halloween because of this festival.
5
Another tradition is Apple Bobbing.
Examles of Halloween food
Examles of Halloween food
6
Trick or Treat was first known as Mischief Night. Halloween was a time for making mischief — many parts of England still recognize this date as Mischief Night Children dress in costumes and masks and go from door to door saying "trick or treat". The neighbours give children such treats as candy, fruit and money so children do not play tricks on them.

7
Jack-o'-lanterns are hallowed-out pumpkins with face carved into one side.
Most jack-o'-lanterns contain a candle inside. An Irish legend says that jack-o'-lanterns are named after the man called Jack.
He could not enter heaven because he was a miser, and he could not enter hell because he had played jokes on devil. As a result, Jack has to walk on the earth with his lantern until Judgment Day.

13
14


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Choosing an Occupation

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By Nastya Miroshnyk Form 9-C
Choosing an Occupation
It`s rather difficult to choose the career or a future profession. There're lucky people who chose their profession when they were children.
Many people continue careers of their parents or grandparents.

Usually a pupil's plans for the future change many times during the school years. There so many people who influence you in choosing your occupation.

Parents and friends play a very important role in your choice.

Teachers influence on pupils minds is also great.

Occupation you want to devote your life to has to bring you satisfaction or at least good salary. But actually it should be something you can do and you really want to do.

When you leave school you understand that the time to choose your future profession has come. It`s not easy task to make the right choice of a job.

 As for me, I made my choice long ago. I want to become a teacher of the Ukrainian language and literature.

My choice of this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. During all school years literature was my favourite subject. I've read a lot of books by Ukrainian and foreign writers. I understand that reading books helps people in self education and in solving different life problems.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Multilingualism

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Multilingualism
is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.
Multilingualism
Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness.
Multilingualism
A multilingual person is one who can communicate in more than one language, be it actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving).
What is a multi-lingual person?
The terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in which two or three languages are involved. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a polyglot.
What is a multi-lingual person?
Poly (Greek: πολύς) means "many",

glot (Greek: γλώττα) means "language".
What is a multi-lingual person?
Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, first language (L1).

The first language (the mother tongue) is acquired even without formal education.
What is a multi-lingual person?
Children acquiring two languages are called simultaneous bilinguals.

Take note!
In the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language usually dominates over the other.
What is a multi-lingual person?
There is a possibility for a child to become naturally trilingual by having a mother and father with separate languages being brought up in a third language environment.
What is a multi-lingual person?
Example
An English-speaking father married to a Mandarin Chinese speaking mother with the family living in Hong Kong, where the community language (and primary language of education) is Cantonese.

If the child goes to a Cantonese medium school from a young age, then trilingualism will be the result.
What is a multi-lingual person?
Dad
English
Son
Mandarin
English
Cantonese
Mom
Mandarin
School
Cantonese
Some group of academics argues for the maximal definition of multilingualism.

Maximal: Speakers are as proficient in one language as they are in others and have as much knowledge of and control over one language as they have of the others.
Varied Perspective of Multilingualism
Another group of academics argues for the minimal definition of multilingualism, based on use.

Minimal: Tourists who can successfully communicate phrases and ideas even if not fluent in the native language of the foreign land can be considered as bilinguals.

Varied Perspective of Multilingualism
Bilingualism as an individual attribute:

a psychological state of an individual who has access to two language codes to serve communication purposes.
Individual vs. Societal Multilingualism
Bilingualism as a societal attribute:

two languages are used in a community and that a number of individuals can use two languages.
Individual vs. Societal Multilingualism
“Even if someone is highly proficient in two or more languages, his or her so-called communicative competence or ability may not be as balanced”
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
Linguists have distinguished various types of multilingual competence, which can be put into two categories:

Compound Bilinguals
Coordinate Bilinguals
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
Compound Bilinguals
words and phrases in different languages are with the same concepts.

Example: 'chien' and 'dog' are two words for the same concept for a French-English speaker of this type. These speakers are usually fluent in both languages.
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
Coordinate Bilinguals
Words and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related to their own unique concepts.

Thus a bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for 'chien' and for 'dog‘.
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more dominant than the other, and the first language may be used to think through the second language.
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more dominant than the other, and the first language may be used to think through the second language.
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
A sub-group of the latter is the subordinate bilingual, which is typical of beginning second language learners.
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
Many theorists are now beginning to view bilingualism as a "spectrum or continuum of bilingualism" that runs from the relatively monolingual language learner to highly proficient bilingual speakers who function at high levels in both languages (Garland, 2007).
Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers
Distractive bilingualism
or
Semilingualism.
Cognitive Ability
When acquisition of the first language is interrupted and insufficient or unstructured language input follows from the second language, as sometimes happen with immigrant children, the speaker can end up with two languages both mastered below the monolingual standard.
Cognitive Ability
Literacy plays an important role in the development of language in these immigrant children.
Those who were literate in their first language before arriving, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are at the very least able to maintain and master their first language.
Cognitive Ability
Receptive bilinguals are those who have the ability to understand a second language, but do not speak it.
Receptive Bilingualism
Receptive bilinguals may rapidly achieve oral fluency when placed in situations where they are required to speak the language.
Receptive bilingualism is not the same as mutual intelligibility, which is the case of a native Spanish speaker who is able to understand Portuguese, or vice versa, due to the high lexical and grammatical similarities between Spanish and Portuguese.
Receptive Bilingualism

Widespread multilingualism is one form of language contact.
Multilingualism was more common in the past. In early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages necessary for trade.
Multilingualism within Communities

When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved:
Diglossia
Ambilingualism
Bipart-lingualism

Multilingualism within Communities

When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved:
Diglossia
Ambilingualism
Bipart-lingualism
Multilingualism within Communities

Diglossia
If there is a structural functional distribution of the languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'. Typical diglossic areas are those areas where a regional language is used in informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state language is used in more formal situations.
Multilingualism within Communities

Ambilingualism
a region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual area it is nearly impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting.
Multilingualism within Communities

Ambilingualism

Example:
Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures of Malays, China, and India.
Multilingualism within Communities

Bipart-lingualism
if more than one language can be heard in a small area, but the large majority of speakers are monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers from neighboring ethnic groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'.
Multilingualism within Communities

Serbia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia, etc.
Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes the process of 'swapping' between languages.
In many cases, code-switching is motivated by the wish to express loyalty to more than one cultural group.
Multilingualism Between Different Language Speakers

Sequential model

In this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language until they acquire a "threshold" literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age 3 as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in L1 (Kessler, 1984).
Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program

Sequential model

In this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language until they acquire a "threshold" literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age 3 as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in L1 (Kessler, 1984).
Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program

Bilingual model

In this model, the native language and the community language are simultaneously taught. The advantage is literacy in two languages as the outcome. However, the teacher must be well-versed in both languages and also in techniques for teaching a second language.
Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program

Coordinate model

This model posits that equal time should be spent in separate instruction of the native language and of the community language. The native language class, however, focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses on listening and speaking skills.
Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program

Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language — the common underlying proficiency hypothesis.

Early vs. Late bilinguals
Early bilingual:
someone who has acquired two languages early in childhood (usually received systematic training/learning of a second language before age 6).

Late bilingual:
someone who has become a bilingual later than childhood (after age 12).
Balanced vs. Dominant bilinguals
Balanced bilingual:
someone whose mastery of two languages is roughly equivalent.

Dominant bilingual:
someone with greater proficiency in one of his or her languages and uses it significantly more than the other language.

Semilingual:
someone with insufficient knowledge of either language.
Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Successive bilingualism:
Learning one language after already knowing another. This is the situation for all those who become bilingual as adults, as well as for many who became bilingual earlier in life. Sometimes also called consecutive bilingualism.
Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Simultaneous bilingualism:
Learning two languages as "first languages". That is, a person who is a simultaneous bilingual goes from speaking no languages at all directly to speaking two languages. Infants who are exposed to two languages from birth will become simultaneous bilinguals.
Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Receptive bilingualism:
Being able to understand two languages but express oneself in only one. This is generally not considered "true" bilingualism but is a fairly common situation.

Additive vs. Subtractive bilinguals
Additive bilingual:
The learning of a second language does not interfere with the learning of a first language. Both languages are well developed.

Subtractive bilingual:
The learning of the second language interferes with the learning of a first language. The second language replaces the first language.
Elite vs. Folk bilinguals
Elite bilingual:
Individuals who choose to have a bilingual home, often in order to enhance social status.

Folk bilingual:
Individuals who develop second language capacity under circumstances that are not often of their own choosing, and in conditions where the society does not value their native language.

Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language — the common underlying proficiency hypothesis.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Сходства и различия в лексике английского и немецкого

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Сходства и различия лексики английского и немецкого языков
История
	Словарный состав языка непосредственно отражает все изменения, происходящие в общественной, экономической и политической жизни народа. В XVI  веке активно развивались торговля и военное дело. В Англии началась активная разработка рудных месторождений и развитие металлургии.  Германия в это время являлась передовой страной горного дела и металлургической промышленности. Из Германии в Англию прибывали специалисты горного дела. Во время правления Елизаветы Тюдор были основаны две промышленные компании, руководимые немцами. В результате непосредственного общения  людей, говорящих на немецком и английском языках, происходило смешение языков. Все это привело к взаимному влиянию языков друг на друга.

Особенности чтения в немецком и английском языках
1. В английском языке  гласная е в конце слова, как правило, не читается; в немецком языке такой непроизносимой гласной в конце слова нет
Особенности чтения в немецком и английском языках
2. В английском языке долгий гласный звук показывает удвоенная гласная буква  или сочетание гласных, а в немецком языке кроме удвоенной гласной, долгота обозначается также буквой h, стоящей после гласной
Сходства в произношении слов
Сходства в написании слов
Сходства в произношении
Сходства в произношении


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект PresentationNational Culture of Ukraine

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PresentationNational Culture of Ukraine

XTL-11a
By Denis Danilenko
Ukrainian culture has a long history, it has evolved into complex historical conditions for centuries. Creating their own cultural values, the Ukrainian people absorbed the customs and traditions of many nations, whose fate was linked to the history of Ukraine.
Great influence on the culture of the Ukrainian people had Greek, Roman and Byzantine culture, through which culture of Ukraine has gained much knowledge and skills.
Despite the variety of different sources of world culture, Ukrainians have established their identity, not similar to any other, distinct culture. Culture of Ukraine reflects the uniqueness of the spiritual world of the people, surrounding nature and specifics of traditions and customs.
An important event that determined for centuries artistic and spiritual development of Ukrainian culture in the adoption of Christianity in 988.
The beginnings of Ukrainian writing date back to 13-14 centuries. - Galicia-Volyn and Lithuanian Chronicle. The first printed book in Ukraine began in the early 16th century, in the 17th century opened the Kiev-Mohyla Academy - the first Orthodox University. And in the 18th century Ukrainian national culture began its rapid development.
The most important contribution to world culture through Ukraine has made its literature, art, music, cinema. Ukraine is a home of the world-famous poet and artist Taras Shevchenko; philosopher, poet and educator Gregory Pans; writer Michael Kotsyubinskiy; Ilya Repin; composer and musical public figure Mykola Lysenko. In addition, the great Russian writers such as Nikolai Gogol, Anna Akhmatova, Vladimir Korolenko, who were natives of Ukraine.
For many centuries the culture of Ukraine has developed as folk. Farmers, artisans, Cossacks have become real creators and bearers of culture. Great place it held oral folklore (songs, stories, tales, legends, proverbs and sayings), folk dancing, arts and crafts.
Thank You For Attention!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Past Progressive

extracted_text:
Past Progressive

Past Progressive
Описывает события и действия, происходившие в прошлом в точно указанный момент.
Такие действия, как правило, продолжительны и наглядны.
 Ключевые слова:
at that moment in the past  (в тот момент времени в прошлом).

Момент времени в прошлом может быть выражен:
а) точным указанием времени, когда происходило действие:
Linda was watching TV at 10 o'clock yesterday. –
Линда смотрела телевизор вчера в десять вечера.

Linda was watching TV

at 10 o'clock
Now

Past Progressive
Past Simple
Past Progressive

b) другим глаголом в Past Simple:
 Linda was watching TV when her friends came. –
Линда смотрела телевизор, когда пришли ее друзья.

Now

Linda was watching TV
Past Progressive
Past Simple
her friends came.

Model:
We were walking along the street when we saw James.

It was raining when we went out in the street.
I was doing my homework when the film started.
At 2 o'clock yesterday I was waiting for you at the station.
I was listening to my favourite song at 11 o'clock.
Найдите и подчеркните в предложениях ключи к городу Past Progressive.

Утвердительное предложение

Помощники

WAS     /    WERE

+
Verb-ing

I, he, she, it
You, we, they
I was reading at five o'clock yesterday.
We were reading at five o'clock yesterday.

Отрицательное предложение

Помощники

WAS     /    WERE

+
Verb-ing
not

was not = wasn’t
were not = weren’t
I was not reading at five o'clock yesterday.
We were not reading at five o'clock yesterday.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект What did people do on Christmas Eve?

extracted_text:
What did people do on Christmas Eve?
(Send)…….. Christmas cards.
sent
(Decorate) ……………   a Christmas Tree.
decorated
(Pack) ……….. Christmas presents.
packed
(Put) …….. Christmas presents under the Christmas Tree.
put
(Go) ……… shopping.
went
(Cook) …………. Christmas pudding, turkey, mince pies.
cooked
(Have) …… Christmas dinner.
had
(Give)………. presents.
gave
Star
an elf - elves
Mrs Santa
Santa Claus
Angel
Christmas Tree
Bell
Ball
Sleigh
Reindeer
Present
Snowflake
Snowman
Candle
Candy cane
Christmas Symbols


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Фонемы русского и английского

extracted_text:
Лекция 2

Сравнительно-типологическое описание фонологических систем английского и русского языков

Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков, 4 курс, 8 семестр.
Разработчик: к. филол.н., доцент Васильева С.Л.
pptcloud.ru
Вопросы для обсуждения
Понятие фонологического уровня языка. Типологические показатели сопоставления фонологических систем двух языков.
Сопоставительная характеристика систем гласных фонем в русском и английском языках.
Сопоставительная характеристика систем согласных фонем в русском и английском языках.
Дистрибуция гласных и согласных фонем и аллофоническое варьирование.
Фонологический уровень языка
Основные единицы:
Фонема – минимальная фонетическая единица, способная различать звуковые оболочки слов и морфем (конститутивная и различительная функции);
Аллофоны – варианты фонемы;
Слоги – непредельные единицы фонологического уровня;
Суперсегментные средства: ударение и интонация
Типологические показатели сопоставления фонологических систем
Инвентарь, число и состав фонем:
В разных языках разное количество гласных и согласных фонем
В зависимости от преобладания гласных или согласных все языки делятся на:
вокалические (англ. яз. 20/24, шведский яз. 21/19, датский 29/18)
консонантические (рус. яз. 5/34, украинский яз. 6/44)

Типологические показатели сопоставления фонологических систем
Количество и качество оппозиций:
Оппозиция – противопоставление двух или более фонем для выявления их сходных и различительных признаков
В разных языках представлены разные фонологические оппозиции:
	рус. яз. – оппозиция согласных по твердости/мягкости
	англ. яз. – оппозиция гласных по долготе/краткости
Количество и качество оппозиций
Сопоставительные исследования на основе оппозиций долгое время носили частный характер
Р. Якобсон, Г. Фандт, М. Халле - первая попытка составления универсальной системы фонологических оппозиций в 1955
Дихотомическая фонология описывает все возможные признаки, на основе которых можно описать любую фонему любого языка
Основывается на данных спектографа и описывает аккустические свойства звуков
Дихотомическая фонология
12 различительных признаков фонем:
9 основных и 3 дополнительных.
1) Вокальность/невокальность
2) Консонантность/ неконсонантность
3) Высокие/низкие
4) Диффузность/компактность: компактность определяется близостью формантов друг к другу
5) Бемольность/небемольность: бемольные фонемы характеризуются веляризацией

Дихотомическая фонология
6) Диезность/недиезность: диезные фонемы характеризуются палатализацией
7) Прерванность/непрерывность: если начало спектограммы размыто, то это непрерывный звук, а если резко, то прерывный.
8) Резкость/нерезкость: резкость обусловлена большей интенсивностью шума, которая возникает вследствие прохождения потока воздуха сквозь преграду
9) Звонкость/глухость
Дихотомическая фонология
Неосновные аккустические признаки:
1) Назализованный/неназализованный;
2)Глоттализованный/неглоттализованный
3) Напряженный/ненапряженный
Гласный /а/ в соответствии с данными признаками характеризуется как:
	вокальный, неконсонантный, низкий, компактный, небемольный, недиезный, непрерывный, нерезкий, звонкий
Типологические показатели сопоставления фонологических систем
Функции фонем в слове
2 основные функции фонемы: дистинктивная и конструктивная
В некоторых языках фонемы выполняют другие функции:
В семитских языках согласные служат выражению лексического значения,
	а гласные – выражению грамматического значения
Сопоставительная характеристика систем гласных фонем
Интегральные признаки свойственны обоим языкам
Дифференциальные признаки свойственны лишь одному из сопоставляемых языков
По первому показателю - инвентарь гласных фонем - можно выделить лишь дифференциальные признаки
Инвентарь гласных фонем
Количество гласных: рус. яз.–5, англ.яз.–20
Специфика английского вокализма – наличие дифтонгов (их 8).
Напряженность артикуляции английских гласных фонем
Существование в английском языке самостоятельной фонемы ə, которая может формировать оппозиции:
 	bump – bumper, barber – barby
В русском языке в подобных случаях мы имеем дело с аллофоническим варьированием (корова, молоко и т.д.)
Большая лабиализованность русских гласных фонем

Количество и качество оппозиций
В обоих языках - оппозиции по признаку ряда:
 /i:/ - /u:/ leap – loop, beat-boot
/æ/ - /a:/ back –bark
/e/ - /з:/ bed-bird

/и/ - /у/ пить-путь
/и/ - /ы/ пил-пыл
/ы/ - /у/ бык-бук
/э/ - /о/ пел-пол

Количество и качество оппозиций
Для английского языка – оппозиция по признаку подъема: противопоставление фонем в пределах одного подъема (долгие и краткие гласные):
	/i:/ - /i/ eat – it, peel – pill
	/u:/- /u/ fool – full
	/o:/ - /o/ cord – cod
 В русском языке такая оппозиция отсутствует

Количество и качество оппозиций
Для обоих языков – оппозиция в пределах разных подъемов:
	/i:/ - /æ/ seat-sat
	/i:/ - /e/ beat – bet
	/u/ - /a:/ book – bark

	/и/ - /э/ пил-пел
	/у/ - /о/ тут-тот

Сопоставительная характеристика систем согласных фонем
Инвентарь согласных фонем
1) В рус. яз. 34 согл. фонемы,
	в англ. яз. 24 согл. фонемы
2) Особенность русского консонантизма – наличие палатализованных согласных фонем
3) Различия внутри класса щелевых фонем:
а) в англ. яз. - межзубные фонемы /θ, ∂/
б) в англ. яз. – фонема /w/
d) В англ. яз. – фарингальная фонема /h/
Инвентарь согласных фонем
В классе сонорных в английском языке имеется фонема /η/
Противопоставление апикальной (англ.) и дорсальной (рус.) позиций при произнесении переднеязычных согласных: t,d,s,z,n - альвеолярные,
	т,д,с,з,н – дентальные
Наличие аспирации в английском языке
Количество и качество оппозиций
Дифференциальный признак - наличие в русском языке оппозиции по твердости/мягкости:
	пыл-пил, был-бил, тук-тюк
Интегральный признак – наличие в обоих языках оппозиции по звонкости/глухости:
	пить-бить, pack-back

Дистрибуция гласных и согласных фонем
Дистрибуция- совокупность окружений, в которых встречается фонема
Попадая в разные произносительные условия, фонемы могут подвергаться позиционным изменениям:
Редукция гласных фонем характерна для обоих языков;

Позиционные изменения
2) Ассимиляция имеет свои особенности в разных языках:
В рус. яз. – регрессивная ассимиляция по звонкости/глухости (погодка);
В англ. яз. ассимиляция по звонкости/глухости отсутствует;
В англ. яз. – ассимиляция, связанная с изменением артикуляции одного согласного под влиянием другого
  	in the, at the, wealth;
	street, dream.

Позиционные изменения
3) Явление аккомодации обнаруживается только в русском языке: рад – ряд, тук – тюк
4) В обоих языках – случаи аллофонического варьирования, связанные с историческими чередованиями:
ч∞ж (могу-можешь); к∞ч (пеку-печешь)
d∞зn (decide-decision);
t∞∫n (resolute - resolution);
z∞зə (please - pleasure).


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Who wants to be a champion

extracted_text:
Who can win more gold medals?
Who wants to be a champion?
Gold
Silver
bronze
Rose
Friends
Travel
Movies
Books
Olympics
Films
Future
Questions
Festivals
Holidays

Rose
Why are friends important?

Why is it exciting to ride a bike?
       Bronze medal

What does your dream car look like?
How do you come to school?
How will your children go to school in future?

     Silver medal

 Where did you meet your best friend?
How often do you meet your best friend?
What do you often do with your best friend?
Why are friends important?
     Gold medal

What kind of movie is “Mr. Bean” ?
     Rose

Why is celebrating festivals important?
     Bronze medal

When do you have fireworks in your country?
What happens when we celebrate New Year?

      Silver medal

What special costumes do you wear during festivals in your country?
 Do you eat any special foods during festivals in your country?
     Gold medal

What festivals do you celebrate in your country?
      Rose

What is “Harry Potter” about?
   Bronze medal

What sort of books do you like to read?
What’s your favourite film? Why?
      Silver medal

What kind of movie is “STAR WARS” ?
What kind of book is “Harry Potter” ?
      Gold medal

      Rose
Which do you prefer? Going to the cinema or a music concert?
What types of music do you like to listen to?

Do you like music programmes? Why?
Do you like news reports? Why?
      Bronze medal

Which TV programmes do you prefer? Why?
Which TV programme did you watch recently? Did you enjoy it? What was it about?
     Silver medal

Where were the first modern Olympics played?
When did the first modern Olympics take place?
How often do the Olympics takes place?
What do the five rings on the Olympic flag represent?
      Gold medal

How will new technology help the world become better?
     Rose

What changes will possibly take place in car technology?
       Bronze medal

  Do you think we will definitely have intelligent computers in future? How will the computers be intelligent?
     Silver medal

How do you think internet search will change in the future?
     Gold medal


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Interesting places of the world

extracted_text:
Interesting places of the world

Coast Peniche, Portugal
Beach of Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia
Louise Lake, Banff National Park, Canada
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Milky Way over Jackson Lake in National Park Grand Teton, Wyoming, USA
Donegal, Ireland
Coast Path, Wales
The road in the Dolomites, Italy
Lake in the          cave, China
Black Forest Lake, Durmitor, Montenegro
Beach in Varadero, Cuba
Munich subway station, Bavaria, Germany
Cappadocia, Turkey
Coast of Lindos, Greece
Lake Koenigssee, Germany
Germany, river above the river: Magdeburg Water Bridge
Lake in the cave, Texas, United States
Blue River in a glacier, Greenland
Tree in park flowers Ashikaga, Tochigi, Island of Honshu, Japan
Lights in the park of Turin, Italy
The night sky and the Northern Lights over the glacier Yokulsarlon, Iceland
The boiling ocean, Hawaii, USA
Lake, Thailand
View of the evening Fujiyama, Honshu, Japan
Thank you for your attention!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект At on in

extracted_text:
At, On, In
By:Skorfish…

in
on
at
time

in
on
at
time
 month,   year, etc.
day
hour
examples
He saw her ___ May.
in
He saw her ___ Tuesday.
He saw her ___ 2 p.m.
on
at
practice
  Can you come ___   Saturday?
2.  Can you come ___ December?

3.  Can you come __ six o’clock?
4.  I will go ___ Monday.
5.  He was born ___ the 20th century.
6.  They go to church ___ Sundays.
7.  We go to school ___ the morning.
8.  We rest ___ night.
9.  I go to school ___ eight.
10.  I come home ___ the afternoon.

in
on
at
place

place
in
on
at
city, country, etc.
street
number
examples
He saw her ___ Seattle.
in
He saw her ___ Jay Street.
 He saw her ___ 623 Jay St.
on
at
practice
11.  He lives ___ my street.
12.  He lives ___ 2054 Main Street.

13.  Can you meet me ___ the corner?
14.  The apartment is ___ the fifth floor.
15.  The security man was ___ the gate.
16.  The desk is ___ the front.
17.  When will you be ___ California?
18.  They visited friends ___ Rome.
19.  The game started after the players were ___ the field.
20.  When she came home, her father was ___ the door.
mixed practice
21.  They go home ___ the afternoon.
22.  She saw him ___ school.

23.  Everyone is happy ___ Friday.
24.  The book was ___ the sidewalk.
25.  The date changes ___ midnight.
26.  What do teachers do ___ summer?
27.  It is nice ___ home.
28.  They eat lunch ___ noon every day.
29.  It’s cold ___ winter.
30.  School ends ___ 3:15.
Remember

in
on
at
time
 month,   year, etc.
day
hour

place
in
on
at
city, country, etc.
street
number

in
on
at


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Die Berufswahl

extracted_text:
Die Berufswahl
Statistik
Die Auskunft von Beruf “Manager”
Der Begriff des Managers
Der Arbeitsbereich
Psychologische Charakteristik von Manager
Essay des Schulers “Mein zukunftige Beruf”
Die Karte von Beruf “Manager”
Der Begriff des Managers
Der Arbeitsbereich
Psychologische Charakteristik von Manager
Essay des Schulers “Mein zukunftige Beruf”
Manager ist einen Spezialist der Leitung von der Produktion, von der Arbeit des Betriebes; einen Organisator des kreativen, sportlichen Lebens im Kollektiv.
Welche  Fӓhigkeiten muss der Manager haben?
Manager muss die Warenproduktion zu planen und zu organiesieren, Fűhrer zu sein, seine Kollegen  zum aktiven Leben zu bewegen usw…
Wo kann Manager arbeiten?
Manager kann als Produktionsmanager, Verkaufsmanager, Personalmanager, Brend-Manager arbeiten.
Der Manager ist einen_Psychologe.  Er weiss gut die Mitarbeiter  und versteht. Er motiviert die Menschen, macht die Gruppe aus den Menschen. Die Arbeit des Managers ist die Arbeit mit den  Menschen. Die Reputation des guten Managers verdient, wer keine Angst mit den professionellen Menschen zu arbeiten hat.
Der Manager sucht immer kreative  Menschen. Er soll das Wissen nach der Psychologie haben. Der Manager bildet das
innere Leben in der Organisation.
Ich mӧchte  Manager sein. Der Manager ist den populӓrsten Beruf. Fűr den Manager gibt es viele Arbeitsplӓtze. Der Manager kann in der Ӧkonomie, dem Business, in der Produktion, in der staatlichen Strukturen und Organisationen arbeiten.
Der Manager  wird immer wichtig sein. Wenn ich die Universitӓt beenden werde, mӧchte ich als Manager fűr die Verkӓufe arbeiten. Ich glaube, dass es sehr   perspektivisch und  finanziell ist.
Am Ende sagen wir!
Ich weiss, dass Manager………
Ich weiss, dass Manager ein Mensch....
Ich wӓhle den Beruf “Manager”, denn…
Danke!
Auf Wiedersehen!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Food

extracted_text:
Food Safety

pptcloud.ru
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Overview
Organisms
History
Epidemiology
Transmission
Foodborne illness
Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Organisms
Estimated 250 foodborne pathogens
Foodborne illness
2 or more cases of a similar illness resulting from ingestion of a common food
Bacteria most common cause
Also viruses, parasites, natural and manufactured chemicals, and toxins from organisms
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004

Foodborne disease outbreaks, cases and deaths
1993-1997
Salmonella had the highest number
History

Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
History
Early 1900’s
Contaminated food, milk and water caused many foodborne illnesses
Sanitary revolution
Sewage and water treatment
Hand-washing, sanitation
Pasteurization of milk- 1908
Refrigeration in homes- 1913
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
History
Animals identified as a source of foodborne pathogens
Improved animal care and feeding
Improved carcass processing
Surveillance and research
Outbreak investigations
Laws and policies regarding food handling
Epidemiology

Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Epidemiology
Foodborne diseases each year in US
Affects 1 in 4 Americans
76 million illnesses
325,000 hospitalizations
5,000 deaths
1,500 of those deaths caused by Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Epidemiology
Many unrecognized or unreported
Mild disease undetected
Same pathogens in water and person to person
Emerging pathogens unidentifiable
Greatest risk
Elderly
Children
Immunocompromised
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Surveillance/Regulation
Surveillance
CDC
FoodNet and PulseNet
Regulation
FDA
Domestic and imported food
USDA FSIS
Meat, eggs, poultry
National Marine Fisheries Service
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Surveillance
FoodNet: Active surveillance
Established 1996
CDC, USDA, FDA, select state health departments
Nine sites in U.S. monitor 13% of U.S. population
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Tennessee
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Surveillance
PulseNet: Identify cause
Molecular fingerprinting
45 state public health labs certified
Passive surveillance: Survey methods
Hospital discharges
Outpatient treatment facilities
FoodBorne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System
All states submit outbreak data
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Estimated Cost
Economic Research Service - USDA
Cost of top 5 foodborne pathogens
$6.9 billion annually
Medical cost
Productivity losses (missed work)
Value estimate of premature death
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Transmission

Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Transmission
Oral route
Contamination varies
Organism, reservoir, handling/processing, cross-contamination
Human reservoir
Norwalk-like virus, Campylobacter, Shigella
Animal reservoir
Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, Listeria, and Toxoplasma
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Transmission
Contamination can occur at several points along the food chain
On the farm or in the field
At the slaughter plant
During processing
At the point of sale
In the home
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Produce Processing
Important Organisms

Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Important Organisms
Norwalk-like viruses
Campylobacter
Salmonella
E. coli O157:H7
Clostridium botulinum
Shigella spp
Toxoplasma
Emerging organisms
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
MMWR
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
MMWR
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Norwalk-like Viruses
Norovirus; Caliciviridae family
Most common foodborne agent
23 million cases annually
Sources
Person-to-person
Shed in human feces, vomitus
Outbreaks in daycares, nursing homes, cruise ships
Contaminated shellfish
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Norwalk-like Viruses
Small infectious dose
Signs
12-48 hours post-exposure
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Headache, low-grade fever
Duration: 2 days
Food handlers should not return to work for 3 days after symptoms subside
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Campylobacter jejuni
Leading cause of bacterial diarrhea
2.4 million people each year
Children under 5 years old
Young adults (ages 15-29)
Very few deaths
Can lead to Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Leading cause of acute paralysis
Develops 2-4 weeks after Campylobacter infection (after diarrheal signs disappear)
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Campylobacteriosis
Sources
Raw or undercooked poultry
Non-chlorinated water
Raw milk
Infected animal or human feces
Poultry, cattle, puppies, kittens, pet birds
Clinical signs
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea
Duration: 2-5 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Salmonellosis
Gram negative bacteria
Many serotypes can cause disease
S. enteritidis and typhimurium
41% of all human cases
Most common species in U.S.
1.4 million cases annually
580 deaths
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Salmonellosis
Sources
Raw poultry and eggs
Raw milk
Raw beef
Unwashed fruit, alfalfa sprouts
Reptile pets: Snakes, turtles, lizards
Signs
Onset: 12-72 hours
Diarrhea, fever, cramps
Duration: 4-7 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
1972         1977              1982          1987               1992           1997            2002
Year
30

25

20

15

10

5

0
Salmonellosis. Reported cases per 100,000 population, by year –       U.S., 1972-2002
MMWR
Most common serotypes:
S. typhimurium,
S. enteriditis,
S. Newport
Rate
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
E. coli O157:H7
Enterohemorrhagic                     Escherichia coli (EHEC)
Surface proteins; toxin
Sources
Undercooked or raw hamburger; salami
Alfalfa sprouts; lettuce
Unpasteurized milk, apple juice or cider
Well water
Animals: Cattle, other mammals
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
E. coli O157:H7
Signs
Watery or bloody diarrhea, nausea, cramps
Onset: 2-5 days
Duration: 5-10 days
Sequela
 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Acute kidney failure in children
Life threatening
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
MMWR
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Neurotoxin leads to flaccid paralysis
Infants at greatest risk
Annually: 10-30 outbreaks; ~110 cases
Sources: Home-canned 		   foods, honey
Signs
Double vision, drooping eyelids, difficulty speaking and swallowing
Onset: 18-36 hours
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Year
 1982                  1987                    1992                      1997                  2002
Reported Cases
110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
MMWR
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Shigellosis
Bacillary dysentery
Most cases Shigella sonnei
90,000 cases every year in U.S.
Sources:
Human fecal contamination of food, beverages, vegetables, water
Signs:
Watery or bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever
Onset: 2 days
Duration: 5-7 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Year
1972           1977          1982             1987             1992            1997           2002
Rate
15

10

5

0
MMWR
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii- intracellular protozoan
112,500 cases annually
Pregnant women/immunocompromised at greatest risk
Sources
Infected cats, soil, undercooked meat
Signs
Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Emerging Pathogens
Cyclospora (Protozoan)
1996, imported raspberries
Listeria monocytogenes
Sources
Ready-to-eat meats, soft cheeses
Signs
Human abortions and stillbirths
Septicemia in young or low-immune
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Prevention and Control

Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
HACCP
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
To monitor and control production processes
Identify food safety hazards and critical control points
Production, processing and marketing
Establish limits
Monitor
Applied to meat, poultry, and eggs
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
On Farm Strategies
Testing and removal for Salmonella
Serologic, fecal culture, hide culture
Vaccinating
Many serotypes
Varying effectiveness
Minimize rodents, wild birds
Isolation of new animals
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
At the Slaughter Plant
FSIS target organisms
Salmonella and E. coli
Control points
Removal of internal organs
Minimize contact between        carcasses
Proper movement through facilities
Chilling
Cooking processes (time, temperature)
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Irradiation
Used since 1986 for Trichina control in pork
Gamma rays
Poultry in 1990/1992
Meat in 1997/1999
Reduction of bacterial pathogens
Kills living cells of organisms
Damaged and cannot survive
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Irradiation
Identified with radura…..
Does not affect taste quality
Nutrients remain the same
Handle foods appropriately afterwards
Does not sterilize
Contamination can still occur
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
USDA Recall Classification
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
In the Home
Drink pasteurized milk and juices
Wash hands carefully and frequently
After using the bathroom
Changing infant’s diapers
Cleaning up animal feces
Wash hands before preparing food
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
In the Home
Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating
After contact with raw meat or poultry
Wash hands, utensils and kitchen surfaces
Hot soapy water
Defrost meats in the refrigerator
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
In the Home
Cook beef/beef products            thoroughly
Internal temperature of 160oF
Cook poultry and eggs               thoroughly
Internal temperature of 170-180oF
Eat cooked food promptly
Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours after cooking
Store in shallow containers
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Additional Resources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/
U.S. Department of Agriculture
http://www.foodsafety.gov
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodborne/statemen.html
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
Center for Food Security and Public Health   Iowa State University 2004
Acknowledgments
Author:

Co-authors:

Reviewer:

Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH

Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH
Radford Davis, DVM, MPH

Jean Gladon, BS


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект School life. Schoolwork. Grade 10

extracted_text:
My first impression of    school life.
to be frustrated in
to be nervous about
to be cheerful
to be excited about
to be enthusiastic about
to be delighted with
to be bored  with/of
to be confused with
to be proud of
to be inspired  by
to be confident  in
Mark the statements true (T) or false (F).
1.Miss Honey reads the names of all the children.
2.The school provides pencils for the children.
3.All the children are new to the school.
4.They will stay at the school for eleven years.
5.Miss Trunchbull is the class teacher.
6.Miss Honey tells the children how to behave in front of the headmistress.
7.Miss Honey advises the children not to argue with each other.
8.The children are happy about being at school.
Look at the words/phrases from the text and underline the correct  definition.
strict discipline : making people obey rules/have fun
take my advice : do what I suggest/give me a suggestion
behave yourselves : act like a good/bad child
argue : agree/disagree with someone by talking or shouting
answer back : reply politely/rudely (especially for children)
deals severely with : punishes/rewards
gets our of line : behaves in the correct/incorrect way

Complete the sentences using some of the words/phrases from the previous task.
I didn’t ………  myself when I was at school.
I believe that strict ………  is important when you are bringing up children.
I think you should ………  your father’s ………. He is usually right.
My brother and I ……… a lot, but we still get on well.
My teacher ……..   with anyone who arrives late at school.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Исторические изменения словарного состава немецкого языка

extracted_text:
Исторические изменения
словарного состава
немецкого языка
Противоречия:
Между требованиями Стандарта по иностранному языку о наличии знаний об основных способах  изменения словарного состава и низким уровнем владения знаниями о них о чем свидетельствуют результаты ЕГЭ в области иностранного языка;

Между тем, что существует много способов изменения словарного состава и тем, что на занятиях и в учебниках по иностранному языку основное внимание уделяется лишь словообразованию.

Методологические характеристики

  Объект- лексика немецкого литературного языка;
  Предмет – процесс исторических изменений словарного состава немецкого литературного языка;
  Цель – охарактеризовать основные исторические изменения лексики немецкого языка;
    Задачи:
Рассмотреть сущность понятия «лексика»;
Изучить классификацию лексики с точки зрения социальной дифференциации;
Рассмотреть способы изменения словарного состава.

Классификация лексики с точки зрения социальной дифференциации

Способы изменения словарного
 состава

                                                          Заимствование                                                                   Словообразование

Неологизмы

Заимствование

Неологизмы
Слова, впервые появившиеся в немецком языке в течение последних 30 лет, так называемые Neuworter («собственно неологизмы»).

Слова, появившиеся в течение указанного отрезка времени на базе существовавших ранее слов, т. е. составленные из известных слов  и аффиксов в новых комбинациях по словообразовательным моделям. Это Neupragungen («новообразования») – слова лишь частично новые.

Слова, получившие в этот период новое значение, в словаре они названы Neubedeutungen («семантические неологизмы»), т. е. по существу старые слова, полностью изменившие свое значение.

Словообразование
Различают:

Аффиксальный способ:
      а) непродуктивные – суффиксы – e, -t, -ll, -sel, -ent.
      б) продуктивные – суффиксы – er, -ler, -ner, -ig, -bar.
      в) аффиксы, которые сегодня находятся в процессе развития;

Аблаут, умлаут, преломление
        Binde («бинт») – Band(«бант»)
        Verhflnnis («обстоятельства») – verhalten («сдерживать»)
        Gtbirge («горы») – Berg(«гора»);

Конверсия и словосложение;

Сложносокращенные слова.
СПАСИБО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕ!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Inverness

extracted_text:
Inverness
Inverness in 1771
Inverness in 1693
History of Inverness
In the VI century, the area where now stands Inverness, inhabited by tribes of the Picts. It is known that a few kilometers west of the modern city was the citadel Pictish king Brude I, which is about 565 years visited a monk of St. Columbus, a preacher of Christianity in Scotland. It is believed that the first castle of Inverness, was a wooden fortress was built around 1057 by order of King Malcolm III and later destroyed by King Robert the Bruce.
  Inverness had four traditional fairs, including Legavrik or "Leth-Gheamhradh", meaning midwinter, and Faoilleach. William the Lion granted Inverness four charters, by one of which it was created a royal burgh. Of the Dominican friary founded by Alexander III in 1233, only one pillar and a worn knight's effigy survive in a secluded graveyard near the town centre.
Location
Inverness town, the capital of the Highlands, is strategically situated at the northern end of the Great Glen, just near the place that the River Ness flows into the Moray Firth. Because of the strategic location, Inverness has always been a subject of wars and bandit attacks. For the power in the city fought the great kings and pirates. Among the conquerors of the city were Edward I, Alasdair, Robert Bruce.
Striking landmark is the Inverness Castle. It was built in the second half of the 19th century, but its style reminiscent of the classic medieval fortress. Large-scale castle with high towers open to the public, important political and cultural events are pass in this castle.
Architecture
In the middle of the 19th century was built  St Andrew's Cathedral, which is now the most famous religious landmark of Inverness. In the cathedral stored vintage gold icons - gift of Russian emperor. Admire the beautiful church and see sacred artifacts remain a huge number of pilgrims and curious travelers.
City owes its name to the river Ness, but worldwide fame for this small industrial town brought not this natural attraction. The legends of the mythical creature that lives in the nearby lake of Loch Ness, now known to almost everyone. Every year,  thousands of travelers remain in town to make a tour to the mysterious lake. People can spend hours gazing in the surface of the lake, hoping for a moment to see its mysterious inhabitant.
Loch Ness
Traditions
Every year in Inverness are held Town Game «Highland Games», which demonstrate  talents of local strongmen. The holding of such events is one of the oldest traditions, every year exercise that perform strongmen are becoming more original and inimitable. In celebration of athletes always involved a team of professionals, and in parallel are still some competitions, participate in that can be anyone. Often the performance of beginner are  the same exciting and unique, like the professional performances.
The most important event in the cultural life of the city for many years remained Inverness Music Festival. The festival is held in the first half of March and lasts for 10 days, this grand musical celebration is interested for the public of all ages and musical preferences.
Inverness Music Festival
  At the festival offers a wide range of various musical genres,  every day are held bright concerts, competitions and demonstrations. Musicians from different countries compete in choral singing, the performance of the opera, as well as solo singing and performing original songs. The musicians perform classical and contemporary compositions, especially popular concerts dedicated to the national music.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Australian food

extracted_text:
  Australian
  food

    A dish that you can feed the most fastidious child. In fact, it's a fun sandwich. Slices of white bread cut into triangles, spread butter and sprinkle with colored pills (which are used to decorate pastries).
                   Fairy Bread
     Australian Salad

    Light salad, cooked ham,
cucumbers,
boiled celery
 and apples,
Served with
orange
 juice and
mayonnaise.

Bush Tucker

The most Australian food - food of native aborigines, cooked over charcoal. In the course are kangaroo meat, crocodile or someone else and Australian fruit.
              Steak "marsupial"
     This dish made with kangaroo meat, but sometimes use a usual beef.
Mushrooms fried with spices, notched so as to obtain the pocket, season mushrooms and sewn or chop shpashkami, then baked.
Vegemite
Australian "adjika" which can be spread on bread or eat as a separate dish. On the palate, "adjika" - an amateur. Since this is a "yeast extract", which is mixed with onion, celery and salt.
                       Lamington
 Biscuits
covered
with chocolate
chips and
coconut

        Thank you for
  your
        attention!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект В мире есть любовь и доброта

extracted_text:
          МИЛОСЕРДИЕ

МИЛОЕ             СЕРДЦЕ

(СЕРДЦЕ МИЛУЕТ, ЖАЛЕЕТ, ЛЮБИТ)

Притча о добром самарянине
Доброта –стремление человека дать счастье всем людям.

- заставил меня задуматься;
сделал меня чуточку лучше;
произвел на меня впечатление;
- ничего не изменил во мне
    Этот классный час:
В мире есть любовь и доброта


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Мои уроки

extracted_text:
HomeworkSecret words
H_rm
Pro_ect
Env_ronm_nt
Pol_ute
Set on f_re
Ke_p something cle_n
Imp_rtant

Harm
Protect
Environment
Pollute
Set on fire
Keep something clean
important
     6-7 good

4-5 not bad
1-3 bad
Watch  the video

The Earth is in Danger

Phonetic drill
The earth and ocean seem
To sleep in one another’s arms,and dream
Of  wavers, flowers,clouds,woods
Rocks, and all that we
Read in theirs smiles,and call reality
The aims of the lesson:
1.To enrich  pupils’   knowledge about Ecology. To use Grammar: Modal verb  ‘Should’.
2. To develop pupils’ speaking, reading  skills.
 3.To teach pupils to love nature, to take care of living things.

What is the GLOBAL Problems of our Planet?

A
B
C

What we should do?What we shouldn’t do?
Take care of living things
Pollute the atmosphere on land
Use many chemical on the land or in our food
Help birds and animals
Pollute water in the river
Use less energy/  petrol, gas, electricity/
Protect woods and forests
Cut down trees around your houses
Keep our natural resources
Burn trees in the forest

Match the new words to the right translation
Petrol stations -аң терісі
Factories -тері
Road -ластау
Pollute- ластану
Pollution -фабрика
Fur -жанармай құйып
алатын бекет
Skin -топырақ
Destroy- қирату, бұзу
Soil -жол, шоссе
Right awswer
Petrol stations - жанармай құйып алатын бекет
Factories - завод
Road - жол, шоссе
Pollute - ластау
Pollution - ластану
Fur - аң  терісі
Skin - тері
Destroy – қирату, бұзу
Soil - топырақ

How can we help our
nature/ environment?
How  can we keep  animals and plants?

1.Water is necessary for_____2.There is little clean and drinkable water _____.3.Many people try to ____.4.Every year the Problem of _____is becomes more important.
Complete the sentences
Fill in the blanks
throw        sea          protect        plants      water       wildlife    home

There are a lot of  factories and (1)_________in my city. They  (2)________ a lot of chemicals  into the air and into the (3)_________.  They poison water into the (4)________.  Fish can’t  live in it.  (5)_________ is destroyed.  We must (6)_______nature as we can. The Earth is our (7)________. Take care of it!

We  should ….
–should  not break trees.
– should not leave litter.
– Keep the country tidy.
– Respect the life and work of the countryside.
– Keep dogs under control.
– Put litter away.
– Grow trees and flowers.
– should not frighten birds and animals.
– not cut wild flowers.
– not burn fires.
Conclusion:
Ask not what your country can do for  you,

ask what you can do for your country.

                                                          John Kennedy
                               ( the 35th President of the USA)
Homework:
write an essay or a  short story about
«My  Сountry»
Ex.7p.52
Рефлексия


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Основы английского языка

extracted_text:
Я наконец-то выучу английский язык!
Я буду много работать, и это будет интересно и эффективно
Экспресс-курс он-лайн
Второе занятие
Какой-то вообще или именно этот?
Артикли
Она решила похудеть, а я люблю поесть. Что делать?
Новые слова и старые схемы

Артикли: в чем разница?
Артикли: в чем разница?
Переводим
Он мальчик.
Ее мама доктор.
У меня есть  новая книга.

Смотри! Солнце светит.
Сегодня небо голубое.
Мир прекрасен.

Артикли: в чем разница?
The:
 этот, тот
 Конкретный
 Единственный
 Кардинальный
 Понятно,
 О каком именно идет речь
 Единственный в своем роде ( в данном контектс)

Что произойдет, если будет использован неподходящий артикль?
My father is the engineer.
I am the sailor
 My sister has married the American

Единственный инженер на планете?

Самая важная персона во флоте??

Сестра вышла замуж за единственного живущего в этом городе американца???

Ошибка!
Почувствуйте разницу

A happy, large family - счастливая, большая семья
A (an) new, important problem - новая, важная проблема
A wrong, short answer  - неправильный, короткий ответ
A sincere, clever excuse - искреннее, остроумное извинение
A friendly, sad letter   - дружеское, грустное письмо

The whole family - вся семья
The central problem- ключевая  проблема
The right answer - правильный ответ
The only excuse -единственное извинение
The last letter - последнее письмо

У меня грустное письмо.
Спорт – это хорошая причина.

Вся семья смотрит телевизор сейчас.
Главная причина использовать  facebook…

A: если можно заменить на «1»
Rome was not built in a day. - He за один день был построен Рим.
A thousand letters to the editor. - Тысяча писем редактору.
A million for a smile. - Миллион за улыбку.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Яблоко в день сжуешь и без врача проживешь.

Неопределенный артикль «a»
произошел  от числительного 1 (one)
         I like coffee.
Я люблю кофе
 This is meat.
Это мясо
Внимание!
Неисчисляемые существительные
Когда артикль не употребляется
Артикли не употребляются
Притяжательное местоимение
I like your style
Мне нравится твой стиль
Указательное местоимение
Give me this cheesecake
Дай мне этот чизкейк
Другое существительное в притяжетельном падеже
This is my brother’s girlfriend
Это подруга моего брата
Отрицание no (не not)
They have no time
У них нет времени
Количественное числительное
You have two parents
У тебя есть два (оба) родителя

Перед существительным находятся:
Одни и те же слова могут менять значение, в зависимости от того, что стоит перед ними!
a (the) house    дом, здание              to house           поместить, приютить
a (the) light      свет                          to light             осветить
a (the) hand      рука                         to hand             вручить, передать
a (the) head      голова                      to head              возглавить
a (the) dress     платье                      to dress            одеваться
Инфинитив (начальная форма)
Ti
ещ
- ть
To
Когда используется to
I want to travel
Я хочу путешествовать
He wants to travel
Он хочет путешествовать
They decide to live together
Они решили жить вместе
He asks me to join him
Он попросил меня присоединиться к нему
I invite you to go with me
Я пригласила его пойти со мной
I like to learn
Мне нравится учиться

To do – делать
To make -  делать, заниматься
To like – нравиться
To look – смотреть (не телек!!)
To write - писать

To go – идти, ехать
To see – видеть
To call – звонить, звать
To find – находить
To get - получать

My - мой
Your – твой /ваш
Our - наш
Their - их
His - его
Her - ее
Me – мне, мною, мной
You – тобой, вами
Them – ими, ними
Him – им, ним
Her – ею, нею


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Punk subculture

extracted_text:
Punk subculture
Prepared Sasha Trybulko
Plan
History
Music
Fashion
Dance

History
Music
All The Small Things
Fashion
Dance
THANK YOU
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title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Музика

extracted_text:
 Презентація до уроку англійської мови у 8 класі  на тему:
Мої враження після концерту
Look at the screen please and read new words with their translation.
A band-                          група музикантів

To learn over-                 згинатися над…

To give a hand-              надавати допомогу

To walk out-                    виходити
          Звучить запис пісні

work in pairs –make up a dialogue
1.You have got an extra ticket for a concert and you want to invite  your friend to join you
SHOW-ANNY LORAK
DATA:15 November
PLACE: The palace of YOUTH
Time:17.00

Look at the table on page 64 and complete the table on the screen
1.loudly/slowly/fast/for a long time/at a conference/from notes/from memory/to the point
2.talk to/with somebody about somebody/something/loudly/a lot/to much/sport/music/politics/weather/about something
3.something/nothing/nothing important/very little/a few words about something/that….
4.somebody the news/the time/what time is it/what it means/that….

Fill in  speak   talk    say   tell
My cousin-----two foreign languages
I always----the truth
Mum---she was very busy
My sister is----to her friend at the moment


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Tornados

extracted_text:
Tornados
Tornados
		A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
		Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust.
		Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating.
	Well-known historical tornadoes include:
The Tri-State Tornado of 1925, which killed over 600 people in the United States;
The Daulatpur-Saturia Tornado of 1989, which killed roughly 1,300 people in Bangladesh.
Reasons
	Storm  is The most studied cause of a tornado.
	Rather the storm clouds that form the fast-moving currents of air, which subsequently form a funnel, slowly extending to the surface. Nature tornado occurrence is for scientists largely a mystery.

1. Tornadoes are formed when hot air and cold air are mixed.
2. The clouds grow larger and larger. Finally, a thunderstorm is brewed up with a strong updraft.
3. The moisture in the warm air rises and condenses into large clouds.
Results of tornado
Effects
1. Tornadoes can make People die.
2. The tornado can destroy a lot of homes, stores, and much more.
3. It can make serious injuries.

Thanks for your attention!
11 form
Kytova Irina