title: Скачать презентацию или конспект терапия

extracted_text:
Презентацияна тему:Сестринский уход при циррозах печени

Содержание:
Определение
Этиология
Патогенез
Классификация
Осложнения
Диагностика
Лечение
Диета

Цирроз печени
 Это хроническое диффузное поражение, характеризующееся нарушением нормальной дольковой архитектоники печени в результате фиброза и образования структурно-аномальных узлов регенерации, обусловливающих развитие функциональной недостаточности печени и портальной гипертензии. Цирроз печени входит в число основных причин смертности населения, он занимает 4-е место в структуре смертности мужчин старше 40 лет в США.
Этиология
В развитии цирроза печени наиболее важную роль играют вирусные гепатиты В, С, D, G. Возможность развития цирроза при других инфекционных заболеваниях (сифилисе, туберкулезе, малярии и др.), а также паразитарных инвазиях отрицается. Считают, что только шистосомоз может способствовать развитию цирроза печени. Вторым по частоте этиологическим фактором является алкоголь.

 Этиологические факторы (алкоголь, вирусная инфекция, дефекты метаболизма и др.) вызывают некроз гепатоцитов. Определенное значение при этом имеют аутоиммунные реакции к печеночному липопротеиду. При массивных, субмассивных некрозах, а также при распространении некроза от центра дольки до портального тракта (мостовидный порто-центральный некроз) под действием внутрипеченочного давления наступает коллапс дольки — потеря пространства, которое ранее занимала паренхима. Восстановление печеночной ткани при этом становится невозможным. В результате сближаются портальные тракты и центральные вены, начинается разрастание соединительной ткани. Уцелевшие гепатоциты или фрагменты печеночных долек регенерируют и формируют узлы-регенераты, которые вместе с остатками сохранившейся паренхимы образуют псевдодольки.
Патогенез
Классификация
  По этиологии:
—  вирусный,
—   алкогольный,
—  токсический,
—  связанный с врожденными нарушениями метаболизма,
—        связанный с поражениями желчевыводящих путей (первич ный и вторичный билиарный цирроз),
—  криптогенный цирроз.
 По степени активности процесса:
—  подострый (гепатит-цирроз),
—  быстро прогрессирующий (активный),
—   медленно прогрессирующий (активный),
—   вялотекущий,
—  латентный.
 Стадия заболевания по степени функциональных нарушений (по критериям Чайльда-Пью—Child-Pugh — гипоальбуминемия, снижение протромбинового индекса, гипербилирубинемия, печеночная энцефалопатия, асцит):
А — компенсированная,
В — субкомпенсированная,
С — декомпенсированная.
Функция печёночных клеток при циррозе печени оценивается по Чайльду-Пью.
Осложнения
Печёночная кома
Кровотечение из варикозно-расширенных вен пищевода
Тромбоз в системе воротной вены
Гепаторенальный синдром
формирование рака печени — гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы
Инфекционные осложнения — пневмонии, «спонтанный» перитонит при асците, сепсис.

Диагностика
ОАК- анемия,лейкопения,
увлечение СОЭ.
ОАМ- билирубин в моче.
Иммунологический анализ.
Маркёры вирусной инфекции.
Биохимический исследование крови.

Инструментальные методы иследования
УЗИ- печении желочного пузыря.
Колоноскопия
Компьютерная томография органов брюшной полости.
Гастроскопия.

Лечение
Лечебный режим.
Лечебное питание-диета №5
Противовирусное лечение.
Патогенетическое лечение.
Имунномоделирующая терапия.

Профилактические мероприятия
Предупреждение заражения острым вирусным гепатитом
Отказ от алкоголя
Защита от гепатотоксических препаратов

Диета при ЦП должна быть полноценной, содержащей 70—100 г белка (1—1,5 г на 1 кг массы тела), 80—90 г жиров (из них 50 % — растительного происхождения), 400—500 г углеводов. Необходимо учитывать привычки больного, переносимость продуктов и сопутствующие заболевания органов пищеварения. Исключаются химические добавки, консерванты и токсические ингредиенты. Диета модифицируется при наличии осложнений портальной гипертензии (отечно-асцитический, гепаторенальный синдром, печёночная энцефалопатия и др.)
Диета
Сестринский процесс при циррозе печени
Проблемы пациентов:
А. Существующие (настоящие):
- боли в правом подреберье; тошнота, горечь во рту;
- метеоризм;
- снижение аппетита;
- кожный зуд;
- увеличение живота (из-за асцита);
- олигурия;
- слабость, быстрая утомляемость;
- нарушение сна;
- раздражительность;
- необходимость постоянно принимать лекарственные препараты;
- недостаток информации о заболевании; необходимость отказа от приема алкоголя;
- дефицит самоухода.
Б. Потенциальные:
- риск развития кровотечений из вен пищевода, геморроидальных вен;
- риск развития печеночной комы; возможность инвалидизации.
Сбор информации при первичном обследовании:
А. Расспрос пациента о:
- перенесенных ранее заболеваниях (гепатит, заболевания желчевыводящих путей);
- отношении пациента к алкоголю;
- особенностях питания;
- профессиональной деятельности (контакт с гепатотропными ядами);
- приеме гепатотропных лекарственных препаратов;
- аллергических реакциях на лекарства, продукты питания и пр.;
- длительности заболевания, частоте обострений;
- наблюдении гастроэнтерологом, регулярности обследования (даты результатов последних биохимических анализов крови АЛT,ACT, белковые фракции крови; осадочные пробы, УЗИ, сканирования печени);
- приеме лекарственных препаратов (название препарата, доза, регулярность приема, переносимость);
- жалобах пациента в момент осмотра.
Б. Осмотр пациента:
- состояние кожных покровов и слизистых; цвет (наличие желтухи или иктеричности). цвет ладоней, наличие расчесов, «сосудистых звездочек», расширенных вен на передней брюшной стенке;
- масса тела пациента;
- измерение температуры тела; исследование пульса;
- измерение артериального давления;
- оценить размеры живота (наличие асцита);
- поверхностная пальпация живота.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Yalta-

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Yalta-
a world heritage natural
 and cultural site
Yalta  is a resort city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. The city is located on the site of an ancient Greek colony, said to have been founded by Greek sailors who were looking for a safe shore on which to land. It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea, surrounded by wooded mountains. It has a warm humid subtropical climate with many vineyards and orchards in the vicinity.
In the 19th century, the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry. Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house (the White Dacha) here, where he lived till 1902; Yalta is the setting for Chekhov's short story, "The Lady with the Dog", and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta. The town was also closely associated with royalty. In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911.
The Massandra Palace
the Livadia Palace
During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin issued a decree "On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People" which endorsed the region's transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians. Numerous workers' sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta. There were, in fact, few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday, as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful. The Soviet elite also came to Yalta; the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence.

Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944.

The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the "Big Three" powers - the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom - was held at the Livadia Palace.
Yalta 1980

Yalta port
Frigate "Hispaniola" in 1981
Hotel "Oreanda"
seafront
Soviet area

bus station
Memorial in honor of the heroes of the Civil and Great Patriotic War on the Hill of Glory in Yalta
View on Gursuf and Bear Mountain (Ayu Dag)
Fountain "Night" in Gurzuf
Chekhov House Gurzuf
Union pioneer camp "Artek"


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Открытие Америки

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Открытие Америки

Учитель английского языка
МОУ СОШ № 33 г. Магнитогорска
Пацюркевич Екатерина Александровна

seaman           discover
continent       discovery
central          discoverer

kilometer           sail
planet               sailor
start                 reach
The Discovery of America
1492

Christopher
Columbus
America:
Central America
North America
South America
The United States of America = the USA = the States

Christopher Columbus was born in Italy but lived in Spain for a long time.
He was a seaman and made many sea voyages.

In 1492 the King and the Queen of Spain gave
Christopher Columbus money and ships to go
To India.  Why?
Because India was a very rich country, ’’full of gold’’. But the voyage to India was very long and very difficult.

So Christopher Columbus decided
to reach India round the world.
He believed that our Planet is round
and he sailed west.
After sailing 6400 kilometers his ships reached some land.
Columbus thought it was India.
But it was not.
It was a new land, a new continent – America.
People called it       “the New World’’.
Questions
When did Christopher Columbus discover America ?

Where was he born ?

Where did he live for a long time ?

What was he ?

Why did he sail west ?
1492

Italy

Spain

A seaman

India
Homework : Lesson 43 – ex.11,12.
Статую Колумба: http://tur-plus.ru/kolumb/im-biografio/biografio-monumento.jpg
Портрет Колумба: http://www.krugosvet.ru/images/1012237_PH03110.jpg
Портрет Колумба 2: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christopher_Columbus.PNG/200px-Christopher_Columbus.PNG
Картина высадки на остров: http://stav-pro.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/pro-dengi-vavilonskaya-bashnya-kolumb.jpg
Корабль : http://s2.uploads.ru/t/ZicNg.gif
Карта: http://tomovl.ru/komi/images/colymb_1492_1504.gif
Монета: http://forums.corsairs-harbour.ru/images_f/history/money/291.jpg
Портрет Колумба 3: http://miroland.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Христофор_Колумб_портрет-Christofer_Columbus_portrait.jpg
Список использованных источников


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Virginia Woolf

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Virginia Woolf
1882-1941

Virginia Woolf was the daughter of a Victorian critic, philosopher, biographer, and scholar Leslie Stephen. She was brought up in a large family where she could read in her father’s impressive library and get in touch with many well-known Victorians.

After the death of their father and Virginia's second nervous breakdown, Vanessa and Adrian sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and bought a house at 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury.

Virginia Stephen married writer Leonard Woolf on 10 August 1912. Despite his low material status  the couple shared a close bond. Indeed, in 1937, Woolf wrote in her diary: "Love-making—after 25 years can't bear to be separate ... you see it is enormous pleasure being wanted: a wife. And our marriage so complete."

Together they established the Hogarth Press in 1917 that published, among others, Eliot's POEMS(1919) and HOMAGE TO JOHN DRYDEN(1924) the English translations of Freud, and Woolf's own writings.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект American History

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American History
(A few points)
Put these events in order:
World War I
War of Independence
Great Depression
American Civil War
The start of expansion to the West
Native Americans
Before colonization, there were about 10 million people, in over 200 tribes.
By 1865, only 300,000 remained.
forced off their land
many died from diseases brought by the colonists
American Character
American history has affected the character of American people
Belief that anyone can be successful
most people who came to America were poor; some became very rich
Willing to take risks and try new things
immigration to the “New World”
travelling West to start a new life
In 1788, 13 colonies become the United States of America.
By 1796, a few more states have been created.
America buys Louisiana from France in 1803.
By 1837, new states have been created around the Mississippi.
By 1850, Oregon and California become states.

1843: One thousand people travel to Oregon
1848: USA wins Texas in the Mexican War
1849: California gold rush
1862: A new law gives free land to settlers
By 1912, all states except Alaska and Hawaii have been created.
Vietnam War (1964 - 1975)
Had a big effect on people:
it lasted a long time (11 years)
many Americans were hurt or killed
America did not win the war
horrible pictures on TV
As the war continued, anger in America grew
there were many protests
Other Wars
Other wars that America has been involved in since World War II include:
Korean War (1950 - 1953)
Gulf War (1990 - 1991)
Kosovo War (1999)
Iraq War (2003)
Cold War
After World War II, there were two superpowers: USA and USSR
democratic USA, communist USSR
There was constant tension, but never actual war:
both built up their military power
spied on each other
provided money and support to groups in Korean, Vietnam, Middle East, etc
America as a Superpower
After the USSR broke up in 1991, USA became the only superpower.
There are still some powerful countries in Europe and Asia.
But sometimes America tries to ignore them.
USA refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gases
USA attacked Iraq without UN approval


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Homelessness

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Homelessness

Homelessness
   the condition of people without a regular, safe, secure and  adequate dwelling
Who are homeless today?
35% - families with children
21% - have domestic violence
19% - children under the age of 18
Who are homeless today?
15% - US military veterans
10% - suffer from mental illnesses
Reasons of the problem
There is a lack of affordable housing.
Reasons of the problem
Minimum incomes is too low.
Reasons of the problem
  The cost of health care has risen dramatically.
Solutions
Reconstruct the economy.
Provide new places for work.
Increase pensions for veterans.
Free health care.
Provide better conditions in shelters.
Pay more attention to housing and social programs.
It’s impossible to solve the problem of homelessness quickly, but let’s turn
into
THANK  YOU FOR  YOUR ATTENTION!


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Правила телефонного этикета

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Правила телефонного этикета

В начале разговора необходимо поздороваться и представиться:Hello! This is … ! Hello! This is … speaking !

Затем попросить позвать кого-либо к телефону:Can I speak to …,please ?

Для того, чтобы сообщить, что вы у телефона, нужно сказать:Speaking!

Если тот , кого просят к телефону, отсутствует, нужно сказать:Sorry, he is not in at the moment.

 Вы  можете предложить оставить сообщение:Can I take a message?


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Числительные в английских пословицах и поговорках.

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Числительное « Ноль» - ничто.
Ноль без палочки. Ноль внимания.
Круглый ноль. Свести к нулю.
Числительные в английских пословицах и поговорках.
Обозначает начало, что-то
единственное, что-то очень малое,
но существенное.
Числительное « Один» One

Раньше считали "1","2","много". Следовательно, число три стали применять вместо слова "много". Числительное 3 приобрело значение много.
Числительные  4 5 6    four five six
Значение числа 4  связывается с символикой квадрата и креста.
Стоит обратить внимание на 4 фазы Луны,
 4 времени года.
Человеческая жизнь разделяется на 4 периода: детство, юность, зрелость, старость.
5- это символ объединения и центра
«Великолепная семерка» Seven
Бог создал мир за 6 дней, посвятив седьмой отдыху. Рим построен на 7 холмах.
Греки признавали 7 мудрецов и 7 чудес света. В храмах было 7 ступений  и освещались они 7 свечами.
В царской России число 7 применялось в колдовстве и заклинаниях.
В радуге 7 цветов.

Заключение

	Культурные слои русского и английского народа пересекаются. Отражение тому мы видим и в пословицах в том числе. Многие пословицы схожи, некоторые отличаются собственным взглядом на мир.
	Многие пословицы и поговорки легко переводятся на русский язык; другие же нуждаются в объяснении, так как наоборот, не имеют ничего общего с нашими русскими выражениями.
В английской фразе никогда не может быть двух отрицаний. Русский язык гибок, и он позволяет сохранять английский порядок слов во фразе, но не всегда.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Animals

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Презентацию выполнила
Учитель английского языка
ГБОУ СОШ № 1914 г.Москва
Шацило Юлия Валентиновна
Animals
I think it is a (an)…
Who is it?
It is a HIPPO!
Who is it?
It is a CHEETAH!
I think it is a (an)...
Who is it?
It is a BEAR!
Who is it?
It is a MONKEY!
I think it is a (an)...

Who is it?
It is a LION!

Who is it?
It is an ELEPHANT!
I think it is a (an)...
It is a PENGUIN!

Who is it?

Who is it?
It is a GIRAFFE!
Riddle.
It is black and white.
It is slim and fast.
It isn’t lazy.
It can run and jump.
It can’t fly.
It lives in the zoo.
Who is it?
     (zebra)
Is it a (an)…? Yes, it is.                         No it isn’t.
Thank you
boys and girls!!!
Источники
http://www.edinstwo.de/foto_ru/150_gr.jpg - zoo
http://media.snl.no/system/images/f/flodhest_istock_000003506850.jpg - hippo
http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/2/67/559/67559724_1291721596_gepard1.jpg - cheetah
http://cs5254.vkontakte.ru/u54863749/-6/x_c4f1dd19.jpg - bear
http://motherjones.com/files/legacy/mojoblog/41769011.DSC_9847SmilingMonkeyCROP.jpg - monkey
http://forum.exler.ru/arc/uploads/post-57-1100916044.jpg - lion
http://w.velvet.by/files/userfiles/4467/beautiful_elephant_images_640_04.jpg - elephant
http://www.gorizonti.com/uploads/News/pingvini.jpg - penguin
http://socialseti.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2222222222222222.jpg - giraffe
http://www.darina.tv/album/zebra_1/zebra5.jpg - zebra
http://i076.radikal.ru/1112/75/17726c7e939d.jpg - excellent
FokinaLida.75@mail.ru – шаблон презентации
Коллекция картинок Microsoft Office (Microsoft Office Online)


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Презентация "Исем"

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ИСЕМ
Төзеде: Җәләева Г.И.
Укытучы: Рәсүлева Э.Р.

Исем – мөстәкыйль сүз төркеме
кеше
шәһәр
бина
Харис
Казан
Агыйдел
агач
агроном
үлән
агач-лар
агроном-нар
үлән-нәр
Тамыр исем – арыш, дус.
Ясалма исем – җимлек, көрәк.

Кушма
исемнәр
ЯСАЛЫШЫ

саф кушма - карабодай
парлы - җир-су, көн-төн
тезмә - кура җиләге
кыскартылма - совхоз, АЭС


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Дед Мороз или Санта Клаус?

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Father Frost VS Santa Claus
Carried out by:
Stoletnyaya Evgeniya,
8 form “B” (15 years old)                                                                                Scientific adviser:                                    Molodtsova.E.S
Santa, Santa everywhere…
Santas, Santas everywhere…

The objectives:
•	to learn about the origins of Santa Claus and Father Frost, the way they have been changed  throughout the history;
•	to point out and analyze the reasons of  Santa’s  popularity in Russia;
•	to make a survey about the attitude of Russian people of different groups towards these characters;
•	to analyze the information and arrange it in the form of a diagram;
•	to analyze and compare the results of the survey
 The methods of my research:
Christian Saint Nicholas
There were a lot of legends that he  distributed gifts to the poor at night through their windows,  saved a city from famine, had aided a ship in distress, etc.
Survey №1
76%
24%

Who do you like more: Father Frost or Santa Claus?
the total number of respondents :131 p.
Likes Santa: 32 p.
Likes Father Frost: 99 p.
Survey №2
Point out differences between Father Frost and Santa Claus
the total number of respondents :50 p.

Conclusion
It is wrong to consider that Father Frost and Santa Claus is the same personage.
The problem lies deeper
If people don’t remember their routes, their traditions, their nation is under the thread of extinction.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Street - Art

extracted_text:
Street - Art
Деятельность
Деятельность сводится к разрисовыванию фасадов зданий, вагонов электричек и т.д. Райтер должен не только уметь рисовать, но еще и быстро бегать, потому что рисование граффити - вещь не особо законная. Не смотря на это, многие райтеры в свое время стали известными и кое-кто даже заработал состояние своим творчеством.(Banksy)

Crew - несколько (а порой и очень даже много) райтеров, объединённых в одну команду.
Bubble Style
Blockbusters Style
Wild Style
Средства
Чем бомбить?
Баллоны
Маркеры
Анонимность необходима!
A.C.A.B.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Style in Business Correspondence

extracted_text:
Style in Business Correspondence
Writing business letters and memos differs in certain important ways from writing reports. Keep the following advice in mind when you write and especially when you revise your business letters or memos
State the main business, purpose, or subject matter right away
 Let the reader know from the very first sentence what your letter is about.  Remember that when business people open a letter, their first concern is to know what the letter is about, what its purpose is, and why they must spend their time reading it.

 Avoid round-about beginnings. If you are writing to apply for a job, begin with something like this:

"I am writing to apply for the position you currently have open....“

 If you have bad news for someone, you need not spill all of it in the first sentence:

"I am writing in response to your letter of July 24, 1997 in which you discuss problems you have had with an electronic spreadsheet purchased from our company."
If you are responding to a letter, identify that letter by its subject and date in the first paragraph or sentence
 Busy recipients who write many letters themselves may not remember their letters to you. To avoid problems, identify the date and subject of the letter to which you respond:
Keep the paragraphs of most business letters short
 The paragraphs of business letters tend to be short, some only a sentence long. Business letters are not read the same way as articles, reports, or books. Usually, they are read rapidly. Big, thick, dense paragraphs over ten lines, which require much concentration, may not be read carefully — or read at all.

 To enable the recipient to read your letters more rapidly and to comprehend and remember the important facts or ideas, create relatively short paragraphs of between three and eight lines long. In business letters, paragraphs that are made up of only a single sentence are common and perfectly acceptable. Throughout this section, you'll see examples of the shorter paragraphs commonly used by business letters.
BE
SHORT
"Compartmentalize" the contents of your letter
 When you "compartmentalize" the contents of a business letter, you place each different segment of the discussion — each different topic of the letter — in its own paragraph. If you were writing a complaint letter concerning problems with the system unit of your personal computer, you might have these paragraphs:
 A description of the problems you've had with it
 The ineffective repair jobs you've had
 The compensation you think you deserve and why
Study each paragraph of your letters for its purpose, content, or function. When you locate a paragraph that does more than one thing, consider splitting it into two paragraphs. If you discover two short separate paragraphs that do the same thing, consider joining them into one.
Provide topic indicators at the beginning of paragraphs
In the first sentence of any body paragraph of a business letter, try to locate a word or phrase that indicates the topic of that paragraph. If a paragraph discusses your problems with a personal computer, work the word "problems" or the phrase "problems with my personal computer" into the first sentence. Doing this gives recipients a clear sense of the content and purpose of each paragraph. Here is an excerpt before and after topic indicators have been incorporated
List or itemize whenever possible in a business letter
 Listing spreads out the text of the letter, making it easier to pick up the important points rapidly. Lists can be handled in several ways.
Place important information strategically in business letters
 Information in the first and last lines of paragraphs tends to be read and remembered better. Information buried in the middle of long paragraphs is easily overlooked or forgotten. Therefore, place important information in high-visibility points.
For example, in application letters which must convince potential employers that you are right for a job, locate information on appealing qualities at the beginning or end of paragraphs for greater emphasis. Place less positive or detrimental information in less highly visible points in your business letters. If you have some difficult things to say, a good (and honest) strategy is to de-emphasize by placing them in areas of less emphasis. If a job requires three years of experience and you only have one, bury this fact in the middle or the lower half of a body paragraph of the application letter. The resulting letter will be honest and complete; it just won't emphasize weak points unnecessarily
Place important information strategically in business letters
Find positive ways to express bad news in your business letters
 Business letters must convey bad news: a broken computer keyboard cannot be replaced, or an individual cannot be hired. Such bad news can be conveyed in a tactful way. Doing so reduces the chances that business relations with the recipient of the bad news will end. To convey bad news positively, avoid such words as "cannot," "forbid," "fail," "impossible," "refuse," "prohibit," "restrict," and "deny" as much as possible.
Focus on the recipient's needs, purposes, or interests instead of your own
 Avoid a self-centered focusing on your own concerns rather than those of the recipient. Even if you must talk about yourself in a business letter a great deal, do so in a way that relates your concerns to those of the recipient. This recipient-oriented style is often called the "you-attitude," which does not mean using more yours but making the recipient the main focus of the letter
Avoid pompous, inflated, legal-sounding phrasing
 Watch out for puffed-up, important-sounding language. This kind of language may seem business-like at first; it's actually ridiculous. Of course, such phrasing is apparently necessary in legal documents; but why use it in other writing situations? When you write a business letter, picture yourself as a plain-talking, common-sense, down-to-earth person (but avoid slang).
Give your business letter an "action ending" whenever appropriate
 An "action-ending" makes clear what the writer of the letter expects the recipient to do and when. Ineffective conclusions to business letters often end with rather limp, noncommittal statements such as "Hope to hear from you soon" or "Let me know if I can be of any further assistance." Instead, or in addition, specify the action the recipient should take and the schedule for that action. If, for example, you are writing a query letter, ask the editor politely to let you know of his decision if at all possible in a month. If you are writing an application letter, subtlely try to set up a date and time for an interview


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект The History of Apple, Inc.

extracted_text:
The History of Apple, Inc.
by Leanne Gray

Why “Apple”?
Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Mike Markkula formed Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, after taking out a $250,000 loan.
At the time, the company to beat was Atarti, and “Apple” came before them alphabetically, and also therefore in the phone book.
Jobs and Woz
First met in 1971; Jobs was 16, Wozniak was 21
Steve Wozniak built a computer to run on the 6502 chip from MOS technology, but Jobs had the idea to sell it
Apple I
First demonstrated in April 1976
Used a TV as a display
Many machines had no display
Cassette interface
Used fewer parts than anything in its class
Apple Computer’s first logo, designed by Ronald Wayne, shows Isaac Newton underneath an apple tree.
Apple II
First introduced in 1977
Recognized by many as being the first “computer”
Production ended in 1993; Apple had sold over two million units
Unlike Apple I, this version included graphics
1984: Macintosh
Introduced on January 24, 1984, the Macintosh was the world’s first truly personal computer, with a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Introduced desktop publishing with Adobe PageMaker
Macintosh’s first icons were created by graphic designer Susan Kare.
Created an entire Mac Family:
MacPlus (1986)
Mac SE and Mac II (1987)
Mac Classic and Mac LC (1990)
Macintosh Portable (1989)
PowerBook (1991)
AIM Alliance
In 1991, Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola joined to create the PowerPC processors
Apple & IBM created two side projects called Taligent and Kaleida Labs.
Started Power Macintosh line in 1994 using PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform)
Produced the first hand-held PDA, the Newton, in 1993
Did not take off for Apple, but was the forerunner for PalmPilot and Palm PC
AIM Alliance
Power Struggle
Jobs was fired in 1985 by the board of directors, but after three unsuccessful CEOs throughout the early-mid 90s, was brought back in 1997 and assumed the position of interim CEO.
iMac is Born
Jobs first recreated desktop, combining the monitor and CPU into one
Sold over one million units a year
Introduced Apple’s new emphasis on design and aesthetics
Mac OS X
Jobs also created an entirely new operating system
Wanted to emphasize the “digital lifestyle”
iPod
Introduced on October 23, 2001
5GB hard drive; 1000 songs
Apple had already registered the name for a group of internet kiosks that were never implemented
In July 2005, iPod’s U.S. market share was estimated at 74%
January 2007, Apple reported record annual earnings of $7.1 billion, 48% of which was from iPod sales.
iPod + iTunes
Launched in 2003; had 2 million downloads in 16 days
Over 2 billion songs sold
1.2 billion songs sold in 2006 alone
Apple, Inc.
In January, Steve Jobs announced the company would change it’s name to Apple, Inc. to incorporate their many endeavors


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Deutschland und Berlin

extracted_text:
Deutschland und Berlin

КІНЕЦЬ
Brandenburger Tor.

Deutchland

Berlin

Unter den Linden
Berliner Dom.
Das Rote Rathaus
Nikolai-Viertel.
Dem Alexanderplatz
Europäischen Union
Berliner Mauer
Ein Land - die 16 Bundesländer
Nachbarschaft
KaDeWe, die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche und Kurfürstendamm
Museumsinsel
Deutchland
Deutschland (Vollform: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) ist ein föderal verfasster Staat in Mitteleuropa, der aus den 16 deutschen Ländern gebildet wird. Die Bundesrepublik ist ein freiheitlich-demokratischer und sozialer Rechtsstaat und stellt die jüngste Ausprägung des deutschen Nationalstaates dar. Bundeshauptstadt sowie bevölkerungsreichste und flächengrößte deutsche Stadt ist Berlin.

Europäischen Union
Deutschland ist Gründungsmitglied der Europäischen Union sowie deren bevölkerungsreichstes Land und bildet mit 18 anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten eine Währungsunion, die Eurozone. In Deutschland befindet sich der Sitz der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB), des Internationalen Seegerichtshofes (ISGH) sowie des Europäischen Patentamtes (EPA). Die Bundesrepublik gilt als politisch einflussreicher Staat in Europa und ist ein gesuchtes Partnerland auf globaler Ebene.

Nachbarschaft
Deutschland hat insgesamt neun Nachbarstaaten: Im Norden grenzt Deutschland an Dänemark , im Nordosten an Polen , im Osten an Tschechien , im Südosten an Österreich , im Süden an die Schweiz , im Südwesten an Frankreich , im Westen an Luxemburg  und Belgien  und im Nordwesten an die Niederlande . Die Grenzlänge beträgt insgesamt 3757 Kilometer . Damit ist Deutschland das Land mit den meisten europäischen Nachbarstaaten.

Ein Land - die 16 Bundesländer
 Deutschland Staat in Mitteleuropa, der aus den 16 deutschen Ländern gebildet wird.
Baden-Württemberg - das Land, während der Fusion der drei Länder gebildet 25. April 1952. Das Hotel liegt im Süden von Deutschland. Capital - Shturgart.
Land Berlin - Deutschland und landen gleichzeitig seine Hauptstadt. An den Ufern der Spree und Havel sowie im Herzen von Brandenburg, ein Teil davon ist er nicht seit 1920.
Brandenburg - Land, im Norden - Osten von Deutschland. Capital - Potsdam.
Freie und Hansestadt Bremen - der kleinste Staat in Deutschland. Besteht aus nur zwei Städte Bremen und Bremerhaven, die das Gebiet eines anderen Landes teilt - Niedersachsen. Zusammen mit Bayern, gilt als einer der ältesten Formationen in Deutschland. Das Hotel liegt im Norden von Deutschland, der Hauptstadt - Bremen.
Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg - ist die größte Hafenstadt in Europa und liegt am Zusammenfluss der Elbe in die Nordsee, im Norden von Deutschland. Capital - Hamburg.
Hessen - Land, das sich im Herzen von Deutschland, dessen Name stammt von dem alten germanischen Stammes der Chatten befindet. Capital - Wiesbaden.
Mecklenburg - Vorpommern - das Land an der Küste der Ostsee, im Norden von Deutschland. Capital - Schwerin.
Niedersachsen - die Fläche an zweiter Stelle nach Bayern. Das Hotel liegt im Nord - Osten von Deutschland. Die Hauptstadt Hannover.
Nordrhein-Westfalen - das Land liegt im Westen von Deutschland, 1946 gegründet befindet. Capital - Düsseldorf.
Rheinland-Pfalz - Land im Südwesten von Deutschland. Auf dem Territorium dieses Landes ist die älteste Stadt in Deutschland Trier. Capital - Mainz.
Saarland - einer der kleinsten Staaten Deutschland, im Süden - Westen. Capital - Saarbrücken.
Freistaat Sachsen - das Land liegt im Osten von Deutschland, einer der beliebtesten Land, das von Touristen besucht wird entfernt. Capital - Dresden.
Sachsen-Anhalt - das Land liegt im Herzen von Deutschland. Eine ganze Reihe von interessanten Orten. Capital - Magdeburg.
Schleswig-Holstein - befindet sich im Norden von Deutschland, an der Ostsee und der Nordsee. Capital - Kiel.
Thüringen - oft das Land als "grüne Herz von Deutschland." Hotel liegt im Herzen. Capital - Erfurt.

Kurz über Berlin

Kurz über Berlin
Berlin ist die Hauptstadt Deutschlands. Berlin ist eine Stadt und auch ein Bundesland, wie Hamburg oder Bremen. Mit rund 3,5 Millionen Einwohnern ist Berlin die zweitgrößte Stadt der EU.

Berliner Mauer
Die Metropole an der Spree ist über 770 Jahre alt. Nach 1949 war die Stadt in zwei Teile geteilt. Das waren West- und Ostberlin. Die Grenze zwischen zwei Teilen war seit 1961 die Berliner Mauer. Nach dem Fall der Mauer 1989 und nach der Wiedervereinigung 1990 wurde Berlin wieder Hauptstadt des Landes.

Dem Alexanderplatz
Wenn Sie die Stadt kennen lernen wollen, beginnen Sie Ihren Spaziergang am Alexanderplatz oder Alex. Dieser riesige Platz ist ein beliebter Treffpunkt der Berliner. Auf dem Alexanderplatz befinden sich das Hotel Park Inn Berlin, die berühmte Weltzeituhr und einige große Kaufhäuser.

Das Rote Rathaus
Neben dem Alexanderplatz befindet sich das höchste Gebäude in Berlin, der Fernsehturm. Neben dem Fernsehturm liegen das Rote Rathaus und die Marienkirche. Das Rote Rathaus ist der Sitz des Bürgermeisters.

Nikolai-Viertel.
In der Nähe des Rathauses liegt das alte historische Nikolai-Viertel. Die gemütliche Atmosphäre des Nikolai-Viertels mit vielen Cafés, Restaurants und Souvenirläden zieht viele Touristen an. Das Herz des Viertels ist die Nikolaikirche, die älteste Kirche Berlins.

Berliner Dom.
Auf dem anderen Spreeufer befindet sich die größte Kirche Berlins – der majestätische Berliner Dom.

Unter den Linden
Ein Stück weiter beginnt Unter den Linden – die berühmte Hauptstraße Berlins. Hier gibt es viele Sehenswürdigkeiten, zum Beispiel die Humboldt Universität, die Alte Bibliothek und die Staatsoper.

Brandenburger Tor.
Die Straße führt zum Brandenburger Tor. Hier war bis 1989 die Grenze zwischen Ost und West. Heute ist das Brandenburger Tor das Wahrzeichen der Stadt und der Einheit. Rechts vom Brandenburger Tor befindet sich der Reichstag. Die gläserne Kuppel des Reichstages ist eine beliebte Touristenattraktion.

Potsdamer Platz
Wenn Sie vom Brandenburger Tor nach links gehen, kommen Sie bald zum Potsdamer Platz. Seit 1962 war der große Platz wegen der Mauer öde und leer. Während der 90er-Jahre war hier eine riesige Baustelle. Heute ist er eine wichtige Sehenswürdigkeit Berlins. Die Touristen bewundern hier die futuristische Architektur der Hochhäuser und das gläserne Zeltdach des Sony Centers.

KaDeWe, die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche und Kurfürstendamm
Wenn Sie vom Potsdamer Platz mit der U2 Richtung Ruhleben fahren, kommen Sie schnell ins Zentrum von Westberlin. Hier, am Wittenbergplatz liegt das prächtige KaDeWe, oder das Kaufhaus des Westens. Es ist das größte und das schönste Kaufhaus in Kontinentaleuropa. Ein Stück weiter befindet sich die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche. Ihr zerstörter Turm soll an den Krieg erinnern. An der Gedächtniskirche beginnt der Kurfürstendamm, oder Ku’Damm, die bekannteste Straße Westberlins, mit vielen Luxushotels, Restaurants, Cafés, Kinos und Kaufhäusern.

Museumsinsel
Wenn Sie sich für Kunst interessieren, gehen Sie zur Museumsinsel. Sie liegt hinter dem Berliner Dom und ist der größte Museumskomplex Europas mit 17 Museen. Wenn Sie Ruhe und Natur mögen, gehen Sie in den Tiergarten, den größten und den schönsten Stadtpark Berlins, spazieren. Wenn Sie sich für Technik interessieren, besuchen Sie unbedingt das spannende Deutsche Technikmuseum. Und wenn Sie ein Tierfreund sind, liegt Ihr Weg in den Berliner Zoo.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект International exams: Cambridge’s exams

extracted_text:
International exams: Cambridge’s exams
Prepared
Kolpakchi Yana
Form 11
Plan:
Key English Test (KET)
Preliminary English Test (PET)
First Certificate in English (FCE)
Certificate in Advanced English (CAE)
Certificate in Proficiency in English (CPE)

Key English Test (KET)
     Exam Key English Test (KET) ranks first in the series of Cambridge examinations in English - Cambridge ESOL. It requires knowledge of English at an elementary level. In the system established for modern languages Council of Europe, it is the A2 level. To pass KET can those who speak English at a basic level, and can use it, for example, while traveling in a foreign country. For successfully passing the exam you should be able to understand the meaning of simple texts, to communicate in the easiest and most common everyday situations

Every year KET deals more than 40 thousand people in more than 60 countries
The exam KET has three stage test ("Papers"): Reading and writing, Listening and Speaking . All written tests are sent for testing and evaluation in Cambridge. As for the Speaking test, it is taken by two examiners at the venue of the examination. All examiners are accredited by Cambridge ESOL.

Preliminary English Test (PET)
Certificate PET confirms the ability to read, write and communicate in English. Reaching this level of knowledge of the language You can think of that were about two-thirds of the way to getting the FCE (First Certificate in English).
Exam PET ranks second in the series of Cambridge examinations in English - Cambridge ESOL. It requires knowledge of English at intermediate level (Intermediate). In the system established for modern languages Council of Europe, it is B1. It is assumed that this level of knowledge of the language allows
you to communicate and write English in everyday situations
Having the knowledge of English at this level, You can read simple texts and to conduct personal correspondence, but only following more or less standard format.Every year, PET pass more than 80 thousand people in more than 80 countries.
There are three stage of test like in KET.
First Certificate in English (FCE)
 The Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) ranks third in the series of Cambridge examinations in English - Cambridge ESOL.
This is the highest level of medium level of English (Intermediate). In the system established for modern languages Council of Europe, it corresponds to level B2. It is assumed that this level of knowledge of the language allows us to talk in a foreign language and correspondence.
Each year FCE is taken over 270 thousand people  in more than 100 countries.

To pass FCE can those who speak the English language sufficiently to use it in everyday life, including at work and in school. For successfully passing the exam you need to have a large vocabulary, to be able to talk and use the appropriate communicative strategies in a variety of situations.
The FCE exam involves the passage of five stages of testing ("Papers"):Reading,Writing, Use of English,Listening,Speaking.
Certificate in Advanced English (CAE)

Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) ranks fourth in the series of Cambridge examinations in English - Cambridge ESOL. For this exam requires knowledge of the English language at a high level (Advanced). In the system established for modern languages Council of Europe, it corresponds to level C1.
Must be able to communicate confidently in English and how to use it in many everyday situations.

For successfully passing the exam you need to effectively use the English language confidently and communicate in everyday situations, to solve professional problems and higher education.
Every year SAE delivers more than 60 thousand people in more than 60 countries.
The stages of the exams are the same as in FCE

Certificate in Proficiency in English (CPE)
Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) is at the highest level among the Cambridge examinations in English - Cambridge ESOL. In the system established for modern languages Council of Europe, the level of language proficiency designated as C2.
To pass the CPE can someone who speaks English at a very high level and can effectively use their knowledge in almost any situation.
Tasks based on the tasks of everyday life, so its successful completion means that the applicant does not simply possess a large vocabulary and knows grammar, but really fluent in the language. For exam requires an appropriate level of education and life experience.
Every year CPE delivers more than 45 thousand people in more than 80 countries.
The stages of the exams are the same as in FCE and CAE

Thanks for your attantion


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Деревья (trees)

extracted_text:
Деревья (trees)
«…великое Дерево Жизни заполняет земную кору своими мертвыми и сломанными ветвями и покрывает поверхность вечно ветвящимися и прекрасными побегами»
Ч. Дарвин

Задача построения филогенетического дерева
The time will come, I believe, though I shall not live to
see it, when we shall have fairly true genealogical trees
of each great kingdom of Nature.
Charles Darwin
Математическая задача – задача кластеризации,
     использование теории графов  и  комбинаторной оптимизации
     для того, чтобы на основе «грязных» биологических данных
     получить разумное с точки зрения эксперта-биолога дерево.
Биологические задачи –

 сравнение 3-х и более объектов
(кто на кого более  похож .... )
 реконструкция эволюции
      (кто от кого, как и когда  произошел…)

 Реальные события :       Данные:      Построенное дерево
  эволюция в природе или  в             например,                   древовидный граф,
   лаборатории,                                    а.к. последо-                вычисленный на основе
   компьютерная симуляция               вательности  или        данных,   может
                                                              количество                  отражать  или   не
                                                              усиков                         отражать реальные
                                                                                события

>Seq4 GCGCTGFKI
. . . . .
>Seq1 ASGCTAFKL
. . .

>Seq3 GCGCTLFKI

A -> G
I -> L

Будни биоинформатика – деревья, деревья…

Рутинная процедура
    Составление выборки последовательностей

    Множественное выравнивание

    Построение дерева
 фрагмент записи в виде правильной скобочной структуры:

   Визуализация  и редактура дерева
(((((con101:38.51018,(f53969:28.26973,((f67220:8.39851,
max4:27.50591):4.92893,con92:30.19677):13.62315):9.53075):25.83145,

Основные термины
Какие бывают построенные деревья?
Бинарное разрешенное
(в один момент времени может
произойти одно событие )
Бинарное неразрешенное
 (может ли  в один момент времени
произойти два события? )

Время
Какие бывают построенные деревья?
Укорененное ориентированное
дерево отражает направление
эволюции
Неукорененное (бескорневое)
неориентированное дерево показывает
только связи между узлами

Время
Если число листьев равно n, существует (2n-3)!!
разных бинарных укоренных деревьев.
(2n-3)!! – это нечто вроде факториала, но
учитываются только четные числа.
Существует (2n-5)!!  разных бескорневых
            деревьев с n вершинами

A
B
C

A
B
C

A
B
C

A
B
C

A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D

A
B
C

D

A
B
C

D

A
B
C

D

A
B
C

D
… 15 rooted trees of 4 OTUs
3 OTUs
4 OTUs
UNROOTED
ROOTED
Искусственный способ укоренения  деревьев
Бескорневое дерево можно «укоренить», если ввести внешнюю группу OTU (outgroup).
     Внешния группа должна быть  "старше", т.е. заведомо отделиться раньше, чем произошла дивергенция остальных OTU.
Какие бывают построенные деревья ?
                 Расстояние по дереву не то же самое, что
                 эволюционное расстояние между данными

Ультраметрические деревья
     Корневое дерево, в котором для любых
          листьев i и j расстояние D(i,j) – метка наименьшего
          общего предка i и j .
        В таком дереве все листья находятся на
     одинаковом от корня, что соответствует
     одинаковой скорости эволюции всех ветвей
Аддитивные деревья
        Дерево, в котором для любых вершин i и j расстояние D(i,j) – это эволюционный путь от i к j . При этом расстояния от i и от j до их наименьшего общего предка могут сильно различаться.

Другие …
аддитивные
ультраметрические
Вообще говоря,  строгое решение задачи
 построения аддитивного дерева невозможно
(следует из свойства задачи)
Филограмма:
Длина ребер пропорциональна эволюционному расстоянию между узлами.
Кладограмма:
представлена только топология, длина ребер игнорируется.

0.1 substitutions per site

Arabidopsis

Caenorhabditis

Drosophila

Anopheles

Tenebrio

Trout

Mus

Как можно нарисовать построенное дерево?
Основные алгоритмы построения филогенетических деревьев
Методы, основанные на оценке
расстояний (матричные методы):

Вычисляются эволюционные
расстояния между всеми вершинами
(OTUs) и строится дерево, в котором
расстояния между вершинами
наилучшим образом соответствуют
матрице попарных расстояний.

UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group with Arithmetic Mean)
Ближайших соседей
     (Neighbor-joining, NJ)
Символьно-ориентированные         методы:

Наибольшего правдоподобия, Maximum likelihood, ML
      Используется модель эволюции и строится дерево, которое наиболее правдоподобно при данной модели

Максимальной экономии (бережливости), maximum parsimony, MP
              Выбирается дерево с минимальным количеством мутаций, необходимых для объяснения данных
Методы, основанные на оценке расстояний
Дано:
         М – матрица n x n,
         где Mij>=0 ,  Mij –  эволюционное расстояние
         между листьями (OTU).
Задача:
      Построить реберно взвешенное (an edge-weighted) дерево, где каждая вершина (лист) соответствует объекту из M , а расстояние, измеренное по дереву между вершинами (листьями) i and j соответствует Mij.

UPGMA (алгоритм последовательной кластеризации)
Выбираем 2 наиболее похожие
      вершины a, c.

Строим новый узел k такой,  что D(a,k)=D(b,k)=D(a,c)/2.

Пересчитываем матрицу
      попарных расстояний :

D(b, a or c) = [ D(b,a) + D(b,c) ] /2 =  (8+9)/2=8.5
D(d, a or c) = [ D(d,a) + D(d,c) ] /2=(12+11)/2=11.5

Повторяем процедуру….

     В конце концов получаем единственное ультраметрическое
    укорененное дерево
=11.5

Не пользуйтесь UPGMA!
Алгоритм строит ультраметрическое дерево, а это означает, что
скорость эволюции одинакова для всех ветвей дерева.
Использовать этот алгоритм имеет смысл только в случае
ультраметрических данных (объектов эволюционирующих с
одинаковой скоростью).

реальное
c точки зрения                                              UPGMA
эксперта
дерево

Метод ближайших соседей (Neighbor-joining, NJ)
1. Рисуем «звездное» дерево и будем "отщипывать" от него по паре
   вершин,  рассмотрим все возможные пары вершины.

    пусть                    - «среднее» расстояние до других вершин.

2. Выберем  2 вершины i и j с минимальным значением

                   Mij – ui –uj

т.е.  выбираем 2 узла, которые близки  друг к другу, но далеки ото всех остальных.
Метод ближайших соседей (Neighbor-joining, NJ)
3.   Кластер (i, j) –  новый узел дерева

      Расстояние от i или от j  до узла (i,j):
             di, (i,j) = 0.5(Mij + ui-uj)
             dj, (i,j) = 0.5(Mij + uj-ui)
      т.е. длина ветви зависит от
      среднего расстояния до других вершин.

4.  Вычисляем расстояние от нового кластера до всех других

                M(ij)k = Mik+Mjk – Mij
                                         2

5. В матрице М убираем i  и j  и добавляем (i, j).

     Повторяем, пока не останутся 2 узла......

Метод ближайших соседей (Neighbor-joining, NJ)
Строит бескорневое аддитивное дерево

Может работать с большим количеством данных
Достаточно быстрый алгоритм
Хорошо зарекомендовал себя на практике: если есть недвусмысленное с точки зрения эксперта дерево, то оно будет построено.
Используется при множественном выравнивании с помощью
        программы ClustalW
Могут появиться ветви с длиной <0
Достоверность топологии.  Bootstraps.

Создадим псевдоданные:
     N множественных выравниваний той же длины, что и исходное, каждое из псевдовыравниваний - случайный набор столбцов из исходного.
Построим N деревьев:
     на каждом внутреннем узле отметим долю
     случаев из N, в которых появлялся
     этот узел.

    Обычно верят в топологию, если метки узлов на бутстрепном дереве больше 70-80% . Если меньше 30%, то не верим. В иных случаях – думаем…
 Есть множественное выравнивание и
 построенное по нему дерево.
 Верим ли мы в топологию дерева?

Human
Chimp
Gorilla
Orangutan
Gibbon
Traditional

Human
Chimp
Gorilla
Orangutan
Gibbon
Molecular

Trees
plagiarized by Chuck Staben, 1998
Sergeant Joyce Kilmer, 1914


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Паралимпийские игры

extracted_text:
die paralympischen Spiele

"Wir wollen kein Mitleid,
 wir wünschen uns Respekt"
Учитель немецкого языка
ГБОУ СОШ №1149 г. Москва
Косарева Марина Александровна
Цели:
Обучающая:
расширить знания учащихся о паралимпийском движении и его истории.
Воспитательные:
формировать у учащихся правильное и разумное отношение к людям с ограниченными возможностями;
способствовать развитию чувства сострадания, гуманности, толерантного отношения к ним;
воспитывать чувство гордости за великую силу духа и воли этих людей к победе.
Die Idee kam nach dem 2. Weltkrieg. Danach sind viele verletzte Kriegsveteranen und Invaliden  geblieben. Der deutschstämmige Neurologe Ludwig Guttmann hatte die Wettkämpfe für solche Menschen vorgeschlagen.
Die Idee

Er war der Begründer der Paralympischen Bewegung.
Erstmals 1948 wurden diese Sportspiele in London organisiert. Man nannte sie „Olympiade der Behinderten“ (oder Invaliden). Das waren Sportspiele für Rollstuhlfahrer. Regelmäßig finden die olympischen Sommerspiele für Behinderten seit 1960 alle vier Jahre statt. Die ersten Winterspiele fanden 1976 in Schweden statt.

Die 1. Paralympischen Spiele in Rom
16. bis 28. September 1960

Daran nahmen etwa 400 Athleten aus 23 Ländern teil.

"Ihr seid ein lebendiger
Beweis für die
Wunder, die die Tugend
der Stärke
bewirken kann, denn
 die Starkmut ist
eine notwendigeTugend
 für
den Menschen..."
(Papst Johannes XXIII.)
Die Begrüßung vom Papst Johannes       XXIII.

Der Begriff „Paralympische Spiele“
Der Begriff besteht aus dem griechischen Wort Para (neben) und Olympiade und bedeutet Olympische Spiele für Sportler mit körperlichen Behinderungen. Er wurde zum ersten Mal 1988 bei der Olympiade in Korea verwendet.

Sommerspiele
Winterspiele

Bei den Paralympischen Sommerspielen treten die Athleten in 20 Sportarten an:

Bei den Paralympischen Winterspielen stehen
 5 Sportarten im Programm:

Ski Alpin     Ski Nordisch     Biathlon
Sladge - Eishockey    Rollstuhlcurling

Das Internationale Paralympische Komitee (IPC) hat seinen Sitz in Bonn.

Klassifizierung
Hier werden die Sportler in unterschiedliche Kategorien eingeteilt, die international anerkannt sind. Die Klassifizierung ist die Grundlage für faire Wettkämpfe. Aber für alle Sportarten kann man folgende Behinderungsarten unterscheiden:
1. Amputierte
Athleten, denen mindestens ein Hauptgelenk in einem Glied fehlt.

2. Zerebralparese.  Athleten, die Probleme mit dem Bewegungsablauf und der Haltung haben.

3. Sehbehinderte
Athleten, die sehbehindert sind bis hin zu völliger Blindheit.

4. Rollstuhlsport
Sportler, die zur Ausübung ihres Sports einen Rollstuhl benutzen.

5. Kleinwüchsige
Sportler die unter 1,45 m groß sind.

Maskottchen der paralympischen Spiele in Sotschi begrüßen alle Teilnehmer und wünschen ihnen Willenskraft, Standhaftigkeit und viel Erfolg!

Der Begründer der Olympischen Bewegung ist Pierre de Coubertin
Er hat die berühmte „Ode an den Sport“ geschrieben.

O Sport, du bist  Lebenselixier!

O Sport, du bist die Schönheit!

O Sport, du bist Gerechtigkeit!

O Sport, du bist der Mut!

O Sport, du bist die Ehre!

O Sport, du bist die Freude!

O Sport, du bist die Fruchtbarkeit!

O Sport, du bist der Fortschritt!

O Sport, du bist der Friede!
Источники:
 активные ссылки на страницы материалов в Интернете:
Статья «Allianz für Paralympische Spiele»
https://www.allianz.com/de/presse/news/engagement/sponsoring/news_2008-08-27.html
Статья «История паралимпийского спорта: становление, события, факты» http://www.paralymp.ru/paralympic/histori.php
Статья «Körperbehinderte Menschen»
http://www.hamburg.de/altona/soziales/685926/beratungsstelle-fuer-koerperbehinderte-menschen.html
Paralympische Spiele-Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympische_Spiele
активные ссылки на использованные видео источники:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsdQI6ptrP4 (видеофильм «Paralympic School Day 2007»)
активные ссылки на использованные изображения:
https://lh3.ggpht.com/ysuko3PURVKpbb7V_K7GrERJWZM7jsEiszOdkyd0j7sBtWv41aGYvwIl92uPgZochuZ66w=s85   (Людвиг Гуттман)
http://olimp-cdt.narod.ru/img/013.png (Пьер де Кубертен)
http://www.aerztezeitung.de/img.ashx?f=/docs/2012/08/30/153a1301_3975996-A.jpg&w=620 (олим.игры  Рим)
http://www.kurse.ru/index-kurs.files/kurse2/urok27/urok27/27john23.jpg
(выступление Папы Римского)
Изображения спортсменов-паралимпийцев:
http://fs201.jpe.ru/e5a6/1706186_bbe02503.jpg http://www.hippotherapy.ru/documents/2005-suskot/1.jpg http://neinvalid.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/4RIAN_012.jpg http://img.tumix.ru/common-1200x700/0/data/12068851.101.131225m.jpg http://fs201.jpe.ru/e5a6/1706186_bbe02503.jpg http://www.hippotherapy.ru/documents/2005-suskot/1.jpg
http://img.tumix.ru/common-1200x700/0/data/12068851.101.131225m.jpg
http://www.paralimpics.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/golbol_0.jpg
http://www.andreas-schaaf.de/p2001029.jpg
http://bigpicture.ru/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/dwarves02.jpg  http://trinixy.ru/pics3/20080409/podb/5/football_09.jpg  http://antif.ru/uploads/posts/2009-08/1249900245_world-dwarf-games-01.jpg


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект British system of education

extracted_text:
British system of education
The work was done by Vasilev Alexander

Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments: the UK Government is responsible for England, and the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Northern Ireland Executive are responsible for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively. While the systems in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are more similar, the Scottish system is quite different.
English system of education
Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16 (inclusive). Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to an A level qualification, although other qualifications and courses exist. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18. State-provided schools are free of charge to students, and there is also a tradition of independent schooling, but parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.

Curriculum
All maintained schools in England are required to follow the National Curriculum, which is made up of twelve subjects.The core subjects—English, Mathematics and Science—are compulsory for all students aged 5 to 16. The other foundation subjects are compulsory at one or more Key Stages:
Art & Design
Citizenship
Design & Technology
Geography
History
Information & Communication Technology
Modern Foreign Languages
Music
Physical Education
In addition, other statutory subjects are not covered by the National Curriculum, including Religious Education in all year groups, Career education and Work-related learning at secondary age.

Secondary schools

English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, except in a few areas that retain a form of the previous selective system, with students selected for grammar school by the eleven plus exam. There are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools, and a few dozen partially selective schools.
Wellington school

Compulsory secondary education lasts five years. Traditionally second-schools are divided into five years called forms (from 1 to 5). Unlike Russian schoolchildren, English pupils go to the first form only when they are 11/12 years old. In the fifth form at the age of 16 they may either leave school or continue their education in the sixth form.

Further education
Students at both state schools and independent schools take the GCSE examinations, which mark the end of compulsory education. Above school leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured. In the 16–18 age group, "sixth-form" education is not compulsory at the present time, although mandatory education until the age of 18 is to be phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008.

Students will typically study in either the Sixth Form of a School, a Sixth form college, or a further education college. These courses can also be studied by adults over 18. This sector is referred to as Further Education. All 16-18 students are encouraged (this is only mandatory in some institutions) to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number and Information Technology.

Students normally enter University from 18 onwards and study for an Academic Degree. All undergraduate education outside the private University of Buckingham is largely state financed, with a small contribution from top-up fees. The state does not control syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures. Unlike most degrees, the state still has control over teacher training courses, and uses Ofsted inspectors to maintain standards.

Approximately 7% of English schoolchildren attend privately-run independent schools, some of which are known for historical reasons as "public schools".
Education at independent schools is usually chargeable. Such schools, some of which are boarding schools cover primary and/or secondary education.

Traditionally many private schools are for girls or for boys, but a growing number now are co-educational. Some independent schools take children between age 3-11 transferring to 11-18. Traditional "public schools" such as Westminster and Eton take boys at 13 years of age. Many students must pass the Common Entrance Exam at 11 or 13 to gain entry into highly selective schools.
The End


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Wedding

extracted_text:
WEDDING TRADITIONS
The wedding
The wedding is one of life’s primeval and surprisingly unchanged rites of passage. Nearly all of the customs we observe today are merely echoes of the past. Everything from the veil, rice, flowers and old shoes to the bridesmaids and processionals, at one time bore a very specific and vitally significant meaning. Today although the original substance is often lost, we incorporate old world customs into our weddings because they are traditional and ritualistic.
Old world marriage customs continue to thrive today, in diluted, disguised and often upgraded forms. Customs we memorialize today were once “brand new” ideas. Although historical accuracy is hard to achieve, the historical weight attached to old world wedding customs and traditions is immense. While reading through these pages, feel free to use, reinterpret, or omit them in your own wedding.
Remember as you plan for your wedding, to create new family traditions and customs to be handed down to your children and their children. Just think, maybe someday, your “new custom” will be as unique and exciting as these presented here.
Wedding history
Up to and during the middle ages, weddings were considered family / community affairs. The only thing needed to create a marriage was for both partners to state their consent to take one another as spouses. Witnesses were not always necessary, not were the presence of the clergy. In Italy, for example, the marriage was divided into 3 parts. The first portion considered of the families of the groom and bride drawing up the papers. The bride didn’t even have to be there for that. The second, the betrothal, was legally binding and may or may not have involved consummation. At this celebration, the couple exchanged gifts (a ring, a piece of fruit..), clasped hands and exchanged a kiss. The “vows” could be a simple as “Will you marry me” “I will”.
The third part of the wedding which could occur several years after the betrothal, was the removal of the bride to the groom’s home. The role of the clergy at a medieval wedding was simply to bless the couple. It wasn’t official church policy until the council of Trent in the 15th century that a third party (a priest), as opposed to the couple themselves, was responsible for performing the wedding. In the later medieval period, the wedding ceremony moved from the house of the bride to the church. It began with a procession to the church from the bride’s house. Vows were exchanged outside the church (by the way, the priest gave the bride to the groom).. I don’t think she was presented by her father). And then everyone moved inside for Mass. After Mass, the procession went back to the bride’s house for a feast. Musicians accompanied the procession.
Wedding flowers
	Before the use of flowers in the bridal bouquet, women carried aromatic bunches of garlic, herbs, grains to drive evil spirits away as they walked down the aisle. Over time, these were replaced with flowers, symbolizing fertility and everlasting love. Specific flowers have special meanings in many cultures.
The bouquet
The earth laughs in flowers,
A flower is love looking for a word.

	At its inception, the bouquet formed part of the wreaths and garlands worn by both the bride and groom. It was considered a symbol of happiness. Originally bridal wreaths and bouquets were made of herbs, which had magical and meaningful definitions for the couple’s future life. Traditional Celtic bouquets included ivy, thistle and heather. Ancient uses included herbs, not flowers, in bouquets because they felt herbs – especially garlic – had the power to cast off evil spirits (can you imagine walking up the aisle holding a clump of garlic!). if a bride carried sage (the herb of wisdom) she became wise, if she carried dill (the herb of lust) she became lusty. Flower girls carried sheaves of wheat, a symbol of growth, fertility, renewal. Later flowers replaced herbs and took on meanings all their own. Orange blossoms, for example, mean happiness and fertility. Ivy means fidelity, lilies mean purity.
White wedding dress
	White has long been accepted as the traditional colour of the wedding dress, but wedding gowns were not always white. The marriage of the Queen Victoria to her cousin Albert of Saxe- Coburg in 1840 has had more influence on weddings than any other. Queen Victoria put the wheels in motion by marrying in white. Though brides continued to wed in gowns of different colours, white was now set as the color of choice for weddings and has continued ever since. In Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1849, this statement was printed “Custom has decided, from the earliest ages, that white is the most fitting hue, whatever may be the material. It is an emblem of the purity and innocence of girlhood, and the unsullied heart she now yields to the chosen one”.
	There is an old poem about how the color of your wedding dress will influence your future “Married in white, you will have chosen all right. Married in grey, you will go far away. Married in black, you will wish yourself back. Married in red you will wish yourself dead. Married in blue you will always be true. Married in pearl you will live in a whirl. Married in green ashamed to be seen. Married in yellow ashamed of the fellow. Married in brown you’ll live out of town. Married in pink, your spirits will sink.
Wedding myths quiz
Here comes the bride, all dressed in ..blue? Why do brides wear white, anyway? Take this quiz and see if you know the truth behind wedding traditions associated with tying the knot.
T/F Rice should be thrown at weddings because it is potentially harmful to birds.
T/F The tradition of the white wedding dress dates back hundreds of years
T/F June is by far the most popular month for weddings
T/F Saturday is the unluckiest day to get married, according to English folklore
T/F Engagement and wedding rings are worn on the fourth finger of the left hand because it once was believed that this finger had a vein that led directly to the heart
T/F Valentine’s Day is the most popular time of year for marriage proposals
T/F Saturday, July 7, was the most sought after wedding date for 2007.
T/F The white wedding dress traditionally symbolizes the virginity of the bride
T/F The tradition of the diamond engagement ring began as a 20th-century marketing campaign by the diamond industry
T/F Many vendors – such as caterers, florists and photographers – charge more for weddings than they do for other events.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Сognitive psychology

extracted_text:
Сognitive psychology
Memory and attention - without them is impossible?
WHAT IS IT?
Сognitive psychology - it is one of the areas of predominantly American psychology that emerged in the early 60's as an alternative to behaviorism. Cognitive psychology - the section of psychology, cognitive learning, that is, the cognitive processes of the human mind. Research in this area is usually related to issues of memory, attention, feelings, reporting, logical thinking, imagination and the ability to make decisions.
WHAT IS IT?
Cognitive psychology is largely based on the analogy between the transformation of information into a computing device and cognitive processes in humans. So were identified numerous structural components (blocks) of cognitive and executive processes, especially memory (R. Atkinson).
Many of the provisions of cognitive psychology underlie modern psycholinguistics.
 The forums
Modern cognitive psychology consists of 10 main sections: perception, image recognition, attention, memory, imagination, speech, developmental psychology, thinking and problem solving, human intelligence, artificial intelligence.
History
Cognitive word comes from the Latin "to know." Psychologists who adhere to this approach argue that the man is not a machine, blindly and mechanically responsive to internal factors or events in the outside world. On the contrary, the human mind is capable of analyzing information about reality, to make comparisons, make decisions, solve problems rising every minute.
Researches
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980), trying to figure out how the person perceives the real world, studied the patterns of development of the child's thinking and came to the conclusion that the cognitive development - the result of a gradual process, which consists of a sequence of steps. The development of a child's intelligence is due to the constant search for balance between what the child knows and what he wants to understand. All the children are tested in a single stage of the same sequence, and some of them all, while others develop inhibited or blocked at some point due to the lack of one or more of the essential factors. This advance is determined by the combined effect of the formation of the nervous system, the experience of dealing with different subjects and social factors such as language and education.
Researches
Psychologist Zimbardo, studying forms of antisocial behavior, concluded that most of these negative actions can be explained by analyzing the situational and interpersonal factors rather than dispositional stable personality characteristics of a person ("he's always like that"). On the contrary, even the "good" people can make something negative in difficult circumstances and situations. Latest create potential forces promoting or impeding the implementation of mainstreaming intentions, plans, human relationships. Finding or creating adequate - comfortable - channel situational events, you can achieve a fundamental change in people's behavior by manipulating individual private characteristics of the situation, and vice versa, without finding such, you can avail to spend a lot of effort, organizing external influence on people.
Ellis believes that improper behavior is primarily due to irrational thoughts, generated by "activating the situation." In this case it is necessary to analyze the situation and, where was a man, and the conclusions he drew from it. The task of the therapist is the study of mental processes of the client and to bring to the consciousness of his irrational elements contained in his thoughts. Formulation of the person more objective perception of events leads him to search for new solutions that will work. Thus, maladaptive behaviors will gradually be replaced by new, more efficient, ie, the modification of thought leads to a change in behavior.
Researches
American psychologist A. Beck stated: "The way people think determines how they feel and act like." Pathological emotional states and inappropriate behavior is the result of "non-adaptive cognitive processes, so the goal of cognitive therapy is to" modification of dysfunctional beliefs and erroneous ways of processing information. " Changing the perception and thinking entails a modification of painful experiences and behavioral responses.
Beck to isolate and describe the phenomenon of automatic thoughts that are associated with the processing of current information - they are involuntary, fleeting, unconscious and directly lead to emotional and behavioral reactions. The scientist notes that the emotional disorders (sadness, anxious affect, irritability), automatic thoughts has a number of specific features. For example, sadness is associated with the idea of loss, anger - a violation of any standard, the anguish - the content of the negative thoughts about themselves, the world, the people, the future (depressive triad), fear - of external threat and the inability to cope with it by virtue of its own insolvency.
The structure of personality in cognitive psychology
In cognitive psychology by J. Kelly personality structure is identified with two types of personal constructs to ensure the accumulation of human knowledge about ourselves and the world around us:
  - Basic ("nuclear") - for the interaction with other people;
  - Peripheral - to address the current challenges of a smaller level.
Each construct a dichotomous form (eg, "good - evil," "sociable - closed"). The whole system of personal constructs a hierarchical structure, functioning under partly innate, partly acquired by the plans of the information processing - the so-called "schemes". Personality development continues throughout life as the path of accumulation of constructs, and on ways to improve the «schemes».
Relationship of consciousness and the unconscious
An interesting is a view of "cognitive scientists" on the relationship of consciousness and the unconscious. First, the rebuilding of the psychoanalytic understanding of the unconscious, they introduced the concept of "unconscious." Unconscious includes not, what is suppressed in the unconscious because of dissatisfaction with congenital instincts (according to Freud), and a condition in which a lack of awareness of existing internal processes. For example, the input data may not be realized, but the cause of human behavior act automatically. Second, cognitive processes occur on conscious and unconscious levels. Moreover, the latter is characterized by a high-speed processing of information.
Conclusion
In a broad sense, cognitive psychology - is the branch of psychology (and the discipline), based on the cognitive paradigm, and its subject - discursive activity, interpretation of data, the emergence and transformation of mental representations, as well as their understanding, extended to the analysis of all types of knowledge or cognition. In a narrow sense, the content of cognitive psychology is broadly consistent with cognitive psychology (cognitive) processes in the national tradition as a branch of general psychology.


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект The Greatest inventors and invetentions John Logie Baird invented television

extracted_text:
      The  Greatest inventors  and invetentions John  Logie Baird  invented television
                 Introduction
Wonderful inventions have been made in science and technology recently. This advances are changing the lifestyle of millions of people all over the world. By the end of the 20th century lots of inventions have been appeared. Some of them have become so commonplace that it is difficult to imagine them things to make our life more comfortable. Almost every day a new technique or product appears in the world. But we always need something more useful, more effective, more comfortable.
            Inventions that shook the world
In1876 Alexander Graham Bell, an American engineer, invented telephone.
In 1895 the Lumiere brothers, Auguste and Louis, patented their cinematography and opened the world`s first cinema in Paris
In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright build the first  airplane.

          Inventions that shook the world
In 1908 US automobile manufacturer Henry Ford created the world`s first car assembly line.
In 1957 Sergei Korolyev from Russia designed the fist artificial satellite.
In 1981 Bill Gates from USA created Microsoft-DC ( Disk Operating System)

              The History of Television
The invention that swept the world and changed leisure habits for countless millions was pioneered  by Scottish-born electrical engineer John Logie Baird.
It had been realized for some time that light could be converted into electrical impulses, making it possible to transmit such impulses over a distance and then reconvert them into light.
Different experiments by various people, in the field of electricity and radio, led to the development of basic technologies and ideas that laid the foundation for the invention of television.
               Timeline of TV History

 Timeline of TV History
From the experiments of Nipkow and Rosing, two types of television systems came into existence: mechanical television and electronic television.
 Timeline of TV History
The experiments of Swinton in 1907, with the cathode ray tube for electronic television held great potential but were not converted into reality. Finally, in 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth was able to invent a working model of electronic television that was based on Swinton’s ideas.
      Mechanical Television History
In 1923, an American inventor called Charles Jenkins used the disk idea of Nipkow to invent the first ever practical mechanical television system. By 1931, his Radiovisor Model 100 was being sold in a complete kit as a mechanical television.
  John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird was born in 1888. His father was a graduate in Arts and Divinity of Glasgow University and had moved to Helensburgh, a little town on the Firth of Clyde, to become minister in a small parish church. The boy respected his father and adorned his mother.

    JOHN LOGIE BAIRD
      John Logie Baird pioneered early television with the mechanical scanning system he developed from 1923 to the late 1930s. He is remembered today as an inventor (178 patents) with considerable insight, who was in many ways ahead of his time. Among his pioneering ideas were early versions of color television, the video disc, large screen television, stereo television, televised sports, and pay television by closed circuit.

JOHN LOGIE BAIRD

John Logie Baird is remembered as the inventor of mechanical television, radar and fiber optics. Successfully tested in a laboratory in late 1925 and unveiled with much fanfare in London in early 1926, mechanical television technology was quickly usurped by electronic television, the basis of modern video technology.
            John Logie Baird

Baird died in his sleep on the 14th June 1946, before he could complete his work. There was not any place in Westminster Abbey for this genius, no lavish praise from the BBC, no honours from his country. He was buried in the little churchyard in Helensburgh, the place of his birth.
It goes without saying that television plays a very important part in people`s lives. It`s a wonderful source of information and one of best ways to spend free time and not to feel bored. Television viewing is by far the most popular leisure pastime. Television is a reflection of the modern world. It gives you an opportunity to travel all over the world, to see different countries and people, learn about their customs and traditions. Television keeps you informed about the rest of the world.
                 Conclusion
As for me I prefer watching different quizzes. That`s why my favourite TV programme is «Who wants to be a millionaire?»  The programme is now hosted by Dmitry Dibrov. I think it is the perfect way to be in the known of everything. I find this programme clever and informative.

In short, television does have its good points. Many of the programme that broadcast are educational and can help with schoolwork.

                 Conclusion
                  Conclusion


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Studying abroad

extracted_text:
Studying abroad:
What?
How?
Where?
To research the opportunities of studying abroad & to find out if there are any obstacles for it?
AIM:

Tasks:

To define the countries which attract students most
To introduce the programs of Students Exchange
To show the ways of entering high schools

Methods of research:

Analyses
Illustrative
Comparisons
Survey
 Interview
You should choose:
Country
City
School
Residing

To be enrolled in any
language school abroad
Country
 Personal preference
 The fact that the host country can influence your accent is insignificant
    For a long time studying, it is  necessary to choose absolutely unusual place.
   Whether you like to be engaged in the same place, where the majority of foreign students do or in a place where you can feel colour of the country
   Whether this place is removed far from possible sights
   Whether you can find here something that is interesting (night life, historical monuments, good shops, cinemas etc.) for you
   Whether you can find here the good compromise – a bit of everything
City
School
  Size
  Variety of programs & services
  Approaches to teaching  techniques
  Excursion-entertaining programme

Residing
   In campus
   At family
   In apartment
    Unsuccessful accommodation can not only spoil free time , but also affect the progress in the most negative way

STUDYING IN CANADA
Canada wins the 1st place on a level of charges on education in calculation per capita.Today it successfully competes with the USA & Great Britain .
COST: course of the English language (CAD)
COST: residing at family (CAD)
Preparatory courses

  The Canadian diploma is appreciated all over the world.
  Cost of life and studying in Canada is much cheaper than in the USA and Great Britain.
  Canada benevolently concerns to students – foreigners as it is the country of immigrants.
Opportunity to find work in the country after the end of studying.
Advantages:
Courses

Common
Special
Vacation courses for children & teenagers
Standard
Intensive
Super intensive
Basic
Intensive
Long-term
18-24 hours a week
STUDYING IN FRANCE

In France there are a set of language schools offering courses of the French language as foreign , especially adapted for foreign students
French educational system is considered to be one of the best in the world
COST: courses of the French language for 12 weeks (3 months)

COST: residing for 12 weeks (3 months)

 __________ _______
Advantages:
     Studying at the state universities of France  is free-of-charge.
There are courses of the French language adapted for foreign students

The cost is much more expensive but the variety of services included in it is less than in Canada.

Disadvantage:
Peculiarities of German HIGH SCHOOLS
     Entrance examinations do not exist.
     Foreigners only pass  the exam to check  German & it is possible to be  prepared for it being  a student   there
     Age restrictions and restrictions of the marital status.
     Students in Germany have possibility to work, are provided with a hostel, use huge quantity of privileges and discounts.
STUDYING IN GERMANY
In high educational institutions of Germany successful students of the West-European schools are accepted . For the Russian student it is necessary to finish 2 courses of day time branch of the Russian institute  or 1 course of the Institute and preparatory branch of German University

Cost of studying for foreign pupils in 2005/2006 (USD)

Studying In Russia
  For foreigners it is necessary to pass test on Russian or a course of Russian for entering
Advantages:
Cost( comparatively cheap)
 High Quality
Variety of teaching techniques
Automatic delay from the army (For boys )

Disadvantages:
Additional payment for residing , language courses
You have to work to support yourself
Russian diploma is  quoted in some countries

In some high school special preparatory courses including
studying  the language are carried out

Each British University  has own rules & regulation depending on a course of the studying program
British Universities
  High cost of studying
  Restriction for work while studying
  Narrow range of included services in price
  High level of English is required
  Russian students have no opportunities  to enter the University directly after finishing school
  No  previleges to children of high-ranking parents
  High level of edu-cation
  Strict discipline
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
     The educational system of the USA has no equal on breadth of a choice of educational institutions, conditions of training, education programs and subjects specialization.

STUDYING IN AMERICA
Types of high schools
      On the average in the USA the annual cost of training in college exceeds  $25000

      Teaching of foreign students is one of basic sources of income of many educational institutions of the USA, For example, in 2000-2001 year in colleges of the USA studied about 92000 foreign students
   Market of educational  services is very much advanced
   There is a complex system of  discounts
    The state allocates the grants to the Universities
    The sphere of education  is very mobile in prices & services
 ________  ____
 Cultural Exchange
Universities In America
Au Pair
Direct Conversation

Programmes:
+
-
  Operates in many advanced countries
  Residing in an American family
  Free - of - charge

  For children of 15-18.5 years old
  Studying 5 or 10 month in comprehensive school
   The program is carried out  by American organization
Cultural Exchange
   Real opportunities to study for a year or more in one of the prestigious  Colleges or Universities  in America
   Simplified procedure of transferring into higher education  institutions
   The age is not  limited
    Procedure “Advanced Placement “ for Russian students
    Results on TOEFL & CAT are not required
    Opportunity  to pass a preparatory intensive  course   of English (they are paid)
 ___________  _  ______
  Living in American Family within a year
 Family pays for you
 You can earn money ($139.05 a week)
  You can attend English courses
 Free-of-charge travel there & back
 You can choose the family

+
-
 You do not get real edu- cation
Only for girls
Unfamiliar country, people & lifestyle
A lot of work (Babysitting)
 _  ___ __ ___
  Allows to join educational programmes in advanced countries
  High education in colleges, Universities , language centres
 Various duration of studying (from 2 weeks)
 Teenagers 15-18 years old are accepted
 _____  ___________
	Having analized the number of foreign students involved in different educational programs we made this circuit.
	We have compared how much the students spend on education abroad. The results are as follows:
Charges on education abroad
These are the results of our mates’ survey: “Would you like to study abroad?”
The average cost of high education (2005)

Useful Tips:
ﻯ Programmes of cultural exchange are not for all
The particiant of programme should know foreign language & study well
He should have desire to study
ﻯ Everything must be discussed & thought thoroughly
ﻯ Education must bring economic profit
It's never too late to study


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Places in a town

extracted_text:
Places in a town
MUSEUM
THEATRE
CAFÉ
CHURCH
SCHOOL
NEWSAGENT’S
HOTEL
SHOP


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Вероятность: may, might, could, must, can’t

extracted_text:
Вероятность: may, might, could, must, can’t

Вероятность: may, might, could
Слово «вероятность» значит, что что-то вероятно / возможно, но другие возможные варианты также существуют. Такая (небольшая) вероятность выражается модальными глаголами MAY, MIGHT, COULD со значением, что говорящий думает, что что-то возможно, но не знает наверное и подразумевает «может быть, возможно». Betty Azar в своей книге Understanding and Using English Grammar называет это значение MAY, MIGHT, COULD «меньше 50% уверенности». Довольно трудно выразить меньше 50% уверенности в русском переводе, поэтому имейте в виду, что мы обсуждаем здесь вероятность, которая не очень велика.
Вероятность: may, might, could
Examples:
Where is Mike? He may be in the garden.
 He might be in the attic.
He could be in the garage.
Why didn't he go to the party yesterday? He may have been busy.
 He might have been sick.
 He could have been too tired to go to the party.,
Примеры:
Где Майк? Возможно, он в саду.
Возможно, он на чердаке.
Возможно, он в гараже.
Почему он не пошел на вечеринку вчера? Возможно, он был занят.
Возможно, он был болен.
Возможно, он слишком устал, чтобы идти на вечеринку.

Значение и контекст
Модальные глаголы MAY, MIGHT, COULD очень близкие синонимы в значении «вероятность», хотя MAY выражает слегка более сильную вероятность, чем MIGHT или COULD. MAY и COULD имеют несколько других значений; MIGHT имеет только одно значение – вероятность.
Значение и контекст
Контекст, как всегда, самое надежное средство для узнавания значения модальных глаголов в той или иной ситуации. Если контекст недостаточно ясный, может быть трудно понять, в каком значении употреблен модальный глагол
He may leave. (permission or possibility?)
Значение и контекст
Определенные грамматические конструкции тоже обеспечивают дополнительный контекст и помогают нам выбрать правильное значение модальных глаголов. Весьма часто, употребление инфинитива BE после модальных глаголов MAY и COULD служит указанием, что значение «вероятность». Перфектный инфинитив основного глагола после этих модальных глаголов сообщает, что значение «вероятность».
They may be at home. Возможно, они дома.
He may have left already  Он, может быть, уже уехал.
Substitutes Заменители
Наречия "maybe, perhaps" (может быть, возможно) и фраза "It is possible that" – простые и полезные заменители для модальных глаголов этой группы.
Maybe he's still at home.
Perhaps he'll come back.
Вероятность: must, can’t
Иногда глагол must - а также can't - употребляются, чтобы показать степень вашей уверенности в чем-то.
    Harry the Bikers King must know everything about bikes. - Король байкеров Гарри наверняка знает все о мотоциклах. (Степень уверенности - 90%, мы выразили ее словом must).

Вероятность: must, can’t
Old grandma Mary can't know everything about bikes. - Не может быть, что старушка Мэри (бабушка Гарри) знает все о мотоциклах. (Степень уверенности в том, что бабушка НЕ знает - 90%, мы ее выразили словом can't).
Формы настоящего и прошедшего времени
Простой инфинитив (Simple Infinitive) – наиболее часто употребляемая форма инфинитива с этими модальными глаголами в настоящем времени
She may be at home now.
He might go there tomorrow.
 This clock must show the wrong time.
Перфектный инфинитив (Perfect Infinitive) – наиболее часто употребляемая форма инфинитива с этими модальными глаголами в прошедшем времени.
She may have left already.
He might not have come back yet.
Julia must have overslept dinner again.
     must, can’t or might?
Harry __ be in London, he called me from India yesterday .
Where's the ticket? - It __ be in my bag, let me check.
Come in and sit down. You __ be tired after the trip.
The new boss's name is Juan Alfonso Perez Gomez. - He __ be Spanish!
Who’s this e-mail from? It __ be from Paul – he never writes letters.
She always gets such good grades at school. She __ work very hard.
What's the capital of Honduras? - Let's ask Charlie! He __ know.

        Check Yourselves
can’t
might
might
must
can’t
must
might


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Разделительные вопросы

extracted_text:
Разделительные
вопросы
Мусина Эльвира Рифовна
Учитель английского языка
МБОУ СОШ№4 г.Урай ХМАО Югра
QUESTION TAGS

1

              You haven't got a car, have you?
It was a good film, wasn't it?

Have you? и wasn't it? - вопросительные тэги (мини-вопросы, ставящиеся в конце предложения). В вопросительных тэгах используются     вспомога-тельные  глаголы.
Во временах present и past simple употребляются
do/does/did:

     - They came by car, didn't they?

:

POSITIVE STATEMENT
В предложении с отрицанием (negative sentence) обычно используется утвердительный (positive) вопросительный тэг:

В утвердительном предложении (positive sentence) используется вопросительный тэг с отрицанием

NEGATIVE STATEMENT
POSITIVE QUESTION TAG
NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG

a

- Open the door, will you?         - Don't be late, will you?

Заметьте, что говорят aren't I? (= am I not):

        - I'm late, aren't I?

                        Значение вопросительного тэга зависит от, того, как вы его произносите.
Если голос понижается, вы не задаете вопрос,
а только спрашиваете у собеседника согласия с вашим мнением:

Tom doesn't look very well today,  does he?  `

Но если голос повышается, то это настоящий вопрос:

You haven't seen Ann today,  have you?  No, I'm afraid not.

-

!
После Let’s… вопросительным тэгом служит shall we?:

Let's go out for a walk, shall we?

После повелительного наклонения (do/ don't do something) тэгом является will you?:

Open the door, will you?
Don't be late, will you?

Заметьте, что говорят aren't I?(=am I not):
I'm late, aren't I?

Complete the sentences
1.He is at school, ______________?
2.Your mum works in a bank, ________?
8.They are not going to the cinema now,
__________?
3.They helped you a lot, _____________?
4.He was crying, _________________?
5.Mary has not visited London, _________ ?
6.You are working abroad,__________?
7.He will go there, ________________?
isn’t he
are they
didn´t they
wasn´t he
has she
aren´t you
won´t he
does’nt she

do you?
 1. She didn’t watch the film last night, _____

3. It´s great to see each other again, __________

    4. You´re married, ____________

2. He comes every Friday, ____________

5. You went to Tom´s last weekend, ____________

  7. He hasn’t lived here long,____________

   8. They have travelled a lot, ____________

Choose the correct question tag for each gap
isn´t it?

did she?

  has he?
doesn´t he?
_____________
6. You don´t like tripe soup, ___________
aren´t you?
 haven´t they?
didn´t you?

She is a very good pupil,

You liked the film,

She is from England,

,
Open the door

He can not ski,

,
Finish the sentenses

It won‘t be snowy tomorrow,

 I was in London,

You weren‘t busy,

She can dance well,
will it?
wasn‘t I?
can‘t she?
were you?

Finish the sentenses
He is a student,
They aren‘t at home,
We shall go to the Zoo,
You can use a dictionary,
isn‘t he?
are they?
shan‘t we?
can’t you?

My friends are students,

Tom can speak English,

The girl was in Britain,

The dog has a nice house,
aren‘t they?
can‘t he?

wasn‘t she?
hasn‘t it?
You like detective stories,
Your sister plays the piano,
They went to the park,

don‘t you?
doesn‘t she?

did not they?

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http://www.ilovewavs.com
http://images.yandex.ru
http://www. animation library.com
Использованные ресурсы


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Are you ready?

extracted_text:
ФИЗКУЛЬТ МИНУТКА

ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ
УЧИТЕЛЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА ПЕРВОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ
ГОУ СОШ № 500 г.САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА
ПУШКИНСКОГО РАЙОНА
ФЕДОТОВОЙ ЮЛИИ АЛЕКСАНДРОВНЫ

Are you ready?

one
one
one
run
run
run
1

two
two
two
Go
to
the
zoo
2

3
three
three
three
Climb
a
tree

4
four
four
four
Touch
the
floor

5
five
five
five
Swim
and
dive

six
seven
eight
It
was
great
6
7
8

nine
and
ten
Count
again
9
10
ИСТОЧНИКИ:Стихотворение:Английский язык: Милли/Millie:Учебник для 2 класса общеобразовательных учреждений/С.И.Азарова, Э.Н.Дружинина и др.-Обнинск:Титул,2010.Источники картинок для слайдов:2 зайчик-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images3 зоопарк-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images4 коала на дереве-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images5 пол-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images6 водный спорт-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images7 прыгающая девочка-office.microsoft.com/ru-ru/images8 счеты-ru.fotalia.com


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Grußkarten

extracted_text:
Grußkarten

Winter karten
Winter karten

Ostern
Geburtstag

Muttertag


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Day with the Glow Family

extracted_text:
Day with the Glow Family
Make phrases:
Surf
Make
Sleep
Play
Read
Look at
Watch
Paint
TV
the Internet
the stars
chess
books about inventions
model skyscrapers
pictures of animals
on the rug
Surf the Internet
Make model skyscrapers
Sleep on the rug
Play chess
Read books about inventions
Look at the stars
Watch TV
Paint pictures of animals
What do you usually do in the evening?
In the evening, my brother surfs the Internet. …
Remember
Sam surfs the Internet.
Dan plays tennis.
Pam watches TV.
Alice`s day.
 Then I   …    home and   …     to school.
  I     …    up at quarter to seven in the
morning,   …   dressed  and   …   breakfast.
3.  In the evening, I   …   dinner at eight
o`clock.
4. In the afternoon, I   …   home at quarter
 past three.
5. Then I   …  a snack and  …  my homework.
leave
go
wake
get
have
have
get
have
do
2..
3.
4.
5.
1..
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Друзья познаются в беде.
Present Simple
Употребляется для выражения действий, которые происходят часто, регулярно, обычно.
Время present simple употребляется также для выражения общеизвестных фактов.
Cats like mice.
Образование Present Simpleутвердительные предложения
Отрицательные предложения
Вопросы и краткие ответы
gets up
have
leave
walk
rides
have
have
has
go
do
watches
have
go
goes
Наречия частотности

I always have breakfast in the morning.
I usually wake up at 7 o`clock.
I often help my friends.
I`m never late for school.
I`m sometimes late for dinner.
Write true sentences about you with: always, usually, often, sometimes, never.
Complete the sentences about Peter
time
remember
friendly
the truth
listener
helps


title: Скачать презентацию или конспект Цвета на английском языке

extracted_text:
ЦВЕТАCOLOURS
СИНИЙ
DARK-BLUE
ЖЕЛТЫЙ

YELLOW
КРАСНЫЙ

RED
ЗЕЛЕНЫЙ

GREEN
ГОЛУБОЙ

BLUE
ЧЕРНЫЙ

BLACK
РОЗОВЫЙ

PINK
ФИОЛЕТОВЫЙ

VIOLET
КОРИЧНЕВЫЙ

BROWN
ОРАНЖЕВЫЙ

ORANGE
БЕЛЫЙ

WHITE
СЕРЫЙ

GREY